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The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
QUESTION:
What is STANDARD?
STANDARD n. a level of quality or
attainment (high standard of service); an
idea or thing used as a measure, norm,
or model in comparative evaluations (the
wages are low by today's standards)
STANDARD adj. used or accepted as
normal or average (standard score)
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
x
formula:
z
This formula transforms the values of the
variable x into standard units or z values.
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Relationship between x and
z:
For any population, the mean and
the standard deviation are
fixed. Thus, the z formula x
matches the z-values one-to- z
one with the x values (raw
scores). That is, for every x value
there corresponds a z-value
and for each z-value there is
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Note on notation:
If we’re talking about an entire
POPULATION that is normally
distributed, we use for the mean
and for the standard deviation.
If we’re talking about a SAMPLE of
x
a population that is normally
x we use for the mean
distributed,
and s for standard deviation.
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The z-Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Note on notation:
Z-score for Z-score for
a population a sample
x x x
z z
s
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
x
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
http://www.teacherph.com/national-career-assessment-examination-ncae-overview/
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Application: the NCAE
The normal curve
on the right
represents a
sample plot of a
percentile rank
(PR) in the NCAE.
http://www.teacherph.com/national-career-assessment-examination-ncae-overview/
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Converting Normally-Distributed
Scores to z-Scores
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
Recall that areas under normal curves
correspond to probabilities or percent of
scores.
PROBABILITY CORRESPONDING AREA
P(X > a) to the right of a
P(X < a) to the left of a
P( a < X < b) between a and b
NOTE: The area won’t change even if “>” and
“<” are replaced by “” and “”, respectively.
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
To determine the probabilities or percent that
values of X in a normally-distributed population
fall on a particular interval:
STEP 1 – Convert the x scores to z-scores.
STEP 2 – Draw the region defined by the z
scores.
STEP 3 – Locate the areas corresponding to
the z scores using the table.
STEP 4 – Find the area of the indicated region.
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
In the Oral Comm test given by Sir
Aldous, the mean score is 60 with
standard deviation 6.
Assuming that the scores are normally-
distributed, what is the probability that a
randomly-selected student has a score
a. between 60 and 65? P(60 < X < 65)
b. greater than 65? P(X > 65)
c. between 50 and 65? P(50 < X < 65)
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
a. Convert x = 60 and x = 65 to z-
scores
x1 60, 60, 6 x 2 65, 60, 6
x1 60 60 z x 2 65 60
z1 2
6 6
z1 0 z 2 0.83
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
b. Convert x = 65 to z-score
x 65, 60, 6
x 65 60
z 0.83
6
The area corresponding to z = 0.83 is 0.2967.
P(X < 65) = P(Z < 0.83)
= 0.5 + 0.2967
0.83 = 0.7967
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
In a university, the average number of
years a person takes to complete a
master’s degree program is 3 and the
standard deviation is 4 months.
Assume the variable is normally distributed. If an
individual enrolls in the program, find the probability
that it will take
a. more than 4 years to complete the program.
b. less than 3 years to complete the program.
c. between 3.8 and 4.5 years to complete the program
d. between 2.5 and 3.1 years to complete the
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores
Probabilities and
Standardized Scores
The mean age of a population of
10,000 is 56 years old, with standard
deviation of 5 years. If the ages are
normally-distributed, how many
a. have ages between 40 and 45 years?
b. are senior citizens?
c. are teenagers?
d. are ages 56 years old and below?