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PROJECT: SURVEYOR D
(To be launched no earlier
9 P^,July 13, 196?)
CONTENTS
GENERAL RELEASE ------------------------------------- l-5
SURVEYOR CK- ROUN ------------
:-------- ------------ :::85
SURVEYOR D SPACECRAFT- --------------------------- -----9
Frame, Mechanisms and Thermal Control--:-------------9-11
Power Subsystemr--------------------------------------11-13
Telecommunication a---------------------------------- 13-14
Propulsion ------------------------------------------- 14-15
Flight Control Subsystem----------------------------15-16
Television ---------------------------------------- 17
Surface Sampler Experiment- ------ -------------- 1819
Magnetic Test ----------------------------------------
n19-20
Engineering Instrumentation----------------------------20
ATLAS-CENTAUR LAUNCH VEHICLE----------------------------21
Launch Vehicle Fact Sheet---------------------------22
Atlas-Centaur Flight Sequence-----------------------23
TRACKING AND COMMUNICATION------------------------------241-25
TRAJECTORY ---a---------------------------------------- 26-27
W ATLAS-CENTAUR ll/SURVEYOR D FLIGHT PLAN----------------28
Launch Periods -- a---------------------------------------28
Atlas Phase ------------------------------------------- 28-29
Centaur Phase ---- aa----------------------------------a-a--- 29
First Surveyor Events-----------------------------29-30
Canopus Acquisition ---------------------------------
a31
Midcourse Maneuver --------aa ------------------------- 31-32
Terminal Sequence ------------------------------- a
a32-33 --
Post-landing Events ----------------------------- - 34
ATLAS-CENTAUR AND SURVEYOR TEAMS--------------------- -35-41
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7/5/67
NATIONAL AENONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
N EW S WASHINGTON, D.C. 2054
TELS
TELS
WO 2 4155
W36925
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7/5/67
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engines were not out off Just prior to the first touchdown.
See page 8,
On the first day of the launch period, July 13, the launch
Ptolemaeus.
pounds.
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II
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After expenditure of liquid propellants and attitude
control gas, the landed weight of Surveyor on the Moon will be
about 625 pounds.
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for the Atlas first stage booster and for the second stage
Centaur, both developed by General Dynamics/Convair, San Diego,
Calif. Launch operations are directed by Kennedy Space Center,
Fla.
SURVEYOR BACKGROUND
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Despite a faltering battery not expected to endure the
rigors of the lunar environment over an extended period, Surveyor
continued to accept Earth commands and transmit TV pictures
through the second lunar sunset. It received and acted upon
approximately 120,000 commands during the mission.
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Operation of the television camera yielded 6,315 pictures.
These Included pictures of a solar eclipse as the Earth passed
in front of the Sun, the lunar terrain, portions of the space-
craft, surface sampler operations and the crescent of the Earth.
Attempts to reactivate the spacecraft during the second
lunar day were unsuccessful.
On Surveyor III a radar break-lock was commanded by the
spacecraft landing radar's Internal logic as the radar beams
crossed a field of highly reflecting rocks as it neared the
sur~ace. These looked to the radar much as a field of broken
mirrors would to a searchlight, giving unexpected high returns
back into the radar receivers. This caused the break-lock be-
cauee the radar logic circuitry is designed so as to make the
radar tracking circuits select the strongest signal if several
are present.
This break-lool, feature is an intelligence which has
been designed into the radar to enable it to ignore reflections
from antenna side lobes. This is very Important when the
radar is first turned on and is searching for the Moon's surface
from a tilted spacecraft or if the radar accidently locks onto
a weak side lobe reflection initially.
It iD not needed near the lunar surface when the radar
is already locked on the proper reflections.
The action taken to avoid recurrence of a similar break-
lock on Surveyor D and future Surveyors, is to disable the
break-lock logic when the spacecraft is near enough to bhe Moon's
surface that highly reflective rocks oould be a problem. In
this case, the logic will not be used below 1,000 feet.
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SURVEYOR D SPACECRAFT
Spaceframes, echanisms and Thermal Control
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SURVEYOR
SOLAR PANEL
OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA A
HIGH-GAIN ANTENNA
THERMALLY CONTROLLED
COMPARTMENT B
THERMALLY CONTROLLED
COMPARTMENT A TV CAMERA
STAR CANOPUS
+\- -Zi- .vzSENSOR
RADAR ALTITUDE-
DOPPLER VELOCITY ONIECTI
FOOTPAD 3
FOOTPAD 2 -
VERNIER ENGINE 3
CRUSHABLE VERNIER PROPELLANT
BSLOCK ePRESSURIZING SAS
SAMPLER
LS; TANK (HELIUM)
AUXiLIARY BATTERY
RETRO ROCKET NOZZLE
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Power Subsystem
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Telecommunications
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Processing or most engineering data, (temperatures,
voltages, currents, pressures, switch positions, etc.) is
handled by the engineering signal processor or the auxiliary
processor. There are over 200 engineering measurements of
the spacecraft. None are continuously reported. There are
four commutators in the engineering signal processor to permit
sequential sampling of selected signals. The use of a commutator
is dependent on the type and amount of information required
during various flight sequences. Each commutator can be com-
manded into operation at any time and at any of the five bit
rates: 17.2, 137.5, 550, 1100 and 4,400 bits per second.
Commutated signals from the engineering processors are
converted to 10-bit data words by an analog-to-digital conver-
ter in the central signal processor and relayed to the transmitter.
The low bit rates are normally used for transmissions over the
low gain antennas and the low power levels of the transmitters.
Propulsion
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Television
HOOD -MIRROR
FOCUS
POTENTIOMETER
IRIS
POTENTIOMETER
VIDICON TUBE
SHUTTER -
ASSEMBLY
- VIDICON
RADIATOR
ELECTRONIC
CONVERSION
UNIT
ELECTRICAL
Wi,/ CONNECTOR
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Surface Sampler Experiment
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Magnetic Test
The purpose of this test, utilizing a small magnet attached
to a footpad, is to determine whether magnetic particles are
present in the surface layer of lunar soil.
The magnet is a bar, two inches long by j inch wide by
1/8 inch thick, mounted vertically on footpad #2 in view of
the television camera. Photographs of the bar taken at various
Sun angles would show magnetic particles attracted to the magnet
it there are any on the lunar surface.
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PARALLEL TO
LEG CENTER LINE
a
at
NON-MAGNETIC BAR
BRACKET
MAGNETIC BAR
2 x1/2x1/8 IN.
1
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Engineering Instrumentation
Engineering evaluation of the Surveyor flight will be
augmented by an engineering payload including an auxiliary
battery, auxiliary processor for engineering information, and
instrumentation consisting of extra temperature sensors, strain
gauges for gross measurements of vernier engine response to
flight control commands and shock absorber loading at touch-
down, and extra accelerometers for measurements of vernier engine
response to flight control commands and shock absorber loading
at touchdown, and extra accelerometers for measuring structural
vibration during main retro burn.
The auxiliary battery will provide a backup for both
emergency power and peak power demands to the main battery
and the solar panel. It is not rechargeable.
The auxiliary engineering signal processor provides two
additional telemetry commutators for determining the performance
of the spacecraft. It processes the information in the same
manner as the engineering signal processor, providing additional
signal capacity and redundancy.
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Launch Vehicle Fact Sheet
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Atlas-Centaur Flight Sequence
NOMINAL
MMEv ALTITUE SURFACE RANGE VTEIPH
TDIE, SEC. SMibE I. STATUTE MI.
1. Liftoff o 0 0 0
2. Booster engine cutoff 144 37 51 5,560
3. Booster engine Jettison 147 39 55 5.730
4. Jettison insulation paels 178 57 101 6,300
5. Jettison nose fairing 205 73 147 6,930
6. Sustainer engine cutoff 239 90 213 7T,800
7. Atlas-Centaur sePation 2 41 91 216 7,800 ,
0
* 8. Centaur engine start 250 96 236 7,800
9. Centaur engi" cutorf 685 112 1,750 23,700
10. Spacecraft separation 756 107 2,200 23,700
11. Centaur reorientation 761 106 2,240 23,700
12. Centaur retrothrust 996 232 3,7463 23,700
(Launch vehIcle mson completed at T plus 21 minutes)
FIgures used are appro te but typical of potential
trajectories for AC-li depending on day or launch.
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the command center via high-speed data lines, radio links, and
teletype. The stations are also linked with the center by voice
lines. All incoming data are recorded on magnetic tape.
The information transmitted from the DSN stations to the
SFOF is fed into large scale computer systems which translate
the digital code into engineering units, separate information
pertinent to a given subsystem on the spacecraft, and drive
display equipment in the SFOF to present the information to the
engineers on the project. All incoming data are again recorded
in the computer memory system and are available on demand.
Equipment for monitoring television reception from
Surveyor is located in the SFOF,
Some of the equipment is designed to provide quick-look
information for decisions on commanding the camera to change
iris settings, change the field of view from narrow angle to
wide angle, change focus, or to move the camera either
horizontally or vertically. Television monitors display the
picture being received. The pictures are received line by
line and each line is held on a long persistence television
tube until the picture is complete. A special camera system
produces prints of the pictures for quick-look analysis.
Other equipment will produce better quality pictures from
negatives produced by a precision film recorder.
Commands to operate the camera will be prepared in
advance on punched paper tape and forwarded to the stations
of the DSN. They will be transmitted to the spacecraft from
the DSN station on orders from the SFOF.
Three technical teams support the Surveyor television
mission in the SFOF: one is responsible for determining the
trajectory of the spacecraft including determination of launch
periods and launch requirements, generation of commands for
the midcourse and terminal maneuvers; the second is responsible
for continuous evaluation of the condition of the spacecraft
from engineering data radioed to Earth; the third is responsible
for evaluation of data regarding the spacecraft and for
generating commands controlling the spacecraft operations.
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T]{AJ :;C8.O Y
Thu d®termnnatilo:, of po-irblu launch das,
speci.flc times
dur.!nri each day and 1he iEarth-Moon truajectorles
for the Sur-
ve.;or spacecralt arc bascd cii a Fiumier ol factors,
or
constraints.
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SURVEYOR TRAJECTORIES TO THE MOON
BEWE
ELOW EOUATOR BY- ----
EINCRAIG COAST TWAF
FINGS ----
DOTTED LINES SHOW MAXIMUM AMO0UNT DIPECT ASCENT ---
TRJECTOEY CAN BE ADJUTD TO REACH T - -E--ENT
MOON POSITONS
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FGH
Surveyor D will be launched by Atlas-Centaur 11 into a
direct-ascent lunar trajectory.
The primary taak for Atlas-Centaur 11 on the Surveyor D
flight is to inject the Surveyor spacecraft on a lunar-transfer
trajectory with sufficient accuracy so that the midcourse
maneuver correction required some 15 to 2 0 hours Gfter liftoff
does not exceed 50 iweters/oecond or 111.85 m.les-per-hour.
The Centaur stage also is required to perform a retro-
maneuver to avoid impacting the Moon and to prevent Surveyor's
star seeker from mistaking the spent Centaur for its orienting
star, Canopus,
Launch Periods
Arrival Time
Launch Window (Based on earliest
Date Open -Flose -Date launch time)
13 7:03 a.m. 7:07 a.m. 16 12:18 a.m.
14 7:53 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 16 lC:21 p,m,
15 8:43 a.m. 10:01 a.m. 17 10:25 p.m,
16 9:43 a.m. 11:05 a.m. 18 11:42 p.m.
17 10:44 a.m. 12:08 p,m. 20 12:46 a.m.
Atlas Phase
All flive of the Atlas enginee -- three main engines and
two vernier control engines -- are ignited prior to 1Jftoff.
For the first two seconds the Atlas-Centavr will rise vertically
and then roll for 13 seconds to the desired flight plane azimuth
of 80 to 115 degrees depciding upon time of launch.
After 15 seconds of flight, the vehicle begins pitching
over to the desired flight trajectory which continues throughout
the Atlas-powered phase of the flight.
At T plus 144 seconds, booster engine cutoff (BECO) occurs
when an acceleration level of 5.7 g is sensed. Three seconds
later the booster engine package Is jettisoned. The sustainer
engine continues to propel the vehicle and Centaur inertial
guidance begins its steering functions.
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SURVEYOR FLIGAT PROFIE
STPAAIN AT
LAUNCH R"-
CANOPUS ACQUISITIOM
ASOUT LAUNiC PLUS 6 HS
C)MFITUS CMASE ATTITUE PZEfRETO MANEUVW
STADIlIZAnON 30 MNK BEFCOE LA'ING
I24MRS
AT00P
AT LAUNC~H
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Centaur Phase
At T plus 250 seconds, Centaur's two hydrogen-oxygen
RL-10 engines are ignited for a planned burn o1 435 seconds.
Centaur ignition occurs at about 96 miles altitude when the
vehicle is 236 miles down range traveling at a velocity of
7,800 MPH.
After 685 seconds of flight, Centaur's propulsion system
Is shut down when the guidance system senses that the vehicle
has attained proper velocity. Injection velocity varies with
time and day ol' launch, but Is approximaitely 23,'700 mph.
Shortly after Centaur engine Thutdown, the Centaur pro-
grammer commando Ourveyor's, legs and two omnidirectional antennas
to extend, and orders the spacecral't's transmitter to high power.
At T plus 756 seconds and an altitude of' 107 miles, the pro-
grammer commando separation of' Surveyor from Centaur. Three
spring-loaded cylinders force the spacecrai't and vehicle apart.
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Canopus Acquisition
Canupus acquisition will be commanded from the ground
about six hours after launch. The gas jets will fire to roll
the spacecraft at 0.5 degree per second. When the sensor
sees the predicted brightness of Canopus (the brightest star
in the Southern Hemisphere) it will order the roll to stop
and lock on the star. The brightness of the light source
it is seeing will be telemetered to Earth to verify that
it is locked on Canopus.
Verification can also be provided by a ground command
ordering a 360 degree roll and the plotting of each light source
thr sensor sees that is in the sensitivity range of the sensor.
(,he sensor will ignore light levels above and below given
intensities.) This star map can be compared with a map pre-
pared before launch to verify that the spacecraft is locked on
Canopus.
Now properly oriented on the Sun and on Canopus, Sur-
veyor is in the coast phase of the transit to the Moon.
Surveyor is transmitting engineering data to Earth and
receiving commands via one of its omnidirectional antennae.
Tracking data is obtained from the pointing direction of
ground antenna and observed frequency change (Doppler).
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SURVEYOR MIDCOURSE CORRECTION
CRUISE ATTITUDE
SUN I
S - 9 /YAW
(OR PITCH) TURN
O STAR 5--V
(ANOPUS
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SURVEYOR'TERMINAL DESCENT
CRUISE ATTITUDE
'1'O LUNAR SURFACE
lAppromimate Allitudos and Velocilles Given)
TOUCHDOWN Al 8 MPH
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Post-landing Events
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ATLAS-C0NTAUR AND SURVEYOR TI-:AMS
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Surveyor