TERM PAPER

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

PHY102

Topic: Global warming and its effects on future of universe

DOA: 1st September, 2010

DOS: 11th November, 2010

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Ms PARMINDER KAUR Mr AMBER SHUKLA
Deptt. Of Physics Roll.No.RG6006B45
Reg no. 11004916
Course:-B.tech(ECE)M.tech Dual
Degree 1205 D
TABLE OF CONTENTS:-

1) AKNOWLEDGEMENT
2) INTRODUCTION
3) SOME STATISTICS OF GLOBAL WARMING
4) EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
5) REFRENCES
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

Firstly, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my teacher Ms. PARMINDER

KAUR for giving me interesting topic “Global warming and its effects on future of universe ”. I
would also like to thank my friends in my own department for developing many of the new and
revised ideas for this topic.
In addition, it seems appropriate to acknowledge my fellow class-mates who encouraged me
and participated in many of the discussions held. I would appreciate your kind efforts and
wording mistakes despite my better efforts. The information regarding this topic got from
various books and website. But this term paper can’t be possible without the cooperation of my
teacher, and those who guide me for this topic.

AMBER SHUKLA
INTRODUCTION:-
The scientific community has reached a
strong consensus regarding the science of
global climate change. The world is
undoubtedly warming. This warming is
largely the result of emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases from
human activities including industrial
processes, fossil fuel combustion, and
changes in land use, such as deforestation.
Continuation of historical trends of
greenhouse gas emissions will result in
additional warming over the 21st century.
Current projections point to a global
increase of 2.0°F to 11.5°F (1.1°C to 6.4°C)
by 2100, with warming in the U.S. expected
to be even higher. This warming will have
real consequences for the United States and
the world, for with that warming will also
come additional sea-level rise that will
gradually inundate coastal areas and
increase beach erosion and flooding from
coastal storms, changes in precipitation
patterns, increased risk of droughts and
floods, threats to biodiversity, and a number
of potential challenges for public health.
Addressing climate change is no simple
task. To protect ourselves, our economy, and
our land from the adverse effects of climate
change, we must ultimately dramatically
reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases.
To achieve this goal we must fundamentally
transform the way we power our global
economy. This demands shifting away from
a century’s legacy of unrestrained fossil fuel
use and its associated emissions in pursuit of
more efficient and renewable sources of
energy. Such a transformation will require
society to engage in a concerted effort, over
the near- and long-term, to seek out
opportunities and design actions to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
The Pew Center on Global Climate Change
seeks to educate key policy-makers and the
public about the causes and potential
consequences of climate change and to assist
the domestic and international communities
in developing practical and effective
solutions to this important environmental
challenge. The Global Warming Basics
section of the web site provides introductory
information on global warming, including
fundamental facts and data on global
warming, analysis of the science behind
global warming, frequently asked questions
about global warming, and a global warming
glossary.
Global warming is the increase in
the average temperature of Earth's near-
surface air and oceans since the mid-20th
century and its projected continuation.
According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment
Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), global surface
temperature increased
0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the
20th century. Most of the observed
temperature increase since the middle of the
20th century has been causedby increasing November 2009, 187 states had signed and
concentrations of greenhouse gases, which ratified the protocol.
result from human activity such as the
burning of fossil
fuel and deforestation. Global dimming, a
result of increasing concentrations of
atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight
from reaching the surface, has partially
countered the effects of warming induced by
greenhouse gases.
Climate model projections summarized in
the latest IPCC report indicate that the
global surface temperature is likely to rise a
further 1.1 to 6.4 °C(2.0 to 11.5 °F) during SOME STATISTICS OF
the 21st century. The uncertainty in this GLOBAL WARMING
estimate arises from the use of models with
differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas
concentrations and the use of
differing estimates of future greenhouse gas
emissions. An increase in global temperature
will cause sea levels to rise and will change
the amount and pattern of precipitation,
probably including expansion
of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected
to be strongest in the Arctic and would be
associated with continuing retreat of
glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely
effects include changes in the frequency and
intensity of extreme weather events, species 1880-2009 global mean surface temperature
extinctions, and changes in agricultural difference relative to the 1961–1990 average
yields. Warming and related changes will
vary from region to region around the globe,
though the nature of these regional
variations is uncertain. As a result of
contemporary increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide, the oceans have
become more acidic; a result that is
predicted to continue.
The scientific consensus is Comparison of ground based (blue) and
that anthropogenic global warming is satellite based (red: UAH; green: RSS)
occurring. Nevertheless, political and public records of temperature variations since
debate continues. The Kyoto Protocolis 1979. Trends plotted since January 1982.
aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas
concentration to prevent a "dangerous
anthropogenic interference". As of

Mean surface temperature change for the
period 2000 to 2009 relative to the average
temperatures from 1951 to 1980.
TEMPERATURE CHANGES:-
Evidence for warming of the climate system
includes observed increases in global
average air and ocean temperatures,
widespread melting of snow and ice, and
rising global average sea level. The most
common measure of global warming is the
trend in globally averaged temperature near
the Earth's surface. Expressed as
a linear trend, this temperature rose by
0.74 ± 0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005.
The rate of warming over the last half of that
period was almost double that for the period
as a whole (0.13 ± 0.03 °C per decade,
versus 0.07 °C ± 0.02 °C per decade).
The urban heat island effect is estimated to
account for about 0.002 °C of warming per
decade since 1900.[18] Temperatures in the
lower troposphere have increased between
0.13 and 0.22 °C (0.22 and 0.4 °F) per
decade since 1979, according to satellite
temperature measurements. Temperature is
believed to have been relatively stable over
the one or two thousand years before 1850,
with regionally varying fluctuations such as
the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice
Age.
Estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for
Space Studies (GISS) and the National
Climatic Data Center show that 2005 was
the warmest year since reliable, widespread
instrumental measurements became
available in the late 19th century, exceeding
the previous record set in 1998 by a few
hundredths of a degree. Estimates prepared
by the World Meteorological
Organization and the Climatic Research
Unit show 2005 as the second warmest year,
behind 1998. Temperatures in 1998 were
unusually warm because the strongest El
Niño in the past century occurred during that
year. Global temperature is subject to short-
term fluctuations that overlay long term
trends and can temporarily mask them. The
relative stability in temperature from 2002 to
2009 is consistent with such an episode.
Temperature changes vary over the globe.
Since 1979, land temperatures have
increased about twice as fast as ocean
temperatures (0.25 °C per decade against
0.13 °C per decade). Ocean temperatures
increase more slowly than land temperatures
because of the larger effective heat capacity
of the oceans and because the ocean loses
more heat by evaporation. The Northern
Hemisphere warms faster than the Southern
Hemisphere because it has more land and
because it has extensive areas of seasonal
snow and sea-ice cover subject toice-albedo
feedback. Although more greenhouse gases
are emitted in the Northern than Southern
Hemisphere this does not contribute to the
difference in warming because the major
greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix
between hemispheres. The thermal inertia of
the oceans and slow responses of other
indirect effects mean that climate can take
centuries or longer to adjust to changes in
forcing. Climate commitment studies
indicate that even if greenhouse gases were
stabilized at 2000 levels, a further warming
of about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) would still occur.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING:-
The planet is warming, from North Pole to
South Pole, and everywhere in between.
Globally, the mercury is already up more
than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree
Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar
regions. And the effects of rising
temperatures aren’t waiting for some far-
flung future. They’re happening right now.
Signs are appearing all over, and some of
them are surprising. The heat is not only
melting glaciers and sea ice, it’s also shifting
precipitation patterns and setting animals on
the move.
Some impacts from increasing temperatures
are already happening.
Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the
Earth’s poles. This includes mountain
glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica
and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the
decline of the Adélie penguins on
Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen
from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30
years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last
century.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants
have moved farther north or to higher,
cooler areas.
Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has
increased across the globe, on average.
Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska
thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The
insects have chewed up 4 million acres of
spruce trees.
Other effects could happen later this
century, if warming continues.
Sea levels are expected to rise between 7
and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the
end of the century, and continued melting at
the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches
(10 to 20 centimeters).
Hurricanes and other storms are likely to
become stronger.
Species that depend on one another may
become out of sync. For example, plants
could bloom earlier than their pollinating
insects become active.
Floods and droughts will become more
common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where
droughts are already common, could decline
by 10 percent over the next 50 years.
Less fresh water will be available. If the
Quelccaya ice cap in Peru continues to melt
at its current rate, it will be gone by 2100,
leaving thousands of people who rely on it
for drinking water and electricity without a
source of either.
Some diseases will spread, such as malaria
carried by mosquitoes.
Ecosystems will change—some species will
move farther north or become more
successful; others won’t be able to move and
could become extinct. Wildlife research
scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since
the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live
and fish for food, polar bears have gotten
considerably skinnier. Polar bear biologist
Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in
Hudson Bay. He fears that if sea ice
disappears, the polar bears will as well.
Variation of the Earth's surface temperature
for the past 140 years
Natural reasons will always affect global
warming effects. However, human activities
are increasing significantly the
concentrations of greenhouse gases, mainly
CO2) in the atmosphere, resulting in global
warming effects. Although more research is
needed, understanding of global warming
effects processes and computer models have
improved. global warming effects models
conclude that most of the warming over the
last 50 years is likely to have been due to
man-made activities. Scenarios are
developed to predict what global warming
effects are expected for the future and what
the likely consequences will be.
What causes this global warming
effects?
global warming effects has and will always
vary for natural reasons. However, human
activities are increasing significantly the
concentrations of some gases in the
atmosphere, such as greenhouse gases
(mainly CO2), which tend to warm the earth
surface, and anthropogenic aerosols, which
mostly tend to cool it.
Although more research is needed,
understanding of global warming effects
processes and computer models have
improved, leading the IPCC to draw the
following conclusion:
Most of the global warming effects over the
last 50 years is likely to have been due to
man-made activities
were developed and fed into computer
models.
They project for the next century that,
without specific policy changes:
global mean temperature should increase by
between 1.4 and 5.8°C (2.5 to 10°F).
the Northern Hemisphere cover should
decrease further, but the Antarctic ice sheet
should increase.
the sea level should rise by between 9 and
88 cm (3.5" to 35").
other changes should occur, including an
increase in some extreme weather events.
After 2100, human induced global warming
effects is projected to persist for many
centuries. The sea level should continue
rising for thousands of years after the
climate has been stabilized.
REFRENCES:-
www.pewclimate.org
www.wikipedia.com

What global warming effects are

expected for the future?
To predict the future global warming effects,
several greenhouse gas emission scenarios