PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

Review of Related Literature

 Related Theories

 Learning Theory

- Describe how students absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and
environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world
view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. (Illeris, Knud (2004). The three
dimensions of learning. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co.)

- Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and advocate a system of rewards and targets in
education. Educators who embrace cognitive theory believe that the definition of learning as a change in
behavior is too narrow, and study the learner rather than their environment—and in particular the
complexities of human memory. Those who advocate constructivism believe that a learner's ability to learn
relies largely on what they already know and understand, and the acquisition of knowledge should be an
individually tailored process of construction. Transformative learning theory focuses on the often-
necessary change required in a learner's preconceptions and world view. Geographical learning theory
focuses on the ways that contexts and environments shape the learning process.

In learning theory it has types of learning of a person :

o Behaviorism

- Is a view in which behavior can be explained by external factors and behavioral conditioning can be used
as a universal learning process? In behaviorism, the ideas of positive and negative reinforcement are
effective tools of learning and behavior modification, as well as a punishment and reward system.

- Behaviorism focuses on one particular view of learning: a change in external behavior achieved through
using reinforcement and repetition (Rote learning) to shape behavior of learners. Skinner found that
behaviors could be shaped when the use of reinforcement was implemented. Desired behavior is rewarded,
while the undesired behavior is not rewarded. Incorporating behaviorism into the classroom allowed
educators to assist their students in excelling both academically and personally. In the field of language
learning, this type of teaching was called the audio-lingual method, characterized by the whole class using
choral chanting of key phrases, dialogues and immediate correction. (Learning Theories. 2007-01-31.
Retrieved 2017-08-04.)
- Within the behaviorist view of learning, the "teacher" is the dominant person in the classroom and takes
complete control; evaluation of learning comes from the teacher who decides what is right or wrong. The
learner does not have any opportunity for evaluation or reflection within the learning process; they are
simply told what is right or wrong. The conceptualization of learning using this approach could be
considered "superficial" as the focus is on external changes in behavior i.e. not interested in the internal
processes of learning leading to behavior change and has no place for the emotions involved the process

 Related Studies

 Learning Styles And Culturally Diverse Students : A Literature Review

- According to the "the concept of learning styles is based on the theory that an individual responds to
educational experiences with consistent behavior and performance patterns." It stated that students have
their own way to learn. There are 5 ways of learning: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism,
Humanism, and Connectivism.

o Behaviorism meaning a view in which behavior can be use as universal learning process and
can be an effective tool for learning and behavior modification and the same as punishment
and reward system.
o Cognitivism meaning students learn most effectively through reading text and lecture
instruction.
o Constructivism means the ideas of people use to construct their own meaning based on their
experiences.
o Humanism it focuses on the students exploring, observation and experiences.
o Connectivism it focuses on the student's connection through media and through people.

Franz Nicolu Montales Shawn Arbie Jaze Dagohoy Christopher Ultra Carmela Dela Cruz
  Metacognitive Model of Strategic Learning : The Learning Strategies (A Handbook )

- Based on the handbook of the learning strategies, the learning strategies were chosen for inclusion in the
model based on their usefulness and applicability to a broad range of learning tasks. The model consists
of four metacognitive processes: Planning, Monitoring, Problem-Solving, and Evaluating. The four
strategic processes doesn’t have to be sequent but may be used as necessary depending on the demands
of the task and the interaction between the given task and learner:

o Planning is a set of goals by thinking of their objectives for the task, and the come up with a
plan of strategies to help them through the task so that they will meet those objectives.
o Monitoring is used to measure the effectiveness while working on a certain task, a learner
should focus of concentration needs to be given time and then consciously focus their
attention on a specific aspect of the task.
o Problem-solving is a used any resource available to them to solve the problem, whether it
comes from within themselves, through reference materials, of from another person
o Evaluating is an assessment they met their goals for the task and if they did not, why they
didn’t meet those goals and what they can do differently next time.

 Effective Learning : Effective Learning in Classrooms (An E-Book

- Prior to the e-book for Effective Learning in Classroom, the author points out that “It is important to
consider what effective learning means, and to ask “Effective for what?” “Effective for when?” This
helps us remember that the term ‘effective learning’ only makes sense when the context of learning and
the goals are specified.” The effective learning has some important features that mean that the goals of
learning need to focus less on knowledge acquisition by individuals but more on knowledge generation
with others. There are some following significant studies that may affect the knowledge of a learner:

o More information should be available, the learners need to know how to find and select
relevant information, to process it, to connect it and to use it.
o The capability to learn and to adjust needs to be lifelong because change is permanent state.
o Learners requires being able to enhance and transfer knowledge and to operate
collaboratively.
o Learning is increasingly taking place in different setting and with different relationships.

 Models of learning : Effective Learning in Classrooms (An E-Book)

- The author illustrates that, “A model of learning is not the real thing, but it tries to say something
important about the real thing by identifying key elements and describing how they relate to each other.”
There are three possible major models of learning suggests by the author:

o Reception is concerned with quantity, facts and skills; assumes transmission of knowledge
from an external source (e.g. teacher or coach).
o Construction is concerned with the learner's construction of meaning through discussion,
discovery, open-ended learning, and making connections (e.g. individual sense-making).
o Co-construction is concerned with the learner's construction of meaning through interaction
and collaboration with others, especially through dialogue (e.g. collaboratively work).

 Factors related to learner dropout in online learning : a literature review

- It stated that "This study categorized factors identified from literature into student characteristics,
student prior skills, external factors, and internal factors" there are 7 Important Factors that May Affect
the Learning Process. Intellectual factors, learning factors, Physical factors, Mental factors, Emotional
and social factors, Teacher’s Personality, and Environmental factor.

o Intellectual factors- focuses on individuals mental level.

o Learning factors- refer to students lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of
work or study, and narrowness of experimental background.
o Physical factors-health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and
glandular abnormality.

Franz Nicolu Montales Shawn Arbie Jaze Dagohoy Christopher Ultra Carmela Dela Cruz
 o Mental factors- refers to the attitude of the person, Attitudes exercise a stimulating effect upon
the rate of learning and teaching and upon the progress in school.
o Emotional and social factors - refers to personal emotions, instincts, cooperation and rivalry.
o Teachers personality factors - refers to the way of how teachers present their lessons like the
article stated "The supreme value of a teacher is not in the regular performance of routine
duties, but in his power to lead and to inspire his pupils through the influence of his moral
personality and example."
o environmental factors-This includes the classrooms, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and
other instructional materials.

 References:
o Theories

- http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/learning/theories/

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)#Educational_philosophy

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)

- https://www.educationdegree.com/articles/educational-learning-theories/+

o Related studies

- https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED382722

- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0273475308324086

-
- https://vpn.benilde.edu.ph/books/download/effective-learning-in-
classrooms/,DanaInfo=sk.sagepub.com+n2.pdf

- The Learning Strategies (Handbook)

By: Anna Uhl Chamot, Sarah Barnhardt, Pamela Beard El-Dinary, And Jill Robbin

Franz Nicolu Montales Shawn Arbie Jaze Dagohoy Christopher Ultra Carmela Dela Cruz