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3, AUGUST 2008
TABLE I loss over one year period, which will be used to justify the cus-
VALID REPHASING SCHEMES FOR LATERALS AND TRANSFORMERS tomer service interruption cost and labor cost for the rephasing
strategy.
Rule 1)
For any distribution feeder with alarm events activated due to
over neutral current of more than ten times a month, a
rephasing strategy has to be derived.
Rule 2)
Only the laterals which are connected to the primary trunk
sections and the distribution transformers are considered as the
rephasing candidates.
Rule 3)
Same phase sequence has to be maintained after rephasing of
laterals and OYD transformers to prevent the possible damage
Fig. 6. Expert system structure for rephasing strategy of distribution systems.
of three-phase motor loads due to reverse operation.
Rule 4)
the same way, a 3- lateral with original phasing (A,B,C) can The phase sequence of open-tie switch at the ending point of
be rephasing either as (C,A,B) or (B,C,A) only. the lateral to be rephased has to be adjusted according to the
rephasing of the lateral to prevent the phasing inconsistency for
non-interruptible load transfer.
IV. EXPERT SYSTEM FOR REPHASING
A proper rephasing strategy of laterals and distribution trans- B. Overall Procedure to Solve the Rephasing Strategy
formers to enhance three-phase balancing of distribution feeders
has to comply with the following constraints. The following steps are executed to solve the optimal
1) The heuristic rules of system planning and operation must rephasing strategy of distribution feeders in this paper.
be complied.
2) The neutral current of distribution feeder has to be less than Step 1)
LCO relay setting after rephasing. Solve the three-phase currents and neutral current of each
3) The customer service interruption cost due to rephasing primary trunk line section and each lateral by three-phase load
work and the labor cost to perform the rephasing must be flow analysis.
justified by the reduction of system power loss. Step 2)
As shown in Fig. 6, the expert system is designed by per- Execute the neutral current reduction algorithm (Phase I).
forming the interview with distribution engineers to identify the
heuristic rules currently used for three-phase balancing of dis- For the distribution feeder with neutral current greater than
tribution systems in Taipower. , the phase I algorithm as shown in Fig. 7 is applied to
After the heuristic rules for three-phase balancing being em- solve the rephasing strategy of laterals and distribution trans-
bedded in the knowledge base, a two-phase module of neutral formers for neutral current reduction. For the candidate lateral
current reduction algorithm is then developed to support the in- which will result in the largest reduction of neutral current with
ference engine to derive the optimal rephasing strategy by min- will be selected for rephasing. The phase currents
imizing the objective function. The module will calculate the and neutral current In of the upstream trunk sections and
reduction of neutral current and the reduction of power loss of the feeder outlet are then updated according to the rephasing of
distribution feeder for each rephasing strategy. According to the the lateral. The process of lateral rephasing is continued until
practice of distribution systems in Taipower, the rephasing work neutral current of In becomes less than 70 A. Otherwise, the
can only be executed once a year for each distribution feeder rephasing of distribution transformers is executed to achieve fur-
to reduce the customer service interruption for system relia- ther neutral current reduction.
bility concern. Therefore, the expert system will determine the
rephasing strategy based on the heuristic rules and system data Step 3)
to achieve the reduction of neutral current and system power Execute the neutral current reduction algorithm (Phase II).
1492 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, AUGUST 2008
TABLE II
OUTAGE DURATION TIME OF REPHASING WORK
(2)
where
unit annual demand cost ($112.5/kW-year);
unit energy loss cost ($0.07/kWh);
peak power loss of test feeder;
Fig. 7. Flow chart of neutral current reduction algorithm (Phase I). total annual energy loss of test feeder.
2) Customer Service Interruption Cost (CIC): The CIC rep-
After rephasing of laterals and distribution transformers to resents the customer service interruption cost introduced by the
achieve the reduction of neutral current to be less than the LCO power service outage due to rephasing works of laterals and dis-
setting value of , further rephasing of laterals and dis- tribution transformers as expressed in the following:
tribution transformers are considered in Phase II for power loss
reduction. The objective function is formulated as (1) by consid-
ering the power loss cost over one year, the customer service in- (3)
terruption cost and the labor cost to perform the rephasing of lat-
erals and distribution transformers. The priority list of candidate where
laterals and distribution transformers is then built according to
the reduction of feeder neutral current after rephasing. The lat- total number of nodes affected by rephasing work
eral or the distribution transformer with high priority and com- at node ;
plies with the heuristic rules will be selected for rephasing total interruption cost of customers at node due to
rephasing work at node ;
unit interruption cost of node ($/kW);
outage duration time to complete the rephasing work
Subject to (1) at node ;
where total load demand of node .
rephasing strategy; In Taipower, the outage duration time of rephasing work for a
lateral, an OYD transformer, and a 1- transformer is illustrated
TLC total system power loss cost over one year by in Table II.
applying rephasing strategy ; The unit service interruption costs derived in [12] for the res-
CIC customer service interruption cost; idential, commercial, and industrial are adopted in this paper
to represent in (3). Besides, three different categories of
LC labor cost; key customers with high service priority levels in Table III are
LIN et al.: EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THREE-PHASE BALANCING OF DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS 1493
Fig. 9. Hourly phase currents and neutral current of lateral L1. Fig. 10. Three-phase currents and neutral current of Feeder BD31 after Phase
I rephasing.
TABLE VII
NEUTRAL CURRENTS OF FEEDER BD31 AND FEEDER BD32 BEFORE
AND AFTER LOAD TRANSFER FOR SERVICE RESTORATION
Fig. 11. Three-phase currents and neutral current of Feeder BD31 after Phase
II rephasing. B. Enhancement of Load Transfer Capability
by Rephasing Scheme
Besides the reduction of neutral current, the rephasing
strategy can also enhance the capability of load transfer for
service restoration of distribution systems after fault contin-
gency [5], [6], [8]. For the distribution system configuration
of test feeder BD31 in Fig. 8, there is an open-tie switch at
node N202 for load transfer between Feeder BD31 and Feeder
BD32. When a fault occurs at the location of feeder outlet, the
faulted zone is isolated first by opening the circuit breaker of
Feeder BD31. The unfaulted but out of service sections are then
restored by closing the open tie switch at N202 to complete
the load transfer from Feeder BD31 to Feeder BD32. Table VII
shows the neutral currents of both feeders before and after load
transfer. Without performing the rephasing scheme for Feeder
Fig. 12. Neutral current of test feeder before and after rephasing.
BD31, the neutral current of Feeder BD32 after load transfer
will be increased from 57 A to 149 A, which will activate the
LCO relay to cause service interruption of Feeder BD32. When
the rephasing scheme for both feeders are applied to enhance
three-phase balance in advance, the neutral currents of Feeder
BD31 and BD32 are reduced to be 36 A and 23 A, respectively.
To perform the load transfer for the same fault contingency, the
neutral current of Feeder BD32 after load transfer for service
restoration has been reduced to 55 A and the over neutral
current problem can be prevented effectively.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
To solve the three-phase unbalance problem for distribution
feeders, the optimal rephasing strategy of laterals and distri-
Fig. 13. Power loss percentage of test feeder before and after rephasing. bution transformers has been proposed by applying the expert
system in this paper. The hourly loading of each distribution
transformer and each high voltage customer has been solved ac-
TABLE VI cording to the typical load patterns of customer classes and the
REDUCTION OF POWER LOSS COST, CUSTOMER SERVICE INTERRUPTION
COST, AND LABOR COST OF THE PROPOSED REPHASING STRATEGY energy consumption of customers served. The attributes of dis-
tribution components are retrieved from the database of outage
management system in Taipower to determine the feeder net-
work topology and to prepare the input data file for computer
simulation. By executing the three-phase load flow analysis, the
phase currents and neutral currents of all service zones, laterals
and primary trunk sections have been derived.
To derive the optimal rephasing strategy to enhance the three-
over one year period has been reduced by $14 000 and the cus- phase balance of distribution feeders, a two-phase neutral cur-
tomer service interruption cost and the labor cost are $6407 and rent reduction algorithm has been developed by including the
$469, respectively, for the executions of the proposed rephasing reductions of neutral current, the feeder power loss cost, the
strategy. customer interruption cost, and the labor cost to perform the
1496 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, AUGUST 2008
rephasing of laterals and distribution transformers. To demon- [10] C. S. Chen, J. C. Hwang, and C. W. Huang, “Application of load survey
strate the effectiveness of the expert system to enhance three- systems to proper tariff design,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 12, no.
4, pp. 1746–1751, Nov. 1997.
phase balance of distribution systems, a distribution feeder of [11] Load Research Manual, Association of Edison Illumination Compa-
Taipower has been selected for computer simulation to derive nies, 1990.
the rephasing strategy. By Phase I algorithm, the over neutral [12] G. Toefson, R. Billinton, G. Wacker, E. Chan, and J. Aweya, “A Cana-
dian customer survey to assess power system reliability worth,” IEEE
current problem has been solved successfully after rephasing of Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 443–450, Feb. 1994.
one lateral proposed. By Phase II algorithm, the neutral current
has been further reduced by rephasing of another lateral and one Chia-Hung Lin (S’95-M’98) received the B.S. degree from National Taiwan
Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1991, the M.S. degree from
distribution transformer to achieve the system power loss reduc- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, in 1993, and the Ph.D. degree in elec-
tion. After executing the rephasing strategy by Taipower engi- trical engineering from University of Texas at Arlington in 1997.
neers, the phase currents and neutral currents of the test feeder He is presently a full Professor at National Kaohsiung University of Applied
Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. His area of interest is distribution automation and
have been collected by the SCADA system. By comparing to the computer applications to power systems.
phase currents and neutral current before rephasing, the three-
phase balance has been improved significantly by the proposed
rephasing strategy. Besides solving the problem of over neu-
Chao-Shun Chen (S’81-M’84) received the B.S. degree from National Taiwan
tral current, the customer service interruption cost and the labor University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1976 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in
cost to perform the rephasing work can also be justified by the electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1981 and
reduction of system power loss. Moreover, the capability of 1984, respectively.
From 1984 to 1994, he was a Professor in the Electrical Engineering De-
load transfer between distribution feeders for service restora- partment at National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. From 1989
tion after fault contingency has also been enhanced by applying to 1990, he was on sabbatical at Empros Systems International. Since October
the rephasing scheme to improve three-phase balance of distri- 1994, he has been working as the Deputy Director General of Department of
Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit. From February 1997 to July 1998, he was with
bution systems. the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology as a Professor. From
August 1998 to January 2008, he was with the National Sun Yat-Sen Univer-
sity as a Professor. Since February 2008, he has been with I-Shou University,
REFERENCES Ta-Hsu Hsiang, Taiwan, R.O.C., as a full Professor. His majors are computer
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[4] T. H. Chen and J. T. Cherng, “Optimal phase arrangement of distribu- Taiwan, in 2002.
tion transformers connected a primary feeder for system unbalance im- He is presently an Associate Professor at Kao Yuan University, Lu Chu,
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maintenance,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1579–1586, tional Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1993. He is currently
Oct. 1991. pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering of National Sun Yat-Sen
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Taiwan power company,” in Proc. 2003 IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen- tional Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1972.
eral Meeting, Toronto, ON, Canada, Jul. 2003. He is a Senior Research Engineer of the Power Research Institute of Taipower,
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survey in Taipower,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. survey and development of master plans for demand-side manager and inte-
910–915, Nov. 2001. grated resource planning.