Feasibility Study of Interface Between Fregat-Mae Radar and CTD

PROJECT REPORT
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE
BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD
GUIDE : LT CDR CHRISTOPHER M SYNDICATE:
1. Lt ABHISHEK SAXENA
2. Lt S M T BANDA
3. Lt ABHISHEK SUD
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD

Certificate of Merit
This is to certify that under mentioned officers of O-149 have successfully completed
the project “Feasibility study of interface between Fregat-MAE Radar and CTD” and
have been able to achieve the desired results as a partial fulfilment of requirements
for Electrical Specialization Course at INS Valsura.
Lt Abhishek Saxena Lt SMT Banda Lt Abhishek Sud
(51936-K)) (NRL-2215) (52197-B)
The project report compiled by them is an indication of the successful
completion of the project under my guidance.
(Christopher M)
Lieutenant Commander
Project Guide
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 2

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. Presenting the Report today remains an important event for us as it
recapitulates all our toils and efforts and thanks to everyone who made it
possible for us to achieve something which appeared like a herculean task.
2. Wherever and whatever we present today has been made possible by the
underlying efforts of our Project Guide, Lt Cdr Christopher Das. We would like
to express our sincere thanks to our project guide for his continuous guidance,
support and motivation in working out the project. His knowledge on the subject
has helped us to cross many hurdles which we faced from time to time during
the completion of the project.
3. We would also like to thank A.K Mishra MCEAR-I, Anil Kumar CHEAR and
Amit Tripathi CHEAP for their help and support provided during the course of
the project.
4. We convey our gratitude to Lt Cdr Praphul Chandra and the staff of the
Faculty of Training Project for their untiring support in our endeavour.
(ABHISHEK SAXENA) (SMT BANDA) (ABHISHEK SUD)
Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant
52166-H NRL - 2215 52197-B

INDEX
1. SCOPE OF PROJECT 6
2. REMARKS 7
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM CONCEPT 8

3.1 Fregat-MAE 8
3.2 CTD 8
3.3 Sangarsh Computer 8
3.4 SACU 8
3.5 W/T Sets 9
4. FREGAT-MAE 10
4.1 Introduction 10
4.2 Radar Coverage 11
5. COLOUR TACTICAL DISPLAY (CTD) 13

5.1 Introduction 13
5.2 CTD System Interface PCB 13
5.3 Video Processing 14
5.4 Digitising Video 14
5.5 Video Interference Rejection 15
5.6 Read/write Double Buffer 16
5.7 Read Cycle 16
5.8 Colour Graphics Processing 17
5.9 Generation of Radar Image 17
5.10 Graphic Data Generation and Display 17
5.11 Display of Radar Image 18
6. INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS 19
6.1 CTD 19
6.2 Fregat-MAE 21
6.3 Systems Interfaced 22
7. FREGAT INTERFACE WITH CTD 28

7.1 Problems faced with interface 28
7.2 Chain of Azimuth 29
7.2.1 Shaft Encoder 30
7.2.2 Module УКП 30
7.2.3 Module УКП-15 31
7.2.4 Module ППК-15 31
7.3 Nature of Azimuth Signal 31

8. INTERFACE SOLUTION 33
8.1 Extraction in Synchro Format 33
8.2 Extraction in Pulse Format 34
8.2.1 Interpretation of Calculations 36
8.2.2 Refresh Rate 37
8.2.3 Circuit Realisation 38
9. CTD CONNECTIONS 41
9.1 Video 41
9.2 Sync 42
9.3 Heading Line 42
9.4 Azimuth 42
10. CTD SETTINGS 44
11. BOTTLENECKS 46

Chapter 1
SCOPE OF PROJECT
The project is aimed at doing a feasibility study on the interface between
Fregat-MAE Radar with the CTD (Colour Tactical Display). The major advantage of
using a CTD is the plots on the CTD can be exported through communication sets.
The Fregat-MAE output is available only on PPI on Delhi Class and hence plot
transfer cannot be undertaken.
The interface between CTD and Sangharsh computer has already being
implemented onboard naval ships and hence only this missing link between the CTD
and the Fregat radar is to be made.

Chapter 2
REMARKS

Chapter 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM CONCEPT
Fregat- MAE
CTD
CTD
Sangarsh Sangarsh
Computer Computer
SACU W/T Set W/T Set SACU
Transmitting Ship Receiving Ship
Fig 3.1. Block Diagram of the Fregat-MAE radar interfacing with the CTD.

3.1 FREGAT-MAE
This is the main early warning radar onboard Delhi class ships. It has a
maximum range of 150 Km and uses 31 different frequencies for a complete scan in
elevation.
3.2 CTD
Colour Tactical Display (CTD) is a high definition colour display designed
primarily for modern warships where they provide control for coastal radar system.
The unique feature of CTD is that it has the feature where plot transfer can be done
using a Sangharsh computer as a medium of interface.
3.3 SANGHARSH COMPUTER
Sangharsh computer is system through which the various communication sets
are interlinked with each. The system enables the plot transfer from one ship to
another using the V/UHF sets.
3.5 SACU
Stand Alone Communication Unit (SACU) is device which acts as an interface
between the Sangharsh Computer and the various communication sets. Its acts as a
modem where it converts the digital output of the computer to analog form which is
accepted by the communication sets.
3.5 W/T SETS
These are various wireless U/VHF communication sets which are used as
medium for the data/plot transfer.

Chapter 4
FREGAT-MAE
Fig 4.1. Fregat-MAE Radar
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Fregat-MAE is the first planar array volume search 3-D radar inducted into the
Delhi class ships of Indian Navy. It is a state of art 3-D radar that carries out search
in azimuth by a rotating planar array and scans in elevation by means of frequency
steered pencil beam. The radar incorporates advanced signal processing techniques
and is optimized for low flying, small RCS, high speed targets including sea-
skimmers in intensive jamming and interference.
The radar belongs to the family of Frequency Scan Radar and operates in E
band. The beam scanning is achieved by varying the frequency of the transmitted
signal. A sequential change in the frequency therefore changes the position of the

beam in space. The complete elevation coverage of 45° is performed by 31 such
beams. For this it uses 31 discrete frequencies.
The radar transmits two beams simultaneously to achieve a higher speed of
elevation scan.
4.2 RADAR COVERAGE
The radar scans the space with a pair of pencil shaped electronic beams in
the vertical space, while the azimuth scan is performed by a circular
electromechanical rotation of the antenna at a constant rate.
The radar antenna is an array made of slotted linear waveguide. This array is
designed to shape the narrow beams for the transmission at varying angles as a
function of frequency. The beam scanning is thus affected by discrete variation of the
radiated signal frequency from pulse to pulse according to an established scan
program. The exact position of the beam in elevation corresponds to each value of
the signal frequency.
The elevation spacing of the beams covers the whole elevation zone with
overlapping of the adjacent beams such that there are no gaps in the radar
coverage.
The system is provided with the scan program stored on a ROM. This
program helps specify the spacing of the beams, the beam nos. for transmission,
transmitted pulse width and the PRF during every scan. The scanning process is
continuous and repeated depending upon the mode of operation selected.
The beam scanning is divided into two zones the UPPER ZONE and the
LOWER ZONE. The number of beams used to cover each of these zones is

different, so are the characteristics of the transmitted signals. In order to decrease
the elevation scanning time, the scan is performed with a pair of two beams
simultaneously. This beam-pair look at different elevation angles.
Fig 4.2. Radar Coverage Diagram
The beam-pair are radiated by transmitting two pulses at different carrier
frequencies and, therefore, at different beams. Each pulse of the pair is essentially a
signal with linear frequency modulation (LFM) which is stretched during
transmission.

Chapter 4
COLOUR TACTICAL DISPLAY
Fig 5.1. Colour Tactical Display (CTD)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The CTD (colour tactical display) is a high definition colour display designed
primarily for modern warships where they provide control for coastal radar system.
The CTD provide facilities for surface surveillance, navigation, pilotage, helicopter
control and tactical management.
Two CTDs, each comprising of a processor unit and a pedestal mounted
colour mounted display unit with a built in keyboard are used for INS Valsura.
5.2 CTD SYSTEM INTERFACE PCB
The System Interface PCB provides an interface between external signals and
the Main Processor PCB and also generates control signals to be passed out of the
CTD to external systems. The process whereby signals coming into CTD are

converted to a standard format that the main processor PCB can use is called
Normalization.
The main functions of the Systems Interface PCB are:
a) To select the Video input from up to 04 radars for display.
b) To select the Sync input from up to 04 radars for
c) To select the azimuth input from up to 04 radars as Synchro, Pulse or
pulsed azimuth signal.
d) To select the heading line signals from up to 04 radars.
e) To select the gyro input from ship and interfere with CTD after being
converted into 8-bit digital word which is applied to a micro-controller where it
is converted to a serial data stream to be sent to the main processor PCB.
f) 06 serial ports are present that can be configured in software for no. of
applications
g) Up to 03 auxiliary video inputs are possible typically used for IFF.
5.3 VIDEO PROCESSING
The required video input is selected on the System interface PCB, where it is
normalized and sent to the Main Processor PCB. Positive polarity video is required
by the system, and an inverter can be selected if the radar provides the negative
input.
5.4 DIGITISING VIDEO
The video from the System Interface PCB is modified by the rain clutter circuit,
and the resulting signal digitized by comparators at three levels. The threshold levels
of the comparators are controlled by the VIDEO-GAIN, SEA, and AUTO-SEA clutter
circuits which are controlled by the operator, to optimize target detection.

The VIDEO-GAIN signal is amplified to provide the basic threshold level,
which is modified by the AUTO-SEA value. The level of the AUTO-SEA signal tracks
with the mean radar signal. A manual SEA ramp is generated by the manual SEA
clutter control. The resulting signal is then applied to the comparator threshold
potential divider chain.
The video signal is applied to all three comparators. Each of which has a
different threshold level. The three comparator outputs therefore represent high,
medium, and low strength radar return signals.
The comparator outputs are gated with the blanking signal and combined with
each other to produce VID 1 and VID 2 outputs simultaneously. These outputs are
read as a two-bit binary code which is to the buffer memory on the Raster Controller
PCB. The gating circuits mix in all other video signals, including auxiliary video,
ARPA video and enhanced video, when selected.
5.5 VIDEO INTERFERENCE REJECTION
The Video input signal is also digitized against a fix threshold to obtain a signal
which is fed to the Raster Controller PCB and stored in two alternately write-enabled
RAMs. to prevent the display of random signals. While the current signal is being
written to one RAM it is compared with the signal stored the previous transmission
(on the same bearing) which is read out of the other RAM. If the logic levels are the
same, the current video two-bit word is deemed valid and latched into the write
latches for subsequent processing. If the levels are different, the current video word
is discarded (not latched)

5.6 READ/WRITE DOUBLE BUFFER
The digital video signals from the write latches are re-timed via the high-speed
buffer memory. Video data is written to the memory at a clock rate dependent on the
range selected, and read out by a variable frequency READ clock dependent on
azimuth generated within the Scan Converter circuit.
A double buffer is used to asynchronously provide radar data for the scan
converter. The memory comprises two separate static RAMs, each with its own
address counters. While one half of the memory is being written to, data is read out
of the other half. The memory output selection is controlled by a signal derived from
the write trigger.
5.7 READ CYCLE
To convert polar to Cartesian co-ordinates, video data is read out of the
memory by a clock, at a rate governed by the azimuth angle. The variable-rate clock
for the buffer memory is generated on the Raster Controller PCB, as are the X and Y
clocks which control the read/write cycle of the raster memory on the colour
Graphics PCB.
The current azimuth angle is given by a cascade counter clocked by the
Azimuth input pulses. The counter is preset by the Heading Line pulse. At any time,
the output of the vector counters forms the address of the location containing the
reciprocal of the cosine of the current azimuth angle. This data modifies the clock
frequency. Both edges of the clock pulse are used to decode the two-bit word and
generate two serial streams which are routed to the Colour Graphics PCB.

5.8 COLOUR GRAPHICS PROCESSING
The Colour Graphics PCB creates and displays the radar image and graphics
data, and also provides the necessary CRT control signals. The generation of CRT
control signals and graphics images is based on an Advanced CRT Controller
(ACRTC), device which controls the generation and display of multi-colour images. It
can be programmed to provide any format of horizontal and vertical sync pulses, any
interlace mode, and a raster address sequence to suit any shape screen. Information
is passed to the device by the processor via the data bus.
5.9 GENERATION OF RADAR IMAGE
The radar image is created from the video input signals written into the radar
memory. The scan converter initiates the timing for the radar RAMs. The address for
the write cycle is generated from counters which are locked by the X and Y bit-
streams from the Raster Controller PCB. At the end of every vector, the counters are
set to the current screen offset. During scan conversion time, radar memory
undergoes a Read/Modify/Write routine to load new, retimed, data from the buffer
memory and re-circulate data between memory planes to increment or decrement
signals within the radar memory.
5.10 GRAPHIC DATA GENERATION AND DISPLAY
The graphic image is organized as a 4-bit-per-pixel colour image. All planes
are read out simultaneously to a colour palette DAC where the pixel coding is turned
into a physical colour. The signals are gated to the DAC in order to mask off certain
colour codes outside the circular radar display area.
The memory comprises two 1-Mbit dual-port dynamic RAMs per plane of
colour – a total of 8 RAMs. The RAM write addresses are automatically generated by

the CRT controller. Data is read out serially from each plane, directly to the colour
palette DAC, where it is shifted at the pixel clock rate.
5.11 DISPLAY OF RADAR IMAGE
The display of the radar image is similar to that of the graphics. The read
address from the CRT controller is routed to a set of adders, and summed with the
CD offset, resulting in an output address.
Each address is then routed to the DAC via the CD mode smooth /scroll circuit
which stores one line of display and serializes it into a 72.843MHz bit-stream for
every plane. The three video output from the DAC feed the Red, Green and Blue
channels on the monitor.

Chapter 6
INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 CTD
The CTD can be interfaced with 04 radars and other sensors/systems on
board. The interface unit is responsible for interfacing CTD with various sensors and
radars on board. The interface unit provides interfaces to the radars and distributes
the respective outputs to CTD.
The CTD can be interfaced with following ship’s system:
a. IFF MK-II (Auxiliary video)
b. Sonar HUMSA
c. ESM Ajanta I/F unit
d. Gyro RLG Sagem
e. Log MGL-50
f. GPS Garmin
g. External Data Link
The various radar inputs that are required for the display on CTD are:
a) AZIMUTH
Type : Incremental (Pulsed) / Synchro
Ratio : 22:1 to 144:1 / 1:1 to 50:1
Amplitude : 5V to 90V(Peak) / 90V (L-L)
Input Impedance : >10KΩ / 100KΩ min on any line

Connector at CTD : Terminal Strip
b) HEADING LINE
Type : Pulsed / Closing Contact
Amplitude : 4V to 24V (Peak) / -12V supply via 10KΩ
Polarity : +VE or –VE
Input Impedance : 1KΩ min / 75Ω
Connector at CTD : Terminal Strip
c) SYNC
Amplitude : 4V to 24V (Peak)
Input Impedance : 75Ω
Pre-Time : 0.4μS to 150μS
Connector at CTD : Belling Lee Coax socket
d) VIDEO
Type : Log (preferred) or linear
Amplitude : 1V to 20V Peak
DC offset : ±3V max
Input Impedance ; 75Ω
Connector at CTD : Belling Lee Coax socket

6.2 FREGAT-MAE
The output parameters of the radar that are available for the interfacing with
the CTD are
a) AZIMUTH
The azimuth data is available is in the form of 13 bit digital pulses. The
voltage level corresponding to the high and the low of the pulse are:
“1” = 2.4V to 4.5V
“0” = 0.1V to 0.4V
b) HEADING LINE
The heading line information in directing given from the Bow Marker.
c) SYNC
There are 03 types of sync pulses that are given as an output by the
radar. These are the Distance Beginning Pulse (DBP), Synchronisation Delay
Pulse (SDP) and the Distance Ending Pulse (DEP). The specifications of
these pulses are:
i. DBP
Amplitude : 10V to 20V
Time Period : 04μsecs to 2.5μsecs
Polarity : Positive
ii. SDP
Polarity : Positive
iii. DEP

Polarity : Positive
d) VIDEO
Amplitude : 0.2V ± 0.05V
Pulse Width : 2.5 μsecs
Dynamic range is up to 15dB
6.3 SYSTEMS INTERFACED
In INS Valsura, CTD is interfaced with 04 radars which are RAWL 02 MK-II,
Radar Garpun, Radar Rashmi and Radar MR310. The interface specifications of the
radars are mentioned below.
a) Radar RAWL 02 MK-II
i. Video
Video band width : 1.5 MHz
DC Offset : 3.5V ± 0.5V
Noise Level : ±0.1V
Impedance : 75Ω
ii. Sync
Amplitude : 8V ± 0.5V
Pulse Width : 4μs / 2μs ± 0.2μs
PRF : 250 Hz0r 500 Hz no stagger

DC offset : ± 0.1V
Noise Level : 0.5V
Impedance : 75Ω
iii. Azimuth
Type : Internial (not gyro stabilised)
Ratio : 4096 pulses / rev
Amplitude : 8V ± 1V
Pulse Width : 650μs ±50μs
Antenna Rotation Speed : 5 rpm or 10 rpm
DC offset : ± 0.1V
Impedance : 75Ω
iv. Heading Line
Type : Pulse
Ratio : 1 pulse/ rev coincident with
ship’s head
Pulse Width : 7μs ± 1μs
DC Offset : ± 0.1V
Impedance : 75Ω

b) Radar MR-310
i. Video
Polarity : Positive
Amplitude : 2.3 V (max)
DC Offset : 4.72V
Impedance : 150Ω
ii. Sync
Amplitude : 2.6V
Pulse Width : 2μs ± 0.5μs
Polarity : Negative
DC offset : 4.72V
iii. Azimuth
Type : Synchro (gyro stabilised)
Ratio : 20:1
Amplitude : 90V (L-L)
Reference supply : 110V, 50 Hz
iv. Heading Line
Type : Pulse
ship’s head
Polarity : Negative

Amplitude : 180V
Pulse Width : 1.47μs
c) Radar Garpun
i. Video
Polarity : Positive
Amplitude : 1.4V ± 0.2V
Noise Amplitude : 0.5V
Impedance : 150Ω
ii. Sync
Timing : 171μs and 15μsmax both
available before the video
Polarity : Positive
Amplitude : 4.3V
Pulse Width : 1.8μs ± 0.5μs
DC Offset : ±0.5V
Impedance : 150Ω
iii. Azimuth
Type : Synchro
Sector Value : 360° / rev
Reference Supply : 110V, 400 Hz

iv. Heading Line
Type : Pulse
ship’s head
Polarity : Negative
Pulse Width : 23μs(min)
Amplitude : 40V
d) Radar Rashmi
i. Video
Polarity : Positive
Noise Amplitude : +0.5V to + 0.1V
Impedance : 75Ω
DC Offset : ±0.5V
ii. Sync
Timing : Between 10μs to10.2μs
before transmitter
Polarity : Positive
Amplitude : 4.3V
Pulse Width : 1.8μs ± 0.5μs
DC Offset : ±0.5V

Impedance : 150Ω
iii. Azimuth
Type : Synchro
Sector Value : 360° / rev
Reference Supply : 110V, 400 Hz
iv. Heading Line
Type : Pulse
ship’s head
Polarity : Negative
Pulse Width : 23μs(min)
Amplitude : 40V

Chapter 7
FREGAT INTERFACE WITH CTD
7.1 PROBLEMS FACED WITH INTERFACE
As discussed in the interface specification of the CTD, 04 inputs are required
to interface Fregat with CTD, viz Heading line, Azimuth, Sync and video.
During the study, it was found that the format of Heading line, Sync and Video
signals was compatible with the format in which the CTD Interface PCB accepts for
the interface. However, the Azimuth signal has to be conditioned to be acceptable by
the CTD interface PCB.
The Azimuth signal from the Fregat comes as 13 bit digital signal covering
the entire bearing of 360 degrees. The primary problem with this output is that it
does not follow any fixed pattern and is random in nature. CTD being a digital
display is unable to accept this as a logical input due to this randomness. Hence for
the azimuth to be accepted by the CTD interface PCB,the various combinations have
to be fed in a logical digital order.

7.2 CHAIN OF AZIMUTH SIGNAL
The basic block diagram for the generation of azimuth signal is shown below
ИНГВ
1:1 1:187.5
ANALOG SECTION
УКП
DIGITAL SECTION
13
bit
УКП-15
Elevation
ROM ППK-15M
13
bit
Bearing
&
Elevation
Fig 7.1. Block Diagram for azimuth signal generation

7.2.1 SHAFT ENCODER
The shaft position encoder is intended for providing the binary code for
the antenna true bearing, by converting the antenna’s relative bearing
determined by help of the sensor shaft and the ship’s heading. The device
provides:
a. Accuracy in conversion of relative bearing 0.73 mils.
b. Accuracy in conversion of own course 2.92 mils.
7.2.2 MODULE УКП
The relative bearing converter on module УКП is a double-count
converter, with coarse and fine counting channels. The relative bearing
converter imitates the antenna rotation in the form of pulse trains to the inputs
of the coarse and fine counters.
The module has two sections, Analog and Digital. The analog section
is used to shape the sine voltage for energising the sensors arranged in
Device ИНГВ of Device 1. These are contact-less phase shifters, having a
turn value of 6000 mils(coarse) and 6000/32 mils (fine).
A special terminal box (KR-5) has been provided for the purpose of
alignment of the coarse and fine counting sensors in order to avoid
adjustments at the antenna.
In module УКП, a crystal oscillator and frequency divider, control
device with command and decoder the oscillator frequency is fed to the
frequency divider and then passed through a shaper which converts the

square wave signal to a sinusoidal wave. This sinusoidal signal is then fed to
the sensors though an amplifier.
7.2.3 MODULE УКП-15
This module is used to convert the antenna relative bearing information
into true bearing information by combining the former with the own course
information. The own course is obtained from ship’s gyro and converted
suitably before combining.
The ship’s heading value is obtained by the help of sensor BT-5
arranged in the gyro compass system of the ship. Also fed to УКП-15 is the
13-bit relative bearing code from module УКП.
7.2.4 MODULE ППК-15M
This device is provided for shaping the beam bearing and beam
elevation. The beam elevation needs to be corrected for temperature drift
compensation and antenna bearing needs to be corrected for deviation as all
31 beams are not stacked along the vertical axis.
7.3 NATURE OF AZIMUTH SIGNAL
To understand as to how to condition the azimuth signal in the form
acceptable by the CTD interface PCB, it is imperative to understand as to why the
signals in azimuth are generated in random order.
Fregat being frequency scanner surveillance radar, it scans in both azimuth
and elevation. The scanning in elevation is done with the help of 31 pencil beams of

different frequencies which are switched randomly to cover elevation range from 0
degrees to 45 degrees. Hence the azimuth signal from the radar is a combination of
both bearing , i.e direction of arrival information and elevation information.
Hence for every degree in azimuth scanned by the radar for finding the
direction of arrival of signal, there are 31 random frequency scans associated.
As the digital 13 bit azimuth information is a combination of both, bearing and
elevation, random combinations of 13 bit digital signals are generated.
ROM
ADDER ADDER From

УКП-15
CONTROL CONTROL
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
ПCК
RAM RAM
Temperature
Compensation
Unit
SHIFT SHIFT
REGISTER REGISTER
Fig 7.2. Block Diagram ППК-15

Chapter 8
INTERFACE SOLUTIONS
The CTD accepts the azimuth signal in either Synchro or Pulse form, hence
the azimuth signal that is to be fed to Interface PCB of CTD has to be either in pulse
or synchro format.
8.1 EXTRACTION IN SYNCHRO FORMAT
To understand that extraction of the azimuth signal in synchro format it is
important to study the analog section of УКП in the azimuth chain.
ИНГВ
1:1 1:187.5
Junction Box
KR-5
Fine
Coarse
COMPARATOR COMPARATOR
AMPLIFIER SHAPER
DIGITAL SECTION
XTAL OSC. DIVIDER
Fig 8.1. Block Diagram of analog section of УКП

The antenna position is transmitted in synchro format with the help of 02 in
nos. synchros placed in the ИНГВ assembly fitted just below the antenna. The 02
synchros are referred to as Fine and Coarse describing the work they perform. The
turn ratios of fine and coarse synchros are 1:187.5 and 1:1 respectively.
A junction box (KR-5) positioned in the Fregat HF Post is provided for the
purpose of alignment of the coarse and fine receiving synchros, in order to avoid the
adjustment at antenna. The output of this analog section is given to digital section of
module УКП for conversion into 13 bit digital format.
On the study of the interface specification of azimuth signal by CTD, it is
learnt that for a synchro format following parameters are required
a. Ratio : 1:1 to 1:50
b. Amplitude : 5V to 90V
The coarse synchro has a turn ratio of 1:1 while the fine has 1:187.5, it is
concluded that the later is not compatible with the CTD input in its original form. The
reference supply given to this synchro is 110V, 400Hz, which produces a peak
voltage of approx 90V during transmission. Since all these parameters are
compatible with the CTD inputs, a tapping from this synchro located in the junction
box (KR-5) in Fregat HFPost could be taken and directly given Terminal PCB of
CTD.
8.2 EXTRACTION IN PULSE FORMAT
On careful study of the azimuth signals generated by the radar, it is observed
that the bearing information is contained in the first 8 bits of the 13 bit signal, starting
from the Most Significant Bit (MSB), while the last 5 bits correspond to the elevation

information. This explains the random nature of the generated signals, owing to the
random switching of scanning frequencies, for every degree of azimuth scanned for
bearing information.
If the 8 bits corresponding to the bearing information, it can be extracted from
the 13 bit combination and , then the 28 or 256 combinations, of the 8 bit azimuth
information covering 360 degrees in range would be in a logical binary order, a
format which is acceptable by the interface PCB of the CTD.
13 bit digital information corresponds to 360 degrees in azimuth, which
implies that the total no of 13 bit combinations are
213 = 8192 combinations
Hence 8192 13-bit combinations corresponds to 360° in bearing.
1 degree in azimuth would correspond to
360
But, our bearing information in the azimuth signal corresponds to only first 8
bits. Hence for a 8-bit azimuth information

This implies that for every 360° bearing 28 i.e. 256 combinations are
generated. Hence for every one bit change in the bearing signal would correspond to
360 = 1.4°
256
This shows that the least count in bearing information which can be extracted
in 8 bits is 1.4 degrees
As seen from calculations
23 combinations of 13 bit signal corresponds to 1 degree change in azimuth
(for original 13 bit azimuth signal)
Hence 1.4 degree change in azimuth in 13 bit digital would correspond to
23 x 1.4 = 32 combinations.
These 32 combinations refer to the 31 in no beam scans that are carried out
for elevation coverage at a particular bearing. The last remaining combination refer
to the change in bearing information when the all the rest of 5 bits are at low level or
at “0” level and does not give any beam information.
8.2.1 INTERPRETATION OF THE ABOVE CACULATIONS
The above calculations shows that to extract logical digital information
in 8 bits to be fed to CTD interface PCB, 31 combinations in 13 bit after the
first combination ,has to be rejected. These 31 random combinations in 13 bit

correspond to the 31 random switching frequencies, which scan the elevation
for every bearing in space.
The digital information in 13 bits comes in serial order, starting from the
MSB.
Therefore to condition the 13 bit azimuth signal into a 8 bit logical
digital signal, the first 8 bits of the first combination is required to be extracted,
rejecting the last 5 bits and subsequent 31 combinations in 13 bit and then
again first 8 bits from the MSB till 256 such cycles, corresponding to 360
degrees in azimuth in completed.
8.2.2 REFRESH RATE
The antenna rotation rate for fregat is 15 rotations per min.
This implies that to undertake one full rotation, the antenna takes
60 = 4 secs
15
This implies that 256 combinations in 8 bit digital is being furnished in 4
secs. Thus, to furnish a logical change in 8 bit combination , a time period of
4/256 secs or .01sec is required.
Also 256 combinations of 8 bits each in 360 degrees, make a total of
256 x 8 = 2048 pulses per revolution.

This is acceptable by the interface PCB of the CTD which can take a
maximum of 4096 pulses per revolution.
8.2.3 CIRCUIT REALISATION
In order to recondition the 13-bit digital azimuth signal in the form,
which is acceptable by the CTD Interface PCB, the signal has to be divided,
and the 8 bit azimuth information must be extracted, the remaining 5 bits
elevation information.
It is proved from the mathematical calculations that 256 (2 8)
combinations in 8 bits would be required to cover the azimuth range of 360°. It
is also proved that in order to extract the 256 8-bit combinations in a
sequential order from 8192 13-bit combinations, only the information of the
first 8 MSB are to be considered and the rest 5 LSB are to be rejected as
these five bits corresponds to the beam elevation angle. After extracting this
information the next 31 13-bit readings should also be ignored as there is no
change in the bearing information. This process is to be repeated 256 times to
get a complete 360° bearing information.
The Antenna Rotation Rate (ARR) of Fregat is 15 rpm, implying that
the antenna takes 4 secs to complete one rotation. This implies that the 13 bit
information from which 8 bit is to be extracted would be furnished in every
0.01sec.

Also,
8192 x 13 = 106496 bits
are generated in every 4 secs. Therefore, the time taken to generate a single
bit is
Hence to extract the 8 bits after every 0.01 secs, for 256 cycles, a
switch has to be designed which operates for
38 x 8 = 304 μs
And then becomes idle for
38 x (5 + (31 x 13)) = 15504 μs
= 0.01 sec
Repeating the above process 256 times would give 360° azimuth
information.
8bit 8bit
304μs 0.01 secs 304μs
Fig8.2. Timing Diagram

As CTD accepts data in synchro format, the extracted 256
combinations in 8 bits are then fed to a 8 bit digital to Synchro format, the
extracted 256 combinations in 8 bits are then fed to a bit digital to Synchro
converter and then fed to a 8 bit digital to Synchro converter and interface it
with CTD interface PCB.
13 bit
data Switch 8 bit digital CTD
8 bit data
to synchro Interface
converter PBC
Another way to extract the 8-bit azimuth information is to use a 8 bit
register which will register the 8 bit information from MSB rejecting the
elevation 5 bits and feed it to an 8 bit Digital to Synchro converter. The
register can be synchronised to get reset after every 0.01 secs.
8 bit digital CTD

13 bit 8 bit
to synchro Interface
azimuth register converter PCB
With this circuit realisation, the CTD would be able to accept azimuth
information in the form compactable, process it and display the information on its
screen.

Chapter 9
CTD CONNECTIONS
For interfacing CTD with any radar 04 inputs from radar required which are
Heading, Video, Azimuth and Sync. These inputs are given to the terminal PCB of
the CTD which is connected to the System Interface PCB. Before connecting the
cable the power supply to the system should be switched off.
System
Interface
PCB
Terminal
PCB
Fig 9.1. CTD Terminal PCB and System Interface PCB
9.1 VIDEO
The Video input is given at the Belling Lee Coax socket provided in the
Terminal PCB. A coaxial cable is used for the same.

Video
Input
Sync
Input
Fig 9.2. Video and Sync Inputs
9.2 SYNC
The Sync input is given at the Belling Lee Coax socket provided in the
Terminal PCB. A coaxial cable is used for the same.
9.3 HEADING LINE
The Heading Line input is given at the Terminal Strip provided in the Terminal
PCB.
9.4 AZIMUTH
The Azimuth input is given at the Terminal Strip provided in the Terminal
PCB. For the signal to be provided in synchro format , all the 5 wires coming out of
the synchro i.e. the 03 stator windings (S1,S2,S3) connections and the 02 rotors
windings (R1,R2) connections should be given to the input as shown in fig below.

S1 S
2
S3
R1
R2
Fig 9.3. Azimuth input in Synchro format

Chapter 10
CTD SETTINGS
After connecting the radar inputs at the terminal PCB, the CTD needs to be
configured for the radar data. For doing the same following procedure is to be
followed:
a. Switch ON CTD
b. After the CTD is switched on select the STANDBY menu from the
menu option.
c. Then in the Standby menu selection the INSTALLATION option.
d. Here select the ALTER RADAR option.
e. On selecting the above option, open the CPU panel below and change
the Header jumper settings. This jumper is present on the System Interface
PCB as shown in the fig below. The default setting for this jumper is in A-
position but for changing the Radar info this jumper should be placed in B-
position.
Header
Jumper
Fig 10.1. Header Jumper

f. Now, the Alter menu will display 06 in nos. options which are Name,
Band, Video, Sync, Azimuth and Heading. Enter the following details for each
of the sub menu.
i. Name : Fregat-MAE
ii. Band : E-Band
iii. Video Polarity : Positive
iv. Sync Polarity : Positive
v. Heading Polarity : Positive
vi. Azimuth Type : Synchro
vii. Synchro Ratio : 1:1
viii. Synchro Reference Voltage : 110V, 400 Hz
ix. Antenna Rotation Rate : 15 rpm
g. After entering all the details quit all the menu options and come to main
menu.
h. Now change the header jumper setting back to A-position. If this is not
done then all the settings would be lost once the CTD is switched off.
j. After changing the jumper back to A-position switch off the CTD and
wait for 15-20 secs. Switch ON the CTD and verify the settings whether they
are saved or not.

Chapter 11
BOTTENECKS
1. The random signal that is being generated by the Fregat is very difficult
to simulate using function generators.
2. The switch that will be required for closing and the opening of the
circuit for data bit reading has very low time period and is not available
commercially off the shelf. It has to be developed in laboratory only or by
special order.
3. The technical documents of Fregat-MAE radar which are available
does not contain exhaustive information about the various signal parameters
that are being generated by the radar.
4. Due to the major repairs undergoing in Electrical Equipment School
(LES) the Fregat-MAE radar is not operational.
5. Actual realisation of the complete project can only be done onboard
ships where all the auxiliary inputs such as GPS, Gyro, etc are also available.

Feasibility Study of Interface Between Fregat-Mae Radar and CTD

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PROJECT REPORT

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE

BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD

GUIDE : LT CDR CHRISTOPHER M SYNDICATE:

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD

for Electrical Specialization Course at INS Valsura.

Lt Abhishek Saxena Lt SMT Banda Lt Abhishek Sud

(51936-K)) (NRL-2215) (52197-B)

The project report compiled by them is an indication of the successful

completion of the project under my guidance.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 2

1. Presenting the Report today remains an important event for us as it

possible for us to achieve something which appeared like a herculean task.

the completion of the project.

Faculty of Training Project for their untiring support in our endeavour.

(ABHISHEK SAXENA) (SMT BANDA) (ABHISHEK SUD)

Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant

52166-H NRL - 2215 52197-B

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 3

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM CONCEPT 8

5. COLOUR TACTICAL DISPLAY (CTD) 13

7. FREGAT INTERFACE WITH CTD 28

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 4

10. CTD SETTINGS 44

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 5

The project is aimed at doing a feasibility study on the interface between

transfer cannot be undertaken.

and the Fregat radar is to be made.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 6

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 7

BLOCK DIAGRAM CONCEPT

SACU W/T Set W/T Set SACU

Transmitting Ship Receiving Ship

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 8

Colour Tactical Display (CTD) is a high definition colour display designed

using a Sangharsh computer as a medium of interface.

3.3 SANGHARSH COMPUTER

Sangharsh computer is system through which the various communication sets

another using the V/UHF sets.

Stand Alone Communication Unit (SACU) is device which acts as an interface

accepted by the communication sets.

3.5 W/T SETS

medium for the data/plot transfer.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 9

Fig 4.1. Fregat-MAE Radar

in azimuth by a rotating planar array and scans in elevation by means of frequency

skimmers in intensive jamming and interference.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 10

beams. For this it uses 31 discrete frequencies.

The radar transmits two beams simultaneously to achieve a higher speed of

4.2 RADAR COVERAGE

the vertical space, while the azimuth scan is performed by a circular

electromechanical rotation of the antenna at a constant rate.

radiated signal frequency from pulse to pulse according to an established scan

the signal frequency.

continuous and repeated depending upon the mode of operation selected.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 11

simultaneously. This beam-pair look at different elevation angles.

Fig 4.2. Radar Coverage Diagram

The beam-pair are radiated by transmitting two pulses at different carrier

signal with linear frequency modulation (LFM) which is stretched during

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTERFACE BETWEEN FREGAT-MAE RADAR AND CTD 12

COLOUR TACTICAL DISPLAY