Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(3 Credits)
Assignment 1
Ans. A renowned Accountant once observed that ‘Accounting was born without
notice and reared in neglect.’ Accounting was first practiced and then
theorized. Certain ground rules were initially set for financial accounting:
these rules arose out of conventions. Therefore, these are called
accounting concepts.
3) The Cost Concept: Assets such as land, buildings, plant and machinery
etc, and obligations, such as loans, public deposits, should be recorded at
historical cost (i.e. cost as on acquisition). For example, the land
purchased by a business entity two years back at a cost of Rs. 10 Lakh
should be shown, as per the cost concept, at the same amount even today
when the current price of the land may have increased five-fold. Thus, the
greatest limitation of this concept is that it distorts the true worth of an
asset by sticking to its original cost.
4) The Going Concern Concept: One common argument put forward by the
proponents of cost concept is that the assets are shown at its original cost
(net of depreciation) because these are meant for use for a long period of
time and not for immediate resale. Therefore, the cost concept rests on the
assumption that an entity would continue its operation for a long time. An
entity is said to be a going of curtailing materially the scale of the
operations’. This concept is considered as one of the fundamental
accounting assumptions. The valuation principle of assets and liabilities
depend on this concept. If an entity is not a going concern, its assets and
liabilities are to be valued in a altogether different manner.
2. Enter the following transactions in a cashbook with cash, bank and discount
columns.
2008
Jan.1 Commenced business with Rs.16,000 in cash
Jan.2 Paid into bank Rs. 14,500
Jan.3 Bought goods for Rs. 3,850 and paid by cheque.
Jan.4 Bought furniture for cash Rs. 680
Jan.5 Sold goods for cash Rs. 2,600 and deposited the same into bank.
Jan.10 Bought goods for Rs. 4,850 and paid by cheque.
Jan.11 Bought stationery for Rs. 185
Jan.15 Received cash from Hegde Rs.680 allowing him a discount of Rs. 20
Jan.20 Paid Raj his dues by cheque Rs. 240 receiving a discount of Rs.10
Jan.25 Paid Chandra by cheque Rs. 400
Jan.26 Sold goods for cash Rs. 585 and remitted the same into the bank.
Jan.27 Our cheque to Chandra returned dishonored.
Jan.29 Drew cheque for salary Rs. 2,365
Jan.31 Drew cheque for personal use Rs 100
3. The following financial information is furnished by Aditya Mills Ltd. for
the current year :
Balance Sheet as on 31-3-2008
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Equity Share Capital 1000000 Plant & Equipment 640000
Retained Earnings 368000 Land & Buildings 80000
Sundry Creditors 104000 cash 160000
Bills Payable 200000 Sundry Debtors 320000
Other Current Liabilities 20000 Stock 480000
Prepaid Insurance 12000
1692000 1692000
Calculate :
(i) Current ratio
(ii) Acid-Test ratio
(iii) Stock Turnover Ratio
(iv) Debtors Turnover Ratio
(v) Creditors Turnover ratio
(vi) Gross Profit Ratio
(vii) Net Profit Ratio
(viii) Return on equity capital
Answer
Aditya Mills Ltd.
= Sales-Gross Profit
Closing Stock
= 30,80,000 = 6.41:1
4,80,000
= 9,20,000 * 100
40,00,000
= 1,56,000*100
40,00,000
= _____1,56,000____*100
10,00,000+3,68,000
Ans. Variance is the difference between a standard cost and the actual cost
incurred during a period. Analysis of individual variances to determine the
extent of deviation and their causes is called variance analysis. Thus, it
involves two elements:
Standards are established for each element of cost, viz., material, labour
and overheads.
1) Standards for Material: The standard for material include (a) material
quantity (usage) standard and (b) material price standard.
2) Standards for Labour: Standards are set for direct labour in terms of
cost and efficiency (quantity) called labour cost standard and labour usage
efficiency standard.
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5. “The Analysis of flow of funds through an organization can be very
useful to the management”. Elucidate.
Ans. Fund may be interpreted in various ways as (a) Cash, (b) Total
current assets, (c) Net working capital, (d) Net current assets. For the
purpose of fund flow statement the term fund means net working capital.
The flow of fund will occur in a business, when a transaction results in a
change i.e., increase or decrease in the amount of fund.
Fund Flow Statement describes the sources from which additional funds
were derived and the uses to which these funds were put.
1. A Funds Statement
2. A statement of sources and uses of fund
3. A statement of sources and applications of fund
4. Where got and where gone statement
5. Inflow and outflow of fund statement
1. The help to understand the changes in assets and asset sources which
are not readily evident in the income statement or financial statement..
Ans. There are certain errors which will disturb the Trial Balance in the sense
that the Trail Balance will not agree. These errors are easy to detect and
their rectification is also simple. For example, if the debit column total of
the Trial Balance exceeds the credit column total, the possibilities may be
casting error in any account, posting of a wrong amount and a balancing
error. These errors are easy to detect and you can, within a short time,
Arrive at an agreed Trial Balance. In the era of advanced information
technology, when you will be using software packages for accounting
purposes, the possibility of these types of errors and consequently, a
disagreed Trial Balance is nil.
However, there are certain errors that are not detected through a Trial
Balance. In other words, a Trial Balance would agree in spite of these
errors. These errors are very difficult to detect because you will not be
aware of such errors. The examples of such errors are errors of principle,
errors of omission, errors of commission, compensating errors, etc.
If the amount received from Mr. X is wrongly posted in the account of Mr.
Y, and by another error, then it is a case of compensating error. For
example, if the sales account is under cast by the same amount, these
errors are cancelled and hence will not affect the Trial Balance.
As the Trial Balance is not prepared it implies that the ledger balances are
not drawn, i.e., account in closed. So, it becomes easy to rectify errors
detected at this stage. There are can be two types of errors.
a) An error affecting only one account or more than one account in such a
way that no journal entry is possible for its rectification;
Once the Trial Balance is prepared, all ledger balances are drawn. In that
case, to rectify any error, it should be done in such a way that the Trial
Balance agrees. In other words, if an account is to debited for rectification,
another account has to be credited by the same amount. Otherwise, the
Trial Balance will not tally. This is possible only if the rectification is
done with the help of journal entries.
One type (a) errors are detected, these are to be rectified by passing
journal entries and, upon rectification of all such errors, the Suspense
Account will be automatically eliminated from the Trial Balance. The
technique for passing journal entries cases is to put the suspense account
to fill in the unknown side or the difference in amount.
2. From the following trail balance extracted from the books of Mr. Ram, prepare
Trading A/c, P&L A/c and Balance Sheet for the year ending 31st March 2008.
Trail Balance as at 31st March 2008
Dr.(Rs.) Cr. (Rs.)
Stock as on 1-4-2007 62500
Purchases & Sales 90300 137200
Returns 2200 1300
Capital 30000
Drawings 4500
Land and Buildings 30000
Furniture & Fittings 8000
Sundry Debtors and Creditors 25000 45000
Cash in Hand 3500
Investments 10000
Interest 2500
Commission 3000
Direct expenditure 7500
Postages, Stationery and
Phones 2500
Fire Insurance Premium 2000
Salaries 11000
Bank Over Draft 40000
259000 259000
Additional Information :
i)Closing Stock is Valued at Rs. 65,000
ii)Goods worth Rs.500 are reported to have been taken away by the
proprietor for his personal use at home during 07-08
iii)Interest on Investments Rs.500is yet to be received
iv)Depreciation is to be provided on Land & Buildings @ 5% and on
Furniture & Fittings @10%
v)Make provision for Doubtful debts @ 5%
Ans
In the Books of Mr. Ram Trading Account for the year ended 31 March 2008.
Dr. Cr.s
To Gross 48,500
Profit c/d
2,00,000 2,00,000
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31March 2008
Dr. Cr.
Working Notes:
3. The sales and profit of a manufacturing concern for the year 2007
and 2008 is as follows:
2007 2008
Sales Rs 1,50,000 Rs 2,00,000
Cost Rs 1,44,000 Rs 1,90,000
Determine:
a) P/V ratio
b) Fixed Cost
c) Break-Even Point
d) Profit at Sales of Rs. 2,50,000
e) Sales to earn a desired profit of Rs. 20,000.
Ans.
X= 2,00,000- 1,90,00
Year 2008 X= 10,000
a) P/V ratio:
= 10,000-6,000 * 100
50,000
P/V ratio = 8%
b) Fixed Cost:
= 6,000 = 75,000
8%
BEP = 75,000
= 2,50,000 * 8 - 6,000
100
= 6,000 + 20,000
8%
= 26,000
8%
One type of Budgetary Control cannot be adopted for all firms. The
following steps are necessary to prepare suitable budgets and effective
implementation of the budgetary control system.