(1)

Beam Bending -Review

--Plane sections remain plane.

y M ρ M

ρ : radius of curvature; k = 1/ρ :curvature; M: moment

Compatibility : εxx= - y/ρ Independent of material behavior

compression y

neutral
axis
εxx

tension

Equilibrium: M = -σxx y dA Independent of material behavior

A

M
y

σxx
 (2)
Elastic beam bending σ

elastic material behavior : σxx =E εxx E

1
ε
compression y

neutral
σxx =E εxx = -E (y/ρ) σxx=-M y/I axis
σxx

tension

linear stress distribution

Μ
2
M = -σxx y dA = E /ρ y dA M=EI / ρ
A A EI
I : second moment of area
1
1/ρ
linear moment-curvature relationship

for rectangular beams

2 H
3
I = BH /12
I = y dA
A
for
I-b
ea B
ms

3 3
h I = (BH -bh )/12
H

b/2 b/2
 (3)
Elastic -plastic beam bending

σ
elastic-perfectly plastic material behavior σy

1
ε
nonlinear Moment-curvature relationship

σy y
Mp M ->Mp :fully plastic regime:
|σ|=σy at all fibers of beam
σxx

σy y
Me
M>Me : elastic-plastic regime: |σ|=σy at outer fibers of beam
σxx

EI y

M<Me : elastic regime: |σ| <σy at all points

σxx
1
1/ρ

In the elastic regime σxx=-M y /I -> | σmax | =M ymax /I

Yielding initiates at the outer fibers of the beam when | σmax |= σy. This corresponds to a bending moment Me :

Me = (σy I )/ymax
2
for rectangular beams : Me = (σy BH )/6
 σ
Elastic -plastic beam bending (4)
σy
elastic-perfectly plastic
material behavior

εy = σy/E ε
For M>Me the beam is in the elastic-plastic regime: the core of the beam (between y=- c and y=c)
is in the elastic regime, while the outer fibers are in the plastic regime (σ=σy).

for -c<y<c ε=σ/E

y y

c c
εy σy
−εy εxx = -y/ρ −σy σxx
-c -c

For |y| = c , ε=-σy/E --> -y/ρ = −c/ρ=-σy/E--> the extension of the elastic region is given by:

c= ρ (σy/E)

The moment-curvature relationship is then given by:

For a rectangular beam :
c -c ymax
2
M = -σxx y dA = E /ρ y dA + -σy y dA + -σy y dA
A -c -ymax c
M = σy (3H2 -4c2 ) B/12

σy y
For very large curvatures c-->0 and the moment approaches the

limit moment Mp, where the entire section is in the plastic regime σxx

M p = -σy y dA
2
A for rectangular beams : Mp = (σy BH ) / 4 = 1.5 Me
 Elastic -plastic beam bending . Unloading /springback (5)

material behavior: elastic unloading

E E
∆σ
∆σ = E ∆ε 1 1
ε

∆ε

The beam unloads elastically

σy y

σxx
M
∆(1/ρ)=∆M / EI =-M loaded /EI
M loaded

∆M
(1/ρ)unloaded =(1/ρ)loaded-M loaded /EI
EI EI

1 1
(1/ρ)unloaded (1/ρ)loaded 1/ρ

∆(1/ρ)
Stress distribution upon unloading

σy y y y

σxx σxx σxx

stress distribution in the Change in stress Residual stress

loaded configuration upon unloading distribution
σloaded ∆σ=(Mloaded y)/I σresidual M =0