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tIA IAl ItlAlilit AIt )


A .I'A(l l)DMINISrIRATION ILLS Wr) ,

FOR RELEASE: TUESDAY A.M.


W July 11, 1967
RELEASE NO: 67-172-A

PROJECT: SURVEYOR D
(To be launched no earlier
9 P^,July 13, 196?)

CONTENTS
GENERAL RELEASE ------------------------------------- l-5
SURVEYOR CK- ROUN ------------
:-------- ------------ :::85
SURVEYOR D SPACECRAFT- --------------------------- -----9
Frame, Mechanisms and Thermal Control--:-------------9-11
Power Subsystemr--------------------------------------11-13
Telecommunication a---------------------------------- 13-14
Propulsion ------------------------------------------- 14-15
Flight Control Subsystem----------------------------15-16
Television ---------------------------------------- 17
Surface Sampler Experiment- ------ -------------- 1819
Magnetic Test ----------------------------------------
n19-20
Engineering Instrumentation----------------------------20
ATLAS-CENTAUR LAUNCH VEHICLE----------------------------21
Launch Vehicle Fact Sheet---------------------------22
Atlas-Centaur Flight Sequence-----------------------23
TRACKING AND COMMUNICATION------------------------------241-25
TRAJECTORY ---a---------------------------------------- 26-27
W ATLAS-CENTAUR ll/SURVEYOR D FLIGHT PLAN----------------28
Launch Periods -- a---------------------------------------28
Atlas Phase ------------------------------------------- 28-29
Centaur Phase ---- aa----------------------------------a-a--- 29
First Surveyor Events-----------------------------29-30
Canopus Acquisition ---------------------------------
a31
Midcourse Maneuver --------aa ------------------------- 31-32
Terminal Sequence ------------------------------- a
a32-33 --
Post-landing Events ----------------------------- - 34
ATLAS-CENTAUR AND SURVEYOR TEAMS--------------------- -35-41

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7/5/67
NATIONAL AENONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
N EW S WASHINGTON, D.C. 2054
TELS
TELS
WO 2 4155
W36925

FOR RELEASE: TUESDAY A.M.


July 11, 1967

RELEASE NO: 67-172 4


NASA PREPARES
TO LAUNCH
FOURTH SURVEYOR

The United States ia preparing to launch Surveyor D,


another lunar soft-landing spacecraft, the fourth of the
sories of seven Surveyors planned for lunar missions.

The launch by the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-


tration Is planned from Complex 36 at Cape Kennedy, Fla.,
during the five-day period July 13-l7'. The launch vehicle
is an Atlas-Centaur.

Like the three previous Surveyors, Surveyor D's mission


will be to perform a sort-landing in the Apollo area of
interest on the Moon and take television pictvtres of the
lunar surface around Its landing site.

Like Surveyor III, this spacecraft will carry a sur-


face sampler to dig into the lunar surface under the eye of
the television camera.

Although the Surveyor D mission is basically similar


to that of Surveyor III, there are some differences.

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7/5/67
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Most Important is the target landing site rort Surveyor D.


It will be aimed to soft-land in Sinus Medli (Central Bay) at
almost the dead center of' the front face of the Moon at 10 2U'
West longitude and C!O 25' North latitude.

In generael, the Sinus Medli area is considerably rougher


than the sites of the two previous Surveyor landings but
verification of' a site In the center or the Moon's visible
face is required by the Apollo program to provide a variety
of landing site options.

Surveyor D's soft landing will be further complicated by


the fact that it will approach the Moon at a greater angle
to the vertical than its predecessors, thus requiring a, larger
gravity turn during the crucial terminal descent sequence.
Surveyor D will approach the Moon at the beginning or its
descent at an angle of 36 degrees from vertical; Surveyor I's
angle of approach was only six degrees and Surveyor III's was
25 degrees.

Other differences from previous Surveyor missions:


--Altas-Centaur 11 has a one-burn capability in its uecond
stage. This is the last of the direct ascent Centaurs and is
similar to the Surveyor I Centaur but unlike the two-burn Centaur
which launched Surveyor III into a parking orbit from which
it was sent to the Moon.

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--Modifioations have been made in this Surveyor's landing

radar electronic logla circuitry to prevent a repeat or III's


three-bounoo landing that occurred when the three vernier

engines were not out off Just prior to the first touchdown.
See page 8,

--A small magnet will be Attached to a footpad in view


of the television camera to determine if there is magnetic
material on the lunar surface. See page 19.

The Surveyor D flight will take about 65 hours from lift-


off to lunar landing. A large solid propellant retrorocket
and three small vernier rocket engines under radar control
will slow Surveyor from a lunar approach speed of about 6,o0o
miles per hour to about three miles per hour. The engines cut
off at the 14 -foot mark and the spacecraft free falls to the

lunar surface, touching down at about 10 miles per hour.

On the first day of the launch period, July 13, the launch

can occur between 7:03 a.m. EDT to 7:07 a.m.

The Surveyor D target site is a 37%mile diameter circle


in Sinus Medii about 190 miles north of the large crater

Ptolemaeus.

At launch, Surveyor D will weigh 2,290 pounds. The retro-


motor, which will be Jettisoned after burnout, weighs 1,463

pounds.

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lain-4 I *11

II

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After expenditure of liquid propellants and attitude
control gas, the landed weight of Surveyor on the Moon will be
about 625 pounds.

In addition to data provided by the TV camera and surface


sampler, Surveyor D will also provide data on the radar re-
flectivity, mechanical properties, and thermal conditions of
the lunar surface.

Surveyor I soft-landed on the Moon June 2, 1966, and


returned 11,150 high-quality photographs of the lunar terrain.
It survived eight months on the lunar surface during which time
it withstood eight cycles of extreme heat and cold. Surveyor
II was launched Sept. 20, 1966, but the mission failed when one
of the three vernier engines failed to ignite during an
attempted midcourse maneuver.

Surveyor III soft-landed on the Moon Apr. 19, 1967, re-


turned 6,319 photographs and provided 18 hours of operation
of the surface sampler.

The Surveyor program is directed by NASA's Office cf


Space Science and Applications. Project management is assigned
to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory operated by the California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena. Hughes Aircraft Co.,
under contract to JPL, designed and built the Surveyor space-
craft and the surface sampler.

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NASA's Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, is responsible

for the Atlas first stage booster and for the second stage
Centaur, both developed by General Dynamics/Convair, San Diego,
Calif. Launch operations are directed by Kennedy Space Center,

Fla.

Tracking and communication with the Surveyor is the


responsibility of the NASA/JPL Deep Space Network (DSN). The
DSN stations assigned to the Surveyor program arc Pioneer, at
Goldstone in California's Mojave Desert; Robledo, Spain;
Ascension Island in the SouCh Atlantic; Tidbinbilla near
Canberra, Australia; and Johannesburg, South Africa. Data
Vrom the stations will be transmitted to the Space Plight

Operations Facility In Pasadena, the command center for the


mission.

(END OP OENERAL RELEASEj BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS)


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SURVEYOR BACKGROUND

Surveyor I performed the first fully-controlled soft


landing on the Moon on June 1, 1966, after a 63-hour, 36-
minute flight rrom Cape Kennedy.
Surveyor I landed at a velocity of about 7.5 miles per
hour at 2.45 degrees south of the lunar equator and 43.21 do-
groos West Longitude in the southwest portion of Oceanus
Procellarum (Ocean of Storms).
During the six weeks following the perfect, three-
point landlig, the spacecraft's survey television camera took
11,150 high-resolution pictures of the lunar surface ror trans-
mission to &Lrth receiving stations. Resolution in some or the
closeups was one-halt millimeter or about one-firtieth or an
inch. These pictures showed details of the lunar surface a
million times riner than the best Earth telescope photos.
From the pictures were derived the representative colors
or the Moon's surface, an accurate view of the terrain up to
one and one-half miles surrounding the Surveyor, the erfect of
landing a spacecrart upon the lunar surrace and pictorial
evidence or lunar environmental damage to the spacecraft itselr.
A section of the mirrored glass radiator atop one of the elec-
tronic equipment compartments was shown to be cracked in &
photograph taken during the second lunar day.
The spacecraft also took a number or pictures of the
solar corona (the Sun's upper atmosphere), the planet Jupiter
and the first magnitude stars Sirius and Canopus,
The television pictures showed that the spacecraft came
to rest on a sooth, nearly level site on the floor or a ghost
crater. The landing site was surrounded by a gently rolling
surface studded with craters and littered with frngmental de-
bris, The crestlines of low mountains were visible beyond the
horison.
By July 13, Surveyor I's 42nd day on the Moon, the space-
craft had survived the intense heat of the lunar day (250 de-
grees F), the cold of the two-week-long lunar night (minus 260
degrees ) and a second full lunar day, Total picture count
was: first lunar day -- June 1 to June 14 -- 10,338i second
day -- July 7 to July 13 -- 812. The total operating time of
Surveyor I (time during which signals were received from the
spacecraft) was 612 hours.

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Despite a faltering battery not expected to endure the
rigors of the lunar environment over an extended period, Surveyor
continued to accept Earth commands and transmit TV pictures
through the second lunar sunset. It received and acted upon
approximately 120,000 commands during the mission.

Communicaticns with Surveyor I were re-established at


intervals through January 1967 but no TV pictures were obtained
after the July 1966 activity. Important Doppler data on the
motion of the Moon were acquired during the final months of
Surveyor operations.

On Feb. 22, 1967, at 12:24 a.m. EST, Surveyor I was photo-


graphed on the surface of the Moon by Lunar Orbiter III.

Surveyor II was launched on Sept. 20, 1966, toward Sinus


Medii in the center of the Moon. An attempt to perform the
midcourse maneuver was unsuccessful when one of the three liquid
fuel vernier engines failed to fire. The thrust imbalance
caused the spacecraft to begin tumbling. Repeated attempts
were made to command all three engines to fire to regain control
of the spacecraft. When all attempts failed it was decided
to perform a series of engineering experiments to obtain data
on various subsystems concluding with the firing of the main
retrorocket. The spacecraft impacted the Moon southeast of the
crater Copernicus at a velocity of nearly 6,000 miles per hour.

Intensive investigation into possible causes of the


Surveyor II failure by a team comprised of propulsion experts
from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Hughes Aircraft Co.,
Thiokol Chemical Corp,. and NASA did not result in the identi-
fication of the exact cause. As a result of this investi-
gation, however, a number of changes in testing procedures were
recommended for Surveyor III and subsequent spacecraft to pro-
vide better diagnostic capability in the vernier propulsion
system during preflight testing as well as during the mission.
These changes are designed to minimize the possibjlity of re-
currence of the Surveyor II problem.

Surveyor III was launched April 17, 1967, and successfully


soft-landed on the Moon April 19, 1967, on the east wall offi
650-foot dinmeter crater in the Ocean of Storms. The spacecraft
touched down three times in the landing when its vernier
engines did not cut oft at the prescribed 14*oot mark but
continued firing to the surface. A command from Earth shut down
the enignes after the second touchdown at 2.94 degrees'South
latitude and 23.34 degrees West longitude. Surveyor III we;
equippjd with a surface sampler instrument to provide data on
lunar soil characteristics. The device dug four trenches, made
sevrn bearing strength tests and 13 penetration tests during a
total of 18 hours of surface sampler operation from the second
day after touchdown through lunar sunset on May 3.

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Operation of the television camera yielded 6,315 pictures.
These Included pictures of a solar eclipse as the Earth passed
in front of the Sun, the lunar terrain, portions of the space-
craft, surface sampler operations and the crescent of the Earth.
Attempts to reactivate the spacecraft during the second
lunar day were unsuccessful.
On Surveyor III a radar break-lock was commanded by the
spacecraft landing radar's Internal logic as the radar beams
crossed a field of highly reflecting rocks as it neared the
sur~ace. These looked to the radar much as a field of broken
mirrors would to a searchlight, giving unexpected high returns
back into the radar receivers. This caused the break-lock be-
cauee the radar logic circuitry is designed so as to make the
radar tracking circuits select the strongest signal if several
are present.
This break-lool, feature is an intelligence which has
been designed into the radar to enable it to ignore reflections
from antenna side lobes. This is very Important when the
radar is first turned on and is searching for the Moon's surface
from a tilted spacecraft or if the radar accidently locks onto
a weak side lobe reflection initially.
It iD not needed near the lunar surface when the radar
is already locked on the proper reflections.
The action taken to avoid recurrence of a similar break-
lock on Surveyor D and future Surveyors, is to disable the
break-lock logic when the spacecraft is near enough to bhe Moon's
surface that highly reflective rocks oould be a problem. In
this case, the logic will not be used below 1,000 feet.
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SURVEYOR D SPACECRAFT
Spaceframes, echanisms and Thermal Control

The spaceframe of the Surveyor is a triangular aluminum


structure which provides mounting surfaces and attachments
for the landing gear, main retrorooket engine, vernier engines
and associated tanks, thermal compartments# antennas and other
electronic and mechanical assemblies.
The rrame is constructed of thin-wall aluminum tubing,
with the frame members interconnected to form the triangle.
A mast, which supports the planar array high-gain antenna
and single solar panel, is attached to the top of the spaoefroe.
The basic frame weighs less than 60 pounds and installation
hardware weighs 23 pounds.
The Surveyor stands about 10 feet high and, with Its
tripod landing gear extended, can be placed within a 14-foot
circle. A landing loeg is hinged to each of the three lower
corners of the frame and an aluminum honeycomb footpad Is
attached to the outer end of each leg. An airplane-type shook
absorber and telescoping look strut are connected to the frame
so that the logs can be folded into the nose shroud during
launch.
Blocks of crushable aluminus honeycomb are attached to
the bottom of the spaceframe at each of its three corners to
absorb part of the landing shock. Touchdown shook also Is
absorbed by the footpads and by the hydraulic shook absorbers
which compress with the landing load.
Two onidirectional, conical antennas are mounted on the
ends of folding booms which aro hinged to the spacetraome. The
booms remain folded against the frame during launch until
released by squib-actuated pin pullers and deployed by torsion
springs. The antenna booms are released only after tho landing
legs are extended and locked In position.
Aft antenna/solar panel positioner atop the mast supports
and rotates the planar array antenna and solar panel in either
direction along four axoe. This freedom of movement allows the
antenna to be oriented toward Earth and the solar panel toward
the Sun.

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SURVEYOR

SOLAR PANEL

OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA A

HIGH-GAIN ANTENNA
THERMALLY CONTROLLED
COMPARTMENT B
THERMALLY CONTROLLED
COMPARTMENT A TV CAMERA
STAR CANOPUS
+\- -Zi- .vzSENSOR
RADAR ALTITUDE-
DOPPLER VELOCITY ONIECTI

FOOTPAD 3

FOOTPAD 2 -
VERNIER ENGINE 3
CRUSHABLE VERNIER PROPELLANT
BSLOCK ePRESSURIZING SAS
SAMPLER
LS; TANK (HELIUM)
AUXiLIARY BATTERY
RETRO ROCKET NOZZLE

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Two thermal compartments house sensitive electronic


apparatus for which active thermal control is needed through-
out the mission. The equipment in each compartment is mounted
on a thermal tray that distributes heat throughout the com-
partment. An insulating blanket, consisting of 75 sheets of
aluminized Mylar, is sandwiched between each compartment's
inner shell and the outer protective cover. The tops of the
compartments are covered by mirrored glass thermal radiators
to dissipate heat.
Compartment A, which maintains an internal temperature
between 40 degrees and 125 degrees F., contains two radio re-
celvers, two transmitters, the main battery, battery charge
regulator, main power switch and some auxiliary equipment.

Compartment B. kept between zero and 125 degrees F.,


houses the central command decoder, boost regulator, central
signal processor, signal processing auxiliary, engineering
signal processor, and low data rate auxiliary.

Both compartments contain sensors for reporting tempera-


ture measurements by telemetry to Earth, and heater assemblies
to maintain the thermal trays above their allowable minimums.
the compartments are kept below the 125-degree maximum with
thermal swithces which provide a conductive path to the radiating
surfaces for automatic dissipation of electrically generated
heat. Compartment A contains nine thermal switches and com-
partment B, six. The thermal shell weight of compartment A is
25 pounds, and compartment B, 18 pounds.

Passive temperature control is provided for all equipment,


not protected by the compartments, through the use of paint
patterns and polished surfaces.

Twenty-nine pyrotechnic devices mechanically release or


lock the mechanisms, switches and valves associated with the
antennas, landing leg locks, roll actuator, retrorocket separa-
tion attachments, helium and nitrogen tanks, shook absorbers
and the retromotor detonator. Some are actuated by command from
the Centaur, and others are actuated by ground command.
A solid propellant, spherical retrorocket fits within the
center cavity of the triangular frame and supplies the main
thrust for slowing the spacecraft on approach to the Moon.
The unit is attached at three points on the spacetrame near the
landing leg hinges, with explosive nut separation points for
ejection after burnout. The motor case, made of high-strength
steel and insulated with asbestos and rubber, is 36 inches in
diameter. Including the molybdenum nozzle, the unfueled motor
weighs 144 pounds. With propellants the weight Is about 1,444
pounds, or more than 60 per cent of the total spacecraft weight.

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Electrical harnesses and cables interconnect the space-


craft subsystems to provide correct signal and power flow.
The harness connecting the two thermal compartments is routed
through a thermal tunnel to minimize heat lose from the com-
partments. Coaxial cable assemblies, attached to the space-
frame by brackets and clips, are used for high frequency
transmission.
Electrical interface with the Centaur stage is established
through a 51-pin connector mounted on the bottom of the space-
frame between two of the landing legs. The connector mates
with the Centaur connector when the Surveyor Is mounted to
the launch vehicle. It carries pro-separation commands from
the Centaur programmer and can handle emergency commands from
the blockhouse console. Ground power and prelaunch monitor
also pass through the connector.

Power Subsystem

The power subsystem collects and stores solar energy,


converts it to usable electric voltage, and distributes it to
the other spacecraft subsystems. The subsystem consists of the
solar panel, a main battery and an auxiliary battery, an auxi-
liary battery control, a battery ci;- 'ge regulator, main power
switch, boost regulator, and an eng.ieering mechanisms auxiliary.
The bolar panel is the spacecr--.'s primary power source
during flight and during operations in the lunar day. It consists
of 3,960 solar cells arranged on a thin, flat surface approxi-
mately nine square feet in area. The solar cells are grouped
in 792 separate modules and connected in series-parallel to
guard against complete failure in the event of a single cell
malfunction.
The solar panel is mounted at the top of the Surveyor
spacecraft's mast. Wing-like, it is folded away during launch
and deployed by Earth-command after the spacecraft has been in-
jected into the lunar transit trajectory.
When properly oriented duringflight, the solar panel
can supply about 89 watts, most of the power required for the
average operating load of all on-board equipment.
During operation on the lunar surface, the solar panel can
be adjusted by Earth-command to track the Sun within a few
degrees, so that the solar cells remain always perpeauicular
to the solar radiation.

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In this lunar-surface mode, the solar panel is designed


to supply a minimum of 77 watts power at a temperature of 140
degrees F., and a ninimum of 57 watts at a temperature of 239
degrees F.
A 14-cell rechargeable, silver-zinc main battery is the
spacecraft's power reservoir. It is the sole source of power
during launch; it stores electrical energy from the solar panel
during transit and lunar-day operations; and it provides a
backup source to meet peak power requirements during both of
those periods.
Fully charged, the battery provides 3,800 watt-hours
at a discharge rate of 1.0 amperes. Battery output is approxi-
mately 22 volts direct current for all operating and environ-
mental conditions in temperatures from 40 degrees to 125 degrees
F.
The auxiliary battery is a non-rechargeable, silver-zinc
battery contained in a sealed magnesium cannister. It provides
a power backup for both the main battery and the solar panel
under peak power loading or emergency conditions.
The battery has a capacity of from 800 to 1,000 watt-hours,
depending upon power load and operating temperature.
The battery charge regulator and the booster regulator
are the two power conditioning elements of the spacecraft's
electrical power subsystem.
The battery charge regulator couples the sclar panel to
the main battery for maximum conversion and transmission of
the solar energy necessary to keep the main battery at full
charge.
It receives power at the solar panel's varying output
voltage, and it delivers this power to the main battery at a
constant battery terminal voltage.
The battery charge regulator indludes sensing and logic
circuitry for automatic battery charging whenever battery voltage
drops below27 volts direct current. Automatic battery charging
also maintainsbattery manifold pressure at approximately 65
pounds per square inch.
Earth-command may override the automatic charging func-
tion of the battery charge regulator.

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The booster regulator unit receives unregulated power


from 17 to 27.5 volts direct current from the solar panel,
the main battery, or both, and delivers a regulated 29 volts
direct current to the spacecraft's three main power transmission
lines, These three lines supply all the spacecraft's power
needs, except for a 22-volt unregulated line which serves
heaters, switches, actuators, solenoids and electronic circuits
which do not require regulated power or provide their own
regulation.

Telecommunications

Communications equipment aboard Surveyor has three func-


tions: to provide for transmission and reception of radio sig-
nals; to decode commands sent to the spacecraft; and to select
and convert engineering and television data into a form suit-
able for transmission.
The first group includes the three antennas: one high-
gain, directional antenna and two low-gain, omnidirectional
antennas, two transmitters and two receivers with transponder
interconnections. Dual transmitters and receivers are used
for reliability.
The high-gain antenna transmits 600-line television data.
The low-gain antennas are designed for command reception and
transmission of other data including 200-line television data
from the spacecraft. The low-gain antennas are each connected
to one receiver. The transmitters can be switched to either
low-gain antennas or to the high-gain antenna and can operate
at low or high-power levels. Thermal control of the three
antennas is passive, dependent on surface coatings to keep
temperatures within acceptable limits.
The command decoding group can handle up to 256 commands
either direct, (on-orf) or quantitative (time-intorvals). Each
incoming command is checked in a central command decoder which
will reject a command, and signal the rejection to Earth, if
the structure of the command is incorrect, Acceptance of a
command is also radioed to Earth. The command is then sent to
subsystem decoders that translate the binary information into
an actuating signal for the function command such as squib
firing or changing data modes.

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{4j
Processing or most engineering data, (temperatures,
voltages, currents, pressures, switch positions, etc.) is
handled by the engineering signal processor or the auxiliary
processor. There are over 200 engineering measurements of
the spacecraft. None are continuously reported. There are
four commutators in the engineering signal processor to permit
sequential sampling of selected signals. The use of a commutator
is dependent on the type and amount of information required
during various flight sequences. Each commutator can be com-
manded into operation at any time and at any of the five bit
rates: 17.2, 137.5, 550, 1100 and 4,400 bits per second.
Commutated signals from the engineering processors are
converted to 10-bit data words by an analog-to-digital conver-
ter in the central signal processor and relayed to the transmitter.
The low bit rates are normally used for transmissions over the
low gain antennas and the low power levels of the transmitters.

Propulsion

The propulsion system consists of three liquid fuel


vernier rocket engines and a solid fuel retromotor.
The vernier engines are supplied propellant by three
fuel tanks and three oxidizer tanks. There is one pair of
tanks, fuel and oxidizer, for each engine. The fuel and oxidi-
zer in each tank is contained in a bladder. Helium stored
under pressure is used to deflate the bladders and force the
fuel and oxidizer into the feed lines. Tank capacity is 170.3
pounds each.
The oxidizer is nitrogen tetroxide with 10 percent nitric
oxide. The fuel is monomethylhydrazine monohydrate. An igni-
tion dystem is not required for the verniers as the fuel and
oxidizer are hypergolic, burning upon contact. The throttle
range is 30 to 104 pounds of thrust.
The main retro is used at the beginning of the terminal
descent to the lunar surface and slows the spacecraft from an
approach velocity of about 6,000 miles per hour to approximately
250 miles per hour. It burns an aluminum, ammornium-percholorate
and polyhydrocarbon, case bonded composite type propellant with
a conventional grain geometry.
The nozzle has a graphite throat and a laminated plastic exit
coned The case isof high strength steel insulated with asbestos
and silicon dioxide-fllled buna-N rubber to maintain the case
at a low temperature level during firing.
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Engine thrust varies from 8,ooo to 10,000 pounds over


a temperature range of 50 to 70 degrees F. Passive thermal
control, insulating blankets and surface coatings will main-
taln the grain above 50 degrees F. It is fired by a pyrogen
igniter. The main retro weighs approximately 1,444 pounds and
is spherical shaped, 36 inches in diameter.

Flight Control Subsystem

Flight control of Surveyor, control of its attitude


and velocity from Centaur separation to touchdown on the Moon,
is provided by: primary Sun sensor, automatic Sun acquisition
sensor, Canopus sensor, inertial reference unit, altitude
marking radar, inertia burnout switch, radar altimeter and
Doppler velocity sensors, flight control electronics, and three
pairs of cold gas jets. Flight control electronics includes a
digital programmer, gating and switching, logic and signal
data converter for the radar altimeter and Doppler velocity
sensor.

The information provided by the sensors is processed


through logic circuitry in the flight control electronics to
yield actuating signals to the gas Jets and to the three liquid
fuel vernier engines and the solid fuel main retro motor.
The Sun sensors provide information to the flight control
electronics indicating whether or not they are illuminated by
the Sun. This information is used to order the gas Jets to
fire and maneuver the spacecraft until the Sun sensors are
on a direct line with the Sun. The primary Sun sensor consists
of five cadmium sulphide photo conductive cells. During flight
Surveyor will continuously drift off of Sun lock in a cycle less
than 0.2 ± 0.3 degrees. The drift is continuously corrected by
signals from the primary sensor to the flight electronics order-
ing the pitch and yaw gas Jets to fire to correct the drift.

Locking on to the sbar Canopus requires prior Sun look-on.


Gas Jets fire intermittently to compensate for drift to main-
tain Canopus look-on and thus control spacecraft roll during
cruise modes. If star or Sun look is lost, control is automati-
cally switched from optical sensors to inertial sensors (gyros).
The inertial reference unit is also used during mission
events when the optical sensors cannot be used. These events
are the midcourse maneuver and descent to the lunar surface.
This device senses changes in attitude and in velocity of the
spacecraft with three gyros and an accelerometer. Information
from the gyros is processed by the control electronics to order
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gas jet firing to change or maintain the desired attitude.
During the thrust phases the inertial reference unit controls
vernier engine thrust levels, by differential throttling Jor
pitch and yaw control and swiveling one vernier engine for roll
control. The accelerometer controls the total thrust level.
The altitude marking radar will provide the signal for
firing of the main retro. It Is located in the nozzle of the
retromotor and Is ejected when the motor ignites. The radar
will generate a signal at about 60 miles above the lunar surface.
The signal starts the programmer automatic sequence after a pre-
determined period (direoted by ground command); the programmer
then commands vernier and retro ignition and turns on the Radar
Altimeter and Doppler Velocity Sensor (RADVS).
The inertia burnout switch will close when the thrust
level of the main retromotor drops below 3.5 gs generating a
signal which is used by the programmer to command jettisoning
of the retromotor and switching to RADWS control.
Control of the spacecraft after main retro burnout is
vested in the radar altimeter and Doppler velocity sensor.
There are two radar dishes for this sensor. An altimeter/velo-
city sensing antenna radiates two beams and a velocity sensing
antenna two beams. Beams 1, 2, and 3 give vertical and trans-
verse velocity. Beam 4 provides altitude or slant range infor-
mation. Beams l, 2, and 3 provide velocity data by summing in
the signal data oonverter of the Doppler shift (frequency shift
due to velocity) of each beam. The converted range and velocity
data is fed to the gyros and circuitry logic which in turn con-
trol the thrust signals to the vernier engines.
The flight control electronics provide for processing
sensor information into telemetry signals and to actuate space-
craft mechanisms. It consists of control cirouits, a command
decoder and an AC/DC electronic conversion unit. The programmer
controls timing of main retro phase and generates precision
time delays for attitude maneuvers and midcourse velocity cor-
rection.
The attitude jets provide attitude control to the space-
craft from Centaur separation to main retro burn. The gas jet
system is fed from a spherical tank holding 4.5 pounds of nitro-
gen gas under high pressure. The system includes regulating
and dumping valves and three pairs of opposed gas jets with
solenoid-operated valves for each jet. One pair Of Jets is loca-
ted at the end of each of the three landing legs. The pair on
leg number one control motion in a horizontal plane, imparting
roll motion to the spacecraft. Pairs two and three control
pitch and yaw.

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-17-

Television

The Surveyor spacecraft carries one survey television


camera. The camera is mounted nearly vertically, pointed at
a movable mirror. The mounting containing the mirror can swivel
360 degrees, and the mirror can tilt down to view a landing leg
to up above the horizon.
The camera can be focused, by Earth command, from four
feet to infinity.. Its iris setting, which controls the amount
of light entering the camera, can adjust automatically to the
light level or can be commanded from Earth. The camera has a
variable focal length lons which can be adjusted to narrow angle,
6.4 x 6.4 field of view, to wide angle, 25.4 x 25.4 field of
view.
A focal plane shutter provides an exposure time of 150
milliseconds. The shutter can also be commanded open for an
indefinite length of time. A sensing device coupled to the
shutter will keep it from opening If the light level is too
intense. A too-high light level could occur from changes on the
area of coverage by the camera, a change in the angle of mirror,
in the lens aperture, or by changes in Sun angle. The same
sensor controls the automatic iris setting. The sensing device
can be overridden by ground command.
The camera system can provide 200 or 6 00-line uictures.
The 600-line pictures require that the high gain directional
antenna and the high power level of the transmitter are both
operating. The 600-line mode provides a picture each 3.6. sec-
onds and Vhe 200 line mode every 61.8 seconds.
A filter wheel can be commanded to one of four positions
providing clear, colored or polarizing filters.
Two flat beryllium mirrors are mounted on the spacecraft
frame near leg number one to provide additional coverage of
the area under the spacecraft for the television camera. The
larger mirror is 10 inches x 9 inches; the smaller is 3* inches
x 9* inches.
The large mirror provides a view of the lower portion of
crushable block number three and the area under vernier engine
number three. The small mirror provides avie. f the area
under vernier engine number two.
The purpose is to provide pictures of the lunar soil
disturbed by the spacecraft landing and the amount of damage
to the crushable block itself.
Principal television investigator is Dr. Eugene Shoemaker,
U. S. Geological Survey.
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-17a -
SURVEYOR SURVEY TV CAMERA

HOOD -MIRROR

MIRROR AZIMUTH ,,l - a-MIRROR


k L ELEVATION
DRIVE MOTOR DRIVE ASSEMBLY

VARIABLE SFILTER WHEEL


FOCAL LENGTH ASSEMBLY
LENS ASSUVMBLY

FOCUS
POTENTIOMETER

IRIS
POTENTIOMETER

VIDICON TUBE
SHUTTER -
ASSEMBLY

- VIDICON
RADIATOR
ELECTRONIC
CONVERSION
UNIT

ELECTRICAL
Wi,/ CONNECTOR

- mno r -
Surface Sampler Experiment

Paylc-d of the Surveyor D spacecraft includes a surface


sampler mechanism flown for the first time on the Surveyor III
mission. The metal claw digger provided scientific data for
determination of the bearing strength of the lunar surface and
soil characteristics. The device can dig a trench to a depth
of 18 inches, perform penetration tests by dropping it from
various heights, and bearing strength tests by pressing down on
the lunar surface.
The device is a scoop about five inches long and two inches
wide attached to an extendable arm hinged horizontally and
vertically to the spacecraft. The flexible arms to which the
scoop is rigidly attached, is made up of tubular aluminum cross
members which operate mechanically in a scissor fashion to extended,
retracted, or partially retracted position by a metal tape, one
end attached to the scoop and the other wound on a motor spindle
at the base. Extension and retraction of thu arm is controlled
by commands to the motor to reel or unreel the tape. Maximum
extension is about five feet from the spacecraft frame.

Two other motors, which can be operated in either direction,


will allow the ai.U t. pivot 112 degrees in a horivontal arc and
to elevate or lower the scoop over a range of some 40 inches
above to about 18 inches below a level lunar surface. Surface
area available to the sampler totals about 24 square feet.
A fourth motor, located in the scoop, opens and closes
a two-by-four-inch door on the scoop. All four motors operate
on 22 volts of unregulated direct current from the spacecraft
battery. They operate for either of two time periods, a single
command pulsing the motor for one-tenth of a second or for two
seconds. Selection of the motor to be operated, motor direction
and the time period is made by ground command.
The instrument will be used in conjunction with the survey
TV camera. The scoop will be positioned in view of the camera,
then activated to perform picking, digging or trenching opera-
tions. Visual data combined with a determination of the force
developed during the digging is expected to indicate strength,
texture and cohesive characteristics cf the soil.

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-3.7 8add
z~ I,- I
U .
-19-

A single telemetry channel from the Surveyor will monitor


the electric current being drawn by the motor in operation.
By using pre-flight calibration data, this measurement can be
used in analyzing the force necessary to scrape or dig the
surface and break small rocks or clods.
In the event of a camera failure, where the surface
sampler must be used in the blind, the force measurements will
be of some, but less value, in analyzing the operation of the
instrument. For maximum success of the experiment, the surface
sampler is dependent upon visual data from the TV camera.
The scoop, arm, motors, and housing for the device total
about 8.4 pounds. The instrument's electronics unit, located
in a separate thermal-control compartment, weighs about 6.3
pounds.
Principal scientific investigator for the surface sampler
experiment is Dr. Ronald F. Scott of the California Institute
of Technology. The instrument was designed and built by the
Hughes Aircraft Company.

Magnetic Test
The purpose of this test, utilizing a small magnet attached
to a footpad, is to determine whether magnetic particles are
present in the surface layer of lunar soil.
The magnet is a bar, two inches long by j inch wide by
1/8 inch thick, mounted vertically on footpad #2 in view of
the television camera. Photographs of the bar taken at various
Sun angles would show magnetic particles attracted to the magnet
it there are any on the lunar surface.

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PARALLEL TO
LEG CENTER LINE

a
at

NON-MAGNETIC BAR

BRACKET
MAGNETIC BAR
2 x1/2x1/8 IN.
1
-20-

A second bar --nonmagnetic-- is also mounted on the foot-


pad to serve as a control tor the test by permitting a comparison
of the amount of material adhering to the nonmagnetic bar, if any,
with the amount adhering to the magnetic bar.

The magnet is made of an iron-nickel-cobalt-aluminum


alloy. The control bar is an alloy of iron-nickel-cobalt which
has a very low magnetic permeability. The two bare are screwed
to a mounting bracket which is attached to the footpad. Weight
of the entire assembly is about two ounces. The bars and
mounting are painted dull light blue for contrast to dark lunar
material.

Engineering Instrumentation
Engineering evaluation of the Surveyor flight will be
augmented by an engineering payload including an auxiliary
battery, auxiliary processor for engineering information, and
instrumentation consisting of extra temperature sensors, strain
gauges for gross measurements of vernier engine response to
flight control commands and shock absorber loading at touch-
down, and extra accelerometers for measurements of vernier engine
response to flight control commands and shock absorber loading
at touchdown, and extra accelerometers for measuring structural
vibration during main retro burn.
The auxiliary battery will provide a backup for both
emergency power and peak power demands to the main battery
and the solar panel. It is not rechargeable.
The auxiliary engineering signal processor provides two
additional telemetry commutators for determining the performance
of the spacecraft. It processes the information in the same
manner as the engineering signal processor, providing additional
signal capacity and redundancy.

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ATLAS-CENTAUR LAUNCIH VEHICLE

Atlas-Centaur 11 will be the fourth in a series of


operational launch vehicles designed to launch and inject
Surveyor spacecraft on lunar mission trajectories. Two
previous Surveyors (I and II) were launched via direct-
ascent trajectories and one (III) using the parking orbit
method.
The Atlas-Centaur vehicle has been developed by NASA to
launch medium-weight scientific spacecraft on lunar and inter- Y
planetary missions. The vehicle has a current payload capa-
bility of about 2,350 pounds for direct-ascent missions to the
Moon.
An improved Atlas, called SLV-3C. will increase Atlas-
Centaur's payload capability to about 2,700 pounds for
direct-ascent lunar missions. The SLV-3C Centaur vehicle, will
be used initially later this year to boost the Surveyor E
spacecraft to the Moon.

In addition to its Surveyor launch assignment, the Atlas-


Centaur combination has been selected to launch two Mariner
spacecraft on missions to Mars in 1969 three Orbiting Astro-
nomical Observatories beginning in 1966, and two Applications
Technology Satellites also starting in 1968.

'
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.%
wi.J i
Launch Vehicle Fact Sheet

(All figures approximate)

Liftoff Weight: 303,000 lbs.


Liftoff Height: 113 feet
Launch Complex: 36-A

Atlas Booster Centaur Stage


Weight (at 1.U.Cqff) 263,000 lbs. p7,600 lbs.
less payload)
Height 75 feet (including 48 feet (with
interstage adapter) fairing)
Thrust 388,ooo lbs. (sea 30,0QU lbs. (at
level) altitude)

Propellants RP-1 (fuel) and Liquid hydrogen


liquid oxygen (fuel) and liquid
(oxidizer) oxygen (oxidizer)
Propulsion MA-5 system (2- Two RL-10 engines
165,000 lb. thrust
booster engines, 1-57,000
lb. sustainer engine, and
2-670 lb. vernier engines)
Velocity 5,560 mph at BECO 23,700 mph at
7,800 mph at SECO injection
Guidance Pre-programmed auto- Inertial
pilot thrpugh BEC0

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Atlas-Centaur Flight Sequence

NOMINAL
MMEv ALTITUE SURFACE RANGE VTEIPH
TDIE, SEC. SMibE I. STATUTE MI.

1. Liftoff o 0 0 0
2. Booster engine cutoff 144 37 51 5,560
3. Booster engine Jettison 147 39 55 5.730
4. Jettison insulation paels 178 57 101 6,300
5. Jettison nose fairing 205 73 147 6,930
6. Sustainer engine cutoff 239 90 213 7T,800
7. Atlas-Centaur sePation 2 41 91 216 7,800 ,
0
* 8. Centaur engine start 250 96 236 7,800
9. Centaur engi" cutorf 685 112 1,750 23,700
10. Spacecraft separation 756 107 2,200 23,700
11. Centaur reorientation 761 106 2,240 23,700
12. Centaur retrothrust 996 232 3,7463 23,700
(Launch vehIcle mson completed at T plus 21 minutes)
FIgures used are appro te but typical of potential
trajectories for AC-li depending on day or launch.

M-
- - -
-24-

TRACKING AND COMMUNICATION


The flight of the Survevor spacecraft from injection to
the end of the mission will be monitored and controlled by
the Deep Space Network (DSN) and the Space Flight Operations
Facility (SPOF) operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Some 300 persons will be involved in Surveyor flight
monitoring and control during peak times in the mission. On
the Surveyor I flight more than 100,000 ground commands were
received and acted on by the spacecraft during flight and
after the soft landing.
The Deep Space Network consists of six permanent space
communications stations in Australia, Spain, South Africa and
California; a spacecraft monitoring station at Cape Kennedy;
and a spacecraft guidance and a command station at Ascension
Island in the South Atlantic.
The DSN facilities assigned to the Surveyor project are
Pioneer at Goldstone, Calif.; Robledo, Spain; Tidbinbilla in
the Canberra complex, Australia; Ascension Island; and
Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Goldstone facility is operated by JPL with the
assistance of the Bendix Field Engineering Corp. The
Tidbinbilla facility is operated by the Australia Department
of Supply. The Robledo facility is operated by JPL under an
agreement with the Spanish government and the support of
Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA) and the
Bendix Field Corp. The Ascension Island DSN facility is
operated by JPL with Bendix support under a cooperative agree-
ment between the United Kingdom and the U.S.
The DSN uses a ground communications system for operational
control and data transmission between these stations. The
ground communications system is a part of a larger net (NASCOM)
which links all of the NASA stations around the world. This
net is under the technical direction of NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
The DSN supports the Surveyor flight in tracking the
spacecraft, receiving telemetry from the spacecraft, and sending
it commands. The DSN renders this support to all of NASA's
unmanned lunar and planetary spacecraft from the time they are
injected into planetary orbit until they complete their
missions.
Stations of the DSN receive the spacecraft radio signals,
amplify them, process them to separate the data from the
carrier wave and transmit required portions of the data to

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-25-

the command center via high-speed data lines, radio links, and
teletype. The stations are also linked with the center by voice
lines. All incoming data are recorded on magnetic tape.
The information transmitted from the DSN stations to the
SFOF is fed into large scale computer systems which translate
the digital code into engineering units, separate information
pertinent to a given subsystem on the spacecraft, and drive
display equipment in the SFOF to present the information to the
engineers on the project. All incoming data are again recorded
in the computer memory system and are available on demand.
Equipment for monitoring television reception from
Surveyor is located in the SFOF,
Some of the equipment is designed to provide quick-look
information for decisions on commanding the camera to change
iris settings, change the field of view from narrow angle to
wide angle, change focus, or to move the camera either
horizontally or vertically. Television monitors display the
picture being received. The pictures are received line by
line and each line is held on a long persistence television
tube until the picture is complete. A special camera system
produces prints of the pictures for quick-look analysis.
Other equipment will produce better quality pictures from
negatives produced by a precision film recorder.
Commands to operate the camera will be prepared in
advance on punched paper tape and forwarded to the stations
of the DSN. They will be transmitted to the spacecraft from
the DSN station on orders from the SFOF.
Three technical teams support the Surveyor television
mission in the SFOF: one is responsible for determining the
trajectory of the spacecraft including determination of launch
periods and launch requirements, generation of commands for
the midcourse and terminal maneuvers; the second is responsible
for continuous evaluation of the condition of the spacecraft
from engineering data radioed to Earth; the third is responsible
for evaluation of data regarding the spacecraft and for
generating commands controlling the spacecraft operations.

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-26-

T]{AJ :;C8.O Y
Thu d®termnnatilo:, of po-irblu launch das,
speci.flc times
dur.!nri each day and 1he iEarth-Moon truajectorles
for the Sur-
ve.;or spacecralt arc bascd cii a Fiumier ol factors,
or
constraints.

A primary constraint is the time span during


each day the
Surveyor can be launched -- the launch window
-- which i.s de-
termined ty the requirement that the launch
site at. launch time
and the Moon at arrival time be contained in
the Earth-Moon
transfer orbit plane. Wit;h the launch site moving eastward as
the Earth revolves, acceptable conditions occur
only once each
day for a given plane.

The launch azimuth constraint of 78 to 115 degrees


posed by the range safety consideration of allowing is im-
launch phase only over the ocean, not over land the initial
masses.
The time of flight, or the time to landing,
hours, is determined by the constraint placed uponabout 61-65
tory engineer that Surveyor must reach the Moon the trajec-
during the view-
ing period of the prime Deep Space Net station
the California Mojave Desert. at Goldstone in

Landing sites are further limited by


Moon. The trajectory engineer cannot pick the curvature of the
a site, even if it
falls within the acceptable band, if the curvature
will interfere with a direct communication line of the Moon
spacecraft and the Earth. between the

Two other factors in landing site selection


of terrain and a requirement for Surveyor to land,are smoothness
lected for the Apollo manned lunar mission. in areas se-

Thus the trajectory engineer must tie together


characteristics, the landing site location, the the launch
the Moon and flight time, in determining when to declination of
which direction, and at what velocity. launch, In

His chosen trajectory also must not violate


the time allowable that the Surveyor can remain constraints on
in the Earth's
shadow. Too long a period can result in malfunction
ponents or subsystems. In addition, the Surveyor of com-
main in the shadow of the Moon beyond given limits.must not re-

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SURVEYOR TRAJECTORIES TO THE MOON

PARKWO ORSIT TRAJECTORY


ON DIOECT ASCENT LAUNCH WITH 2 FIRINGS Of SECOND STAGE ENGINES,
END Of SECOND STAGE EKGINES' AND COAST PHASE SETWEEN. SURVEYOR CAN
SiNGLE fRNG ALWAYS ENDS REACH ANY MOON POSITION ABOVE OR ELOW
NEAR CAPE ABOVE EQUATOR EARTHS EOUATOR

DIRECT ASCENT TRAJECTORY'


WITH SINGtE fIRING OP SECOND STAGE ENGINES
SURVEYOR CAN REACH MOON ONLY WHEN MOON

IS BELOW EARTH'S EOUATXl

'O COAST PHSE -/\D II

ON4 PRKING OlUT LAU"NCH -


END OF SECOND flUING Of-- - - /
SECOD STAGE ENGINES CAN-- - ----- /
OCCUR

BEWE
ELOW EOUATOR BY- ----
EINCRAIG COAST TWAF
FINGS ----
DOTTED LINES SHOW MAXIMUM AMO0UNT DIPECT ASCENT ---
TRJECTOEY CAN BE ADJUTD TO REACH T - -E--ENT
MOON POSITONS

'EARLY SUfVEYORS WILL BE LUNCHED ON DIRECT


ASCEFST TRAJECTORIES
II

-27-

The velocity cf the spacecraft when it arrives at the Moon


murt also fall within defined 11imits. These limits are defined
by the retrorocket capability. The velocity relative to the
Moon is primarily correlated with the flight time and the Earth-
Moon distance for each launch day.
So, a further requirement on the trajectory engineer is the
amount 6f fuel available to slow the Surveyor from its lunar ap-
proach speeo of 6,000 mph to nearly zero velocity,13 Zlet above
the Moon's surface. The chosen trajectory must not yield velo-
citiea that are beyond the designed capabilities of the space-
craft propulsion system.
Also included in trajectory computation is the influence on
the flight path and velocity of the spacecraft of the gravita-
tional attraction of primarily the Earth and Moon ad to a lesser
degree the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, arid Jupiter.
It is not expected that the launching can be performed with
sufficient acturacy to Impact the Moon in exactly the desired
area. The uncertainties Involved in a launch usually yield a
trajectory or an Injection valociVy that vary slightly from the
desired values. The uncertainties are due to inherent limita-
tions in the guidance system of the launch vehicle. To compen-
sate, luutr arne deep space spacecraft have the capability of per-
forming a mldcourse maneuver or trajectory correction. To alter
the tra1ectory of a spacecraft it is necessary to apply thrust,
or energy, in a specific direction to change its velocity. The
trajectory of a lody at a point in space being basically deter-
mined by its velocity.
For example, a simple midcourse mij~ht involve correcting a
too high injection velocity. To correct for this the spacecraft
would be commanded to turn in space until its midcourse engines
were pointing in its direction of travel. Thrust from the en-
ginres would slow the craf't. However. in the general case the
midcourse is far acre c¢mplex and wllh involve changes both in
velocity and its 'iirection of travel.
A certain i¢wnunt of thrust applied in a specific direction
can achleve both changea. Surveyor will use its three 'liquid
fuel vernier andines to alter its flight path in the midcourse
maneuver. It will be commanded to roll and then to pitch or yaw
in order t9 point the three engine&m in the required direction.
The engines then burn long enough to apply the change in velocity
requil'ed to alter the trajectorye
The change in the trajectory In very slight at this point
and a tracking period of about 2') hours is required to determine
Wie now trajectory. This determination will also provides the data
required to predict the spacecraft's angle of approach to the
Moon, time of arrival, and its velocity as it approaches the Moon.
___rc
-28-

FGH
Surveyor D will be launched by Atlas-Centaur 11 into a
direct-ascent lunar trajectory.
The primary taak for Atlas-Centaur 11 on the Surveyor D
flight is to inject the Surveyor spacecraft on a lunar-transfer
trajectory with sufficient accuracy so that the midcourse
maneuver correction required some 15 to 2 0 hours Gfter liftoff
does not exceed 50 iweters/oecond or 111.85 m.les-per-hour.
The Centaur stage also is required to perform a retro-
maneuver to avoid impacting the Moon and to prevent Surveyor's
star seeker from mistaking the spent Centaur for its orienting
star, Canopus,
Launch Periods

Arrival Time
Launch Window (Based on earliest
Date Open -Flose -Date launch time)
13 7:03 a.m. 7:07 a.m. 16 12:18 a.m.
14 7:53 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 16 lC:21 p,m,
15 8:43 a.m. 10:01 a.m. 17 10:25 p.m,
16 9:43 a.m. 11:05 a.m. 18 11:42 p.m.
17 10:44 a.m. 12:08 p,m. 20 12:46 a.m.

Atlas Phase
All flive of the Atlas enginee -- three main engines and
two vernier control engines -- are ignited prior to 1Jftoff.
For the first two seconds the Atlas-Centavr will rise vertically
and then roll for 13 seconds to the desired flight plane azimuth
of 80 to 115 degrees depciding upon time of launch.
After 15 seconds of flight, the vehicle begins pitching
over to the desired flight trajectory which continues throughout
the Atlas-powered phase of the flight.
At T plus 144 seconds, booster engine cutoff (BECO) occurs
when an acceleration level of 5.7 g is sensed. Three seconds
later the booster engine package Is jettisoned. The sustainer
engine continues to propel the vehicle and Centaur inertial
guidance begins its steering functions.

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SURVEYOR FLIGAT PROFIE

STPAAIN AT
LAUNCH R"-

CANOPUS ACQUISITIOM
ASOUT LAUNiC PLUS 6 HS
C)MFITUS CMASE ATTITUE PZEfRETO MANEUVW
STADIlIZAnON 30 MNK BEFCOE LA'ING

CAMOPLIS SLW; AND CAMOKS RACause inN


PLUS I HE OECINAFE BRAMTTLY AFTf SIDCotw5
0O 63 MRS
AUDCOMS0 CORRCINWO~cr~
ABOUT ULolC PUZ' Is HtS es

I24MRS

AT00P
AT LAUNC~H
-29-

Atlas sustainer engine cutoff (SECO) occurs after 239


seconds of flight at an altitude of about 90 miles. Two
seconds later Atlas and Centaur are separated by a flexible
shaped charge which severs the interstage adapter. Eight
retrorockets on the Atlas are l'ired to increase the rate of
separation.

Centaur Phase
At T plus 250 seconds, Centaur's two hydrogen-oxygen
RL-10 engines are ignited for a planned burn o1 435 seconds.
Centaur ignition occurs at about 96 miles altitude when the
vehicle is 236 miles down range traveling at a velocity of
7,800 MPH.
After 685 seconds of flight, Centaur's propulsion system
Is shut down when the guidance system senses that the vehicle
has attained proper velocity. Injection velocity varies with
time and day ol' launch, but Is approximaitely 23,'700 mph.
Shortly after Centaur engine Thutdown, the Centaur pro-
grammer commando Ourveyor's, legs and two omnidirectional antennas
to extend, and orders the spacecral't's transmitter to high power.
At T plus 756 seconds and an altitude of' 107 miles, the pro-
grammer commando separation of' Surveyor from Centaur. Three
spring-loaded cylinders force the spacecrai't and vehicle apart.

Five seconds after spacecraft separation, Centaur is


rotated 180 degrees by Its attitude control syst;em in order
to perform a retromaneuver. Unused propellanto are then blown
through the rocket thrust chambers to increase separation of'
Centaur and Surveyor -- the rersult is that some f'ive hours
later they are at least 208 miles apart. This eliminates the
possibility that Surveyor's star tracker will mistakerly lock
on Centaur. Centaur's trajectory is thereby altered to
prevent it from impacting the Moon.

At liftoff' plus 21 minutes, Atlas-Centaur will have com-


pleted its mission and the Centaur stage will continue in a
highly elliptical Eart., orbit, extending more than 257,000
miles into space and circling the Earth once each 11.3 days.

First Surveyor Events


Shortly after Centaur engine shutdown, the programmer
commands Surveyor's legs and two onmLdivc-1;ional antennac
to extend and orders the spacecraft's truLLomitter to high power.
After Surveyor separates Vrom the Centaur an automatic

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-30-

command is given by the spacecraft to fire explosive bolts


to unlock the solar panel. A stepping motor then moves the
panel to a prescribed position. Solar panel deployment can
also be commanded from the ground if the automatic sequence
fails.

Surveyor will then perform an automatic Sun-seeking man-


euver to stabilize the pitch and yaw axes and to align its
solar panel with the Sun for conversion of sunlight to elec-
tricity to power the spacecraft. Prior to this event the
spacecraft main battery is providing power.
The Sun acquisition sequence begins immediately after
separation from Centaur and simultaneously with the solar panel
deployment. The nitrogen gas jet system, which is activated
at separation, will first eliminate random pitch, roll and
yaw motions resulting from separation from Centaur. Then a
sequence of controlled roll and yaw turning maneuvers is
commanded for Sun acquisition.
Sun sensors aboard Supveyor will provide signals to the
attitude control gas jets to stop the spacecraft when it is
pointed at the Sun. Once looked on the Sun, the gas jets
will fire intermittently to control pitch and yaw attitude.
Pairs of attitude control jets are located on each of the three
landing legs of the spacecraft.
In the event the spacecraft does no perform the Sun
seeking maneuver automatically, this sequence can be cor-
manded from the ground.
The next critical step for Surveyor is acquisition of
its radio signal, by the Deep Space Net tracking stations at
Ascension Island and Johannesburg, South Africa, the first
DSN stations to see Surveyor after launch.
It is critical at this point to establish the communi-
cations link with the spacecraft to receive telemetry to
quickly determine the condition of the spacecraft, for com-
mand capability to assure control, and for Doppler measure-
ments frotm which velocity and trajectory are computed.
The tranimitter can only operate at high power for
approximately one hour wilhuout overheating. It is expected,
however, that the ground station will lock on to the space-
craft's radio signal within 40 minutes after launch and i.
overheating is indicated, the transmitter can be commanded
to low power.
The next major spacecraft event; after the Sun has been
acquired is Canopus acquisition. Locking on the star
Canopus provides a fixed inert~lal. reference for the roll orienta-
tion.
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-31-

Canopus Acquisition
Canupus acquisition will be commanded from the ground
about six hours after launch. The gas jets will fire to roll
the spacecraft at 0.5 degree per second. When the sensor
sees the predicted brightness of Canopus (the brightest star
in the Southern Hemisphere) it will order the roll to stop
and lock on the star. The brightness of the light source
it is seeing will be telemetered to Earth to verify that
it is locked on Canopus.
Verification can also be provided by a ground command
ordering a 360 degree roll and the plotting of each light source
thr sensor sees that is in the sensitivity range of the sensor.
(,he sensor will ignore light levels above and below given
intensities.) This star map can be compared with a map pre-
pared before launch to verify that the spacecraft is locked on
Canopus.
Now properly oriented on the Sun and on Canopus, Sur-
veyor is in the coast phase of the transit to the Moon.
Surveyor is transmitting engineering data to Earth and
receiving commands via one of its omnidirectional antennae.
Tracking data is obtained from the pointing direction of
ground antenna and observed frequency change (Doppler).

The solar panel is providing electrical power and


additional power for peak demands is being provided by one of
two batteries aboard. The gas jets are firing intermittently
to keep the craft aligned on the Sun and Canopus.
The engineering and tracking inxormation is received
from Surveyor at one of the stations of the Deep Space Net.
The data is communicated to the Space Flight Operations
Facility (SFOF) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasa-
dena where the flight path of the spacecraft is carefully
calculated and the condition of the spacecraft continuously
monitored.
Midcourse Maneuver
Tracking data will be used to determine how large a
trajectory correction must be made to land Surveyor In the
given target area. This trajectory correction, called the
midcourse maneuver, is required because of many uncertain-
ties in the launch operation that prevent absolute accuracy
in placing a spacecraft on a trajectory that will intercept
the Moon precisely at the desired landing point.
The midcourse maneuver is timed to occur over the Goldstone
station of the USN in the Mojave Denert, the tracking station
nearest the S10Ol1 at JPL.

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SURVEYOR MIDCOURSE CORRECTION

CRUISE ATTITUDE

SUN I
S - 9 /YAW
(OR PITCH) TURN

O STAR 5--V
(ANOPUS

SUN AND CANOPUS


REACQXXSMTON
ERoi TURN --

VERNIER ENGINES BURN

__

-
4

-32-.

The thrust for the midcourse maneuver will be provided by


the spacecraft's three liquid fuel vernier engines. Total thrust
level is controlled by an accelerometer at a constant accel-
eration equal to 0.1 Earth g (3.2 ft/sec/sec). Pointing
errors are sensed by gyros which can cause the individual
engines to change thrust level to correct pitch and yaw
errors and swivel one engine to correct roll errors.
Flight controllers determine the required trajectory
change to be accomplished by the midcourse maneuver. In
order to align the engines in the proper direction to apply
thrust to change the trajectory, or flight path, Surveyor will
be commanded to roll, then pitch or yaw to achieve this
alignment. Normally, two maneuvers are required, a roll-pitch
or a roll-yaw.
The duration of the first maneuver is radioed Lo the
spacecraft, stored aboard and re-transmitted back to Earth
for verification. Assurei that Surveyor has received the
proper information, it Is then commanded to perform the
first maneuver, When completed, the second maneuver is
handled in the same fashion. With the spacecraft now aligned
properly in space, the number of seconds of required thrust is
transmitted to tihe spacecraft, stored, verified and then
executed,
In the event of a failure of the automatic timer aboard
the spacecraft which checks out the duration of each maneuver
turn and firing period, each step in the seqmenco can be
performed by carefully timed ground commands.
After completion of the midcourse maneuver, Surveyor
reacquires the Sun and Canopus. Again Surieyor is in the
cruise mole and the next critical event will be the terminal
maneuver.
Terminal Sequence
The first step starts at about 1,000 miles above the
Moon's surface. The exact descent maneuvers will depend on
the flight path and orientation of the Surveyor with respect
to the Moon and the target area. Normally they will be a
roll followed by a yaw or a pitch turn. As in the midcourse
maneuver, the duration times of the maneuvers are radioed
to the spacecraft and the gas jets fire to execute the re-
qiired -oll and pitch and yaw. The object of the maneuver
is to align the main retro solid rocket with the descent
path. To perform the maneuvers, the spaCecratt will break
its lock on the Sun and Canopus. Attitude control will be
maintained by inertial sensors. ayros will sense changes in
the attit de and order the gas jets to fire to maintain the
correct attitude until the retrorocket is ignited.

-mcrc-
-32a-

SURVEYOR'TERMINAL DESCENT
CRUISE ATTITUDE
'1'O LUNAR SURFACE
lAppromimate Allitudos and Velocilles Given)

PRIERETRO MANEUVER 30 MIN


BEFORE TOUCHDOWN ALIGNS
MAIN RETRO WITH FLIGHT PATH

MAIN RETRO START BY ALTITUDE


MARKING RADAR WHICH EJECTS
FROM NOZZLE, CRAFT STABILIZED
BlY VERNIER ENGINES AT
5? Ml ALTITUDE, 5,900 MPH

A k( MAIN RETRO BURNOUT AND EJECTION,


VERNIER RETRO SYSTEM TAKEOVER AT
37,000 Ft, 400 MPH

VERNIER ENGINES SHUTOFr


AT 14 FT, 3:/, MPH

TOUCHDOWN Al 8 MPH

'<4 }
-33-

With the spacecraft properly aligned, tha altitude mark-


ing radar will be activated, by ground command, at approximately
200 miles above the Moon's surface. All subsequent terminal
events will be automatically controlled by radars and the flight
control programmer. The auxiliary battery will be connected
to help the main battery supply the heavy loads required during
deneent.
At approximately 60 miles' slant range from the Moon's
surface, the marking radar starts the flight control program-
mer clock which then counts down a previously stored delay
time and then commands ignition of the solid propellant main
retro and the three liquid fueled, throttleable vernier engines.
The vernier engines maintain a constant spacecraft attitude dur-
ing main retro firing in the same manner as during midcourse
thrusting.
The spacecraft will be traveling at approximabely 6,000
miles-per-hour. The main retro will burn out in 40 seconds
at about 25,000 feet above the surface after reducing the
velocity to about 250 miles-per-hour. The casing of the main
retro is separated from the spacecraft, on command from the
programmer 12 seconds after burnout, by explosive bolts and
falls free.
After burnout the flight control programmer will control
the thrust level of the vernier engines until the Radar Alti-
meter and Doppler Velocity Senvor (RADVS) locks up on its return
signals from the Moon's surface.
Dascent will then be controlled by the RADVS and the vernier
engines. Signale from RADVS will be processed by the flight
control electronics to throttle the three vernier engines re-
ducing velocity as the altitude decreases. At 13 feet above the
surface, Surveyor will have been slowed to three miles per hour.
At this point the engines are shut off and the spacecraft free
falls to the surface.
Immediately after landing, flight control power is
turned off to conserve battery powcr.

-more-
-34-

Post-landing Events

of prime interest to the en!tneers who designed Surveyor


will be the engineering telemetry received during the descent
and touchdown. Touchdown will be followed by periods of engin-
eering telemetry to determine the condition of the spaoecraft.
Then a series of wide angle, 200-line television pictures will
be taken.
The solar panel and high gain planar array antenna will
then be aligned with the Sun and Earth, respectively. If the
high-gain antenna is successfully operated to look on Earth,
transmission of 600-line television pictures will begin. If
it is necessary to operate through one of the low-gain, omni-
directional antennas, additional 200-line pictures will be
transmitted.
The lifetime of Surveyor on the surface will be determined
by a number of iactors such as the power remaining in the
batteries in the event that the Sun is not acquired by the solar
panel and spacecraft reaction to the intense heat of the lunar
day and the deep cold of the lunar night.

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-35-
ATLAS-C0NTAUR AND SURVEYOR TI-:AMS

NASA HMADQrJARTERS, WASHINGTON, D.C.


Dr. Homer E. Newell Associate Administrator for
Space Science and
Applications

Oran W. Nicks Director, Lunar and Planetary


Programs

Benjamin Milwitsky Surveyor Program Manager

V. L. Johnson Director, Launch Vehicle and


Propulsion Programs

T. B. Norris Centaur Program Manager

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, PASADENA, CALIF.

Dr. William H. Pickering Director

Gen. A. R. Luedecke Deputy Director

Howard H. Haglund Surveyor Project Manager

Kermit S. Watkins Assistant Project Manager for


Surveyor Operations

Robert 0. Forney Surveyor Spacecraft System


Manager

Dr. Leonard Jaffe Project Scientist

DEEP SPACE NETWORK

Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin Assistant Laboratory Director


for Tracking and Data Ac-
quisition, JPL

Dr. Nicholas A. Renzetti Surveyor Tracking and Data


Systems Manager, JPL

W. E. Larkin JPL Engineer in Charge,


Goldstone

-more -
1 I

-36-

J, Buckley Pioneer Station Manager,


Goldstone
R. J. Fahnestook JPL DSN Resident in Australia
Re As Leslie Tidbinbilla Station Manager

Phil Tardani JPL DSN Essident in Spain


Donald Meyer Robledo Station Manager
Avron Bryan Ascension Station Manager
LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER, CLEVELAND 0.
Dz Abe Silverstein Director
Dr,. S C. Himel Assistant Direcoor for Launch
Vehioles
Edmund R, Jonash Centaur Project Manager
UINNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA.
Dr. Kurt R. Debus lareotor
Robert H. Gray Director of Unmanned Launch
operations
John D. Gossett Cklet, Centaur Operations
PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATORS
Dr. Eugene Shoemaker Television
U.S, Geologioal Survey
Dr. Ronald F. Scott Surface Sampler
Calirornia Institute of
Technology
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY. CULVER CITY. CALIF.
Dr. Robert L. Roderick Surveyor Program ant pet
Assistant Manager -- Lunar
Programs
Robert 3. Sears Associate Program Manager
Richard R. Ounter Assistant Program Manager

-more-
-37-

GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR, SAN DIEGO, CALIF.


Grant L. Hanson Vice Presidents Launch Vehicle
Programs
KATAND WHITNEY AIRCRAFT DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CO.$
WZTPAMl MEACH. FLA
Richard Anchutze RL-10 Engine Project Manager
HONEYWELL. INC., ST. PETERSBUR2, FLA,
R. B. Foster Centaur Guidance Program
Manager
SURVEYOR/ATLAS-CENTAUR SUBCONTRACTORS

Surveyor

AlRosearch Division Ground Support Equipment


Garrott Corporation
Torrance, Calif.
Airite Nitrogen Tank
E1 Segundo, Calif.

Airtek Propellant Tanks


Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.
Compton, Calir.

Ampex Tape Recorder


Redwood City, Calif,
Astrodata Deoomutetors and SubaArrier
Anaheim, Calif, Discriminator Systems
Bll & Howell Company Camera Lens
Chicago, Ill.
Bendix Corporation Landing Dynamios stability
Products Aerospaoe Division Study
South Bend, Indiana
Borg-Warner Tape Recorder
Santa Anas Cali.T
Erunson Optical Allnent quipm nt
Kansas City, Kansas
Carleton Controls Helu Rgulator
Buffalo, New York
eorem
-38-
Eagle-Picher Company Auxiliary Batteries
Joplin, Mo.
Electric Storage Battery Main Batteries
Raleigh, N.C.
Electro-Development Corp,, Strain Gage Electronics
Seattle, Wash,
Electrolechanioal Research Docmutators
Sarasotao Fla.
Endevyo Corporation Accelerometers
Pasadena, Calitf
General Bleotro Dynmaias Vidicon Tubes
Carland, Tex,

General Precision, Inc. Spaceorart TV Ground Data


Advanced Products Division Handling System
Link Oroup
Sunnyvale, Calif,
Hellotek Solar Modules
Sylzar, Calif.
Hi-Shear Corp, Separation Device
Torrancoo Calif,
C Go. Hokarson Mob, Taperature Control
Santa Monica* Calif. Unit
Holex Squlbs
Hollister, Calif.
Hon gele Cl Tape Reoorder/Reproducer

General Precision, Inc. Floated Rate Integrated


Kearfott System. Division Gyros
Wayne, N. J.
KXnetic Main Power Switch
Solana Beach, Calif.
Lear Siegler T.Vo Photo Recorder
Santa Monica, Calife
Menas o Cas Tanks
Los Angeles, Calif.
nocrem
r'C,
-39-

metoam Magnetron Assembly


Sale, as

Motorola, Ina. Subearrier Oscillators


Military Ileabronios Division
Scottsdale# Arise
National Water Uft Co, Landing Shook Absorber
Atlanasoo, Nich.
Northrop/Norair landingator
HSathorna, Calif.
Ryan ATronuteical Co. RarRelooity
AltitudiDoppler
Scn Diveoo oalnf Asneor
8cnborn Le Fe O8011.graph
Waltham Mass*
olontilchmAtlnta Systom Test ItpA
Alanta, ON. .
SLng r-Retrive Pt No Callbretw
Br^&4goport,, Maso.
Tilemetrioatiml actor
Santr Anl, Calif.
Uniteol Chemical Corps vtan ritro s
Nordon Division
olktanmo Pd a
t
$hiokol ornir
heDival Corpi Propulsion Ayste
f
ReaotionMotors DAviaion
Denvlllo, No Jo
Tlnoloy laboratories# Inae Spacecraft irrcrs
aerkloya, Calif.
Unittof Alroraft Corps Bubcam. ler Ovoillator,
Nordon Division
Pas
Southh4_pton_
V otor Ruboarrier Ooolllator
Southhamptonp Pao
Atl"x"aentaur
Rooketdyne Diviloon of NA-.5 Propulsion Jrstem
North American Aviation,, Ina.
Canoga Parks Calif,
-Noref
-40-

Thiokol Chemical Corp, LOX and Fuel 8taging Valves


Reaction Motors Division
Denville, N. J,
Hadley Co., Inc, Valves, Regulators nd
Di connect Coupling
Fluidgeniao, Inc. Regulators
Oeneral Precision, Inc. Displacement Gyros
Kearfott Division
Wayne, N.J.
Honeywell, Inc. Rate 0yros
Aeronautical Division
Fifth Dimension, Inc. Commutators
BendIx Corp Telepalks and Oscillators
Bendix Pacific Division
Fairchild-Hiller LOX Fuel VA Drain Valves
Stratos Western Division
Bourns, Inc. Transducers and Potentiometors
Washington Steel Co. Stainless Steel
Washington, ft.
aoneral nnmmics Insulation Panels and Nose
Port Worth DivIsion Fairing
Fort Worth, %ox.
Pasco Products Division of Soout Pwpos for RL-lO Engines
--tw z Corp.
zarg'
Be~ord, 0,
Bell Aerosystm Co. of Attitude Control System
Bell Asrospac Corp.
uffalor, . Y.
Liquidometer Aeropao Dvision
l Propellant Utillsation System
imnd Pre IioMProducts, Inc.
ng tIsland, N.Y.
general Prelision, Inc, ¢Cpater fori inertial auiae
Ksarfott Division tK
Su Nros# Calif.
aore-
-41-.

Goodyear Aerospace DWiv1on Nmlindln Triler |


Goodyear ire and Rubber Co.
Mo'ono 0.0I
syitems and Instrwents Dmv Dstructors
Bulova Watoh Co.
Plushin.. No Y.
Consolidatd Contros Corp Sate an4 Am Initiator
xi Segundo, Calif.
Dorg- r Control Division Invorter
r
kav
m# Calif
3IP1oan Caorp Modules tor elant Utl'tI-
oon W s .' tion ayste
General 3eotwio Coo Turbie
Iqm# NatsS

Vilckes ivision of Hrdraulio Pp


8pe', 1and Corp.
Trr "Loh 4

Zdalitt Instintn Ino.oTransduoers an 54dcthe,


Nonrovia, Ca0li.

RN wt i rits Co. ndur


I0s# 0M
5sientitfi Data systems amputers
Santa Nonioas calif.
WV. 0.led
In* drogn MAOVet Va lve
*..-.- andtb en r

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