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Several important aspects affect metabolism, including variations in
skeletal muscle fibres and metabolic adaptations to aerobic and
resistance training.
If you can gain an understanding of factors that influence metabolism, it will help
you understand and develop training programmes for athletes participating in all
types of sporting events. This article explains the difference in muscle fibres and
how they react to exercise, taken from our new book Advanced Exercise Physiology.
Type I (or slow oxidative) skeletal muscle fibres are designed for prolonged,
repetitive contractions and support endurance-related activities (e.g., long distance
running/cycling). Type I fibres are metabolically designed for large amounts of ATP
synthesis via oxidative metabolism. This fibre type has the largest volume of
mitochondria, capillary density and myoglobin levels. In addition, Type I fibres have
greater expression of TCA and ETC enzymes such as citrate synthase, succinate
dehydrogenase and cytochrome c and expression of TCA enzymes. Further,
oxidative fibres have a greater expression of FABP and carnitine transferase,
indicating a greater capacity to transport and utilise fatty acids.
During high-intensity exercise, larger muscle fibres are recruited such as Types IIA
and IIX, which have greater expression of glycolytic enzymes to support faster rates
of ATP synthesis. However, Type I fibres do express moderate levels of glycolytic
enzymes. Interestingly, during prolonged low-intensity exercise (30% V˙O2max, 3 h),
Type I fibres are more depleted of glycogen, whereas Type IIX/IIA fibres have
minimal depletion. In addition, during short bouts of high-intensity exercise (1-min
intervals at 120% V˙O2max), Type IIA/IIX fibres are depleted and Type I fibres have
only modest depletion. Glycogenolysis occurs at high rates in Type I fibres between
intensities of 60% and 75% V˙O2max. At higher intensities, glycogenolysis is more
active in Type IIA and Type IIX fibres.
Markers of the ATP-PCr system, such as stored PCr and enzyme expression (creatine
kinase, adenylate kinase), are markedly higher in Type IIX fibres and subsequently
decrease across Type IIA and Type I fibres, respectively. Some studies have shown
that predominately Type II muscles (i.e., digitorum longus) have twice the amount of
stored PCr compared with Type I muscles (i.e., soleus). After maximal contractions,
Type IIA/X fibres demonstrate lower levels of PCr and levels remain lower into
recovery. Additionally, in single fibre work, after 10 seconds of maximal contractions,
PCr levels decrease approximately 46%, 53% and 63% in Type I, IIA and IIX fibres,
respectively.
These systems are highly regulated by small changes in substrates (i.e., ADP, AMP,
NADH, acetyl-CoA), which are constantly changing based on the intensity of the bout
of exercise.
This text builds upon foundational physiology topics and looks further into key
physiological components to help gain a deeper level of understanding. Authors
Jonathan K. Ehrman, Dennis J. Kerrigan and Steven J. Keteyian address a wide range
of complex topics with evidence-based information and a focused, targeted style.
Buy this book now, while our Christmas sale is on and get 40% off with promo code
Gift40. Offer ends on 31st December 2017.
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PUBLISHED BY
Ryan Parker
Hi, I'm Ryan, one of the bloggers here at Human Kinetics Europe Ltd. (If you
want my official title, it's Marketing Executive.) I've always had a passion for
health and fitness, having previously worked in gyms and played a variety of
sports all my life. Now (as a somewhat of a washed-up athlete) I find myself
working at the world’s biggest independent publisher of sport, health, dance
and fitness resources. Which is amazing! Why? Because I get unrestricted
access to all the best, most interesting, scientifically-proven writing on
sports science. And what's more, I get to share it all with you!
14/11/2017
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