sld02 Cost Terms Concepts Classification PDF

Chapter
2
Cost Terms, Concepts, and
Classifications
2-2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Identify and give examples of each of the
three basic cost elements involved in the
manufacture of a product.
2. Distinguish between product costs and period
costs and give examples of each.
3. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods
manufactured in good form.
4. Explain the flow of direct materials cost, direct
labour cost, and manufacturing overhead cost
from the point of origin to sale of the
completed product.
© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001
2-3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
5. Identify and give examples of variable costs
and fixed costs and explain the difference in
their behaviour.
6. Define and give examples of direct and
indirect costs.
7. Define and give examples of cost classification
used in making decisions: differential costs,
opportunity costs and sunk costs.
8. (Appendix 2A) Properly classify labour costs
associated with idle time, overtime, and fringe
benefits.
2-4
Comparing Merchandising and

Manufacturing Activities
Merchandisers . . . Manufacturers . . .
! Buy finished goods. ! Buy raw materials.
! Sell finished goods. ! Produce and sell
finished goods.
MegaLoMart

2-5
Manufacturing Cost Concepts
Financial Managerial
Accounting Accounting
Cost is a measure of Product costs are the
resources used or costs a company
given up to achieve a assigns to units
stated purpose. produced.

2-6
Manufacturing Costs
Direct
Direct Direct
Direct Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
Materials Labour
Labour Overhead
Overhead
The Product

2-7
Direct Materials
Those materials that become an integral part

of the product and that can be conveniently
traced directly to it.
Example:
Example: A
A radio
radio installed
installed in
in an
an automobile
automobile

2-8
Direct labour
Those labour costs that can be easily traced to
individual units of product.
Example:
Example: Wages
Wages paid
paid to
to automobile
automobile assembly
assembly workers
workers

2-9
Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing costs that cannot be traced
directly to specific units produced.
Examples:
Examples: Indirect
Indirect labour
labour and
and indirect
indirect materials
materials
Wages paid to employees Materials used to support

who are not directly the production process.
involved in production
work. Examples: lubricants and
Examples: maintenance cleaning supplies used in
workers, janitors and the automobile assembly
security guards. plant.

2-10
Classifications of Costs
Manufacturing costs are often

combined as follows:
Direct
Direct Direct
Direct Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
Materials labour
labour Overhead
Overhead
Prime Conversion
Cost Cost

2-11
Nonmanufacturing Costs
Marketing and selling costs . . .

! Costs necessary to get the order and deliver the
product.
Administrative costs . . .
! All executive, organizational, and clerical costs.

2-12
Product Costs Versus Period Costs
Product costs include Period costs are not

direct materials, direct included in product
labour, and costs. They are
manufacturing expensed on the
overhead. income statement.
Inventory Cost of Good Sold Expense
Sale
Balance Income Income

Sheet Statement Statement

2-13
Balance Sheet
Merchandiser Manufacturer
Current Assets Current Assets
! Cash ❖ Cash
! Receivables ❖ Receivables
! Prepaid Expenses ❖ Prepaid Expenses
! Merchandise Inventory ❖ Inventories
Raw Materials
Work in Process
Finished Goods

2-14
Balance Sheet
Merchandiser Manufacturer
Current Assets Current Assets
! Cash ❖ Cash
! Receivables Receivables
❖Materials waiting to
! Prepaid Expenses be processed.
❖ Prepaid Expenses
! Merchandise Inventory
Partially complete ❖ Inventories
products – some Raw Materials
material, labour, or Work in Process
overhead has been Finished Goods
added.
Completed products
awaiting sale.
2-15
The Income Statement

Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only
slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.
Merchandising Company Manufacturing Company
Cost of goods sold: Cost of goods sold:
Beg. merchandise Beg. finished
inventory $ 14,200 goods inv. $ 14,200
+ Purchases 234,150 + Cost of goods
Goods available manufactured 234,150
for sale $248,350 Goods available
- Ending for sale $248,350
merchandise - Ending
inventory (12,100) finished goods
= Cost of goods inventory (12,100)
sold $236,250 = Cost of goods
sold $236,250

2-16
Manufacturing Cost Flows

Income
Balance Sheet Statement
Costs Inventories Expenses
Material Purchases Raw Materials

2-17

Income
Direct labour Work in

Process
Manufacturing
Overhead

2-18

Income

Process
Manufacturing
Overhead Cost of
Finished
Goods
Goods
Sold

2-19

Income

Process
Manufacturing
Overhead Cost of
Finished
Goods
Goods
Sold
Selling and Period Costs Selling and

Administrative Administrative
2-20
Inventory Flows
Beginning
Beginning Additions
Additions Available
Available
balance
balance + $$$
$$$
= $$$$$
$$$$$
$$
$$
_
Withdrawals
Withdrawals
$$$
$$$
=
Ending
Ending
balance
balance
$$
$$

2-21
Product Costs - A Closer Look

Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw
materials inventory
Beginning
Beginning inventory
inventory
is
is the
the inventory
inventory
carried
carried overover from
from
the
the prior
prior period.
period.

2-22

Manufacturing Work
Beginning raw Direct materials

materials inventory
+ Raw materials
purchased
= Raw materials
available for use
in production
– Ending raw materials
inventory
= Raw materials used As
Asitems
itemsareareremoved
removedfrom
fromraw
raw
in production materials
materialsinventory
inventoryand
andplaced
placed into
into
the
theproduction
productionprocess,
process,they
theyare
are
called
called direct
direct materials.
materials.
2-23

Manufacturing Work
Conversion
Conversion
Beginning raw Direct materials
materials inventory + Direct labour
costs
costsare arecosts
costs
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead incurred
incurred toto
purchased = Total manufacturing convert
convertthethe
= Raw materials costs
direct
direct material
material
available for use
in production into
into aafinished
finished
– Ending raw materials product.
product.
inventory
= Raw materials used
in production

2-24

Manufacturing Work
Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in

materials inventory + Direct labour process inventory
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing
purchased = Total manufacturing costs
= Raw materials costs = Total work in
available for use process for the
in production period
– Ending raw materials – Ending work in
inventory All
Allmanufacturing
manufacturing costs
costs incurred
incurred
process inventory
= Raw materials used during
duringthe
theperiod
period are added
= Cost
are to
tothe
of goods
added the
in production beginning balance of manufactured.
work in
beginning balance of work in
process.
process.

2-25

Manufacturing Work
Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in

materials inventory + Direct labour process inventory
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing
purchased = Total manufacturing costs
= Raw materials costs = Total work in
available for use process for the
in production period
– Ending raw materials – Ending work in
Costsinventory
associated with the goods that process inventory
Costs associated
= Raw materials used
with the goods that = Cost of goods
are
areincompleted
completed
production
during
during the
theperiod
periodare are manufactured.
transferred
transferred to
tofinished
finishedgoods
goods
inventory.
inventory.

2-26

Work
In Process Finished Goods
Beginning work in Beginning finished

process inventory goods inventory
+ Manufacturing costs + Cost of goods
for the period manufactured
= Total work in process = Cost of goods
for the period available for sale
– Ending work in - Ending finished
process inventory goods inventory
= Cost of goods Cost of goods
manufactured sold

2-27
Resource Flows
Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000.

During the month, $276,000 of raw material was
purchased. A count at the end of the month
revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still
present. What is the cost of direct material
used?
a. $276,000
b. $272,000
c. $280,000
d. $ 2,000
2-28
Resource Flows
Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000.

During the month, $276,000 of raw material was
purchased. A count at the end of the month
revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still
present. What is the cost
Beg. of
Beg. rawdirect
raw material$$ 32,000
materials
materials 32,000
++ Raw
Raw materials
materials
used? purchased 276,000
purchased 276,000
a. $276,000 == Raw
Raw materials
materials available
available
for
for use
use in
in production
production $$ 308,000
308,000
b. $272,000 –– Ending
Ending raw
raw materials
materials
c. $280,000 = Rawinventory
inventory 28,000
28,000
= Raw materials
materials used
used
d. $ 2,000 in
in production
production $$ 280,000
280,000

2-29
Resource Flows
Direct materials used in production totaled

$280,000. Direct labour was $375,000 and
factory overhead was $180,000. What were
total manufacturing costs incurred for the
month?
a. $555,000
b. $835,000
c. $655,000
d. Cannot be determined.

2-30
Resource Flows
Direct materials used in production totaled

$280,000. Direct labour was $375,000 and
factory overhead was $180,000. What were
total manufacturing costs incurred
Direct Materials for the
$ 280,000
month? + Direct Labour 375,000
+ Mfg. Overhead 180,000
a. $555,000 = Mfg. Costs Incurred
b. $835,000 for the Month $ 835,000
c. $655,000

2-31
Resource Flows
Beginning work in process was $125,000.
Manufacturing costs incurred for the month
were $835,000. There were $200,000 of
partially finished goods remaining in work in
process inventory at the end of the month.
What was the cost of goods manufactured
during the month?
a. $1,160,000
b. $ 910,000
c. $ 760,000

2-32
Resource Flows
Beginning work in process was $125,000.
Manufacturing costs incurred for the month
were $835,000. There were $200,000 of
partially finished goods remaining in work in
process inventory at theBeginning
end ofwork theinmonth.
What was the cost of goods manufactured
process inventory
+ Mfg. costs incurred
$ 125,000
during the month? for the period 835,000

= Total work in process
a. $1,160,000 during the period $ 960,000
b. $ 910,000 – Ending work in

process inventory 200,000
c. $ 760,000 = Cost of goods
manufactured $ 760,000

2-33
Cost Classifications for Predicting

Cost Behaviour
How
How aa cost
cost will
will react
react to
to
changes
changes in
in the
the level
level of
of
business
business activity.
activity.
!
!Total
Totalvariable
variablecosts
costs
change
changewhen
whenactivity
activity
changes.
changes.
!
!Total
Totalfixed
fixed costs
costs
remain
remainunchanged
unchanged
when
whenactivity
activitychanges.
changes.

2-34
Total Variable Cost
Your total long distance telephone bill is

based on how many minutes you talk.
Total Long Distance
Telephone Bill
Minutes Talked
2-35
Variable Cost Per Unit
The cost per long distance minute talked is

constant. For example, 10 cents per minute.
Telephone Charge
Per Minute
Minutes Talked
2-36
Total Fixed Cost

Your monthly basic telephone bill probably
does not change when you make more local
calls.
Telephone Bill
Monthly Basic
Number of Local Calls

2-37
Fixed Cost Per Unit

The average cost per local call decreases as
more local calls are made.
Monthly Basic Telephone

Bill per Local Call
Number of Local Calls
2-38
Cost Classifications for Predicting

Cost Behaviour
Behaviour of Cost (within the relevant range)

Cost In Total Per Unit
Variable Total variable cost changes Variable cost per unit remains
as activity level changes. the same over wide ranges
of activity.
Fixed Total fixed cost remains Fixed cost per unit goes
the same even when the down as activity level goes up.
activity level changes.

2-39
Cost Behaviour
Fixed costs are usually characterized by:
a. Unit costs that remain constant.

b. Total costs that increase as activity
decreases.
c. Total costs that increase as activity
increases.
d. Total costs that remain constant.

2-40
Cost Behaviour
Fixed costs are usually characterized by:
a. Unit costs that remain constant.

decreases.
increases.

2-41
Cost Behaviour
Variable costs are usually characterized by:

a. Unit costs that decrease as activity
increases.
decreases.
increases.

2-42
Cost Behaviour
Variable costs are usually characterized by:

a. Unit costs that decrease as activity
increases.
decreases.
increases.

2-43
Direct Costs and Indirect Costs
Direct costs Indirect costs

" Costs that can be " Costs cannot be easily
easily and conveniently and conveniently traced
traced to a unit of to a unit of product or
product or other cost other cost object.
objective. " Example:
" Examples: direct manufacturing
material and direct overhead
labour

2-44
Differential Costs and Revenues
Costs and revenues that differ among

alternatives.
Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in
your hometown. You have a job offer in a
neighbouring city that pays $2,000 per month. The
commuting cost to the city is $300 per month.
Differential revenue is:

$2,000 – $1,500 = $500

2-45
Differential Costs and Revenues
Costs and revenues that differ among

alternatives.
Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in
your hometown. You have a job offer in a
neighbouring city that pays $2,000 per month. The
commuting cost to the city is $300 per month.
Differential revenue is:

$2,000 – $1,500 = $500
Differential cost is:
$300
2-46
Opportunity Costs
The potential benefit that
is given up when one
alternative is selected
over another.
Example: If you were not

attending college, you could
be earning $15,000 per
year. Your opportunity cost
of attending college for one
year is $15,000.

2-47
Sunk Costs
Sunk costs cannot be changed by any decision.
They are not differential costs and should be
ignored when making decisions.
Example: You bought an automobile that cost

$10,000 two years ago. The $10,000 cost is
sunk because whether you drive it, park it,
trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the
$10,000 cost.

Appendix
2A
Further Classification of
Labour Costs
2-49
Idle Time
Cost of direct labour workers who are unable to
perform their assignments due to machine
breakdowns, materials shortages, power failures
and other circumstances beyond their control
Example: A worker is paid $10 per hour for a 40-
hour work-week and is idle for 2 hours per week
due to machine breakdowns, labour would be
broken down as follows:
Direct labour (38 hours x $10) $380
Manufacturing overhead (2 hrs x $10) 20
Total labour cost for the week $400

2-50
Overtime Premium
Overtime premiums paid to all factory workers

are usually considered to be part of
manufacturing overhead.
Example: A worker is paid $10 per hour for a
40-hour work-week and receives time and one
half for overtime hours. This week, the worker
worked 44 hours and had no idle time.
Direct labour (44 hours x $10) $440
Manufacturing overhead (4 hrs x $5) 20
Total labour cost for the week $400

2-51
Labour Fringe Benefits
Employment-related costs paid by the employer

are treated as either manufacturing overhead or
sometimes, for the fringe benefits related to
direct labour, as part of the cost of direct labour.
Examples of fringe benefits:
Insurance programs, retirement plans, Canada pension
plan, employment insurance, workers’ compensation,
and hospitalization plans.

2-52
End of Chapter 2

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Chapter

Comparing Merchandising and

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Manufacturing Cost Concepts

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Those materials that become an integral part

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Wages paid to employees Materials used to support

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Manufacturing costs are often

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Marketing and selling costs . . .

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Product Costs Versus Period Costs

Product costs include Period costs are not

Balance Income Income

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

The Income Statement

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Manufacturing Cost Flows

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Manufacturing Cost Flows

Direct labour Work in

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Manufacturing Cost Flows

Direct labour Work in

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Manufacturing Cost Flows

Direct labour Work in

Selling and Period Costs Selling and

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Product Costs - A Closer Look

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Product Costs - A Closer Look

Beginning raw Direct materials

Product Costs - A Closer Look

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Product Costs - A Closer Look

Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Product Costs - A Closer Look

Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Product Costs - A Closer Look

Beginning work in Beginning finished

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000.

Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000.

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Direct materials used in production totaled

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Direct materials used in production totaled

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

during the month? for the period 835,000

b. $ 910,000 – Ending work in

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Cost Classifications for Predicting

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Total Variable Cost