SUHAIL T A

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 Arrays

An array is a collection of identical data
elements or homogeneous type of data
elements

Stored in consecutive memory locns under

a common heading or a variable name

Individual values are called elements

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 Arrays
Eg. #include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int age[5];
int i,n;
float sum=0,avg;
printf(“enter the no of persons”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if (n<=0 || n>5)
printf(”invalid no of persons entered”);
else
{
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(“Age”)

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 Arrays
scanf(“%d”,&age[i]);
sum=sum+age[i];
}
avg=sum/n;
printf(“ages are”);
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(“%d”,age[i]);
printf(“average=%f”,avg);
}
}

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 Arrays

Declaration
Must be accompanied by a size of specification,ie the no
of elements

Syntax

Data type arrayname[size of array];

Eg. int age[5];

Size of array

Name of array

Data type of array

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 Arrays

Dimensioning the array
Declaring the name and the type of an array and setting the no of
elements in the array

Three types

1. One dimensional

2. Two dimensional

3. Multi dimensional

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 Arrays
1. One dimensional array
A list of items can be given one variable name using only
one subscript
Eg. int age[5];
2. Two dimensional array
Two subscripts, one denotes the row, and the other
column
Eg. int a[10][10];
a is declared as matrix having 10 rows and 10 columns.
The first element is a[0][0] and the last element is
a[9][9]

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 Arrays

Accessing array elements

Specify array name, followed by square braces enclosing an
integer- array index

Indicates the particular element of array which we want to access

Numbering of elements starts from zero

Eg. #include <stdio.h>
main)
{
int i,sum,m;
int s[100];
printf(“how many numbers”);
scanf(“%d”,&m);

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 Arrays
printf(“enter the numbers”);
for (i=0;i<=m;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&s[i]);
}
sum=0;
for (i=0;i<=m;i++)
{
sum=sum+s[i];
}
printf(“the sum of the numbers is %d”,sum);
}

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 Arrays

Searching of array element

Used to find the location where element is available or not

Two types

1. Linear Searching

Access each element of an array one by one sequentially and see
whether it is the desired element or not

Eg. #include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[100],n,i,item,loc=-1;
printf(“enter the no of elements”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“enter the nos:”);
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)

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 {
Arrays
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“enter the no to be searched:”);
scanf(“%d”,&item);
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
if (item==a[i])
{
loc=i;
break;
}
}
if (loc>=0)
printf(“%d is found in position %d”,item,loc+1);
else
printf(“item does not exist”);
}
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 Arrays
2. Binary Searching

Extremely efficient algorithm

Searches the given item in minimum possible comparisons

First sort the array elements

Logic is
1. First find the middle element of the array
2. Compare the mid element with an item
3. There are 3 cases
i. If it is a desired element then search is successful
ii. If it is less than desired item then search only the first half
of the array
iii. If it is greater than the desired element, then search in the
second half of the array

Repeat the steps until an element is found or exhausted in the
search area

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 Arrays
Eg. #include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[100],n,i,item,beg,end,mid;
printf(“enter the no of elements”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“enter the no.s in ascending order”);
for (i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“enter the no to be searched”);
scanf(“%d”,&item);
beg=0;
end=n-1;
mid=(beg+end)/2;
while (beg<=end && item!=a[mid])

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 Arrays
{
if (item>a[mid])
beg=mid+1;
else
end=mid-1;
mid=(beg+end)/2;
}
If (a[mid]==item)
printf(“%d is found in position %d”,item,mid+1);
Else
Printf(“item does not exist”);
}

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 Strings

Arrays of characters

Characters assigned one after another in memory

To mark the end of the string, c uses the null character

Are enclosed within double quotes

Eg. “my age is ten” is a string

Eg. #include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char month[15];
printf(“enter the string”);
gets(month);
printf(“The string entered is %s”,month);
}

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 Strings

Arrays of strings

An array of string is 2d array

Eg. #include<stdio.h>
const int NUM=5;
const int LENGTH=9;
main()
{
int j;
char names[NUM][LENGTH]={“Tejaswi”, “Prasad”, “Prakash”,
“Prasanth”, “Anand”};
for (j=0;j<=NUM;j++)
printf(“%s\n”, names[j]));
}

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 Strings

Functions in strings

To use string fns, the header file “string.h” must be

included in the pgm
i.e #include<string.h>

Eg. #include<stdio.h>
const int NUM=5;
const int LENGTH=9;
main()
{
int j;
char names[NUM][LENGTH]={“Tejaswi”, “Prasad”, “Prakash”, “Prasanth”,
“Anand”};
for (j=0;j<=NUM;j++)
printf(“%s\n”, names[j]));
}

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 Strings

Functions in strings
1. strcat()

Concatenates two strings

Appends one string at the end of another

Accepts two strings as parameters and stores the contents of the
second string at the end of the first

2. strcmp()

Compares two strings

Accepts two strings as parameters and returns an integer, whose

value is

Less than 0, if the first string is less than second

Equal to 0 if both are equal

Greater than 0, if the first string is greater than second

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 Strings
3. strcpy()

Copies one string to another

Accepts two strings as parameters and copies the second
string by character into the first one up to and including the
null character of the second string

4. strlen()

This fn returns an integer which denotes the length of the string
passed

Length of the string is the no of characters present in it, excluding

the terminating null character

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 Strings
5. strrev()

Process of exchanging the characters in the string

The first character exchanged with last one, second
character exchanged with second last one and so on, till we
reach the mid position

6. strlwr()

Convert all the characters in a string from upper case to
lowercase

7. strupr()

Lowercase to uppercase

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