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MAT2691/1/2017–2018

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 PAGE
CONTENTS
Introduction iv

MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION STUDY GUIDE 1

Learning Unit 1 Standard Differential Coefficients 1
Learning Unit 2 Implicit Functions 15
Learning Unit 3 Logarithmic Differentiation 23
Learning Unit 4 Successive Differentiation 32
Learning Unit 5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 40
Learning Unit 6 Hyperbolic Functions 50
Learning Unit 7 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 61
Learning Unit 8 Parametric Equations 76
Learning Unit 9 Maximum and Minimum Values, 84
Points of Inflection
Learning Unit 10 Practical Applications 112
Learning Unit 11 Partial Differentiation 138
Learning Unit 12 Small Increments and Rates of 158
Change
Learning Unit 13 Maclaurin’s Series 170

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION STUDY GUIDE 2

Learning Unit 1 Standard Integrals 1
Learning Unit 2 Trigonometric Integrals 13
Learning Unit 3 Trigonometric Integrals II 26
Learning Unit 4 Hyperbolic Functions 36
Learning Unit 5 Inverse Functions 43
Learning Unit 6 Integration using “t-formulae” 57
Learning Unit 7 Trigonometric Substitutions 70
Learning Unit 8 Integration by Parts 81
Learning Unit 9 Areas 96
Learning Unit 10 Volumes 112
Learning Unit 11 Applications 128
Learning Unit 12 Numerical Integration 140

MODULE 3 LINEAR ALGEBRA STUDY GUIDE 2

Learning Unit 1 Matrices: Definition and 155
Classification
Learning Unit 2 Matrix Operations 166
Learning Unit 3 Inverses of Matrices 179
Learning Unit4 Systems of Linear Equations 193

MAT2691 iii
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 INTRODUCTION:
MATHEMATICS II (Engineering)
Welcome to the module, Mathematics II for Engineering. This material has been
compiled to serve the mathematical needs of learners engaged in engineering
courses. Learners from other fields who want to broaden their mathematical
knowledge will also benefit from this course. Very little prior mathematical knowledge
is assumed, and hence, the study guide is useful to a very wide audience.

 Purpose of this module

This module will be useful to students in developing basic skills that can be applied
to the natural and engineering sciences. Students credited with this module will have
an understanding of the basic ideas of algebra and calculus in handling problems
related to the following: Cramer’s rule to solve systems of linear equations, the
complex number system, binomial theorem, and basic differentiation and integration.
The focus is on building strong algebraic skills that will support the development of
analytical skills, which are crucial for problem solving in more advanced mathematics
and related subjects. This module will support students in their studies in the field of
engineering and the physical sciences, as part of a diploma.

The style of the study guide makes it suitable for self-study. Discipline and hard work
result in success. The next section provides a framework to ensure effective study.

Where do you start?

Learn the following and memorise it:
 Your student number
 The module code is MAT2691

 Do the following on the internet:

 Log on to https://my.unisa.ac.za
 Register on myUNISA and claim your mylife e-mail.
 Log on weekly to check for any new announcements. It is essential that you
register as the lecturer posts announcements, which you are alerted to via e-mail.

Organise your workspace. You need:

 A place to write
 Paper and a pen to try examples, do activities and exercises
 A scientific calculator, for example, a Sharp EL-531 LH or a Casio fx-82L
 Ordinary tools for drawing
 The tutorial letter for Mathematics II

Consult your tutorial letter to obtain information on

 Assignments
 How to obtain a year mark
 Examinations
 Due dates

iv MAT2691
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 Prescribed and recommended books
 Contact details of your lecturer or tutor

Compile a study plan:

 Identify your goals
 Make a weekly timetable
 Indicate work and family responsibilities on your timetable
 Remember to allow time for rest and relaxation
 Evaluate the time available for studying
 Before you can complete your plan, the format of the study material must be
explained

Format of study material:

 Modules
The work is divided into modules. Each module deals with a major subject area.
Each module is divided into learning units. The end of each learning unit provides a
natural break. This enables you to plan your time. You will find a complete list of
modules and learning units in the contents list.

 Learning units
Each learning unit starts with outcomes. These outcomes list what you should be
able to do after you have mastered the content of the learning unit. To explain the
content, you will find examples. An example gives both the question and the solution.
To develop your understanding, you will find activities. The activities provide a list of
questions that you should attempt immediately. The answers to activities are given at
the end of each learning unit as responses. When you have completed the activity,
check your answer.

An average learner should be able to study a unit in an evening. The lecturer/tutor

should be contacted the next day by telephone, fax or e-mail if necessary to clarify
any points. Contact details are given in the tutorial letter.

 Post-tests
At the end of each learning unit, you will need to assess your progress. The post-test
should be used for self-evaluation. These questions include questions similar to what
you can expect in future examination papers. The solutions to all the questions are
given and should be used to mark your own work.

Try to do the test without referring to your study notes. Warning: Do not look at the
answers before attempting a solution.

When answering a question, your writing should be clear and legible. That is, the
marker or any other person reading your answer must be able to follow your
reasoning. In mathematics, we are not only interested in the correct answer, but also
in the method you used to obtain the answer. Pay attention to the correct use of
symbols.

MAT2691 v
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 Use of computer software
We do not mention any specific programs in the notes due to two reasons. The first
is the rapid development in this field, which results in any reference becoming
outdated very quickly. The second is that we would like as many learners as possible
to have the opportunity to study mathematics at this level. However, we would
encourage the use of mathematical computer software and hope to introduce such
programs in future.

 Study success
The study of mathematics, as you well know, requires that you understand the
various learning units. In most cases, the work is sequential and you need to master
a particular learning unit before you can move on to a more advanced learning unit.
Studying mathematics requires you to engage with the material, make notes and
practise many examples. You need to continuously evaluate your work and reflect,
so as to analyse your thought processes and logic.
With the required planning, dedication and hard work, you should be successful in
your studies.

 Exam preparation
Refer to the tutorial letters, assignments and MyUnisa.
This is a blended module, which means you have to log on to MyUnisa for additional
information pertaining to the module.
Ensure that you work through all the learning units and practise all the examples,
activities and post-tests.
Work through the assignments as well as past examination papers (which are
available on MyUnisa).

You need to pace your studies for this module which is a 12 credit module and this
means you need to spend at least 120 Notional hours of active engaging with the
study materials. Time management as laid out in your study plan must be adhered to
as much as possible to ensure study success.

We wish you all the very best with studying this interesting module.

vi MAT2691
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 USEFUL INFORMATION

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
 plus
 minus
 plus or minus means
 multiply by
. multiply by
 divide by
 is equal to
 is identically equal to
 is approximately equal to
 is not equal to
 is greater than
 is greater than or equal to
 is less than
 is less than or equal to
n! factorial  1 2  3   n
k modulus of k, that is the size of k
irrespective of the sign
 is a member of set
set of natural numbers
Z set of integers
set of real numbers
set of rational numbers
 therefore
 infinity
e base of natural logarithms (2,718…)
n natural logarithm
log logarithm to base 10
 sum of terms
lim limiting value as n  
n

 integral
dy derivative of y with respect to x
dx

MAT2691 vii
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GREEK ALPHABET

Greek letter Greek name

  Alpha
  Beta
  Gamma
  Delta
  Epsilon
  Zeta
  Eta
  Theta
  Iota
  Kappa
  Lambda
  Mu
  Nu
  Xi
  Omicron
  Pi
  Rho
  Sigma
  Tau
  Upsilon
  Phi
  Chi
  Psi
  Omega

Information Sheets

The following pages contain the information sheets and table of integrals that will be
included with the examination paper.

viii MAT2691
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 FORMULA SHEET
ALGEBRA Factors

a 3  b 3  a  b  a 2  ab  b 2 
 a  b a 
Laws of indices
a 3  b3 2
 ab  b 2
1. a m  a n  a mn
am
2. n
 a mn
a
3. a  m n
 
 a mn  a n
m
Partial fractions
m
f x  A B C
4. a n
 n am   
x  a x  b x  c  x  a  x  b   x  c 
1 1
5. a n  and an 
an a n
f x  A B C D
6. a0 1    
x  a  x  b
3
x  a  x  a  x  a  x  b
2 3

7. ab  a b

f x 
n
a an Ax  B
8.    n  
C
b b   
ax  bx  c  x  d  ax  bx  c  x  d 
2 2

Logarithms
Definitions: If y  a x then x  log a y
If y  e x then x  n y
1. log  A  B   log A  log B Quadratic formula
 A ax 2  bx  c  0
2. log   log A  log B If
B
 b  b 2  4ac
3. log An  n log A then x
2a
log b A
4. log a A
log b a
5. a loga f  f  e n f  f

Determinants
a11 a12 a13
a a 23 a a 23 a a 22
a 21 a 22 a 23  a11 22  a12 21  a13 21
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a 33
 a11 a 22 a 33  a 32 a 23   a12 a 21a 33  a 31a 23   a13 a 21a 32  a 31a 22 

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SERIES
Binomial Theorem

a  b n  a n  na n 1b  nn  1 a n  2 b 2  nn  1n  2 a n 3 b 3  ....

2! 3!
and b  a

1  x n  1  nx  nn  1 x 2  nn  1n  2 x 3  ...

2! 3!
and  1  x  1

Maclaurin’s Theorem
f 0 f 0 2 f 0 3 f n 1 0 n 1
f  x   f 0  x x  x  x 
1! 2! 3! n  1!

Taylor’s Theorem
f a 
x  a   f a  x  a 2  f a  x  a 3    f a  x  a n1  
  n 1
f  x   f a  
1! 2! 3! n  1!
h2 h n1 n1
f a  h   f a   f a   f a     f a   
h
1! 2! n  1!
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. z  a  bj  r cos   j sin   r   re j , 7. De Moivre's Theorem

 r    r n n  r n  cos n  j sin n 
n
where j 2  1
a 
1
M odulus : r z  2
 b2 8. z n has n distinct roots:
b 1 1
Argument :   arg z  arc tan zn  rn
  k 360
with k  0, 1, 2, , n 1
a n
2. Addition :
9. re j  r  cos   j sin  
a  jb   c  jd   a  c   j b  d 
3. Subtraction :    
  re j  r cos  and  re j  r sin 

a  jb   c  jd   a  c   j b  d  10. ea  jb  ea  cos b  j sin b 

4. If m  jn  p  jq , then m  p and n  q 11. n re j  n r  j
5. M ultiplication : z1 z 2  r1 r2 1   2 
z1 r1
6. Division :  1   2 
z 2 r2

x MAT2691
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GEOMETRY MENSURATION
y  mx  c 1. Circle: (  in radians)
y  y1  m x  x1 
1. Straight line:
Area  r 2
1
Perpendiculars, then m1  Circumference  2r
m2
Arc length  r
2. Angle between two lines:
m  m2 1 2 1
Sector area 
r  r
tan   1 2 2
1  m1 m2
1 2
3. Circle: Segment area  r    sin  
2
x2  y2  r 2
2. Ellipse:
 x  h 2   y  k 2  r 2 Area  ab
4. Parabola: Circumfere nce  a  b 
y  ax 2  bx  c 3. Cylinder:
b Volume  r 2 h
axis at x 
2a Surface area  2rh  2r 2
5. Ellipse: 4. Pyramid:
x2 y2 1
 1 Volume  area base  height
a2 b2 3
6. Hyperbola: 5. Cone:
xy  k 1
Volume  r 2 h
3
x2 y2
  1 round x - axis  Curved surface  r
a2 b2
6. Sphere:
x2 y2
 2  2  1 round y - axis  A  4r 2
a b
4
V  r 3
3
7. Trapezoidal rule:
1 b  a 
 f  x0   2 f  x1    2 f  xn1   f  xn 
2  n  

8. Simpson’s rule:
1 b  a 
[ f  x0   4 f  x1   2 f  x2   4 f  x3  
3  n 
2 f  x4    2 f  xn2   4 f  xn1   f  xn ]
9. Mid-Ordinate rule
b  a 
 n   f  m1   f  m2    f  mn1   f  mn 
 

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Compound angle addition and subtraction
 ax formulae:
e e ax
sinh ax  sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
2 sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
e  e  ax
ax cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
Definitions: cosh ax  cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
2 tan A  tan B
tan A  B  
e  e  ax
ax
1  tan A tan B
tanh ax  ax
e  e  ax tan A  tan B
tan A  B  
1  tan A tan B
Identities:
cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 Double angles:
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
coth 2 x  1  cosech 2 x = 2cos2A - 1
= 1 - 2sin2A
sinh 2 x 
1
cosh 2 x  1 sin2 A = ½(1 - cos 2A)
2
cos2 A = ½(1 + cos 2A)
cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  1
1 2 tan A
2 tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x Products of sines and cosines into sums or
differences:
 2 cosh 2 x  1
sin A cos B = ½(sin (A + B) + sin (A - B))
 1  2 sinh 2 x cos A sin B = ½(sin (A + B) - sin (A - B))
cos A cos B = ½(cos (A + B) + cos (A - B))
TRIGONOMETRY
sin A sin B = -½(cos (A + B) - cos (A - B))
Identities:
Sums or differences of sines and cosines into
sin 2   cos 2   1 products:
1 + tan 2  = sec 2   x  y   x y 
sin x  sin y  2 sin  cos  
cot 2  + 1 = cosec 2   2   2 
sin(-) = - sin  x  y   x y 
sin x  sin y  2 cos   sin  
cos (-) =  cos  2   2 
tan (-) = - tan  x  y   x y 
cos x  cos y  2 cos   cos  
sin  2   2 
tan 
cos  x  y   x y 
cos x  cos y  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

xii MAT2691
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 sin 1 f ( x) 
DIFFERENTIATION d f '( x)
10.
1   f ( x) 
dx 2
dy f x  h  f x 
 lim  f '( x)
cos 1 f ( x) 
1. d
dx h  0 h 11.
1   f ( x) 
dx 2
d
2. k  0
dx
tan 1 f ( x) 
d f '( x)
d 12.
1   f ( x) 
3. ax n  anx n 1 dx 2
dx
 f '( x)
cot 1 f ( x) 
d d
4. f .g  f .g ' g . f ' 13.
1   f ( x) 
dx dx 2
d f g . f ' f .g '
 sec1 f ( x) 
5. d f '( x)
dx g g2 14.
dx
f  x  f ( x)2  1
6.  f ( x)  n f ( x) . f ' ( x)
d n n 1
 f '( x)
cosec 1 f ( x) 
dx d
15.
dy dy du dv
7.  . .
dx
f  x  f ( x)2  1
dx du dv dx
sinh 1 f ( x) 
d f '( x)
8. Parametric equations 16.
dy
dx
 f ( x)2  1
dy
 dt
cosh 1 f ( x) 
d f '( x)
dx dx 17.
dt
dx
 f ( x)2  1
d  dy 
tanh 1 f ( x) 
d f '( x)
d y dt  dx 
2 18.
 1   f ( x) 
dx 2
dx 2 dx
 f '( x)
coth 1 f ( x) 
dt d
19.
9. Maximum/minimum
For turning points: f '(x) = 0
dx  f ( x)2  1
 f '( x)
sech1 f ( x) 
Let x = a be a solution for the above d
20.
If f '(a) > 0, then a minimum
f  x  1   f ( x) 
dx 2
If f '(a) < 0, then a maximum
 f '( x)
cosech1 f ( x) 
For points of inflection: f" (x) = 0 d
Let x = b be a solution for the above 21.
Test for inflection: f (b - h) and f(b + h)
dx
f  x  f ( x)2  1
Change sign or f '"(b) if f '"(b) exists z z z
22. Increments: z  . x  . y  . w
x y w

23. Rate of change:
dz  z dx  z dy  z dw
 .  .  .
dt  x dt  y dt  w dt
INTEGRATION
b
  dy 
2
1. By parts :  udv  uv -  vdu 2. S   1    dx
  dx 
a
1 b 1 b 2
3. Mean value = 
b-a a
y dx 4. R.M.S.2  
b-a a
y dx

MAT2691 xiii
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 TABLE OF INTEGRALS
ax(n1 )
1.  ax n dx 
n 1
 c, n  1

 f(x)n1  c,
2.   f(x) .f'(x) dx
n
 n  1
n 1

 f (x)
3.  dx  n f(x)  c
 f(x)

   e f(x)  c
f(x)
4. f (x).e dx

a f(x)
   c
f(x)
5. f (x).a dx
na

6.   sin f(x) dx
f (x).   cos f(x)  c

7.   cos f(x) dx
f (x).  sin f(x)  c

8.  f ( x). tan f(x) dx  n sec f(x)  c

9.   cot f(x) dx
f (x).  n sin f(x)  c

10.   sec f(x) dx

f (x).  n sec f(x)  tan f(x)  c

11.   cosec f(x) dx

f (x).  n cosec f(x)  cot f(x)  c

12.   sec2 f(x) dx

f (x).  tan f(x)  c

13.   cosec2 f(x) dx

f (x).   cot f(x)  c

14.   sec f(x). tan f(x) dx

f (x).  sec f(x)  c

15.   cosec f(x). cot f(x) dx

f (x).  cosec f(x)  c

xiv MAT2691
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16.   sinh f(x) dx
f (x).  cosh f(x)  c

17.   cosh f(x) dx

f (x).  sinh f(x)  c

18.   tanh f(x) dx

f (x).  n cosh f(x)  c

19.   coth f(x) dx

f (x).  n sinh f(x)  c

20.   .sech 2 f(x) dx

f (x)  tanh f  x   c

21.   cosech 2 f(x) dx

f (x).   coth f  x   c

22.   .sechf(x). tanh f  x  dx

f (x)  sech f(x)  c

23.   cosech f(x). coth f(x) dx  cosech f(x)  c

f (x).


 f  x  f  x 
24.  dx  arc sin  c


 a 2   f  x  
2  a 

f  x  f  x 

 1
25.  dx  arc tan  c


 f  x    a 2 a  a 
2



 f  x  f  x 
26.  dx  arc sinh  c


  f  x    a 2
2  a 


 f  x  f  x 
27.  dx  arc cosh  c


  f  x    a 2
2  a 

f  x  f  x 

 1
28.  dx  arc tanh  c
a 2   f  x  



2 a  a 

f  x  f  x 

 1
29.  dx   arc coth  c


 f  x    a 2 a  a 
2


MAT2691 xv
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  a2  f  x  f  x 2
f  x  a   f  x   dx  arc sin  a   f  x    c
2 2
30. 
  2

 2  a  2

 a2  f  x  f  x
f   x   f  x    a 2 dx   f  x    a 2  c
2 2
31. 
 arc sinh  
 2  a  2

 a2  f  x  f  x
f   x   f  x    a 2 dx   arc cosh   f  x    a 2  c
2 2
32. 
 
 2  a  2

xvi MAT2691
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 DIFFERENTIATION
MODULE 1
Standard Differential Coefficients
LEARNING UNIT 1

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit you, should be able to:

 Find derivatives using the list of standard differential coefficients
 Find derivatives using the product rule and the quotient rule
 Find derivatives of a function of a function (chain rule)

Note: The above-mentioned outcomes have been covered in MAT1581

CONTENTS

1. STANDARD DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS 2

2. POST-TEST 1 8
3. RESPONSES 9
3.1. Response 1 9
3.2. Response 2 10
3.3. Response 3 12
3.4. Response Post-Test 1 13

MAT2691 1
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

1. STANDARD DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS

of a function y  f x  as
dy
In Mathematics I (MAT1581) we defined the derivative
dx
the gradient of the tangent to y  f x  at the point x .

dy f x  h   f x 
We used the definition  lim .
dx h 0 h

We also used different notations for the derivative:

 f x   y 
dy
dx

To refresh your memory, the list of standard differential coefficients (derivatives)

follows:

FUNCTION DERIVATIVE

xn nx n 1

 f x n n f x n 1. f x 

a f x  a f  x   n a  f x 

e f x  e f  x   f x 

n f x  f  x 
f x 

log a f x  f x  1

f x  n a

sin f x  cos f x   f x 

cos f x   sin f x   f x 

tan f x  sec 2 f x   f x 

cosec f x   cosec f x .cot f x   f x 

sec f x  sec f x . tan f x  f x 

cot f x   cosec 2 f x   f x 

Remember that you can also use the table of integrals to find the derivatives, if you
read the table from right to left.

2 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

ACTIVITY 1:
Differentiate the following:
1 1 1
1. yx 2   7 x 5  3 9
3x 2 x

2. 
y  1 x  x2  3

3. y  sin 2 x  3sin 7 x
4. y  cos x  2 cos 2 x  5 cos 7 x
5. y  tan 2 x  7 sin 3x  cos 9 x

6. y  3 cosec 1  x 2  
y  sec2 x  3
1
7. 2

8. y  cot 3x  7

9. 
y  n 1  x  x 2 
2
1
10. y  e x  e 2 x  3e 2 x
2
 3 x 1
11. y  22 x

12. y  log 1  2 x 
Remember to check response 1 on page 10.

THE PRODUCT RULE

If F x   f x g x  then F x   f x g x   f x g x 

THE QUOTIENT RULE

f x  g x  f x   f x g x 
If F x   then F x  
g x  g x 2

EXAMPLE 1
dy
If y  e 7 x cos 2 x find .
dx
Solution:

We can recognise the product of e7 x with  cos 2 x   

MAT2691 3
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

   cos 2 x 
y  e7 x
 f  x g  x

dy
 f  x  g  x   f   x  g  x 
dx
 e7 x .  2sin 2 x   7e7 x  cos 2 x
 e7 x  7 cos 2 x  2sin 2 x 

EXAMPLE 2
x2 dy
If y 
 
3
find and simplify the answer.
1  3x 2 dx

Solution:

We can recognise a quotient, x is divided by 1  3x

2
 
2 3

x2 f  x
y 
g  x
1  3x  2 3

dy g  x  f   x   f  x  g   x 

 g  x  
dx 2

1  3x2  .  2 x    x2  . 3 1  3x2  . 0  6 x 

3 2

 2

1  3 x 
2 3


1  3x 2  1  3x 2   2 x   x 2 18 x  
2
 
 
2
 where 1  3x 2 is a common factor
1  3x 
2 6

1  3x 2  1  3x 2   2 x   x 2 18 x  
2

  
1  3x  . 1  3x 
2 2 2 4

2 x  6 x 3  18 x 3

(1  3x 2 )4
2 x  12 x 3
 after simplification.
(1  3x 2 )4

4 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

ACTIVITY 2:
Differentiate the following:
3x  2
1. y
1  2x
1
y
1  x  x 
2.
2 3

1 x
3. y
1 x

4. y  sin m x. cos n x
Remember to check response 2 on page 11.

EXAMPLE 3
dy
If y  sin x find .
dx
Solution:

The above function sin x is termed a function of a function of a function. That is,
before the numerical value of the function can be obtained for a particular value of x,
‘three’ operations have to be performed, i.e.

(i) first find the square root of x , x

(ii) then determine the sine of that, sin x and finally
(iii) find the square root sin x

In determining the derivative, you have to keep these three steps in mind. The Chain
Rule is used to find the derivative. The steps are shown in the solution where
marked with **.

y  sin x
1
 1  2
  sin x 2  rewrite roots to exponents
 
1
dy 1  1  2 d  1 
  sin x 2  . 2
 sin x  **
dx 2   dx  
1
1 1  2  1  d  1 
  sin x 2  .  cos x 2  .  x 2  **
2    dx  

MAT2691 5
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

1
dy 1  1  2  1   1 1 
  sin x 2  .  cos x 2  .  x 2 
dx 2     2 

 
1   1 
1
 cos x sin x 2  x 2 
4  
cos x

4 x sin x

EXAMPLE 4
1 dy
If y 

n 1  x  x 2
find
dx
.

Solution:

1
y

n 1  x  x 2  can be rewritten as
 
 12
y   n 1  x  x2 
 
Thus

 
dy 1 3  1 
   n 1  x  x2  2   0  1  2x 
dx 2  1 x  x 2

using the chain rule

1  2x

   
3

2 n 1 x  x 2  2
1  x  x2
 

EXAMPLE 5
dy
If y  sin x.sin 2x.sin 3x find .
dx
Solution:
See how the Product Rule is applied in the first step:
dy d d d
 sin x  sin 2 x   sin 3x   sin x   sin 2 x   sin 3x   sin x   sin 2 x  sin 3x
dx dx dx dx
 sin x  sin 2 x   3cos 3x   sin x   2 cos 2 x   sin 3x   cos x   sin 2 x  sin 3x
 3sin x  sin 2 x  cos 3x  2sin x  cos 2 x  sin 3x  cos x  sin 2 x  sin 3x

6 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

ACTIVITY 3:
Differentiate the following:
1. y  n sin x

2. y  sin x n
7 11
y  3 1 x2  
1  3x  1  x  x 
3.
5 2 2 2 5

4. 
y  5.4 1  2 x  x 3
5. 
y  sin 3x 2  5x  7 
Remember to check response 3 on page 13.

MAT2691 7
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

2. POST-TEST 1

Differentiate the following with respect to x using the list of standard derivatives:
1 1 3 1
1. yx 2    4x 4
x2 x3
2. y  sin 3x  2 cos 2 x  4 tan 3x
3. y  cot x  cosec 2 x  sec 2 x

4. y  e 2 x  a 3x  4 2 x

5. y  sec3 2 x  1

6. y  sin 2 x


7. y  3 1  x 2  1
2

8. y  n 1  3x

1  2x
9. y 
1  3x

10. y  1  x   1  3x 
1 1
2 3

Remember to check response Post-Test 1 on page 13.

If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

8 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
1. 1 1 1
yx 2  2
 7 x 5  3 9
3x x
1 1 1
 x 2  x  2  7 x 5  x 3  9
3
dy 1  2 2 3
1 1 4
 x  x  35 x 6  x 3  0
dx 2 3 3

2.

y  1  x  x2 
3

dy
dx

 3 1  x  x 2 .0  1  2 x 
2

 32 x  1 1  x  x 2  
2

3. y  sin 2 x  3 sin 7 x
dy
 2 cos 2 x  21cos 7 x
dx

4. y  cos x  2 cos 2 x  5 cos 7 x

dy
  sin x  4 sin 2 x  35 sin 7 x
dx

5. y  tan 2 x  7 sin 3x  cos 9 x

dy
 2 sec 2 2 x  21cos 3x  9 sin 9 x
dx

6. y  3 cosec 1  x 2  
dy
dx
   
 3.  cosec 1  x 2 . cot 1  x 2 .0  2 x 

 6 x cosec 1  x  cot 1  x  2 2

y  sec2 x  3
7. 1
2
1 1 1 1
 sec( 2 x  3) 2  tan(2 x  3) 2  (2 x  3) 2  2  0
dy
dx 2
1 1 1
 (2 x  3) 2 sec( 2 x  3) 2  tan(2 x  3) 2

MAT2691 9
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

8. y  cot 3x  7 
dy
 cosec 2 (3x  7)  3
dx
 3cosec 2 (3 x  7)

9. 
y  n 1  x  x 2 
.0  1  2 x 
dy 1

dx 1  x  x 2
1 2x

1 x  x2
10. 2
1
y  e x  e 2 x  3e 2 x

 e x  e 2 x .2  3.e 2 x 1.4 x  0
dy 2

dx
2
1
 e x  2e 2 x  12 x e 2 x

11. 2
3 x 1
y  22 x

 2 2 x 3 x 1.n 2. 4 x  3  0
dy 2

dx
 4 x  3 2 2 x 3 x 1
2
.n 2

12. y  log 1  2 x 
dy 0  2 1
 .
dx 1  2 x n 10
2

1  2 x n 10

3.2. Response 2
1. 3x  2 f  x 
y 
1  2x g  x

dy g  x  f   x   f  x  g   x 

 g  x  
dx 2


1  2 x  .  3  0   3x  2  .  0  2 
1  2 x 2

10 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

dy 3 1  2 x   2  3x  2 

dx 1  2 x 2
3  6x  6x  4

1  2 x 2
7

1  2 x 2
2. 1
y
1  x  x2 
3

This can be treated as a quotient , or written with negative exponent as:

 
3
y  1  x  x2
1 1 1 1 1
REMEMBER: n
 x n ,  x 2,   sin x  , etc.
x x sin x
dy
dx

 3 1  x  x 2  . 0  1  2 x  4

 31  2 x 1  x  x  2 4

3. 1 x
y
1 x
1

1  x  2
1
1  x  2
1 1 1 1 1 1
dy 1  x  1  2
x  2  0  1  1  x  2  1  x  2  (0  1)
 2 2
2
dx  1 x 2 
1
  


1  x  2 1  x   2  1  x  2 1  x   2
1 1 1 1 1 1

 2 2
1  x 

by multiplying the numerator and denominator with 1  x  1  x 

1 1
2 2
we get

1 1
1  x   1  x 
2 3
2
1
1  x  2 1  x  2
1

1  x  2 1  x 
3 1
2

MAT2691 11
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

Alternatively, this example could have been worked out as follows:

1 1
y  (1  x) 2  (1  x) 2
which is a product. Of course the results obtained would be the same.
The student should check this.

4. y  sin m x  cos n x
 sin x m . cos x n

 sin x m . ncos x n1  sin x   msin x m1 cos x . cos x n

dy
dx
 ncos x n1 sin x m1  msin x m1 cos x n1
 n cos n1 x . sin m1 x  m cos n1 x . sin m1 x

3.3. Response 3
1. y  n sin x
1
 n sin x 2

dy  1  d  1 
 .  sin x 2
dx  1  dx
 
 sin x 2 
1  1  d  1 
  cos x 2 x 2
sin x
1
2   dx  
1  1  1  1 
  cos x 2  x 2 
1
sin x 2   2 
cos x

2 x sin x
cot x cos x
 REMEMBER :  cot x
2 x sin x

2. y  sin x n
dy
dx
 cos x n .
d n
dx
x  
 cos x n . nx n1
 nx n1 cos x n

12 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

3. 7 11
y  3 1  x2  
1  3x  1  x  x 
5 2 2 2 5

 1  x   71  3x   111  x  x  2  5
1 2
2 3 2 5

 1  x  .0  2 x   7.  1  3 x  .0  6 x   551  x  x  .0  1  2 x 

2  3 2  5
dy 1 2 2 7
2 4
dx 3 5
 551  2 x 1  x  x 
2x 84 x 2 4
 
31  x  51  3x 
2 7
2 3 2 5

4.

y  5  4 1 2x  x 3
3
 1  4
 51  2 x  x 2 
 
1
dy 3 1  4  1 1 
 5. 1  2 x  x 2  . 0  2  x 2 
dx 4   2 
 1 
15  2  
  2 x
1
 1  4
41  2 x  x 
2
 



15 1  4 x  because  2 
1

 4 x 1
1
 1  4 2 x 2 x
8 x 1  2 x  x 2 
 

5. 
y  sin 3 x 2  5 x  7 
 sin 3x  5 x  7 
1
2 2

 sin 3 x  5 x  7  . cos 3 x 
1
 5 x  7 . 6 x  5  0 
dy 1 2 2 2
dx 2


6 x  5 cos 3x  5 x  7  2

2 sin 3 x  5 x  7  2

3.4. Response Post-Test 1

dy 1 2 9 1
1.   3 4 3
dx 2 x x x x 4
dy
2.  3 cos 3x  4 sin 2 x  12 sec 2 3x
dx
dy
3.  cosec 2 x  2 cot 2 x cosec 2 x  2 tan 2 x sec 2 x
dx

MAT2691 13
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 Module 1 Unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION:
Standard Differential Coefficients

4.
dy
dx
 
 2e 2 x  3a 3 x n a  2 4 2 x n 4

 6 sec3 2 x  1. tan2 x  1

dy
5.
dx
dy cos 2 x
6. 
dx sin 2 x
dy 3x
7. 
dx 1 x2
dy 3
8. 
dx 21  3x 
dy 5
9. 
dx 21  3x  2 1  2 x  12
3

dy  1  5x
10. 
dx 2 1  x 1  3x 2 3

You have now completed Learning Unit 1: Standard Differential Coefficients.

You should be able to:
 Find derivatives using the list of standard differential coefficients
 Find derivatives using the product rule and the quotient rule
 Find derivatives of a function of a function (chain rule)

We now move on to Learning Unit 2: Implicit Functions

14 MAT2691
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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 2 Implicit Functions

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Differentiate implicit functions

CONTENTS

1. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS 16

2. POST-TEST 2 19
3. RESPONSES 20
3.1. Response 1 20
3.2. Response Post-Test 2 21

MAT2691 15
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

1. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

If an algebraic equation in x and y can be expressed in the form y  f x  , for

example y  4 x 2  3x  2 , such a function is referred to as an explicit function. If it is
not possible to express y directly in terms of x, the function is called an implicit
function. For example, y 7  6xy 6  1  0 is a relation between y and x but it is
practically impossible to express y directly in terms of x. (Infinite series can be used
but this is outside the scope of this syllabus.)

dy
The following examples will illustrate how can be found in the case of implicit
dx
relations connecting x and y. However, the following should first be noted:
dy
 The derivative of y with respect to x is
dx
dy
 The derivative of y 2 with respect to x is 2 y.
dx
dy
 The derivative of y n with respect to x is ny n1 
dx

dx

d n m
x y  xn   d
dx
 
ym  ym 
d
dx
 
x n since we are dealing with a product


d
x  y   x  y using the product rule
dy
dx dx

EXAMPLE 1
dy
If x3  y 4  3x  7 find .
dx
Solution:
Differentiate each term of the given equation:
dy
3x 2  4 y 3 .  3 0
dx
dy
Take all terms that include to the left hand side, and all other terms to the right
dx
hand side:
dy
4 y 3.  3  3x 2
dx
dy 3  3x 2

dx 4 y3

16 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

EXAMPLE 2
dy
If x 3 y  xy 2  3x  7 y find .
dx
Solution:

x3 y  xy 2 3x  7 y
dy dy dy
3x 2 . y  x 3 .  1. y 2  x.2 y  3 7
dx dx dx
Product rule for x 3 y Product rule for xy 2

dy dy dy
x 3.  2 xy  7  3  3x 2 y  y 2
dx dx dx
dy 3
dx
 
x  2 xy  7  3  3x 2 y  y 2

dy 3  3x 2 y  y 2

dx x 3  2 xy  7

EXAMPLE 3
dy
If x 3  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2  8xy  6 x  3 find .
dx
Solution

x3  2 x2 y  4 xy 2  8 xy  6x  3
 dy   dy   dy 
3x 2   4 x. y  2 x 2 .    4. y 2  4 x.2 y    8. y  8 x.   6  0
 dx   dx   dx 
Product rule for 2x 2 y Product rule for 4xy 2 Product rule for 8xy

Now move terms to the correct side:

dy dy dy
2 x 2  8 xy  8 x  3x 2  4 xy  4 y 2  8 y  6
dx dx dx
dy
dx
 
2 x 2  8 xy  8 x  3x 2  4 xy  4 y 2  8 y  6

dy 3x 2  4 xy  4 y 2  8 y  6

dx 2 x 2  8 xy  8 x

EXAMPLE 4
dy
If sin x  cos y  3  y  x 2 find .
dx

MAT2691 17
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

Solution:

sin x  cos y  3  y  x 2
dy dy
cos x  sin y.  0   2x
dx dx
dy dy
 sin y.   2 x  cos x
dx dx
dy dy
sin y.   2 x  cos x
dx dx
dy
 sin y  1  cos x  2 x
dx
dy cos x  2 x

dx sin y  1

ACTIVITY 1:
Differentiate the following implicit functions:

1. e  y  xy

2. y 3  3 y  3x

3. y 2  x 2 y  10

4. x 2 y  xy 2  x 2  y 2  5

5. x  y 3  3 y  1
6. x  y 4  4 y
7. x 5  xy  2 y 7  7  20
Remember to check response 1 on page 20.

18 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

2. POST-TEST 2

Differentiate the following with respect to x using implicit differentiation:

1. e 2 x  e 3 y  4

2. x 3  xy 2  y 3  7
3. sec 2 x  cos( x  y)  3x  7

4. x 2 y 2  x 3  y 2  2.6

5. x 12   y 12  22
6. n x 2  y 2  x  y
7. y  sin xy

Remember to check response post-test 2 on page 21.

If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

MAT2691 19
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
1. e  y  xy
dy dy
 e y . x y
dx dx
dy
dx

 e y  x  y 
dy y
 y
dx  e  x
2. y 3  3 y  3x
dy dy
3y2 3  3
dx dx
dy
dx

3y2  3  3 
dy 3
 2
dx 3 y  3
1
 2
y 1

3. y 2  x 2 y  10
dy  dy 
2y   2 xy  x 2 0
dx  dx 
dy
dx

2 y  x 2  2 xy 
dy 2 xy

dx 2 y  x 2

4. x 2 y  xy 2  x 2  y 2  5
dy  dy  dy
2 x. y  x 2 .  1. y 2  x.2 y   2 x  2 y 0
    dx  dx dx
Product rule f or x 2 y Product rule f or xy 2
dy dy dy
x2.  2 xy  2 y  2 xy  y 2  2 x
dx dx dx
dy 2
dx
 
x  2 xy  2 y  2 xy  y 2  2 x

dy  2 xy  y 2  2 x
 2
dx x  2 xy  2 y

20 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

5. x  y 3  3 y  1
 dy 
3 x  y 2 .1    3  0
dy
 dx  dx

3 x  y 2  3 x  y 2
dy dy
3  0
dx dx
dy
dx
 
3 x  y 2  3  3 x  y 2

dy  3 x  y 2

dx 3 x  y 2  3
  x  y 2

x  y 2  1
6.

 x  y 4  4 y
3 dy  dy
4  x  y  1    4
 dx  dx
3 dy dy
4 x  y  4 x  y
3
4
dx dx
dy
dx
 
4  x  y   4  4  x  y 
3 3

4  x  y 
3
dy

dx 4  x  y 3  4


 x  y
3

 x  y 3  1
7. x 5  xy  2 y 7  7  20
dy dy
5x 4  y  x  2.7 y 6 .  0  0
dx dx
dy
dx
 
x  14 y 6  5 x 4  y

dy  5 x 4  y

dx x  14 y 6

3.2. Response Post-Test 2

dy 2
1.   e2x 3y
dx 3

dy 3x 2  y 2
2. 
dx 2 xy  3 y 2

MAT2691 21
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 Module 1 Unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Implicit Functions

dy 2 tan 2 x sec 2 x  3  sin x  y 

3. 
dx sin x  y 

dy 2 xy 2  3x 2
4.  2
dx 2x y  2 y
dy 1  x
5. 
dx y  1

dy x 2  y 2  x
6. 
dx x 2  y 2  y

dy y cos xy
7. 
dx 1  x cos xy

You have now completed Learning Unit 2: Implicit Functions.

You should be able to:
 Differentiate implicit functions

We now move on to Learning Unit 3: Logarithmic Differentiation

22 MAT2691
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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 3 Logarithmic Differentiation

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Apply logarithmic differentiation

CONTENTS

1. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION 24
2. POST-TEST 3 28
3. RESPONSES 29
3.1. Response 1 29
3.2. Response 2 30
3.3. Response Post-Test 3 30

MAT2691 23
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

1. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

Summary of facts relating to logarithms:

 Definition
The logarithm of a number is the power to which the base must be raised to equal
the number. Thus, if x  a n then we say n is the log of x to the base a i.e.
log a x  n
 Change of base
1
To change from base ‘ a ’ to base ‘ b ’ we use the relation  log a b
log b a
 The logarithm of a number to the base e
log e N  n N
 Three important laws
1. log  A  B   log A  log B
 A
2. log   log A  log B
B
3. log An  n log A

The rules for differentiating a product or a quotient that we have used up to now, are
f x 
applied when we were dealing with two-factor functions like f x   g x  or .
g x 
When there are more than two functions in any arrangement, top or bottom, the
derivative is best found by what is known as logarithmic differentiation.

EXAMPLE 1
x 2 sin x dy
If y  find .
cos 2 x dx
Solution:

x 2 sin x
y
cos 2 x
x 2 sin x
 n y  n
cos 2 x
n y  n x 2  n sin x  n cos 2 x
1 dy 1 d 2
 2
y dx x dx
x   1 d
sin x dx
sin x   1 d cos 2 x 
cos 2 x dx
2 x cos x  2 sin 2 x
 2 
x sin x cos 2 x
2
  cot x  2 tan 2 x
x

24 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

dy 2 
 y  cot x  2 tan 2 x 
dx x 
x 2 sin x  2 
   cot x  2 tan 2 x 
cos 2 x  x 

EXAMPLE 2
1 x dy
If y  find .
1 x dx
Solution:
1 x
y
1 x
1
1 x  2
n y   n  
1 x 
1 1 x 
 n  
2 1 x 

 n 1  x   n 1  x 
1
2
1 dy 1 1 d
 1  x   1 1 d 1  x 
y dx 2 1  x  dx 2 1  x  dx
1 1
 
21  x  21  x 
1 x 1 x

21  x 1  x 
1

1 x2
dy  1 
 y 
dx 1 x2 
1 x  1 
  
1 x 1 x2 

ACTIVITY 1:

Differentiate the following using logarithmic differentiation:

 e x sin x 
1. y  n  
 1  x 2 

MAT2691 25
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

3e 2 x tan x
2. y

x 1  x2 
3

n
 3x 3 tan x 
3. y  n  x 
 e sec x 
Remember to check response 1 on page 29.

By taking logarithms on both sides of the equal sign, a function of the form f x g  x  ,
where f x  and g x  are functions of x , is easily differentiated.

EXAMPLE 3
dy
If y  x 3 x find .
dx
Solution:

y  x3x
 n y  3 x n x A product

 3 x .n x  3x n x 
1 dy d d
Using the product rule
y dx dx dx
3x
 3n x 
x
 y 3n x  3
dy
dx
 x 3 x 3n x  3

EXAMPLE 4

If y  1  x 2 
x
find
dy
dx
.

Solution:

y  (1  x 2 ) x
 
n y  x n 1  x 2

 1.n 1  x  x.
1 dy 1
2
.2 x
y dx 1 x 2


 n 1  x 2   2x2
1 x2
dy 

 (1  x 2 ) x n 1  x 2 
2x2 
 
1  x 2 
dx 

26 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

EXAMPLE 5

 
If y  n x sin x find
dy
dx
.

Solution:
In this case you do not have to take logarithms on both sides. Simply use law 3 that

says: log An  n log A

Thus:

y  n( x sin x )
 sin x n x
dy 1
 cos x.n x  sin x.
dx x

ACTIVITY 2:
Differentiate the following using logarithmic differentiation:

1. y  xx

2. y  cos x x

3. y  x x  cos x x
Remember to check response 2 on page 30.

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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

2. POST-TEST 3

Differentiate the following with respect to x using logarithmic differentiation:

x  1  x2
1. y
3x
e 2 x  sin x
2. y
1 x  x2
2
 x 2 cos 2 x 
3. y  n  3x 
 e 

1  3x
4. y
1  4x

5. y  x x 1

y   x x  x 
2
x
6.
  

y  tanx  1 x
2
7.

8. y sec x  e cos x
2
9. e xy  10 y

Remember to check response post-test 3 on page 30.

If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

28 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
1.  e x sin x 
y  n  
 1  x 
2

 n e x  n sin x  n 1  x 2 
1
2

1
 x  n sin x  n 1  x 2
2
  REMEMBER : n e  log e e  1

dy cos x 1 2 x
 1 
dx sin x 2 1  x 2
x
 1  cot x 
1 x2

2.
3e 2 x tan x
y
x(1  x 2 )3
1  3e 2 x tan x 
n y  n
2  x(1  x 2 )3 
1
2
  
n 3  n e 2 x  n tan x  n x  3n 1  x 2 
1 dy 1  sec 2 x 1 6x 
 0  2    
y dx 2  tan x x 1  x 2 

dy 1 3e 2 x tan x  sec 2 x 1 6x 
  2    
dx 2 x(1  x 2 )3  tan x x 1  x 2 

3.  3x 3 tan x 
n
y  n  x 
 e sec x 
 3x 3 tan x 
 nn  x 
 e sec x 
 nn 3  3n x  n tan x  xn e  n sec x 
dy  3 sec 2 x sec x tan x 
 n 0   1 
dx  x tan x sec x 
 3 sec 2 x 
 n   1  tan x 
 x tan x 

MAT2691 29
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

3.2. Response 2
1.
y  xx
n y  x n x
1 dy 1
 1.n x  x.
y dx x

 x x n x  1
dy
dx

2.
y  (cos x) x
n y  x n cos x

. sin x 
1 dy 1
 1.n cos x  x.
y dx cos x

 cos x x n cos x  x tan x 

dy
dx

3.
y  x x  (cos x) x
dy
 x x  n x  1   cos x   n cos x  x tan x 
x
dx

3.3. Response Post-Test 3

dy x 1  x 2  1 x 
1.     n 3 
dx 3 x
 x 1 x 2


dy e 2 x  sin x  1  2x 
 2  cot x 
2.
dx 1 x  x2 

 
2 1 x  x2 
dy 4
3.   4 tan 2 x  6
dx x
dy 7
4. 
dx 21  4 x 3 2 1  3x  12

dy  x  1
5.  x x 1 n x 
dx  x 

6.
dy  x2 
  x  x x 2 x n x  x  1 n x  1 
dx    2 x

x

30 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: Logarithmic Differentiation

2  sec 2 x  1
 tanx  1x 2 x n tanx  1  x 2
dy
7. 
dx  tanx  1 

8.
dy
 sec x e cos x . e sin x 1  n sec x
dx 2
dy y
9. 
dx 2 y n10  x

You have now completed Learning Unit 3: Logarithmic Differentiation

You should be able to:
 Apply logarithmic differentiation

We now move on to Learning Unit 4: Successive Differentiation

MAT2691 31
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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 4 Successive Differentiation

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Differentiate successively

CONTENTS

1. SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION 33
2. POST-TEST 4 37
3. RESPONSES 38
3.1. Response 1 38
3.2. Response Post-Test 4 39

32 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation

1. SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

dy
If y  3x 2  2 x  5 , then
 6 x  2 . This derivative can again be differentiated. The
dx
process is called successive differentiation.

dy d2y
If we differentiate we get the second derivative .
dx dx 2
d2y d3y
If we differentiate we get the third derivative .
dx 2 dx 3
d3y d4y
If we differentiate we get the fourth derivative and so on.
dx 3 dx 4
In some cases, we soon come to an end by getting zero, in others, the process goes
on forever.

n
dny  dy 
NOTE: The symbol must not be confused with   .
dx n
 dx 
dy d2y
For example if y  x 6 then  6x 5 and 2
 30x 4
dx dx
2
 dy  dy dy
But      6 x 5  6 x 5  36 x10
 dx  dx dx

EXAMPLE 1
d3y
If y  tan 3x find or f '''  x  .
dx 3
Solution:
y  tan 3x
dy
 3sec2 3x  3  sec3x 
2
dx

d2y
  6sec 3x.sec 3 x  .  tan 3 x  .  3
dx 2
 18sec 2 3x tan 3 x

 
 18 1  tan 2 3 x tan 3 x

 18 tan 3x  18 tan 3 3 x
d 3y
3
 54sec2 3x  162 tan 2 3 x.sec 2 3 x
dx

MAT2691 33
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation

EXAMPLE 2
dz d 2z
If z  xy and y is a function of x , find and .
dx dx 2
Solution:
z  xy a product
dz dy
x y using the product rule and implicit differentiation
dx dx
d 2z d2y dy dy
2
x 2
 
dx dx dx dx
d2y dy
x 2
2
dx dx

EXAMPLE 3
2 2
 d 2 y   d 2x 
If y  sin at and x  cos at , find the value of  2    2  .
 dt   dt 
   
Solution:
y  sin at x  cos at
dy dx
 a cos at  a sin at
dt dt
d2y d 2x
2
 a sin at
2
2
 a 2 cos at
dt dt
2 2
 d2y   d 2x 
   a 4 sin 2 at    a 4 cos 2 at
 dt 2   dt 2 
   
2 2
 d 2 y   d 2x 
     a 4 sin 2 at  a 4 cos 2 at
 dt 2   dt 2 
   

 a 4 sin 2 at  cos 2 at  (Identity)
 a4

EXAMPLE 4
d2y
 
3
If y   x  x 2  1  , prove that x 2  1 2  x  9 y  0 .
dy
  dx dx

34 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation

Solution:
3
y   x  x 2  1 
 

   
2
dy d
 3 x  x2  1 . x  x2  1
dx dx
 
 
 3 x  x 2  1 1   x 2  1 2 . 2 x  
2 1
1
 2 
 
2
x 
 3 x  x 2  1 1  
 x2  1 
2
x2  1  x 

 3 x  x 1 
2

 x
2
 1
 finding the common denominator


 
3
3 x  x 1
2


x2  1
Use the quotient rule to find the second derivative:

     
2   3
x 2x 
9 x  x 2  1 . 1   x2  1  3 x  x2  1  
d2y  
 x2  1   2 x 1 
2

 
2 2
dx
x2  1

     
2 
x2  1  x  3
x 
9 x  x2  1 .  x2  1  3 x  x2  1  
  2
 x  1 
2
 x 1 

x2  1

   
3
3
x 
9 x  x2  1  3 x  x2  1  
 2
 x  1 

x2  1

dy d2y
Substitute for y, and 2 on the left-hand side of the given expression:
dx dx

MAT2691 35
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation


LHS  x 2  1
d2y
dx 2 
dy
 x  9y
dx

   
 3 3
x 
 9 x  x2  1  3 x  x2  1   
 
  x 1  
2
 x2  1  
 x2  1 
 
 

    9   x 
3
 3 x  x 1
2


3
x  x2  1 
 x2  1   
 
 

     9x 
3 3
3x x  x 2  1 3x x  x 2  1
  
3 3
 9 x  x2  1   x2  1
x2  1 x2  1
0
 RHS proven

ACTIVITY 1:
1 d2y
1. If y  tan x  , find
tan x dx 2

d2y dy
2. If y  a sin n x , show that x 2 2
x  y0
dx dx

d2y dy
3. If y  e  x sin 3x , find the value of 2  10 y  0
dx 2 dx
Remember to check response 1 on page 38.

36 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation

2. POST-TEST 4

Do the following proofs using successive differentiation:

d2y dy
1. If y  e 2 x .cos 5x , prove that 2
4  29 y  0
dx dx

d2y dy
2. If y  Ae 3 x  Be 2 x , prove that 2
  6y  0
dx dx

d2y dy
3. If y  xe 2 x , prove that 2
4  4y  0
dx dx

d2y
4. If xy  x  2 y  1  0 , prove that 2  x 2  2y  2
dx 2
d2y
.  6 y  x   52  26 z if z  x 2  3 y 2  xy  2
3
5. If x 2  3 y 2  xy  2  0 , prove that 2
dx
Remember to check response post-test 4 on page 39.
If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

MAT2691 37
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation

3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
1.
1
y  tan x 
tan x
 tan x  cot x
dy
 sec 2 x  cosec 2 x
dx
d2y
 2 sec xsec x tan x   2 cosec x cosec x cot x 
dx 2
 2 sec 2 x tan x  2 cosec 2 x cot x

2.
y  a sin n x
dy 1
 a cos n x 
dx  x
 1 
2
d2y 1
 a sin n x   a cos n x 2 
 x x 
2
dx

dy d2y
Substitute for y, and 2 on the left-hand side of the given expression:
dx dx
d2y dy
LHS  x 2 2
x y
dx dx
 1
2
 1     1 
2
 x  a sin n x   a cos n x 2    x a cos n x    a sin n x
  x  x     x 

 1 
2
1 1
 ax 2 sin n x   ax 2 cos n x 2   ax cos n x   a sin n x
 x x   x
 a sin n x  a cos n x  a cos n x  a sin n x
0
 RHS proven

38 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Successive Differentiation

3.
y  e  x sin 3x
dy
 e  x sin 3x  3e  x cos 3x
dx
d2y
2
 e  x sin 3x  3e  x cos 3x  3e  x cos 3x  9e  x sin 3x
dx
 8e  x sin 3x  6e  x cos 3x

d2y dy
2
 2  10 y
dx dx
  
 8e sin 3x  6e  x cos 3x  2  e  x sin 3x  3e  x cos 3x  10 e  x sin 3x
x

x x x x x
 8e sin 3x  6e cos 3x  2e sin 3x  6e cos 3x  10e sin 3x
0

3.2. Response Post-Test 4

d2y
1. 2
 2e2 x  2 cos5 x  5sin 5 x   e2 x  10sin 5 x  25cos5 x 
dx
 4e2 x cos5 x  10e2 x sin 5 x  10e2 x sin 5 x  25e2 x cos5 x
 21e2 x cos5 x  20e2 x sin 5 x

d2y
2. 2
 9 Ae 3 x  4 Be  2 x
dx

d2y
3. 2
 4e 2 x  4 xe 2 x
dx

d2y 2y  2
4. 
dx 2
2  x 2

5.
d2y


 26 x 2  xy  3 y 2 
dx 2 6 y  x 3

You have now completed Learning Unit 4: Successive Differentiation.

You should be able to:
 Differentiate successively

We now move on to Learning Unit 5: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Differentiate inverse trigonometric functions

CONTENTS

1. DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 41

2. POST-TEST 5 46
3. RESPONSES 47
3.1. Response 1 47
3.2. Response 2 48
3.3. Response Post-Test 5 49

40 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

You already know that the symbol arcsin x indicates ‘the angle whose sine is the
3 3
value x ’, e.g. arcsin = angle whose sine has the value = 60  . There are of
2 2
3
course many angles whose sine is , e.g. 60 , 120 , 420 , 480 etc. To
2
differentiate between the different possibilities, we use the term principal value and
write arcsin x with a capital S i.e. arcSin x. Then arcsin x stands for the numerically
smallest value of x, measured between 0 and 180 or 0 and  180 . If there are two
values, we take the one nearest to the positive x-axis. Thus, arctan(1)  45
although there are two angles namely, 135 or  45 that satisfy this relation.

135
x
 45

NOTE:
 sin 1 x is used as another notation for arcsin x
 sin x 
1 1 1
 sin 1 x  because sin 1 x  arcsin x and
sin x sin x

Following is a list of the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions. These

derivatives can be found using standard differentiation techniques including implicit
differentiation. However, as you are only required to apply and use the derivatives
directly, we supply you with the list of standard forms.

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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

FUNCTION DERIVATIVE
arcsin f x  f  x

1   f  x  
2

arccos f x   f  x

1   f  x  
2

arctan f x  f  x
1   f  x  
2

arc cosec f x   f  x
f  x   f  x   2  1

arc sec f x  f  x

f  x   f  x    1
2

arc cot f x   f  x
1   f  x  
2

EXAMPLE 1


If y  arc cosec 1  x2 find  dy
dx
.

Solution:


y  arccosec 1  x 2 
dy

1
.
d
1  x2 
dx
1  x  1  x  dx
2
2 2
1
2 x

1  x 
2
x4  2 x2
2 x

1  x 
2

x2 x2  2 
2

1  x 
2
x2  2

42 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXAMPLE 2
 2x  1  dy
If y  arcsin   find .
 3  dx
Solution:
 2x 1 
y  arcsin  
 3 
dy 1 d  2x 1 
 .  
dx 2 dx  3 
 2x 1 
1  
 3 
1 2
 .
1
 2 x  1 3
2

9
1 2
 .

9  2x 1
2 3

9
 
9   2 x  1
2

 1 . 2
 9  3
 
9 2
 .
9   2 x  1 3
2

3


9  4 x2  4 x  1 
3 2
 .
9  4 x2  4 x 1 3
2

8  4 x  4 x2
2


4 2  x  x2 
1

2  x  x2

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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

ACTIVITY 1:
Differentiate the following:

1. y  arcsec x 2

 3x  2 
2. y  arctan  
 2 
3. y  arccot  cosec x 

Remember to check response 1 on page 47.

EXAMPLE 3


  
1
dy
If y  arcsin  2 x 1  x 2
2
 find dx .
 
Solution:


2

1
y  arcsin  2 x 1  x 2 
 
d 
  
1
dy 1
 . 2 x 1  x2
2

2 dx  
dx 


2 2

1
1  2 x 1  x 
 

    
1 1
1  12
 . 2 1  x2
2
 2 x. 1  x2  2 x  using the product rule
1 4x 1 x 2
 2
  2 

1
2 1  x2  2 x2.
 1  x2
1  4 x2  4 x4



2 1  x2  2 x2 
1  2 x 
2
1  x2 2

2  4 x2

1  2 x  1  x
2 2

2 1  2 x  2

1  2 x  1  x
2 2

2

1  x2

44 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXAMPLE 4
 2x  3  dy
If y  arcsin   find .
 3x  4  dx
Solution:
 2x  3 
y  arcsin  
 3x  4 
dy 1 d  2x  3 
 .  
dx  2 x  3  dx  3 x  4 
2

1  
 3x  4 

1
3x  4. d 2 x  3  2 x  3. d 3x  4
 . dx dx
3x  4  2 x  3
2 2
3x  4 2

3x  42

3x  4 .
3x  42  2 x  33
9 x  24 x  16  4 x  12 x  9
2 2
3x  42
6x  8  6x  9

3x  4 5 x 2  36 x  7
17

3x  4 5 x 2  36 x  7

NOTE: This type of algebraic simplification with fractions and roots should be
carefully studied. It is almost always used when simplifying derivatives of inverse
trigonometric functions.

ACTIVITY 2:
 1  x2  dy
If y  arccos 
 1  x 2 
1. , find
  dx

2. If y  earctan x , show that 1  x 2   dx

d2y
2
  2 x  1
dy
dx
0

Remember to check response 2 on page 48.

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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

2. POST-TEST 5

Differentiate the following functions:

 3 
1. y  arcsin  

 x 2
 9 

1 x 
2. y  arccos  
 1 x 
 x 
3. y  arctan 

 25  x 
2

d2y
Find in each of the following cases:
dx 2
4. y  e arc cot x
5. y  arcsin 2 x
Prove that:

, then 1  x  2  x  4 y  0
d2y dy
6. If y  e 2 arcsin x 2

dx dx
Remember to check response post-test 5 on page 49.
If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

46 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
1.
y  arc sec x 2
dy

1
.  
d 2
x
dx
x  dx
2
x 2 2
1
2x

x2 x4  1
2

x x4  1

2.
 3x  2 
y  arctan  
 2 
dy 1 d  3x  2 
 .  
 3 x  2  dx  2 
2
dx
1  
 2 
4 3
 .
4  3 x  2  2
2

6

4  9 x  12 x  4
2

6
 2
9 x  12 x  8

3.
y  arc cot  cosec x 
dy 1 d
 .  cosec x 
dx 1   cosec x  dx
2

cosec x cot x

1  cosec2 x

MAT2691 47
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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3.2. Response 2
 1  x2 
y  arccos 
 1  x 2 
1.
 
dy 1 d  1  x2 
 .  
dx 2 dx  1  x 2 
 1  x2 
1 
 1  x 2 
 


1 . 1  x2   2 x   1  x 2   2 x 
   
1  x 2 2
 1  x 2 2
1  x 
2 2

1  x2 
2

 1  x 2  2 x  2 x 3  2 x  2 x 3
 .
1  x2 
2
1  2 x2  x4  1  2 x2  x4
4x

1  x2  4 x2
4x

1  x2   2 x 
2

1  x2

2. y  earctan x
dy 1
 earctan x .
dx 1  x2
Use the product rule to find the second derivative
d2y
dx 2
 e arctan x
.
1
.
1
1  x2 1  x2
 e arctan x
.  1 1  x 2 2
 
. 2x 

earctan x 2 xearctan x
 
1  x2  1  x2 
2 2

Thus:

  ddx2y   2 x  1 dy
2
LHS  1  x 2
dx
 arctan x 
 earctan x 

 1 x 2
  e
 
2 xearctan x 
2 
  2 x  1  2 
     1 x 
2
 1  x2 1  x2 
 

48 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

earctan x 2 xearctan x 2 xearctan x earctan x

   
1  x2 1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
0
 RHS proven

3.3. Response Post-Test 5

dy 3
1.  2
dx x  9
dy 1
2. 
dx  x 1  x 
dy 1
3. 
dx 25  x 2

   
dy arccot x  1  d2y arccot x  1  2 x 
4. e e
dx  1  x2
   

dx 
 1  x2 2 
  
dy 2 d2y 8x
5.  
 
3
dx 1  4 x2 dx 2 1  4 x2
2

d2y  4 2x 
6.  e 2 arcsin x
  
dx 2
1  x
2
 1 x2 
3
2


You have now completed Learning Unit 5: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

You should be able to:
 Differentiate inverse trigonometric functions.

We now move on to Learning Unit 6: Hyperbolic Functions

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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 6 Hyperbolic Functions

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Define hyperbolic functions
 Draw the graphs for hyperbolic functions
 Differentiate hyperbolic functions

50 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

CONTENTS

1. THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 52

2. GRAPHS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 53
3. DIFFERENTIATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 56
4. POST-TEST 6 58
5. RESPONSES 59
5.1. Response 1 59
5.2. Response 2 59
5.3. Response Post-Test 6 61

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

1. THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The hyperbolic sine of x is written as sinh x (pronounced ‘shine x ’).

The hyperbolic cosine of x is written as cosh x.
The functions are defined as follows:
e x  e x
sinh x 
2

e x  e x
cosh x 
2
The other hyperbolic functions are defined as:
sinh x cosh x
tanh x  coth x 
cosh x sinh x
1 1
sech x  cosech x 
cosh x sinh x

ACTIVITY 1:
Complete the following:
1. sinh x 
2. cosh 3x 
3. tanh 2x 
4. cosec h x 
5. sech x 
6. coth 2x 
Remember to check response 1 on page 59.

The hyperbolic functions have properties similar, in some respects, to the ordinary
circular or trigonometric functions. From any formula connecting trigonometric
functions, the corresponding formula connecting hyperbolic functions can be
obtained by replacing each circular function with the corresponding hyperbolic
function, if the sign of every product or implied product of two sines is changed. This
is clearly shown in the following table:

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

Circular functions Hyperbolic functions

sin2 x  cos2 x  1
sec2 x  1  tan2 x
cosec 2 x  1  cot 2 x
sin( x)   sin x
cos( x)   cos x
tan( x)   tan x
sin( x  y)  sin x  cos y  cos x  sin y
cos( x  y)  cos x  cos y  sin x  sin y
tan x  tan y
tan x  y  
1  tan x  tan y
cosh2 x  sinh2 x  1
1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x
coth 2 x  1  cosech 2 x
sinh( x)   sinh x
cosh( x)   cosh x
tanh( x)   tanh x
sinh( x  y)  sinh x  cosh y  cosh x sinh y
cosh( x  y)  cosh x  cosh y  sinh x  sinh y
tanh x  tanh y
tanh x  y  
1  tanh x  tanh y

sin 2 x  2 sin x  cos x sinh 2 x  2 sinh x  cosh x

cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
 1  2sin 2 x  2 cosh 2 x  1
 2 cos 2 x  1  1  2sinh 2 x

sin 2 x 
1
1  cos 2 x  sinh 2 x 
1
cosh 2 x  1
2 2

cos 2 x 
1
1  cos 2 x  cosh 2 x 
1
cosh 2 x  1
2 2

eiax  eiax eax  e  ax

sin ax  sinh ax 
2i 2

eiax  e iax eax  e  ax

cos ax  cosha x 
2 2

2. GRAPHS FOR THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The graphs for y  e x and y  e  x are already known to us. From the graphs for
1 1
y  e x and y  e  x , the graphs for y  sinh x and y  cosh x are easily constructed.
2 2

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

y 4

y  cosh x
2

1 x 1 x
y e y e
2 2
0
-4 -2 0 2 4

-2
y  sinh x

-4

From the graph we see:

 sinh x is defined for all values of x  cosh x is defined for all values of x
 sinh 0  0  cosh 0  1
    sinh x    cosh x  1
 sinh x    sinh x  cosh x   cosh x
i.e. the curve is symmetrical about i.e. the curve is symmetrical
the origin about the y-axis
 sinh x has a point of inflection at  cosh x has a turning point at (0;1)
(0;0)

It can be shown that any cable that hangs freely between two supports hangs in the
shape of a hyperbolic cosine curve. Examples of such curves include telephone
lines and electric power cables strung from one pole or tower to another.

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

The graph for y  tanh x :

y 1

y  tanh x

0.5

0
-2 -1 0 1 2

-0.5

-1

From the graph we see:

 tanh x is defined for all values of x
 tanh 0  0
  1  tanh x  1
 tanh x    tanh x
i.e. the curve is symmetrical about the origin
 tanh x has a point of inflection at (0;0)

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

3. DIFFERENTIATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The derivatives of sinh x, cosh x and tanh x are easily found from the exponential
definitions.
For sinh x :
y  sinh x
e x  e x

2
dy e  e

x x
 
dx 2
e x  e x

2
 cosh x

Following is a list of derivatives for the hyperbolic functions:

FUNCTION DERIVATIVE
sinh f  x  cosh f  x  . f   x 

cosh f  x  sinh f  x  . f   x 

tanh f  x  sech 2 f  x  . f   x 

sech f  x   sech f  x  tanh f  x  . f   x 

cosech f  x   cosech f  x  coth f  x  . f   x 

coth f  x   cosech 2 f  x  . f   x 

EXAMPLE 1
dy
If y  sinh 2 x find .
dx
Solution:
y  sinh 2 x
dy
 2sinh x.cosh x
dx

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

EXAMPLE 2
dy
If y  sinh 2 x.cosh 3x find .
dx
Solution:
y  sinh 2 x.cosh 3x
dy
 sinh 2 x.3sinh 3x  2 cosh 2 x.cosh 3 x
dx
 3sinh 2 x.sinh 3 x  2 cosh 2 x.cosh 3 x

ACTIVITY 2:
Differentiate the following:
1
1. y  sinh
x

2. y  cosh 2 x
x
3. y  tanh
2

4.  
y  cosh 3x 2

5. y  sinh 2 x  cosh 2 x

6. y  sinh x

7. y  etanh x

 1  tanh x 
8. y  n 
 1  tanh x 
Remember to check response 2 on page 59.

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

4. POST-TEST 6

Differentiate the following with respect to x :

1. y  esinh x  n cosh x

2. y  x tanh x

3. y  cosech x2  1

4. y  esin x.sinh x

5. y  xcosh 2x

6. y  n cosh 2 x

7. y  cosech  sin x  cosh x 

 
8. y  sech3 x 2

9. y  x 2etanh x

cosh 2 x
10. y 
sinh 2 x
Draw the following graphs:
11. y  sinh x
12. y  cosh x
13. y  tanh x
Remember to check response post-test 6 on page 61.
If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

5. RESPONSES

5.1. Response 1
e x  e x
1. sinh x 
2

e3 x  e3 x
2. cosh 3x 
2

e2 x  e2 x
3. tanh 2 x 
e2 x  e2 x
2
4. cosec h x 
e  e x
x

2
5. sech x 
e  e x
x

e2 x  e2 x
6. coth 2 x 
e2 x  e 2 x

5.2. Response 2
1
1. y  sinh
x
dy 1 1
 cosh .  2
dx x x
1 1
  2 cosh
x x

2. y  cosh 2 x
dy
 2 cosh x.sinh x
dx
x
3. y  tanh
2
dy x 1
 sech 2 .
dx 2 2
1 x
 sech 2
2 2

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

4.  
y  cosh 3 x 2

 sinh  3 x  .6 x
dy 2
dx
 6 x sinh  3 x  2

5. y  sinh 2 x  cosh 2 x
dy
 2sinh x.cosh x  2 cosh x.sinh x
dx
 4sinh x cosh x
6. y  sinh x
  sinh x 
1
2

dy 1 1
  sinh x  2 .cosh x
dx 2
cosh x

2 sinh x

7. y  e tanh x
dy
 e tanh x .sech 2 x
dx
 sech 2 x . e tanh x
8.
 1  tanh x 
y  n 
 1  tanh x 

dy

1
.
 
sech 2 x 1  tanh x   -sech 2 x 1  tanh x 
dx  1  tanh x  1  tanh x 
2
 
 1  tanh x 
1  tanh x sech 2 x  sech 2 x tanh x  sech 2 x  sech 2 x tanh x
 .
1  tanh x 1  tanh x 2
2sech 2 x

1  tanh x 1  tanh x 
2sech 2 x

1  tanh 2 x
2sech 2 x

sech 2 x
2

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 Module 1 Unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Hyperbolic Functions

5.3. Response Post-Test 6

dy
1.  esinh x  tanh x  cosh x n cosh x 
dx

dy sech 2 x tanh x
2.  
dx 2 2 x

dy  x cosech x 2  1 coth x 2  1
3. 
dx x2  1
dy
4.  esin x sinh x  sin x cosh x  cos x sinh x 
dx
dy  cosh 2 x 
5.  xcosh 2 x   2 n x sinh 2 x 
dx  x 

dy tanh 2 x
6. 
dx x
dy
7.    cos x  sinh x  cosech  sin x  cosh x  coth  sin x  cosh x 
dx
dy
8.  6 x sech 3 x 2 tanh x 2
dx
dy
9.  2 xetanh x  x 2 sech 2 x e tanh x
dx

dy sinh 2 2 x  2cosh 2 x cosh 2 x

10. 
dx sinh 2 2 x

You have now completed Learning Unit 6: Hyperbolic Functions

You should be able to:
 Define hyperbolic functions
 Draw the graphs for hyperbolic functions
 Differentiate hyperbolic functions

We now move on to Learning Unit 7: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions.

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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 7 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Differentiate inverse hyperbolic functions

CONTENTS

1. THE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 62

2. GRAPHS OF THE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 63
3. DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 65
4. POST-TEST 7 70
5. RESPONSES 71
5.1. Response 1 71
5.2. Response 2 73
5.3. Response Post-Test 7 74

MAT2691 61
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1. THE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

If we interchange the roles of the x  and y  axes for the function y  sinh x , we
obtain the inverse hyperbolic function, written as x  arcsinh y .

More formally, we define:

y  arcsinh x  x  sinh y
y  arc cosh x  x  cosh y and y  0
y  arc tanh x  x  tanh y
Another notation used for arcsinh x is sinh-1 x .

Hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions. The inverse

hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms of logarithmic functions as follows:


arcsinh x  n x  x 2  1     x   
arc cosh x  n  x  x 1
2
 x  1
1  1 x 
arc tanh x  n   1  x  1
2  1 x 

EXAMPLE 1
Solve for x given: arcsinh x  n 2

Solution:
arcsinh x  n 2
But


arcsinh x  n x  x 2  1 
Thus:
 
n x  x2  1  n 2

x  x2  1  2
x2  1   2  x 
2

x2  1  4  4 x  x2
4x  3
3
x
4

NOTE:

62 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

 x   x and
2
Just as

 3 2x   2x and
3

n  e3 x   3x and

e n x  x and
sin  arcsin x   x
we find that
sinh  arcsinh 4 x   4 x

2. GRAPHS OF THE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The graph for y  arcsinh x :

y
2

0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5

-1

-2

MAT2691 63
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

The graph for y  arccosh x :

1.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5

The graph for y  arc tanh x :

y 5

2.5

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

-2.5

64 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

3. DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

The derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions are easily found from the
logarithmic definitions. Following, is a list of the derivatives for the inverse hyperbolic
functions:

FUNCTION DERIVATIVE
arcsinh f  x  1
. f  x
1   f  x  
2

arc cosh f  x  1
. f  x
 f  x    1
2

arc tanh f  x  1
. f  x
1   f  x  
2

arcsech f  x  1
. f  x
f  x  1   f  x  
2

arccosech f  x  1
. f  x
f  x  1   f  x  
2

arccoth f  x  1
. f  x
 f  x   1
2

EXAMPLE 2
dy
If y  arc coth 2x find .
dx
Solution:
y  arc coth 2 x
dy 1
 . f  x
dx 1   f  x   2
 
1
 .2
1  2 x
2

2

1  4 x2

MAT2691 65
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

EXAMPLE 3
 x2  1  dy
If y  arcsinh  2  find .
 x 1  dx
 
Solution:
dy 1
 . f  x
1   f  x 
dx 2


1 1  x2  1 
.  2 
 12
. x2  1  2 x    x2  1  2 x 
2  x  1 
 x2  1
2 2
 x2  1 
1  2 
 x 1  The quotient rule
 
The chain rule

 x 2  1   2 x 3  2 x  2 x 3  2 x 
1
 . .
 
x  1  2 x  1  

 
2 2 2
x2  1 
1 2  
x 1

1  x 2  1   4 x 

 . .
 2
x 2  1  x 2  1  2 x 2  1   x 2  1
   

x2  1
  
x2  1  x2  1   x2  1   4 x 
 1   .
  2 x 2  1   x 2  1 2

 x2  1      

 x2  1   x 2  1   4 x 

 1  2  .
  2 x 2  1   x 2  1 2
   
 
2
 x 1 x 1    

 x2  1   x 2  1   4 x 

 . .
 x 2  1  x 2  1   2 x 2  1   x 2  1 2
       

x2  1 1 4x
 . .
 x2  1
2
2x 2
2 x 12

1 1 2x
 2. 2  2)
 
. . 2 (Remember:
2 x x 1 x 1
2

1 2

 x  1
. 2
x 1
2

66 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

EXAMPLE 4

If n y  arcsinh x find the value of 1  x  2

 dx
d2y
2
x
dy
dx
 y.

Solution:

Remember: arcsinh x  n x  x 2  1  
Thus:

n y  n x  x2  1  
y  x  x2  1

 
dy 1  12
 1  x2  1 2x 
dx 2
x
 1
x2  1
d2y d 
 
 12 
2
  1  x. x 2  1 
dx dx  

   1
 
 12  32 
 0  1. x 2  1  x.   x 2  1  2x 
 2 
1 x2
 
x2  1  x2  1 x2  1


 x 2  1  x 2

 x2  1 x2  1
1

 x2  1 x2  1

Then: 1  x  2 d2y
dx 2
 x
dy
dx
y

 

 1 x 2
 
 2

1   x  1 

x  1 x2  1   

x 

  x  x  1
x2  1 
2

 
1 x2
  x  x  x2  1
x 1
2
x 1
2

1 x2
   x2  1
x2  1 x2  1

MAT2691 67
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions


1  x2   x2  1  x2  1 
x2  1



1  x2  x2  1 
x2  1
1  x2  x2  1

x2  1
0
ACTIVITY 1:
Differentiate the following:
1. y  arcsin  tanh x 

2. y  arccosh  sec x 

3. y  arc tanh  sin x 

4. y  arccosh  4 x  1

5. 
y  arcsinh 2 x 1  x 2 
 1 
6. y  arc tanh  
 1 x 

7. y  xsinh x
Remember to check response 1 on page 71.

EXAMPLE 5
dy
If y  cosh  4arccosh x  find .
dx
Solution:
y  cosh  4 arc cosh x 
dy 1
 sinh  4 arc cosh x  .4
dx x 2 1
4sinh  4 arc cosh x 

x 2 1

68 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

EXAMPLE 6
dy
If x  sinh  arc tanh y  find .
dx
Solution:
x  sinh  arc tanh y 
arcsinh x  arc tanh y REMEMBER : y  arcsinh x  x  sinh y
y  tanh  arcsinh x  REMEMBER : y  arc tanh x  x  tanh y
dy 1
 sech 2  arcsinh x  .
dx 1 x 2
sech 2  arcsinh x 

1 x 2
ACTIVITY 2:
Differentiate the following:
1. y  sinh  arccosh x 

2. y  cosh  2arcsinh x 

 x
3. y  sinh  2arc tanh 
 2
Remember to check response 2 on page 73.

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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

4. POST-TEST 7

Differentiate the following with respect to x :

 x 
1. y  arc cosh  
 x 1 
 2x 1 
2. y  arc coth  
 2x 
x
arc tanh
3. y  e 3

1
4. y  x arcsinh  
 x
5. y  arc tanh  coth x 

6. y   tan x 
arccosh x

7. y  n  arcsinh x 
arccosh x

8. y  arcsinh  sin x   sin  arcsinh x 

9. y tanh y  x arcsinh x

x
10. arc coth    n x  n y
 y
Remember to check response post-test 7 on page 74.
If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

5. RESPONSES

5.1. Response 1
1.
y  arc sin  tanh x 
dy 1
 .sech 2 x
dx 1   tanh x 
2

sech 2 x

sech 2 x
sech 2 x

sech x
 sech x
2.
y  arc cosh  sec x 
dy 1
 .sec x tan x
dx sec 2 x  1
sec x tan x

tan 2 x
sec x tan x

tan x
 sec x
3.
y  arc tanh  sin x 
dy 1
 .cos x
dx 1  sin 2 x
cos x

cos 2 x
1

cos x
 sec x

MAT2691 71
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

4.
y  arc cosh  4 x  1
dy 1
 .4
dx
 4 x  1  1 2

4

16 x 2  8 x
4

4x  4x  2
4

2 x  4x  2
2

x  4x  2

5.


y  arc sinh 2 x 1  x 2 

  
dy 1 1  12
 . 2 1  x 2  2 x. 1  x 2 .2 x 
   
dx 2 2
1  2 x 1  x2

1  2 x2 
 2 1  x 
2

1  4 x2 1  x2    1  x2 


1
 2 1  x2  2 x2 
   
 
1  4 x  4 x 
2 4
1 x 2


1  2  4 x 2 
  
1  2 x   1  x 2 
2
2

1  2 1  2 x  
  2
  
1  2 x2  1  x 2 

2

1  x2

72 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

6.
 1 
y  arc tanh  
 1 x 
dy 1 2
 2
.  11  x 
dx  1 
1  
 1 x 
1 1
 .
1  x   1 1  x 2
2

1  x 2


1  x 2 .
1
1  2 x  x 2  1 1  x 2
1

x2  2 x
7.
y  xsinh x
n y  n xsinh x
 sinh x n x
1 dy 1
 cosh x n x  sinh x.
y dx x
dy  sinh x 
 y  cosh x n x  
dx  x 
 sinh x 
 xsinh x  cosh x n x  
 x 

5.2. Response 2
1.
y  sinh  arc cosh x 
dy 1
 cosh  arc cosh x  .
dx x 2 1
x

x 2 1

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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

2.
y  cosh  2 arcsinh x 
dy 2
 sinh  2 arcsinh x  .
dx 1 x 2
2sinh  2 arcsinh x 

1 x 2
3.
 x
y  sinh  2 arc tanh 
 2
dy  x 2 1
 cosh  2 arc tanh  . .
dx  2 x
2 2
1  
2
 x
cosh  2 arc tanh 
  2
2
x
1
4
 x
4 cosh  2 arc tanh 
  2
4 x 2

5.3. Response Post-Test 7

dy 1
1. 
dx  x  1 2 x  1

dy 2
2. 
dx 4 x  1
x
dy arc tanh
3. e 3. 3
dx 9  x2
dy 1 1
4.  arcsinh   
dx  x x2  1
dy
5. 1
dx

arccosh x 
 sec x arc cosh x n tan x 
2
dy 
6.   tan x    
dx 
 tan x x2  1 


74 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

dy arc cosh x n arcsinh x

7.  
dx x 2  1 arcsinh x x2 1

dy cos x cos  arcsinh x 

8.  
dx sin 2 x  1 x2  1

dy x  x 2  1 arcsinh x
9. 
dx 1  x 2  y sech 2 y  tanh y 
 

dy y 3  x 2 y  xy 2
10. 
dx x3  x 2 y  xy 2

You have now completed Learning Unit 7: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

You should be able to:
dy d2y
 Find and for parametric equations
dx dx 2

We now move on to Learning Unit 8: Parametric Equations.

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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 8 Parametric Equations

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning unit, you should be able to:

dy d2y
 Find and for parametric equations
dx dx 2

CONTENTS

1. PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 77
2. DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 77
3. POST-TEST 8 80
4. RESPONSES 81
4.1. Response 1 81
4.2. Response Post-Test 8 83

76 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

1. PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

In some cases, it is more convenient to represent a function y  f  x  by expressing

x and y separately in terms of a third independent variable, usually called t . Any
value we give to t will produce a pair of values for x and y , the set of co-ordinates
 x ; y  . The third variable t is called a parameter, and the two expressions for x
and y are known as parametric equations.
For example, when a balloon is inflated, the radius of the balloon increases as well
as the exterior surface area. But the surface area of a balloon is a function of the
radius, i.e. A  4r 2 . The parameter in this case is the volume V , and the
1
 3V  3
 
1
parametric equations are: r   and A  36 V 2 3
.
 4 
What happens if we want to find the derivatives of the functions with respect to r in
this case?

2. DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

If the parametric equations for x and y are expressed in terms of a parameter t

then
dy
dy dy dt
   dt
dx dt dx dx
dt

dt 1
noting that 
dx dx
dt
and
d  dy 
2
d y d  dy  dt  
  dt  dt 
  .
dx
dx 2 dt  dx  dx
dt

d  dy  dt d  dy 
noting that  .   
dt  dx  dx dx  dx 

EXAMPLE 1
dy d2y
If y  cos 2t and x  sin t find and .
dx dx 2

MAT2691 77
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 Module 1 Unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

Solution:
y  cos 2t x  sin t
dy dx
 2sin 2t  cos t
dt dt
 2  2sin t cos t 
 4sin t cos t

dy
dy dy dt
   dt
dx dt dx dx
dt
 4sin t cos t

cos t
  4sin t
d
d 2 y dt   4sin t 

dx 2 dx
dt
d2y d  dy 
Note that actually means   . Remembering that we cannot differentiate a
dx 2 dx  dx 
d  dy 
function of t with respect to x , we have to use the chain rule to find   , i.e.
dx  dx 
d  dy  d  dy  dt
    . .
dx  dx  dt  dx  dx

Thus
d2y d dt
2
   4sin t  .
dx dt dx
 4 cos t

cos t
4

EXAMPLE 2
dy d2y
If x  3 1  cos  and y  3    sin  find and .
dx dx 2

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 Module 1 Unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

Solution:
y  3    sin   x  3 1  cos  
dy dx
 3 1  cos    3  0  sin  
d d
 3  3cos   3sin 

dy dy d 
 
dx d  dx
 1 
  3  3cos    
 3sin  


 3  3cos  
3sin 
3 3cos 
 
3sin  3sin 
 cosec   cot 

d 2 y d  dy  d 
  .
dx 2 d   dx  dx

 cosec   cot   . 
d 1 
 
d  3sin  

 1
3
 
  cosec  cot   cosec2 .  cosec  

1 1
  cosec2  cot   cosec3 
3 3

ACTIVITY 1:
dy d2y
1. If x  et cos t and y  et sin t find and .
dx dx 2
dy d2y
2. If x  cos 2 and y  sin 2 find
3 3
and .
dx dx 2
dy d2y
3. If x  a cos 2 and y  a sin  find and .
dx dx 2
dy d2y
4. If x  a cos   a  sin  and y  a sin   a  cos  find and .
dx dx 2
Remember to check response 1 on page 81.

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 Module 1 Unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

3. POST-TEST 8

Do the following:

1 dy d2y
1. If x  and y  e2t find and .
et dx dx 2
dy d2y
2. If x  3 t and y  2t find
3
and .
dx dx 2
dy d2y
3. If x  cos 2 and y  1  sin 2 find and .
dx dx 2
dy d2y
4. If x  3cos   cos3  and y  3sin   sin3  find and .
dx dx 2
Remember to check response post-test 8 on page 84.
If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

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DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

4. RESPONSES

4.1. Response 1
1.

y  et sin t x  et cos t
dy dx
 et sin t  et cos t  et cos t  et sin t
dt dt

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx
et sin t  et cos t
 t
e cos t  et sin t
sin t  cos t

cos t  sin t

d 2 y d  dy  dt
  .
dx 2 dt  dx  dx
d  sin t  cos t   1 
   .  t 
dt  cos t  sin t   e  cos t  sin t  


 cos t  sin t   cos t  sin t    sin t  cos t   sin t  cos t  . 1
 cos t  sin t 2 et  cos t  sin t 
cos2 t  2sin t cos t  sin 2 t  sin 2 t  2sin t cos t  cos2 t

et  cos t  sin t 
3

2 cos2 t  2sin 2 t

et  cos t  sin t 
3



2 cos2 t  sin 2 t 
e  cos t  sin t 
t 3

2
 Identity : sin 2 t  cos2 t  1
e  cos t  sin t 
t 3

2.

y  sin 3 2 x  cos3 2
dy dx
 3sin 2 2 .cos 2 .2  3cos2 2 .  sin 2 .2
d d
 6sin 2 2 .cos 2  6cos2 2 .sin 2

MAT2691 81
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 Module 1 Unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

dy dy d 
 
dx d  dx
6sin 2 2 .cos 2

6cos2 2 .sin 2
sin 2

cos 2
  tan 2

d 2 y d  dy  d 
  .
dx 2 d   dx  dx
d  1 
   tan 2  .  
d  6cos 2 .sin 2 
2

 
 1
 6

  sec2 2 .2 .   sec 2 2.cosec2 

1
 sec4 2.cosec2
3
1

3cos 2 .sin 2
4

3.
y  a sin  x  a cos 2
dy dx
 a cos   2a sin 2
d d

dy a cos 

dx 2a sin 2
cos 
 Note double angles : sin 2  2sin  cos 
2.2sin  cos 
1
  cosec 
4

d2y d  1  1 
   cosec   .  
dx 2 d  4   2a sin 2 
1  1 
   -cosec  cot     
4  2a.2sin  cos  
 1 cos    1 
 .   
 4sin  sin    2a.2sin  cos  
1

16a sin 3 

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 Module 1 Unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Parametric Equations

4.
y  a sin   a  cos  x  a cos   a  sin 
dy dx
 a cos   a cos   a   sin     a sin   a sin   a cos 
d d
 a sin   a cos 

dy a sin 

dx a cos 
 tan 

d2y d
 tan   . 
1 
 
dx 2 d  a cos  
 1 
 sec2 .  
 a cos  
1  1 
 . 
cos2   a cos  
1

a cos3 

4.2. Response Post-Test 8

dy d2y
1.  2e3t and 2
 6e4t
dx dx
dy d 2 y 20t 2
2.  4 t and
5

dx dx 2 3

dy d2y 1
3.   cot 2 and  
dx dx 2 sin 3 2
dy d2y
4.   cot 3  and 2
  cot 2  cosec5
dx dx

You have now completed Learning Unit 8: Parametric Equations

You should be able to:
 Differentiate inverse hyperbolic functions

We now move on to Learning Unit 9: Maximum and Minimum Values, Points of

Inflection.

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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 9 Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Find maximum and minimum values
 Determine points of inflection

CONTENTS

1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 85

2. POINTS OF INFLECTION 87
3. POST-TEST 9 93
4. RESPONSES 94
4.1. Response 1 94
4.2. Response 2 99
4.3. Response Post-Test 9 104

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

A function reaches a maximum value when its stops increasing and begins to
decrease.

A function reaches a minimum value when it stops decreasing and begins to

increase.

Figure 1 shows the graph of some function of x , i.e. y  f ( x) , M and m being used
to denote maxima and minima respectively.

Y
M
M
y  f ( x)

x
M

m
m
m

FIGURE 1

From the sketch it is clear that the slope (gradient) of the tangent to the curve at any
dy
M or m is zero, i.e.  0 at any M or m because the slope of a curve at any point is
dx
dy
equal to the derivative at that point. When we solve the equation  0 , we get the
dx
values of x , which make y a maximum or a minimum. To discriminate between a
maximum and a minimum, the behaviour of the curve in the vicinity of such points
must be studied.

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

1.1 Maximum value

M Slope
negative

A B
Slope
positive

Slope
curve

It is clear that to the left of M, at A, the slope is positive, while to the right of M, at B,
the slope is negative. The straight line underneath the curve represents the
dy
approximate shape of the slope curve near a value of x , which makes  0 . The
dx
d  dy 
slope of the new curve at this point is clearly negative, in other words   is
dx  dx 
negative when y reaches a maximum value.

d2y
The function y reaches a maximum when 0
dx 2
1.2 Minimum value

Slope
curve

Slope Slope
negative m positive

In this case, the slope is negative to the left and positive to the right of m. The
straight line above the curve again represents the approximate shape of the slope

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

curve near a minimum point. The slope of the new curve at this point is clearly
d  dy 
positive, in other words   is positive when y reaches a minimum value.
dx  dx 

d2y
The function y reaches a minimum when 0
dx 2

2. POINTS OF INFLECTION

A point of inflection is defined simply as a point on the curve at which the direction of
bending changes.

dy
P and Q are points of inflection. At P, the gradient is 0, i.e.  0 . At Q, the gradient
dx
dy
is positive, i.e.  0 . The first derivative can therefore, not be used to find points of
dx
inflection. To find points of inflection, we have to differentiate the function twice,
d2y d2y
solve the equation  0 and check for a change of sign of as we go through
dx 2 dx 2
the point.

For a point of inflection:

d2y
 0 with change of sign
dx 2

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

The following procedure is used to find maximum and minimum values, and points of
inflection:

dy
Step 1: Put  0 and solve for x .
dx
d2y d2y
Step 2: Find 2 . Substitute the values of x into 2 .
dx dx
2
d y
If  0 the function reaches a maximum at that point.
dx 2
d2y
If  0 the function reaches a minimum at that point.
dx 2
Step 3: Substitute the values of x into y  f  x  to determine the maximum
and minimum values of y .
d2y
Step 4: Put  0 and solve for x .
dx 2
Test with a point just before x and a point just after x whether there
d2y
is a change in the sign of to establish any points of inflection.
dx 2

EXAMPLE 1
Find maximum and minimum values for the function y  4 x3  3x 2  90 x  144 .

Solution:
Step 1:

y  4 x3  3x 2  90 x  144
dy
 12 x 2  6 x  90
dx
12 x 2  6 x  90  0
2 x 2  x  15  0
 2 x  5 x  3  0
5
x x  3
2

Step 2:
d2y
 24 x  6
dx 2
5 5
x : 24    6  66  0  minimum
2 2
x  3 : 24  3  6  66  0  maximum

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

Step 3:
y  4 x 3  3x 2  90 x  144

3 2
5 5 5 5
x : ymin  4    3    90    144
2 2 2 2
 125   25 
 4   3    225  144
 8   4 
 62.5  18.75  81
 0.25

ymax  4  3  3  3  90  3  144

3 2
x  3 :
 4  27   3  9   270  144
 108  27  414
 333
Maximum
y

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
Minimum x

EXAMPLE 2
Find maximum and minimum values for the function y  x5  5x 4  2 .
Solution:
Step 1:

y  x5  5 x 4  2
dy
 5 x 4  20 x3
dx
5 x 4  20 x3  0
x3  x  4   0
x0 x4

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DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

Step 2:
d2y
2
 20 x3  60 x 2
dx
20  0   60  0   0
3 2
x  0: **
20  4   60  4   320  0
3 2
x  4:  minimum
** Further higher order derivatives must be found to determine where the maximum
value lies.
d2y
2
 20 x3  60 x 2
dx
d3y
3
 60 x 2  120 x
dx
60  0   120  0   0
2
x  0: **
d4y
 120 x  120
dx 4
x  0: 120  0   120  120  maximum

Step 3:
y  x5  5x 4  2
ymin   4   5  4   2
5 4
x  4:
 1024  1280  2
 254
ymax   0   5  0   2
5 4
x  0:
2

y 50

-2 0
Maximum2 4
x
6
0

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250

Minimum

90 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

ACTIVITY 1:
Find maximum and minimum values for the following:

1. y  x4  8x2  12

2. y  x3  9 x2  15x  15
3. yx n x
4. y  3sin   2cos 
5. y  4cos 2  5sin 2
Remember to check response 1 on page 94.

EXAMPLE 3
x3 x 2
Determine the points of inflection, if any, of the function y    2x  5 .
3 2
Solution:

x3 x 2
y   2x  5
3 2
dy 3 x 2 2 x
  2
dx 3 2
 x2  x  2
d2y
 2x 1
dx 2

d2y
Put 0
dx 2
2x 1  0
1
x
2
1 1
Choose a point just before x  , say x   a
2 2

1 d2y 1 
At x  a:  2   a  1
2 dx 2
2 
 1  2a  1
 2a
0
1 1
Choose a point just after x  , say x   a
2 2

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

1 d2y 1 
At x  a:  2  a  1
2 dx 2
2 
 1  2a  1
 2 a
0
1
Therefore, the sign changes and x  is a point of inflection.
2
y
7.5 Point of inflection

2.5

0
-2.5 -1.25 0 1.25 2.5

x
-2.5

-5

-7.5

ACTIVITY 2:
Find points of inflection, if any, for the following:

1. y  3 x5  5 x 4  x  4

y   x  2
3
2.

y   x  1  x  2 
3
3.

Remember to check response 2 on page 99.

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

3. POST-TEST 9

Find maximum and minimum values as well as points of inflection, if any, for the
following:

1. y  2 x3  24 x  52

y  e x
2
2.
1
3. y  x
x

4. y  xe x
5. y  x  sin x
Remember to check response post-test 9 on page 104.
If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

4. RESPONSES

4.1. Response 1
1.
Step 1:

y  x 4  8 x 2  12
dy
 4 x3  16 x
dx
4 x3  16 x  0
x3  4 x  0

 
x x2  4  0
x  x  2  x  2   0
x0 x2 x  2

Step 2:
d2y
2
 12 x 2  16
dx
12  0   16  16  0  maximum
2
x  0:
12  2   16  32  0  minimum
2
x  2:
12  2   16  32  0  minimum
2
x  2 :

Step 3:
y  x 4  8 x 2  12
x  0 : ymax   0   8  0   12  12
4 2

x  2 : ymin   2   8  2   12
4 2

 16  32  12
 4
x  2 : ymin   2   8  2   12
4 2

 16  32  12
 4

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

y 20

15

10

0
-4 -2 0 2 4

-5

2.
Step 1:

y  x3  9 x 2  15 x  15
dy
 3 x 2  18 x  15
dx
3x 2  18 x  15  0
x2  6 x  5  0
 x  5 x  1  0
x5 x 1

Step 2:
d2y
 6 x  18
dx 2
x  1: 6 1  18  12  0  maximum
x  5: 6  5   18  12  0  minimum

Step 3:
y  x 3  9 x 2  15 x  15
x  1: ymax  1  9 1  15 1  15
3 2

 1  9  15  15
 8
x  5 : ymin   5  9  5  15  5   15
3 2

 125  225  75  15
 40

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 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection
y

x
-2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5
0

-12.5

-25

-37.5

-50

3.
Step 1:
yx n x
dy 1
 1. n x  x.
dx x
n x 1  0
n x  1
x  e1

Step 2:
d2y 1

dx 2 x
1
x  e1 : 1
 e1  0  minimum
e

Step 3:
yx n x
x  e 1 : ymin  e 1 n e 1
 e 1.  1
1

e
 0.3679

96 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

y
3.75

2.5

1.25

0
-1 0 1 2 3

4.
Step 1:
y  3sin   2 cos 
dy
 3cos   2sin 
dx
3cos   2sin   0
2sin   3cos 
sin  3

cos  2
3
tan  
2
  56.3   180  56.3  236.3

Step 2:
d2y
 3sin   2 cos 
dx 2
x  56.3 :    
3sin 56.3  2 cos 56.3  3.6  0  maximum

x  236.3 : 3sin  236.3   2 cos  236.3   3.6  0  minimum

Step 3:
y  3sin   2 cos 
x  56.3 :  
ymax  3sin 56.3  2 cos 56.3  
 3.606
x  236.3 :  
ymin  3sin 236.3  2 cos 236.3  
 3.606

MAT2691 97
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection
y 4

0
0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5

-2

-4

5.
Step 1:
y  4 cos 2  5sin 2
dy
 8sin 2  10cos 2
dx
0  8sin 2  10cos 2
8sin 2  10cos 2
sin 2 10

cos 2 8
tan 2  1.25
2  51.34 2  180  51.34  231.34
  25.67   115.67

Step 2:

d2y
 16 cos 2  20sin 2
dx 2
x  25.67 :      25.62  0
16 cos 2 25.67  20sin 2 25.67  maximum

x  115.67 : 16 cos 2 115.67   20sin 2 115.67   25.62  0  minimum

Step 3:
y  4 cos 2  5sin 2
x  25.67 :  
ymax  4 cos 2 25.67  5sin 2 25.67  
 6.403
x  115.67 :  
ymin  4 cos 2 115.67  5sin 2 115.67 
 6.403

98 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

2.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

x
-2.5

-5

4.2. Response 2
1.
y  3x5  5 x 4  x  4
dy
 15 x 4  20 x3  1
dx
d2y
2
 60 x3  60 x 2
dx
d2y
Put 0
dx 2
60 x3  60 x 2  0
x 2  x  1  0
x0 x 1
Choose a point just before x  0 , say x  a

d2y
 60  a   60   a 
3 2
At x  a : 2
dx
 60a 3  60a 2
 60a 2  a  1
0
Choose a point just after x  0 but less than 1, say x  a

d2y
 60  a   60  a 
3 2
At x  a : 2
dx
 60a 3  60a 2
 60a 2  a  1
0
because a  1 and therefore, a  1  0 .

MAT2691 99
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

Therefore, the sign does not change and x  0 is not a point of inflection.
For x  1:
Choose a point just before x  1 , say x  1  a

d2y
 60 1  a   60 1  a 
3 2
At x  1  a : 2
dx
 60 1  a  1  a   1
2

 60 1  a    a 
2

 60 1  a  a 
2

0
because 1  a   0 and a  0 .

Choose a point just after x  1 , say x  1  a

d2y
 60 1  a   60 1  a 
3 2
At x  1  a : 2
dx
 60 1  a  1  a  1
2

 60 1  a  a 
2

0
Therefore, the sign changes and x  1 is a point of inflection.

y 5
Point of inflection

2.5

0
-2 -1 0 1 2

-2.5

-5

100 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

y   x  2
3
2.
dy
 3 x  2
2
dx
d2y
 6  x  2
dx 2
d2y
Put 0
dx 2
6  x  2  0
x2
Choose a point just before x  2 , say x  2  a

d2y
At x  2  a :  6 2  a   2
dx 2
 6  a 
0
Choose a point just after x  2 , say x  2  a

d2y
At x  2  a :  6 2  a   2
dx 2
 6 a 
0
Therefore, the sign changes and x  2 is a point of inflection.
y 5

2.5 Point of inflection

0
0 1.25 2.5 3.75

x
-2.5

-5

-7.5

-10

MAT2691 101
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

3.

y   x  1  x  2 
3

dy
 3  x  1  x  2    x  1 1
2 3
dx
  x  1 3  x  2    x  1 
2

  x  1 3x  6  x  1
2

  x  1 4 x  7
2

d2y
 2  x  1 4 x  7    x  1  4 
2
2
dx
 2  x  1  4 x  7  2  x  1 
 2  x  1 4 x  7  2 x  2 
 2  x  1 6 x  9

d2y
Put 0
dx 2
2  x  1 6 x  9   0
x 1
9
or x 
6
3

2
Choose a point just before x  1 , say x  1  a

d2y
At x  1  a :  2  1  a   1  6 1  a   9 
dx 2
 2  a  3  6a 
 6a  12a 2
0
Choose a point just after x  1 , say x  1  a

d2y
At x  1  a :  2  1  a   1  6 1  a   9 
dx 2
 2  a  3  6a 
 6a  12a 2
0
Therefore, the sign does not change and x  1 is not a point of inflection.
3 3
Choose a point just before x  , say x   a
2 2

102 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

3 d2y  3    3  
At x  a:  2    a   1  6   a   9 
 2    2 
2
2 dx 
1 
 2   a   9  6a  9 
2 
1 
 2   a    6a 
2 
 6a  12a 2
0
3 3
Choose a point just after x  , say x   a
2 2

3 d2y  3    3  
At x  a:  2    a   1  6   a   9 
 2    2 
2
2 dx 
1 
 2   a   9  6a  9 
2 
 6a  12a 2
0
3
Therefore, the sign does not change and x  is not a point of inflection.
2
y 3

0
-1 0 1 2 3

-1

(No points of inflection)

MAT2691 103
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

4.3. Response Post-Test 9

1.

Step 1: y  2 x 3  24 x  52
dy
 6 x 2  24
dx
6 x 2  24  0
x2  4  0
 x  2  x  2   0
x2 x  2

d2y
Step 2:  12 x
dx 2

x  2: 12  2   24  0  minimum
x  2 : 12  2   24  0  maximum

Step 3: y  2 x 3  24 x  52
ymin  2  2   24  2   52
3
x  2:
 16  48  52
 20
ymax  2  2   24  2   52
3
x  2 :
 16  48  52
 84

d2y
Step 4: Put 2  0
dx
12 x  0
x0
Choose a point just before x  0 , say x  a

d2y
At x  a :  12  a 
dx 2
 12a
0
Choose a point just after x  0 , say x  a

104 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

d2y
At x  a :  12  a 
dx 2
0
Therefore, the sign changes and x  0 is a point of inflection.
y 100

75

50

25

0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5

x
-25

-50

2.
y  e x
2
Step 1:
dy
dx  
 e  x .  2 x 
2

2 x e  x  0
2

e x  0
2
x0
N.A

Step 2:
d2y
dx 2
2

 2 e  x  2 x e  x .  2 x
2

 2 e  x  4 x 2 e  x
2 2

x  0 : 2 e    4  0  e    2  0
2 2
 0 2  0
 maximum

Step 3: y  e  x
2

x  0 : ymax  e  
2
 0

1
Step 4:

MAT2691 105
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

d2y
Put 0
dx 2
2 e  x  4 x 2 e  x  0
2 2


2 e  x 1  2 x 2  0
2

e x  0
2
or 1  2 x2  0
N.A 2 x2  1
1
x2 
2
1
x
2
x  0.7071
Choose a point just before x  0.7071 , say x  0.7071  a

d2y   0.7071 a 
2
2   0.7071 a 2
At x  0.7071  a :  2 e  4  0.7071  a  e
dx 2
0

because 4  0.7071  a   2
2

Choose a point just after x  0.7071 , say x  0.7071  a

d2y   0.7071 a 
2
2   0.7071 a 2
At x  0.7071  a :  2 e  4  0.7071  a  e
dx 2
0

because 4  0.7071  a   2
2

Therefore, the sign changes and x  0.7071 is a point of inflection.

Choose a point just before x  0.7071 , say x  0.7071  a

d2y   0.7071 a 
2
2   0.7071 a 2
At x  0.7071  a :  2 e  4  0.7071  a  e
dx 2
0

because 4  0.7071  a   2
2

Choose a point just after x  0.7071 , say x  0.7071  a

d2y   0.7071 a 
2
2   0.7071 a 2
At x  0.7071  a :  2 e  4  0.7071  a  e
dx 2
0

because 4  0.7071  a   2
2

106 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

Therefore, the sign changes and x  0.7071 is a point of inflection.

0.75

0.5

0.25

0
-2.5 -1.25 0 1.25 2.5

3.
Step 1:
1
y  x
x
dy 1
 1 2
dx x
1
1 2  0
x
1
1
x2
x2  1
x  1

Step 2:
d2y 2
2

dx x3
2
x  1: 20  minimum
13
2
x  1:  2  0  maximum
 13
Step 3:

MAT2691 107
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

1
y  x
x
1
x  1: ymin  1 
1
2
1
x  1: ymax  1 
1
 2
Step 4:
d2y
Put 0
dx 2
2
0
x3
No solution for x and therefore, no points of inflection.
y 10

0
-2 -1 0 1 2

-5

-10

4.
Step 1:

y  xe  x
dy
 e  x  xe  x  1
dx
 e  x  xe  x
 e  x 1  x 
e  x 1  x   0
x 1 e x  0
N.A

Step 2:

108 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

d2y
dx 2 
 e x  1  1  x  e x .  1 
 e x  e x  xe x
 e x  x  2 

e   1  2   0.3679  0
1
x  1:  maximum

Step 3:
y  xe  x
x  1: ymax  1 e 1
 0.3679
2
d y
Step 4: Put 0
dx 2
e x  x  2   0
e  x  0 or x  2  0
N.A x2
Choose a point just before x  2 , say x  2  a

d2y
 e   2  a  2
 2a
At x  2  a : 2
dx
 aea  2
0
Choose a point just after x  2 , say x  2  a

d2y
 e   2  a  2
 2a
At x  2  a : 2
dx
 aea  2
0
Therefore, the sign changes and x  2 is a point of inflection.
y 0.5

0.25

0
-1 0 1 2 3

-0.25

-0.5

MAT2691 109
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

5.
Step 1: y  x  sin x
dy
 1  cos x
dx
1  cos x  0
cos x  1
x  180

Step 2:
d2y
  sin x
dx 2
x  180 :  sin180  0
No maximum or minimum points.

Step 4:
d2y
Put 0
dx 2
 sin x  0
sin x  0
x0 or x  180

Choose a point just before x  0 , say x  0  a

At x  0  a :
d2y
dx 2

  sin 0  a 
0

Choose a point just after x  0 , say x  0  a

At x  0  a :
d2y
dx 2

  sin 0  a 
0

Therefore, the sign changes and x  0 is a point of inflection.

Choose a point just before x  180 , say x  180  a

At x  180  a :
d2y
dx 2
  sin 180  a 
0

Choose a point just after x  180 , say x  180  a

110 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 9
DIFFERENTIATION: Maximum and Minimum Values,
Points of Inflection

At x  180  a :
d2y
dx 2

  sin 180  a 
0

Therefore, the sign changes and x  180 is a point of inflection.

y 5

2.5

0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5

-2.5

-5

You have now completed learning Unit 9: Maximum and Minimum Values, Points of
Inflection. You should be able to:
 Find maximum and minimum values
 Determine points of inflection

We now move on to Learning Unit 10: Practical Applications.

MAT2691 111
UNISA
 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 10 Practical Applications

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Apply differentiation to practical problems

CONTENTS

1. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 113

2. POST-TEST 10 127
3. RESPONSES 128
3.1. Response 1 128
3.3. Response Post-Test 10 133

112 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

1. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

EXAMPLE 1

The acceleration of the piston of a reciprocating engine when the crank makes an
angle  with the horizontal is given by the formula

1
a  w2r (cos   cos 2)
n
where a  acceleration

w  angular velocity of crank (positive)

r  radius of crank (positive)

n  length of connecting rod divided by r (in practice n  4 )

Find the values of  for which a will have maximum and minimum values.

Solution:
1
Given: a  w2 r (cos   cos 2)
n
w2 r
 w2 r cos   cos 2
n
Determine the turning points:

da 2 w2 r
  w2 r sin   sin 2
d n
let
0
 2 
 w2 r  sin   sin 2   0
 n 
2
sin    2sin  cos    0
n
 4 
sin   1  cos    0
 n 
First set of solutions or Second set of solutions
4
sin   0 or 1  cos   0
n
n
  0 , 180 , 360 , etc cos     given n  4
4

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Now determine the nature of the turning points:

d 2a 4 w2 r
  w 2
r cos   cos 2
d 2 n
For the first set of solutions:

At   0 :
d 2a
d 2
  w 2
r cos 
0 
4 w2 r
n
cos 2 
0   w 2
r 
4 w2 r
n
0  max

At   180 :
d 2a
d 2
  w 2
r cos 180 

4 w2 r
n
cos 
2 180 
  w 2
r 
4 w2 r
n
0  min

4w2 r
(Note: In practice given that n  4 and therefore,  w2 r )
n

   
2 2
d a 4w r 4 w2 r
At   360 :   w 2
r cos 360  cos 2 360   w 2
r  0  max
d 2 n n
For the second set of solutions:
d 2a 4 w2 r
  w 2
r cos   cos 2
d 2 n

  w r cos  
2 4 w2 r
n
 
2 cos 2   1 using the double angle formulas

2  2 
n d 2a 2  n  4w r  n
cos    :   w r      2     1 
4 d 2  4 n   4  

w2 rn 4w2 r  2n 2 
    1
4 n  16 

w2 rn w2 rn 4w2 r
  
4 2 n
n n 4
 w2 r    
4 2 n
 n 2  2n 2  16 
 w2 r  
 4n
 
 n 2  16 
 w2 r 
 4n 
 
 n 2  16 
  w2 r 
 4n 
 
If n  4, then   180, which is included in the result stated before.
If n is greater than 4, then we have a result that is not applicable. The value of the
cosine function is always greater than or equal to -1 and smaller than or equal to 1.
If n is less than 4, we have a point in the second half of the stroke at which there is
 n2  16 
a minimum acceleration because  w2 r  0
 4n 
 
EXAMPLE 2

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A conical bell-tent is to be built of given capacity V. Find the ratio of the radius of the
base to the vertical height when the area of the covering is a minimum.

Solution:
Let r be the radius of the base and h the vertical height.
1
Then V   Area of base   Height
3
1
V  r 2h
3
The area of the slant surface of a cone is given by
S  rL
where L  r 2  h2
Thus S  r r 2  h2
3V
But r2 
h
Thus
3V 3V
S .  h2
h h
9V 2 3Vh
 
 h
2 2 
9V 2 2 3Vh2
 
2h 2 
9V 2
  3Vh
h2
1
 9V 2 2
  2  3Vh 
 h 
 
Find the turning point:
1

dS 1  9V 
2 2  18V 2 
  2  3Vh  .   3  3V  
dh 2  h 

 h



 18V 2 
  3  3V  
 
h
2
9V
2  3Vh
h2
The denominator may not be zero as division by zero is not defined, therefore,
 18V 2 
for the turning point/s put   3  3V    0
 h 
 

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 18V 2 
  3  3V    0
 h 
18V 2
3V   0
h3
18V 2
3V  
h3
3V h 3  18V 2
18V 2
h3 
3V 
6V


1
Now substitute V  r 2h
3
61 
h 3   r 2h 
3 
h 2  2r 2 h  0
h
 2
r

EXAMPLE 3

The mass of air flowing through an orifice is given by

1
  2 y 1   2
 2 gy 
W  A W0 P0  a y  a y  
 y 1  
  
where y  1,41
P
and a  1
P0
P1  pressure outside the orifice
P0  pressure on the other side

For what value of a is W a maximum?

Solution:
1
 2 gyW0 P0  2
To simplify the formula somewhat, replace the constant part A   with K .
 y 1 

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1
 2 y 1  2
Then W  K  a y  a y 
 
 
Determine the maximum point:
1
 2 y 1   2  2 y 1 
dW 1  y   2 y 1  y  1  y 1 
 K a a y
. a  a 0
da 2   y  y  
   
 2 y 1 
1   1
2
 a y  1 
y
  a y
y  y  
0  1

 2 y 1  2
2K  a  a y 
y
 
 
The denominator may not be equal to zero, therefore,
2 y 1 y
2 y 1  y  1 
a  a
y
0
y  y 
2 1
1
2a y
  y  1 a  0
y

2 1 1
1
2a y
 ya  a  0
y y

1 1 1 
a  2a y  y  1   0
y
 
 
1
1
2a y
 y 1
1
1 y 1
a y

2
1, 41  1

2
 1, 205

1 
  1 log a  log1, 205
y 
 1 
 1, 41  1 log a  0, 0809
 
0, 29078log a  0, 0809
log a  0, 2782
a  0,527

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EXAMPLE 4

A beam of weight w newton per unit length is built in horizontally at one end A and
rests on a support 0 at the other end. The deflection y is given by

w
48EI
y
2 x 4  3 x3  3 x  
where x is the distance measured from 0
is the length of the beam
E is Young’s modulus for the material
I is the second moment of area of the cross-section

We will take E and I as being constants.

Find where the deflection is a maximum and also find the point of inflection.

Solution:

 0
dy w let
Determine the turning points:  8x3  9 x2  3
dx 48EI
0
w
48EI

8x3  9 x2  3

0  8x3  9 x2  3

To factorize, find a value of x that would result in the LHS of the equation being
equal to 0:
Let x  : 8x3  9 x2  3
 8 3  9   2  3

8 3
9 3
 3

0
Thus, x  gives 0, that is, x  is a factor.

Now use long division to find the other factor:

8x2  x  2
x  8x3  9 x2  3

8x3  8 x2
 x2  3

 x2  2
x
 2
x 3

 2x  3

Thus,  x   8 x 2  x 2
0
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x    0 or 8 x 2  x 2
0
      2  4  8    2

x or x
2 8

  32
2 2

16
 33 2

16
 5,745

16
x  0, 42 or x  0,3
N . A.
Determine the nature of the points:

d2y
dx 2

w
48EI
 24 x 2  18 x 
At x  :
w
48EI

24 2  18   
w
48EI

6 2 0    min

At x  0, 42 :
w
48EI

24  0, 42   18  0, 42  
2 w
48EI

3,3264  2
0  max

To find possible points of inflection:

d 2 y let
0
dx 2
w
48EI

24 x 2  18 x  0
6x 4x  3   0
3
x0 or x
4

EXAMPLE 5

Find the shortest distance from the point 1;0  to the curve y  2 x 2

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y 3

2.5 y  2 x2

1.5

0.5
P(x;y)

0 Q
-4 -2 0 x 1 2 4

Solution:
Take any point on the curve, say P with coordinates  x; y  .
The distance that has to be made a minimum is PQ.
To find the answer we must first write PQ in terms of x . 

Using Pythagoras P(x;y)

PQ2  (1  x )2  y 2

 
2
 ( x  1)2  2 x2 y(x;0) Q(1;0)

 ( x  1)2  2 x 4 eq.1

(1- x)
Differentiate both sides:
d PQ 
2PQ  2  x  1  8 x 3 eq.2
dx
d PQ  2  x  1  8 x 3

dx 2PQ
Thus, put 2  x  1  8 x3  0 to find the turning points.
2 x  2  8x3  0
8x3  2 x  2  0
4 x3  x  1  0
1
To find the first factor, let x  :
2
3
1 1
Then 4 x  x  1  4       1
3
2 2
4 1
  1
8 2
0
 1
Thus,  x   is a factor of 4 x3  x  1 .
 2

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Find the other factor by long division:

4 x2  2 x  2

x 4 x3  x  1
2
4 x3  2 x 2
 2 x2  x
 2 x2  x
 2x 1
2 x  1

Thus,
4 x3  x  1  0
 1

 x   4x  2x  2  0
 2 
2

 1
x 0
 2
or 4 x2  2 x  2  0
1
x N . A.
2
If 4 x2  2 x  2  0 , the values of x are imaginary.

For the second derivative differentiate eq.2

d 2 PQ  d PQ  d PQ 
2PQ
dx 2
 2
dx
.
dx
 2 1  8 3x 2  
d 2 PQ   d PQ  
2
2PQ  2   2  24 x
2
dx 2  dx 
d 2 PQ  d PQ  
2 2
1 1
At x  : 2PQ  2   2  24    0  min
2 dx 2  dx  2

Substitute back into eq 1 to find the shortest distance:

2 4
1  1
PQ    1  2  
2
2  2
2
 1  1
     2 
 2  16 
3

8
3
PQ 
8

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EXAMPLE 6

Find the dimensions of the rectangle of maximum area that can be cut off the portion
of the curve y  3x  x 2 , which lies above the axis of x.

y y  3x  x 2
2

P(x;y) Q
1.5

0.5

0 S R T
-1 0 1 2 3

x
-0.5

-1

Solution:
Draw any one of the rectangles PQRS that can be cut out.
Then the area of the rectangle is:

A  PS  PQ

But PS  y and
PQ  SR
 OT  OS  RT
 3  2OS
 3  2x

Thus, A  y  3  2 x 
 x  3  x  3  2 x 


 x 2 x2  9 x  9 
 2 x3  9 x2  9 x
Determine the turning points:
dA
 6 x 2  18 x  9
dx

0  3 2 x2  6x  3 
0  2 x2  6x  3

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  6    6 2  4  2  3
x
2 2
6  36  24

4
6  12

4
x  2,366 or x  0,634
y  3  2,366    2,366  y  3  0,634    0,634 
2 2

 1,5  1,5

The dimensions for the maximum area are:

PS  1,5
PQ  3  2 x
 3  2  0, 634 
 1, 732

EXAMPLE 7

The strength of a beam varies directly at its breadth and (depth) 2 . Find the beam of
greatest strength that can be cut from a log of wood of elliptical section.
x2 y 2
Let 2  2  1 be the equation of a section of the log.
a b
We are given that this strength S  k breadth .  depth where k is the constant of
2

proportionality.

P(x;y) Q
x x
y

0
y
S R

Solution:
Let PQRS be one of the rectangles that can be cut.
Take PQ  2x as the depth of the log and PS  2y as the breadth of the log.
Thus S  k  2 y  2 x   8kx 2 y
2

 y2 
From the equation of the ellipse we have x 2  a 2  1  2 
 b 


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Thus

  y2  
S  8k  a 2  1  2   y
  b  
 
 y3 
 8ka 2  y  2 
 b 

dS  3y2 
and  8ka 2  1  2 
dy  b 

dS
Put  0 for the turning points
dy
 3y2 
0  8ka 2  1  2 
 b 

 3y2 
 1  2   0
 b 
3y2
1
b2
b2
y2 
3
b
y
3
Substitute to find x:
  b 2 
   
2  3 
x  a 1 
2
b2 
 
 
 
 1
 a 2 1  
 3
2
 a2
3
2
xa
3
2 2b
Thus, the log is 2a deep and wide.
3 3

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ACTIVITY 1:
1. In a Pelton wheel u is the velocity of the water jet and v is the velocity
of the wheel blade. The efficiency of the wheel is given by
2v ( u  v )
E
u2
For what value of v is E a maximum?

2. The current C flowing through an external R, when connected to a

battery of n cells, x of which are in series, is given by
xe
C 2
rx
R
n
where e is the e.m.f. of each cell and r its resistance.
Show that the current is a maximum when
Rn
x 
r

3. A cylinder is inscribed in a cone.

Let r = radius of the cylinder and h its height.
Let a = radius of the cone, and H its height.
Find its maximum volume.

4. Find the volume of the largest cone that can be cut out of a sphere
of radius a.

5. The efficiency of a screw is given by

tan (1   tan )
E
  tan 
where  is the coefficient of friction (a constant) and  the angle of
pitch. Find the maximum efficiency.

Remember to check response 1 on page 127.

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2. POST-TEST 10

1. The force P required to move a weight W along a horizontal surface by means

of a rope inclined at  to the surface is
W
P
cos   sin 
where  is the coefficient of friction.
Show that when   0,3 the minimum pull required is 0,287W when   16 42 .

2. The time of vibration of a compound pendulum is given by the formula

h2  k 2
T  2
gh
where g and k are constants.
Find the value of h , which makes T a minimum.

3. An open metal tank is to be constructed on a square base to contain 32m3 of a

liquid. Find its dimensions so that the surface area of the tank in contact with
the liquid may be a minimum.

4. A box is made of thin cardboard. Its base is a square with side x cm and its
volume is 80 cm3. The lid fits tightly over the top and extends 1cm down each
side. Find in terms of x the area of cardboard used in making the box. Show
that this area will be a minimum when x  4.

5. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of maximum area that can be cut out of
the ellipse
x2 y2
 1
9 4
(Hint: If P is one corner of the rectangle, its coordinates will be ( x, y). The area
of this rectangle is then 4xy.)

Remember to check response post-test 10 on page 132.

If your answer differs from the response, you may send your answer to the
lecturer to be checked.

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3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
2v (u  v )
1. Rewrite E to make differentiation easier: E 
u2
2uv 2v 2
  2
u2 u
2v 2v 2
  2
u u
Find the maximum/minimum value:
d E 2 4v
 
dv u u 2
2 4v
0  2
u u
4v 2

u2 u
2 u2
v 
u 4
u
v
2
2
d E 4
Use the second derivative test: 2
 2 0  max
dv u

xe
2. C 2
rx
R
n

Use the quotient rule to differentiate and find the minimum/maximum points:

 rx 2   2rx 
e  R   xe  
 n   n 
  
dC
2
dx  rx 2 
  R

 n 

 rx 2   2rx 
0  e  R   xe  
 n   n 
 

MAT2691 127
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

erx 2 2erx 2
 eR  0
n n
erx 2
 eR
n
enR
x2 
er
nR
x
r
Use the second derivative to find the nature of the point:
2
 2erx   rx   erx 2   rx 2   2rx 
2
     R    eR   2   R   
d 2C  n   n  
  n   n   n 

dx 2  rx 2 
4

  R
n 
 
0
 max

3.
A

D r E H

B C
a

Triangle ADE and triangle ABC are similar.

AD AB
By similar triangles: 
DE BC
H h H
Thus, 
r a
Hr
H h 
a
Hr
h  H
a

128 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

Hr
hH
a
Ha  Hr

a
H a  r 

a
Let V be the volume of the cylinder:
V  r 2 h
 H a  r  
 r 2  
 a 
r 3 H
 r 2 H 
a
dV 3r 2 H let
 2rH  0
dr a
3r 2 H
0  2rH 
a
3r 2 H
 2 rH
a
3r  2a
2a
r
3
H a  r 
h
a
 2a 
H a  
  3 
a
H

3

Vmax  r 2 h
2
 2a   H 
    
 3   3
4a 2 H

27

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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

4.

We have r.r  h  2a  h  because two chords are intersecting in a circle.

This is a circle theorem from high school geometry.
Let V be the volume of the cone:
1
V  r 2h
3
   h  2a  h   h
1
3
1

  2ah 2  h 3
3

Determine the turning points:

 
dV 1 let
  4ah  3h 2  0
dh 3
0  4ah  3h 2
3h 2  4ah
4
h a
3
Determine the nature of the turning point:
d 2V 1
   4a  6h 
dh 2 3
4 1   4  1
h a:   4a  6  a      4a   0  max
3 3   3  3

130 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

1

Vmax   2ah 2  h 3
3

1   4   4   1  32 3 64 3  1  96 3 64 3 
2 3
   2a  a    a      a  a     a  a 
3   3   3   3  9 27  3  27 27 
1  32 
   a3 
3  27 
32 3
 a
81
5.

tan (1   tan )

E
  tan 
tan    tan 2 

  tan 

dE

  
sec2   2 tan  sec 2     tan    tan    tan 2  sec 2   
d    tan  2
 sec2   2 2 tan  sec 2   tan  sec 2   2 tan 2  sec 2   tan  sec 2    tan 2  sec 2 

   tan  2



sec2    2 2 tan    tan 2  
   tan  2
let
0

sec    2 2 tan    tan 2 
2
 0
   tan  2
  2 2 tan    tan 2   0
tan 2   2 tan   1  0

  2    2 2  4 1 1
tan  
2 1

2  4 2  4

2
2  2  2  1

2
    2  1
For sign only

MAT2691 131
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

d 2E
 2 2 sec2   2 tan  sec 2 
d 2

 2 sec 2     tan  

0  max

    
 2  1 1      2  1 
  
 
Emax
     2  1


   
2  1 1  2   2  1 
2  1

 
      1 
2
   2  1  1  2 2

 
2  1

   2  1  1      1  
2 2

2  1

 
2  1   2  1   
  1  
2
2

3.2. Response Post-Test 10

1.
W
P
cos    sin 
dP W   sin    cos  

d  cos    sin  2
let
0
W  sin    cos    0
sin    cos 
sin 

cos 
tan   0,3
  16 42

132 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

W  cos    sin     cos    sin    W  sin    cos    2  cos    sin    sin    cos  
2
d 2P

d 2
 cos    sin  4
W  cos    sin    2W  sin    cos    cos    sin  
3 2

 cos    sin  4
2W  sin    cos  
2
W
 
 cos    sin    cos    sin  3
0 when   16 42  min

0,3W
Pmin 
cos16 42  0,3sin16 42
 0, 287W

2.

h2  k 2
T  2
gh

h k2
 2 
g gh
1

dT 1  h k2  2  1 k2 
 2      2 
dh 2  g gh   g gh 
let
0
1

 h k2  2  1 k2 
    2   0
 g gh 
   g gh 
 1 k2 
  2   0
 g gh 
h2  k 2
0
gh 2
h2  k 2
hk

MAT2691 133
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

3 1
 
2
d T 1  h k2  2  1 k 2  1 k 2   h k2  2  2k 2 
       2   2    
dh 2 2  g gh     g gh   3 
 g gh  g gh     gh 
3 1
 2 
1  h k2  2  1 k2   h k2  2  2k 2 
       2
      3 
2  g gh   g gh 
  g gh   gh 
hk:
3 1
 2 
2
d T 1  k k2  2  1 k2   k k2  2  2k 2 
       2
      3 
dh 2 2  g gk   g gk 
  g gk   gk 
3 1
 2 
1 k k 2 1 1 k k 2  2 
             
2 g g g g g g  gk 
1

 2k  2  2 
    
 g   gk 
0  min

3.

y x
x y
y

Let x  side of base

y  height

Then V  x 2 y
given
 32
Surface area: S  x 2  4 xy
 32 
 x2  4 x  2 
x 
128
 x2 
x

134 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

dS 128
 2x  2
dx x
let
0
128
2x  0
x2
2 x 3  128
x 3  64
x4
32
y
x2
32

16
2

4. y

V  x2 y
 80
80
y 2
x
Area:
A  x 2  4 xy   x  2   4
2

 80 
 x2  4 x  2   x2  4 x  4  4
x 
320
 2 x2  4 x 
x

MAT2691 135
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

dA 320
 4x  4  2
dx x
let
0
320
4x  4  0
x2
4 x3  4 x 2  320  0
 x  4   x 2  5 x  20   0
x4 or x 2  5 x  20  0
NA
d2A 640
 4
dx 2 x3
640
x  4: 4  4  10  0  min
43

x2 y2
5.  1
9 4
y2 x2
 1
4 9
4 x2
y2  4 
9
4 x2
y   4
9
Area :
A  4 xy
4 x2
 4x 4 
9
1
2  2
dA 4x 1 2
4x  8x 
4 4  4 x.  4    
dx 9 2  9   9 
let
0
 
 
4 x2
 2x   0
8x
4 4
9  4 x2 
 9 4 
 9 

136 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 10
DIFFERENTIATION: Practical Applications

 4 x2 
36  4    16 x  0
2
 9 

144  16 x 2  16 x 2  0
32 x 2  144
144
x2 
32
x  4,5
 2,12
1 1 3
  
d A 2
1 4 x2  2  8 x  32 x  4x2  2 2
16 x 1 4x2  2  8x 
 4.  4        4    . 4    
dx 2 2  9   9  9  9  9 2  9   9 
1 3
 2  2 3  2  2
4x  16 x 32 x  64 x 4x
 4     4 
 9   9 9  81 9

   
1 3
 
 4 x2  2  48 x  64 x 
3
4 x2  2
 4       4  
 9   9  81  9 

x  2,12 :
d2A
 10, 65  0  max
dx 2
x  2,12 :
d2A
 10, 65  0  min
dx 2

4 x2
y   4
9
4  2,12 
2
  4
9
 1, 415

You have now completed Learning Unit 10: Maximum and Minimum Values, Points
of Inflection. You should be able to:
 Apply differentiation to practical problems

We now move on to Learning Unit 11: Partial Differentiation.

MAT2691 137
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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 11 Partial Differentiation

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Find first order partial derivatives of functions of two or more variables
 Find second order partial derivatives of functions of two variables

CONTENTS

1. FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 139

2. SECOND ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 142
3. POST-TEST 11 146
4. RESPONSES 147
4.1. Response 1 147
4.2. Response 2 148
4.3. Response Post-Test 11 153

138 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

1. FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

So far, we have only differentiated functions of one variable. Now we will look at
differentiating functions of two or more variables.

Consider the volume V of a cylinder:

V  r 2h
where r is the radius
and h is the height
Thus V depends on two quantities, the values r and h .
If we keep h constant and we change the radius r , the rate of change in volume V
is denoted by

 dV 
 dr 
  h constant
This is written as
V
r
Hence,
 dV  V
 dr  
h constant r
Notice the new notation. The “curly dees” are used to distinguish between partial and
ordinary differentiation.
It is read as:
The partial derivative of V with respect to r
V
To find we differentiate the given expression, taking h as being constant:
r
V  r 2 h
V
 h  2r 
r
 2hr
We can also keep r constant and differentiate with respect to h . Then:
V  r 2 h
V
 r 2 1
h
 r 2
V
Notation: Instead of , the partial derivative of V with respect to r can be written
r
as Vr . In addition, the partial derivative of V with respect to h can be written as Vh .

MAT2691 139
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

A function of two variables z  f  x; y  is graphed similar to that of one variable.

However, a three-dimensional coordinate system is then used where a point is
identified by three coordinates  x; y; z  . The dependent variable z is plotted on the
vertical axis and the two independent variables on the horizontal axis.
z

z
To determine , treat x as a constant, say x  a . The set of all points for which
y
x  a is a plane parallel to the yz -plane:
z

y
a

140 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

z
gives the gradient of the tangent lines to the curve at the points where this plane
y
cuts the surface.
z

Slope is

y
a

z
The reasoning is similar for .
x

EXAMPLE 1
z z
If z  3x2  5xy  y3 find and .
x y
Solution:
z  3x 2  5 xy  y 3
z
 6x  5 y
x
z
 5x  3 y 2
y

EXAMPLE 2
If z  3x2  10 xy3  5 y 2  100 find z x and z y .

Solution:

z  3x 2  10 xy 3  5 y 2  100
z x  6 x  10 y 3
z y  30 xy 2  10 y

MAT2691 141
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

EXAMPLE 3
R  R R
If R  x3  y3  3z3 find , and .
x  y z
Solution:

R  x3  y 3  3z 3
R
 3x 2
x
R
 3y2
y
R
 9 z 2
z

ACTIVITY 1:
z z
1. If z  3x2  2 x3 y3  y 4 find and .
x y
y y y
2. If y  3x12  2 x1x2 x3  x34 find , and .
x1 x2 x3

x z z
3. If z  x 2 y  e xy  n find and .
y x y

x3 z z
4. If z  tanh xy  n find and .
y x y

sin  3x  2 y  z z
5. If z  find and .
xy x y
Remember to check response 1 on page 147.

2. SECOND ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

The function z  f  x; y  has two first order partial derivatives

z z
and
x y
z z
Since is a function of x (as well as y ), the rate of change of with respect to
x x
x ( y a constant) can be determined by a second order partial derivative
2 z
x 2

142 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

where
2 z   z 
  
x 2 x  x 
z
Similarly, the rate of change of with respect to y ( x a constant) can be
y
determined by the second order partial derivative
2 z
y 2
where
2 z   z 
  
y 2 y  y 
z
Also, the rate of change of with respect to y ( x a constant) can be determined
x
by the second order partial derivative
2 z
y.x
where
2 z   z 
  
y.x y  x 
z
And the rate of change of with respect to x ( y a constant) can be determined by
y
the second order partial derivative
2 z
x.y
where
2 z   z 
  
x.y x  y 

EXAMPLE 4
z z  2 z  2 z  2 z 2 z
If z  3x  2 x y  3xy  4 y find
2 2 2
, , 3
, , and .
x y x 2 y 2 yx xy

Solution:

z  3x 2  2 x 2 y  3xy 2  4 y 3
z z
 6 x  4 xy  3 y 2  2 x 2  6 xy  12 y 2
x y
2 z 
x 2

x

6 x  4 xy  3 y 2  2 z 
y 2

y

2 x 2  6 xy  12 y 2 
 6  4y  6 x  24 y

MAT2691 143
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

2 z

yx y


6 x 2  4 xy  3 y 2  2 z

xy x


2 x 2  6 xy  12 y 2 
 4x  6 y  4x  6 y

EXAMPLE 5

Find all the first and second order partial derivatives of z  x cos y  y cos x .
Solution:
z  x cos y  y cos x
z z
 cos y  y sin x   x sin y  cos x
x y
2 z  2 z 
  cos y  y sin x     x sin y  cos x 
x 2 x y 2 y
 y cos x   x cos y
2 z  2 z 
  cos y  y sin x     x sin y  cos x 
yx y xy x
  sin y  sin x   sin y  sin x

EXAMPLE 6

x
Find all the first and second order partial derivatives of z  arc tan .
y
Solution:
x
z  arc tan
y
1 x

z y z y2
 
x x
2 y  x
2
1   1 
 y  y 
1 x

y y2
 2  2
y  x2 y  x2
y2 y2
1 y2 x y2
  2  
y y  x2 y2 y2  x2
y x
 2 
y  x2 y  x2
2

144 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

2 z   y  2 z   x 
  2     2 
x 2 x  y  x 2  y 2 y  y  x 2 
y x
 . 2 x   . 2 y 
y  y 
2 2
2
x 2 2
x 2

2 xy 2 xy
 
y  y 
2 2
2
 x2 2
 x2

2 z   y  2 z   x 
  2     2 
yx y  y  x 2  xy x  y  x 2 



1 y 2  x2  y  2 y   

1 y 2  x2  x  2x  
y  y 
2 2
2
 x2 2
 x2

y 2  x2  2 y 2 y 2  x2  2 x2
 
  y 
2 2
y 2  x2 2
 x2

x2  y 2 x2  y 2
 
y  y 
2 2
2
x 2 2
 x2

ACTIVITY 2:
Find all the first and second order partial derivatives of:
1. z  2 x3  4 x 2 y 2  y 3

1
2. z
x2  y 2

3. z  sin xy

4. z  n x2  y 2

x y
5. z
x y
Remember to check response 2 on page 148.

MAT2691 145
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

3. POST-TEST 11

2 z 2 z 2 z
1. If z  x2 cos y  y 2 sin x find , and 2
x 2 yx y

y 2 z 2 z
2. If z  arc sin show that 
x xy yx

 
3. If z  n e x  e y show that
z z

x y
1

x y z u u u
4. If u  show that x y z 0
x2  y 2  z 2 x y z

2 z 2 z 1  y
5. Show that the equation   0 is satisfied by z  n x 2  y 2  arc tan  
x 2
y 2 2 x
Remember to check response post-test 11 on page 152.

146 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

4. RESPONSES

4.1. Response 1

1. z  3x 2  2 x 3 y 3  y 4
z z
 6x  6x2 y3  6 x3 y 2  4 y 3
x y

2. z  3x12  2 x1x2 x3  x34

z z
 6 x1  2 x2 x3  2 x1x3
x1 x2
z
 2 x1x2  4 x33
x3

x
3. z  x 2 y  e xy  n
y
z 1
z  2 x
y y
 2 xy  ye xy   x 2  xe xy 
x x
y y x
y
1 1
 2 xy  ye xy   x 2  xe xy 
x y

x3
4. z  tanh xy  n
y

 
 12
1 x3 3x2
z 1 
1
 sech 2 xy .  xy 
2 y y
2 . y
x 2 x 3
y

3x2
y sech 2 xy 2y
 
 
2
2 xy x3
y

y sech 2 xy 3x 2 y
  
2 xy 2 y x3
y sech 2 xy 3
 
2 xy 2x

MAT2691 147
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

 
 12
1 x3  x3
z 1 
1
 sech 2 xy .  xy 
2 y y2
2 . x
y 2 x3
y
3
x
x sech 2 xy 2 y2
 
 
2
2 xy x3
y

x sech 2 xy x3 y
  2 3
2 xy 2y x
x sech 2 xy 1
 
2 xy 2y

sin  3x  2 y 
5. z
xy

z  xy  cos  3x  2 y  3   sin  3x  2 y    y 

x  xy 2
3xy cos  3x  2 y   y sin  3x  2 y 

x2 y2
3x cos  3x  2 y   sin  3x  2 y 

x2 y

z  xy  cos  3x  2 y  2    sin  3x  2 y    x 

y  xy 2
2 xy cos  3x  2 y   x sin  3x  2 y 

x2 y2
2 y cos  3x  2 y   sin  3x  2 y 

xy 2

4.2. Response 2
1. z  2 x3  4 x2 y 2  y 3

z z
 6 x 2  8 xy 2  8 x 2 y  3 y 2
x y
2 z 
x 2

x

6 x 2  8 xy 2  2 z 
y 2

y

8 x 2 y  3 y 2 
 12 x  8 y 2  8 x 2  6 y

148 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

2 z

yx y


6 x 2  8 xy 2  2 z

xy x


8 x 2 y  3 y 2 
 16 xy  16 xy

1
2. z
x2  y2
3
z
 
1 
  x2  y2 2 2x 
x 2
x
 3
 x2  y2  2
3
z
 
1 
  x2  y2 2 2 y 
y 2
y
 3
 x2  y2  2
 
 z  
2
x 


x 2 x  3 
 
 x2  y 2  2 

 3  1

1 x 2  y 2

 2

3
    x  . x2  y 2
2
  2  2x 
  
 3 2



 x2  y 2  2

3 1



 x  2
y 2 2
  3x  x 2 2
 y 2 2

x  y 
3
2 2


x 2
 y    x  y   3x
2 2 2 2 2

x  y 
3
2 2

2 x2  y 2
 5
x 2
 y 
2 2

MAT2691 149
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

 
 z  
2
y 


y 2 y  3 
 x2  y 2
   2 

 3 1
1 x 2  y 2

  2     y  . 3 x2  y 2
 2
  2 2y
  
 3 2

 x2  y 2

 2

3 1



 x  2
y 2 2
  3y  x 2 2
 y 2 2

x  y 
3
2 2

2 y 2  x2
 5
x 2
 y 
2 2

   
 z2
  x   z
2
  y 
     
yx y  3
 xy x  3

 x2  y 2
   2 
  
 x2  y 2  2 

5 5
   
 3   3 
  x    x2  y 2 2 2y   y    x2  y 2 2  2x 
 2  2
3xy 3xy
 5
 5
x 2
 y2  2
x 2
 y2  2

3. z  sin xy
z z
 y cos xy  x cos xy
x y
2 z  2 z 
  y cos xy    x cos xy 
x 2 x y 2 y
 y   y sin xy   x   x sin xy 
  y 2 sin xy   x 2 sin xy

150 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

2 z  2 z 
  y cos xy    x cos xy 
yx y xy x
 cos xy  y   x sin xy   cos xy  x   y sin xy 
 cos xy  xy sin xy  cos xy  xy sin xy

4. z  n x2  y 2
1 1
z
  z
 
1 1  1 1 
 . x2  y 2 2 2x   . x2  y2 2 2 y 
x x y
2 2 2 y x y
2 2 2

x y
 
x2  y 2 x2  y 2

2 z   x  2 z   y 
     2 
x 2 x  x 2  y 2  y 2 y  x  y 2 



1 x2  y 2  x  2x   

1 x2  y 2  y  2 y 
x  x 
2 2
2
 y2 2
 y2

y 2  x2 x2  y 2
 
x  x 
2 2
2
 y2 2
 y2

2 z   x  2 z   y 
  2    2 
yx y  x  y 2  xy x  x  y 2 
x y
2
 2y  2
2x
x y
2
 2
 x y
2

2

2 xy 2 xy
 
x  x 
2 2
2
 y2 2
 y2

x y
5. z
x y
z 1 x  y    x  y 1 z 1  x  y    x  y  1
 
x  x  y 2 y  x  y 2
2 y 2x
 
x  y 2
 x  y 2

MAT2691 151
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

 2 z   2 y  2 z   2 x 
     
x 2 x   x  y 2  y 2 y   x  y 2 
4y 4x
 
 x  y 3  x  y 3

2 z   2 y  2 z   2x 
     
yx y   x  y 2  xy x   x  y 2 
   



2  x  y 
2
   2 y  2  x  y  1 

2 x  y    2x  2  x  y 1
2

 x  y   2 2
 x  y   2 2

2  x  y   4 y  x  y  2  x  y   4x  x  y 
2 2
 
 x  y 4  x  y 4


 
2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  4 xy  4 y 2

 
2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  4 x 2  4 xy

 x  y 4  x  y 4
2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2  4 xy  4 y 2 2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2  4 x 2  4 xy
 
 x  y 4  x  y 4
2 x 2  2 y 2 2 x 2  2 y 2
 
 x  y 4  x  y 4



2 x 2  y 2  

2 x 2  y 2 
 x  y 4  x  y 4
2  x  y  x  y  2  x  y  x  y 
 
 x  y 4  x  y 4
2  x  y  2  x  y 
 
 x  y 3  x  y 3

152 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

4.3. Response Post-Test 11

1. z  x 2 cos y  y 2 sin x

z z
 2 x cos y  y 2 cos x   x 2 sin y  2 y sin x
x y
2 z
x 2


x

2 x cos y  y 2 cos x  2 z
y 2


y

 x 2 sin y  2 y sin x 
 2 cos y  y 2 sin x   x 2 cos y  2sin x
2 z

yx y


2 x cos y  y 2 cos x 
 2 x sin y  2 y cos x

y
2. z  arc sin
x

z  y
z 1
 x2  x
x y
yx yx
2 2
1 1

 y 1
 x2  x
x y
2 2
x  y2
2

x2 x2
y x2 1 x2
    2
x2 x2  y2 x x  y2
y 1
 
x x2  y2 x2  y2

2 z   1 
LHS =   
xy x  x 2  y 2 
 
3
 
1 2 
 x  y2 2 2x 
2
x
 3
 x2  y2  2

2 z   y 
RHS =   
yx y  x x 2  y 2 
 

MAT2691 153
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation


 
1 x x 2  y 2    y   x. 1 2 x 2  y 2

  
 12
 2 y  


 
2
x x2  y2

 2 
 x x 2  y 2   xy 
 x y 
2 2

x x  y2
2 2
 


 x x 2  y 2  xy 2 
 
3
x2 x2  y2
2

 x 3  xy 2  xy 2

 
3
x2 x2  y2
2

 x3

 
3
x2 x2  y2
2

x

 
3
x2  y2
2

 LHS

2 z 2 z
 
yx xy

3. 
z  n ex  e y 
z ex z ey
 x  x
x e  e y y e  e y
z z
LHS = 
x y
ex ey
 
ex  e y ex  e y
1
 RHS
z z
  1
x y

154 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

x yz
4. u
x2  y2  z2

 
1
 
1 
u 1 x y z
2 2 2
  x  y  z  x2  y2  z2 2 2x 
 2
x
 
2
x2  y2  z2

x  x  y  z
x2  y2  z2 
x2  y2  z2

x2  y2  z2
x 2  y 2  z 2  x 2  xy  xz
 3
 x2  y2  z2  2

y 2  z 2  xy  xz
 3
x 2
y  2
z 2 2


 
1
 
1 
u 1 x y z
2 2 2
  x  y  z  x2  y2  z2 2 2 y 
 2
y
 
2
x2  y2  z2

y  x  y  z
x2  y2  z2 
x2  y2  z2

x2  y2  z2
x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  y 2  yz
 3
 x2  y2  z2  2

x 2  z 2  xy  yz
 3
x 2
y  2
z 2 2

 
1
 
1 
u 1 x y z
2 2 2
  x  y  z  x2  y2  z2 2 2z 
 2
z
 
2
x2  y2  z2

z  x  y  z
x2  y2  z2 
x2  y2  z2

x2  y2  z2

MAT2691 155
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

x 2  y 2  z 2  xz  yz  z 2
 3
x 2
y 
2
z 
2 2

x 2  y 2  xz  yz
 3
x 2
y  2
z 2 2

u u u
LHS= x y z
x y z
     
 y 2  z 2  xy  xz   x 2  z 2  xy  yz   x 2  y 2  xz  yz 
 x 3
 y 3
 z 3

 2   2   
 
 x  y2  z2 2 
  
 x  y2  z2 2 
  
 x2  y2  z2 2 
  
xy 2  xz 2  x 2 y  x 2 z  x 2 y  yz 2  xy 2  y 2 z  x 2 z  y 2 z  xz 2  yz 2
 3
x 2
y 
2
z 
2 2

0
 RHS
u u u
x y z 0
x y z

1  y
5. z  n x 2  y 2  arc tan  
2 x
1 1
 y  1
z 2

1 2
x  y2 2
 2 x  
 .
 
1  x 2  z 2

1 2
x  
y 2 2

2 y  1
 .
 
 x
x x2  y2 2  y
2 y x2  y2 2  y
2
1   1  
x x
x y y x
 2   
x y 2
2 x2  y2   x y
2 2

2 x2  y2 
2x  y 2y  x
 

2 x y 2 2
 
2 x2  y2 

156 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 11
DIFFERENTIATION: Partial Differentiation

   
2 z   2 x  y  2 z   2 y  x 
 
x 2 x  2 x 2  y 2
   
 
y 2 y  2 x 2  y 2
  


 
  
2  2 x 2  y 2    2 x  y   2  2 x   
2 2 x 2  y 2    2 y  x  2  2 y 
  
   
2 2
4 x2  y2 4 x2  y2

4 x 2  4 y 2  8 x 2  4 xy 4 x 2  4 y 2  8 y 2  4 xy
 
   
2 2
4 x2  y2 4 x2  y2

4 y 2  4 x 2  4 xy 4 x 2  4 y 2  4 xy
 
   
2 2
4 x2  y2 4 x2  y 2

y 2  x 2  xy x 2  y 2  xy
 
 x2  y2   x2  y2 
2 2

y 2  x 2  xy x 2  y 2  xy
LHS  
 x2  y2   x2  y2 
2 2

0
 RHS

2 z 2 z
  0
x 2 y 2

You have now completed Learning Unit 11: Partial Differentiation.

You should be able to:
 Find first order partial derivatives of functions of two or more variables
 Find second order partial derivatives of functions of two variables

We now move on to Learning Unit 12: Small Increments and Rates of Change.

MAT2691 157
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 MODULE 1 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 12 Small Increments and Rates of
Change

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Determine small increments
 Find rates of change

CONTENTS

1. SMALL INCREMENTS 159

2. RATES OF CHANGE 162
3. POST-TEST 12 165
4. RESPONSES 166
4.1. Response 1 166
4.2. Response 2 167
4.3. Response Post-Test 12 168

158 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

1. SMALL INCREMENTS

Consider the volume of a cylinder of radius r and height h :

V  r 2h
V V
We know how to find with h constant and with r constant.
r h
But what happens if both r and h change?

If r becomes r  r and h becomes h  h , let V become V  V . Then the new

volume is given by
V  V    r  r   h  h 
2

 
  r 2  2rr  r 2  h  h  Note:  r 
2
 r 2

   r h  2rrh  r h  r h  2rrh  r h 
2 2 2 2

Subtract V  r 2h from each side:


V   2rhr  hr 2  r 2h  2rrh  r 2h 
   2rhr  r h 
2

since r and h are small and all the remaining terms are of a higher degree of
smallness.
Hence,
V  2rhr  r 2h
But
V  r 2 h
V V
 2rh and  r 2
r h
Thus,
V V
V  r  h
r h

This result applies to any function of two independent variables. Thus, if z is a

function of x and y , i.e. z  f  x; y  , and if x and y increase by small amounts x
and y , the increase z will also be relatively small with:
z z
z  x  y
x y

This result is quite general and a similar result applies for a function of three
independent variables. e.g. if z  f  x; y; w  then:
z z z
z  x  y  w
x y w

MAT2691 159
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 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

EXAMPLE 1
A cylinder has a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 10 cm. Find the approximate
increase in volume when the radius increases by 0.2 cm and the height decreases
by 0.1 cm.

Solution:
There are two variables the radius, r and the height, h.
V  r 2h
Given: r  0.2 cm and h  0.1 cm
when r  5 cm and h  10 cm
V V
 2rh  r 2
r h
 2  5 cm 10 cm     5 cm 
2

 100 cm2  25 cm2

V V
V  r  h
r h
   
 100 cm2  0.2 cm   25 cm2  0.1 cm 

  20  2.5  cm3

 17.5 cm3

EXAMPLE 2
V
If I  and V  250 volts and R  50 ohms, find the change in I resulting from an
R
increase of 1 volt in V and an increase of 0.5 ohm in R .

Solution:
V
I
R
Given: V  1 V and R  0.5 
when V  250 V and R  50 
I 1 I V
  2
V R R R
1 250 V
 
50  50 2
 0.02  1  0.1V 2

160 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

I I
I  V  R
V R
  
 0.02  1 1V   0,1V 2  0.5  
  0.02  0.05 V 1
 0.03 A

EXAMPLE 3
The period of a pendulum is given by

P  2
g
where
 is the length of the pendulum and
g is the acceleration due to gravity
If P and  are measured accurately, this equation can be used to compute g .
Suppose that in a certain pendulum
 5.1m
with an error of at most 0.1m and
P  2.5s
with an error of at most 0.05s.
Find an approximate value for the maximum error in the computed value of g .

Solution:

Make g the subject of the equation: P  2

g
 
P 2  42  
g
42
g
P2

Given:  5,1 m and P  2.5 s

  0.1 m P  0.05 s

g 42
 2
g


2 42 
 P P P3

g g
g    P
 P
 42   82  5.1 m  
   0,1 m    3 
 0.05 s 
  2.5 s 2    2.5 s 
   
 1.92 m/s2

MAT2691 161
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

ACTIVITY 1:
E2
1. The power consumed in an electrical resistor is given by P 
watts. If
R
E  200 volts and R  8 ohms, by how much does the power change if E is
decreased by 5 volts and R is decreased by 0,2 ohm?

2. Two sides of a triangle were measured as 50m and 65m and the included
angle as 60 . If the possible errors are 0,06m in measuring the sides and 1 in
the angle, what is the greatest possible error in the computed area?

Remember to check response 1 on page 166.

2. RATES OF CHANGE

Let us consider again a cylinder of radius r and height h .

Then the volume is given by
V  r 2h
so that
V
 2rh
r
and
V
 r 2
h
Since V is a function of r and h , we also know that
V V
V  r  h
r h
If we now divide both sides by  t then
V V r V h
 .  .
t r t h t
Then if  t  0
V dV

t dt
r dr

t dt
h dh

t dt
The partial derivatives, which do not contain  t , will remain unchanged.
Thus, we have
dV V dr V dh
   
dt r dt h dt

162 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

The extension to cases in which u  f  x; y; z  with x , y and z functions of t follows

du u dx u dy u dz
as      
dt x dt y dt z dt

EXAMPLE 4

The radius of a cylinder increases at the rate of 0.2 cm/s while the height decreases
at the rate of 0.5 cm/s. Find the rate at which the volume is changing at the instant
when r  8 cm and h  12 cm.

Solution:

V  r 2h
V V
 2rh  r 2
r h
dV V dr V dh
 .  .
dt r dt h dt
dr dh
 2rh.  r 2 .
dt dt
 2 8 12  0.2    8   0.5
2

 6.4 cm3 /s

EXAMPLE 5

Find
dz
dt
2 2
 
given z  n x  y , x  et and y  et .

Solution:


z  n x2  y 2 
x  e t y  et
z 2x z 2y
 2  2
x x  y 2 y x  y 2
dx dy
 e t  et
dt dt
dz z dx z dy
 .  .
dt x dt y dt

 2
2x
x y 2 
e t   x y
2
2y
2 e 
t

2 yet  2 xet

x2  y 2

MAT2691 163
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 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

ACTIVITY 2:

dz
1. Find given z  x2  2 xy  4 y 2 and y  eax .
dx
2. The altitude of a right circular cone is 15 cm and is increasing at 0.2 cm/s.
The radius of the base is 10 cm and is decreasing at 0.3 cm/s.
How fast is the volume changing?

Remember to check response 2 on page 167.

164 MAT2691
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 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

3. POST-TEST 12

1. In 1965, Craig Breedlove drove his special auto over a 3.218 km course at
slightly over 965.4 km/h. For simplicity sake, assume that the measured time
was 12 s so that the computed speed was exactly 965.4 km/h. Find the
approximate upper and lower bounds for the true speed if the distance was
correct within 0.02 km and the time was correct within 0.03 s.

2. In a certain survey, the two sides of a triangle were measured and found to be
160 m and 210 m with an error of at most 0.1 m. The included angle was
measured to be 60 with an error, of at most, 1 minute. The third side is
computed from these measurements for the percent error. Find an approximate
value for the maximum error in the third side and for the percent error.
1

3. If   kHLV where k is a constant, and there are possible errors of 1 percent
2
in measuring H , L and V , find the maximum possible error in the calculated
value of  .

Remember to check response post-test 12 on page 168.

MAT2691 165
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 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

4. RESPONSES

4.1. Response 1

E2
1. P
R

P 2 E P E2
  2
E R R R
P P
P  E  R
E R
 2  200     200 2 
   5    2 
 0, 2 
 8    8  
 250  125
 125 watts
1
2. A  ab sin C
2
A 1 1
 b sin C   50  sin 60  21,65
a 2 2
A 1 1
 a sin C   65 sin 60  28,15
b 2 2
A 1 1
 ab cos C   50  65 cos 60  812,5
C 2 2
A A A
A  a  b  C
a b C
  21,65 0,06    28,15 0,06   812,5 0,0174532 
 17.169m 2
1
NOTE: 1     0.0174532 radians
180

166 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

4.2. Response 2
1. z  x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 and y  eax

z dy
 2x  2 y and  aeax
x dx
z
 2x  8 y
y
dz z z dy
  .
dx x y dx

  2 x  2 y    2 x  8 y  aeax 
 2  x  y   2aeax  x  4 y 

2. Let x  radius and y  altitude

x 2 y
V
3
V 2xy V x 2
 
x 3 y 3
dV V dx V dy
 .  .
dt x dt y dt
 2 10 15    10 2 
   0,3     0, 2 

 3  
3

 73.3 cm3 /s

MAT2691 167
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

4.3. Response Post-Test 12

s
1. v
t
v 1 v s
  2
s t t t
v v
v  s  t
s t
 1   3.218   0.03 
   0,02     2  3600 
12
 3600   12   
 3600 
 3.5865km / h
Upper limit: 965.4  3.5865  968.99
Lower limit: 965.4  3.5865  961.81

2. b  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B

 160 2   210 2  2 160  210  cos  60 

 190
1
b 1 2
 

 a  c 2  2ac cos B 2  2a  2c cos B 
a 2
1

   2 160  2  210 cos 60 

1 
 160    210   2 160  210  cos 60
2 2 2
2
 0.2894736
1
b 1 2
 

 a  c 2  2ac cos B 2  2c  2a cos B 
c 2
1

   2  210  2 160 cos 60 

1 
 160    210   2 160  210  cos 60
2 2 2
2
 0.6842105
1
b 1 2
 

 a  c 2  2ac cos B 2  2ac sin B 
B 2
1

   2 160 210 sin  60 

1 
 160    210   2 160  210  cos 60
2 2 2
2
 153.14976
b b b
b  a  c  B
a c B
  0.2894736  0.1   0.6842105 0.1  153.14976  0.0002909 
 0.142 m

168 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 12
DIFFERENTIATION:
Small Increments and Rates of Change

1
NOTE: 1 minute  degrees
60
 0.0166666
0.0166666
   radians
180
 0.0002909 radians

0,142
 % Error   100  0.075%
190
1

3.   kHLV 2

1
 
 kLV 2
H
1
 
 kHV 2
L
3
 1 
  kHLV 2
V 2
  
  H  L  V
H L V
  
1  
1   1  
3
 kLV 2   0.01H    kHV
 2   0.01L     kHLV 2   0.01V 
     2 
     
kHL kHL kHL
  
100 V 100 V 200 V
kHL  1 1 1 
    
V 100 100 200 
 0.025
 Maximum error  2.5%

You have now completed Learning Unit 12: Small Increments and Rates of Change.
You should be able to:
 Determine small increments
 Find rates of change

We now move on to Learning Unit 13: Maclaurin’s Series.

MAT2691 169
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 MODULE 1 NUMERICAL METHODS
LEARNING UNIT 13 Maclaurin’s Series

OUTCOMES

At the end of this Learning Unit, you should be able to:

 Use Maclaurin’s Series to derive series of common functions.

CONTENTS

1. MACLAURIN’S SERIES 171

2. POST-TEST 1 174
3. RESPONSES 175
3.1. Response 1 175
3.2. Response Post-Test 1 176

170 MAT2691
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 Module 3 Unit 1
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

1. MACLAURIN’S SERIES

Sometimes it is important that a function be expressed as a series of ascending

powers of the variable.

Suppose we want to express the function cos x as a series of ascending powers in

x.

Let cos x  a  bx  cx 2  dx 3  ex 4  where a, b , c etc. are constant coefficients.

The above is an identity and must therefore, be true for all values of x.

If we substitute x  0 in the equation, we obtain

cos0  a
But we know that
cos0  1
and therefore,
a 1

Thus, cos x  1  bx  cx2  dx3  ex4 

To determine the next coefficient b , we differentiate with respect to x:

 sin x  b  2cx  3dx 2  4ex 3 

Again substitute x  0:
 sin 0  b
But sin0  0
and therefore,
b0

Again differentiate and substitute x  0 :

 cos x  2c  6dx  12ex 2 
 cos 0  2c
1
c
2

Repeat the process:

sin 0  6d
d 0
and again
cos 0  24e
1
e
24

MAT2691 171
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 13
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

1 2 1 4
 cos x  1  x  x (Remember n!  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3).......1 )
2 24
1 1
 1  x2  x4
2! 4!

This is a very cumbersome method to expand a function in ascending powers of x (if

the function is differentiable). However, there is a general series, known as
Maclaurin’s series, which can be applied to most functions.

Maclaurin’s series:

x2 x3
f  x   f  0   x. f   0   . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!

Notice how tidy each term is:

The term in x 2 is divided by 2! and multiplied by f   0 
The term in x3 is divided by 3! and multiplied by f   0 
The term in x 4 is divided by 4! and multiplied by f iv  0 

EXAMPLE 1

Expand sin x in a series of powers of x , using Maclaurin’s series.

Solution:
f  x   sin x f  0   sin 0 0
f   x   cos x f   0   cos 0  1
f   x    sin x f   0    sin 0  0
f   x    cos x f   0    cos 0  1
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x3 x5
sin x  x   
3! 5!

EXAMPLE 2

Expand e x in a series of powers of x , using Maclaurin’s series.

Solution:

172 MAT2691
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 Module 3 Unit 1
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

f  x  ex f  0   e0  1
f  x  ex f   0   e0  1
f   x   e x f   0   e0  1
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0 .x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x2 x3
ex  1  x   
2! 3!
EXAMPLE 3

Expand n 1  x  in a series of powers of x , using Maclaurin’s series.

Solution:
f  x   n 1  x  f  0   n 1  0   0
1 1
f  x  f  0  1
1 x 1 0
1 1
f   x   f   0    1
1  x 2 1  0 2
2 2
f   x   f   0   2
1  x  3
1  0  3

x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x2 x3
n 1  x   1. x   1   2  
2! 3!
x2 2 x3
 x  
2 6
x2 x3
 x  
2 3

ACTIVITY 1:
Expand the following in series of powers of x , using Maclaurin’s series:
1. cos x
2. sinh x
3. cosh x

4. sin 2 x
Remember to check response 1 on page 175.

MAT2691 173
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 Module 1 Unit 13
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

2. POST-TEST 1

1. Expand the following functions in series of powers of x , using Maclaurin’s series:

1.1 a x
1.2 tan x
1.3 arc tan x
1.4 sec x

2. Determine the Maclaurin expansion of x e x up to the term including x4 .

Write down the nth term of the series.
3. 
Determine the Maclaurin expansion of n 1  e
x
 up to the term including x .2

Remember to check response post-test 1 on page 176.

174 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 3 Unit 1
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

3. RESPONSES

3.1. Response 1
1.
f  x   cos x f  0   cos 0  1
f   x    sin x f   0    sin 0  0
f   x    cos x f   0    cos 0  1
f   x   sin x f   0   sin 0 0
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x2 x4
cos x  1   
2! 4!

2.
e0  e 0
f  x   sinh x f  0   sinh 0  0
2
e0  e 0
f   x   cosh x f   0   cosh 0  1
2
e0  e 0
f   x   sinh x f   0   sinh 0  0
2
e0  e 0
f   x   cosh x f   0   cosh 0  1
2
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x3 x5
sinh x  x   
3! 5!
3.
e0  e 0
f  x   cosh x f  0   cosh 0  1
2
e0  e 0
f   x   sinh x f   0   sinh 0  0
2
e0  e 0
f   x   cosh x f   0   cosh 0  1
2
e0  e 0
f   x   sinh x f   0   sinh 0  0
2
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0 .x  . f  0   . f   0  

2! 3!
x2 x4
cosh x  1   
2! 4!

MAT2691 175
UNISA
 Module 1 Unit 13
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

4.
f  x   sin 2 x f  0   sin 2 0 0
f   x   2sin x cos x  sin 2 x f   0   sin 2  0  0
f   x   2 cos 2 x f   0   2 cos 2  0   2
f   x   4sin 2 x f   0   4sin 2  0   0
f iv  x   8cos 2 x f iv  0   8cos 2  0   8
f v  x   16sin 2 x f v  0   16sin 2  0   0
f vi  x   32 cos 2 x f vi  0   32 cos 2  0   32
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x2 x4 x6
sin x  2.  8.  32.
2
2! 4! 6!
x2 x4 x6
 2.  8.  32.
2 24 720
x4 2 x6
 x2  
3 45

3.2. Response Post-Test 1

1.1
f  x  ax f 0  a0 1
f   x   n a.a x f   0   n a.a 0  na
f   x    n a  .a x f   0    n a  .a 0   n a 
2 2 2

f   x    n a  .a x f   0    n a  .a 0   n a 
3 3 3

x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f  0   . f   0  

2! 3!
x2 3 x
3
a x  1  n a. x   n a    n a
2

2! 3!
1.2
f  x   tan x f  0   tan 0 0
f   x   sec2 x f   0   sec2 0 1
f   x   2sec2 x. tan x f   0   2sec2 0. tan 0 0
f   x   4sec2 x tan 2 x  2sec4 x f   0   4sec2 0 tan 2 0  2sec4 0  2

176 MAT2691
UNISA
 Module 3 Unit 1
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0 .x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x3 x5
tan x  x  2.  16. 
3! 5!
x 3 2 x5
 x  
3 15
1.3
f  x   arc tan x f  0   arc tan 0 0
1 1
f  x  f  0  1
1  x2 1  02
2 x 2  0 
f   x   f   0   0
1  x  2 2
1  0  2 2

2 1  x 2    2 x   2 1  x 2  .2 x  2 1  02   8  0  1  02 
2 2

f   x   f   0    2
1  x2  1  0 
4 2 4

x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0.x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!
x3
arc tan x  x  2. 
3!
x3
 x 
3

1.4
f  x   sec x f  0   sec 0 1
f   x   sec x tan x f   0   sec 0 tan 0 0
f   x   sec x tan 2 x  sec3 x f   0   sec 0 tan 2 0  sec3 0  1
f   x   sec x tan 3 x  2sec3 x tan x  3sec3 x tan x f   0   0
x2 x3
f  x   f 0  f  0 .x  . f  0   . f   0  

2! 3!
x2
sec x  1  
2!

MAT2691 177
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 Module 1 Unit 13
NUMERICAL METHODS: Maclaurin’s Series

2. f  x   xe x f (0)  0
f '  x   e x  xe x f '  0  1
f ''  x   2e x  xe x f " 0  2
f '''  x   3e x  xe x f '''  0   3
x3 x 4 xn
xe x  x  x 2    ...... 
2 6  n  1!
3.


f  x  n 1 ex  f  0   n 1  1  n 2

ex 1 1
f  x  f  0  
1 e x 11 2

f   x  
1  e  e  e  e 
x x x x

1  e 
2
x

ex 1 1
 f   0   
1  e  1  12
2 4
x

x2 x3
Maclaurin: f  x   f  0   f   0  .x  . f   0   . f   0  
2! 3!

 
2
1 1 x
n 1  e x  n2  x  
2  4  2!
1 x2
 n2  x  
2 8

You have now completed Learning Unit 13: Maclaurin’s Series. You should be able
to:
 Use Maclaurin’s series to derive series of common functions

You have now completed Module 1: Differentiation. Please ensure you have actively
engaged with all the Learning Units and have achieved the outcomes stated in each
Learning Unit.

We will now move on to Module 2: Integration.

178 MAT2691
UNISA