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mc-TY-trigeqn-2009-1
In this unit we consider the solution of trigonometric equations. The strategy we adopt is to find
one solution using knowledge of commonly occuring angles, and then use the symmetries in the
graphs of the trigonometric functions to deduce additional solutions. Familiarity with the graphs
of these functions is essential.
In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake the practice
exercises provided.
After reading this text, and/or viewing the video tutorial on this topic, you should be able to:
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Some special angles and their trigonometric ratios 2
3. Some simple trigonometric equations 2
4. Using identities in the solution of equations 8
5. Some examples where the interval is given in radians 10
0 π
6
π
4
π
3
π
2
0◦ 30◦ 45◦ 60
√
◦
90◦
1 √1 3
sin 0 2 2 2
1
√
3 √1 1
cos 1 2 2 2
0
√
tan 0 √1 1 3 ∞
3
-1
x = 120◦, 240◦
cos x
1
0.5
o o
120 240
o o
60 90 180o 270o 360o x
-0.5
-1
sin u
√
1
3
2
o u
0 60o 120o 180 360o 420o 480o 540o 720o
-1
45o 90o o o u
180 360 540o
-1
o
135o 315 o 495
0.5
o
120
o
60o 90 180o u
-0.5
-1
sin x
1
-1
1
Suppose we wish to solve cos 2x = for −180◦ ≤ x ≤ 180◦ .
2
In this Example we have a multiple angle, 2x.
1
cos u = for − 360◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦
2
cos u
1
0.5
o
-360o - 270o -180o -90o 60o 90 180o 270o 360o u
-1
The dotted line indicates where the cosine is equal to 12 . Remember we already know one angle
which has cosine equal to 12 and this is 60◦ . From the graph, and making use of symmetry, we
can deduce all the other angles with cosine equal to 21 . These are
Then u = 2x so that
2x = −300◦ , −60◦ , 60◦ , 300◦
from which
x = −150◦ , −30◦ , 30◦ , 150◦
Example
√
Suppose we wish to solve tan 2x = 3 for −180◦ ≤ x ≤ 180◦.
We again have a multiple angle, 2x. We handle this by letting u = 2x so that the problem
becomes that of solving
√
tan u = 3 for − 360◦ ≤ u ≤ 360◦
√
3
u
- 360o - 180o -90 o 60o 90o 180o 360
o
But u = 2x and so
2x = −300◦ , −120◦ , 60◦, 240◦
and so the required solutions are
Exercise 1
1. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range
1
(a) sin x = √ for 0 < x < 360o
2
1
(b) cos x = − √ for 0 < x < 360o
2
1
(c) tan x = √ for 0 < x < 360o
3
(d) cos x = −1 for 0 < x < 360o
2. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range
√
(a) tan x = 3 for −180o < x < 180o
√
(b) tan x = − 3 for −180o < x < 180o
1
(c) cos x = for -180o < x < 180o
2
1
(d) sin x = − √ for −180o < x < 180o
2
1
(a) cos 2x = √ for −180o < x < 180o
2
(b) tan 3x = 1 for −90o < x < 90o
1
(c) sin 2x = for −180o < x < 0
2
√
1 3
(d) cos 2 x = − for −180o < x < 180o
2
We will now use these in the solution of trigonometric equations. (If necessary you should refer
to the unit entitled Trigonometric Identities).
Example
Suppose we wish to solve the equation cos2 x + cos x = sin2 x for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 180◦.
We can use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, rewriting it as sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to write the given
equation entirely in terms of cosines.
This is a quadratic equation in which the variable is cos x. This can be factorised to
(2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
Hence
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
from which
1
cos x = or cos x = −1
2
We solve each of these equations in turn. By referring to the graph of cos x over the interval
0 ≤ x ≤ 180◦ which is shown in Figure 9, we see that there is only one solution of the equation
cos x = 12 in this interval, and this is x = 60◦ . From the same graph we can deduce the solution
of cos x = −1 to be x = 180◦.
0.5
o
60o 90 180o x
-1
tan x
√
3
o
120
60o 90o 180 o x
√
- 3
1. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range
π 3π
x=− ,
4 4
tan x
-π π π x
-π
2 -1 2
3π
-π 4
4
π π 2π 3π 4π u
6
-1
-1 -1
1. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range
√
(a) tan x = 3 for 0 < x < 2π
(b) sin 2x = −1 for −π < x < π
1
(c) cos 3x = √ for −π < x < π
2
1
(d) tan x = −1 for −2π < x < 0
2
2. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range
Answers
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
π 4π π 3π 3π 7π π π 7π 3π π
1. a) , b) − , c) − , − , − , , , d) −
3 3 4 4 4 12 12 12 12 4 2
π 3π 5π 7π π π
2. a) , , , b) − , 0,
4 4 4 4 3 3