Current Trends in Data

Storage Backup and

Restoration
February 13, 2003
Tom Coughlin
Coughlin Associates
www.tomcoughlin.com
Outline
vStorage Demand Drivers
vBackup and Recovery Trends
vMajor Trends in Backup
O Storage Hierarchy and Data Lifecycle
O Tape Storage
O Enhanced Backup
O Disk Drive for Backup/Recovery
O Form Factor Changes
O Electrical Interface Development
Information Details
v Roughly 8 EB of digital data produced in 2002.
v 90% of data on disk is never or seldom accessed
after 90 days+
v 90% of digital data is on removable storage*
v 80% of digital data is replicated data*
v Disk utilization is often as low at 35-45% ^
v Disk storage is the most expensive component in
the data center

+Horison Information Services

*UC Berkeley
^Gartner/Credit Suisse
Need for Storage Administration
 Data Protection
v Provide Business Continuity Even If Data Is:
O Accidentally Erased or Modified
O Maliciously or Accidentally Modified
O Corrupted
O Catastrophically Lost
v Maintain an Accurate, Up-to-Date Copy of the Data
v Do Not Allow This Copy to Get Modified, Corrupted,
or Lost
v Use This Copy to Get Back in Business Quickly
Disaster recovery Depends upon effective
backup and rapid data recovery.
Costs of Site Downtime
Brokerage $5.6M - $7.3M
Credit Card Authorization $2.2M - $3.1M
Home Shopping $87k - $140k
Airline Reservations $67k - $112k
Subway Ticket Sales $56k - $82k
Parcel Shipping $24k - $32k
ATM $12k - $17k

This is why rapid recovery is critical!

Gartner Group / Dataquest
 Many Backups
are through
Networks

SANs connect:
v Storage to Servers
in the data center

IP connects
v Users to Servers on
the LAN or Internet
Data Lifecycle
(modified from StorageTek)

Capacity Disk
Migration
Recovery Time vs. Cost
(from StorageTek)
Tape Applications
vLargest single application is in back-up
(>75%). Remainder is archive
vAbout half of average system price is for
the autoloader systems and half is for the
drives themselves
vMost backup using Veritas or Legato
backup software, little NT or Unix.
vBiggest growth area is libraries for NAS or
SAN systems
StorageTek Tape Library
Major Backup Tape Formats

AIT

DLT

LTO
Tape Benefits
vGood Archival Medium
O Shock Resistance
O Packing Density

O Transportability

vCheap Media Cost

 Tape Challenges
v Sequential Access
O Slow data restoration
v Degradation During Long DLT Tapes Needed
Term Storage to Back-Up typical High-End NetApp Filer

40
O Re-tensioning, bleed 30
through, … 20 3X
v Lack of Scalability with 10

0
Data Growth 1997 2003

O Capacity
O Throughput
v Periodic Verification
Difficult
O Especially if Offline
 Tape Capacity Growth Trend vs. Technology
100000
AIT (GB)
DDS (GB)
10000
DLT
LTO
Tape Capacity (GB)

1000 30% CAGR

60% CAGR
100% CAGR
100 120% CAGR

10

1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Tape Market Observations
vTape prices tend to be very stable, <5%
price erosion on systems per year
vAverage drive price is about $5k (S-DLT)
vAverage tape price is about $50 (S-DLT)
vTechnology changes such as areal density
growth and data rate improvements much
slower than disk drives (<60% CAGR in
Areal Density growth)
Enhanced Backup
v More than 80% of the cost of backup is
operational costs, mostly manpower, to support
backup.
v Since the core rate of tape technology
development is different than disk backup,
solutions with tape alone are scaling more slowly
than the primary storage.
v This leads to a “backup crisis!”
v By enhancing traditional tape backup with disk
based solutions we can help customers avoid a
“backup crisis” and provide enhanced
performance improvements as well.
 Enhanced Backup
Exploit the Advantages of Disks to Protect
Data
O Random Access
• Fast Data Restoration
O Reliable
O Scalable
O Online Reliability Verification
Backup Paradigm Shift
Tape
Tape

Offsite Offsite
Backup Backup
Archive Archive

Immediate Immediate
Business Business
Continuance Disk Continuance

???
Several Levels of Enhanced Backup
Level 3:
Continuous Backup
with Read-Write
Access

Level 2:
Changed-Block
Backup with Read
Access

Level 1:
Backup to Disk as
Tape Image
 Enhanced Backup - Level 1
Backup to Disk as Tape Image
O Data on Primary Storage Is Backed up to
Nearline Disk Storage Using Traditional
Backup Software
O Data on Nearline Storage Is in Proprietary
Format
O Nearline Storage Is Backed up to Tape for
Archiving
 Enhanced Backup - Level 1
UNIX Windows
Server Server
= File-level transfers

Daily Incremental

Network Backup
Server

Weekly / Monthly
Full

Disk Based Storage Tape Library

Fast Data Access
Enhanced Backup - Level 1
v Benefits
O Faster Restores From Random-access Disk Storage
O Eliminates the Need for Daily Incremental Backups to
Tape
O Integrates Into Your Existing Infrastructure
v Challenges
O Lots of Disk is Required for Full and Incremental
Backups
• One Byte Changed Causes Entire File to be Backed up
O Restore Process Still Requires Human Intervention
• Backup Copy Cannot Be Directly Accessed
O Backing up Remote Offices Is Not Practical Using This
Approach
• Requires a Robust WAN Network
Enhanced Backup - Level 2

Changed-Block Backup with Read Access

v Data Is Backed up to Nearline Disk Storage
O Only the Initial Backup to Nearline Storage Is a Full
Backup
O All Subsequent Backups Transfer Changed Data Only
• Only Changed Blocks Are Stored
v Backup Data on Nearline Storage Is in File
Format
O Can Be Browsed By Users
Enhanced Backup (Level 2)
SnapVault
NetApp Solaris Windows
Storage Server Server

Hourly/Daily Incrementals

Network

Backup
Server Remote Data Center
Only
Changed Weekly / Monthly Full
Blocks Backup
Server
Stored

Tape Library

WAN

Disk Storage System SnapMirror

 Enhanced Backup (Level 2)
v Benefits
O Superior Data Protection
• More frequent backups can be done and kept online
• Immediate verification of backup data
O Fast Backups and Restores
• Shrinks/eliminates the backup window
O Lower Backup Infrastructure costs
• Less storage utilized to store backup copies
• User initiated file restores
v Challenges
O Files Need to Be Restored Before Use
• Restore Is Delayed Until a New System or Free Disk Space Can Be
Located
O Doesn’t Solve Immediate Business Continuance
• Separate Solution Required
 Enhanced Backup (Level 3)

vContinuous Backup with Read-Write

Access
O Backup Data on Nearline Storage Can Be Made
Write-able in the Event of a Disaster
O Once the Primary Storage Is Available, the
Data on the Nearline Storage Can Be Re-
synced With the Primary Storage
 Enhanced Backup (Level 3)
1. Level 2 Backup / Replication 2. Primary Storage down; Target made read/write

Source Target Source Target

Volume
(Read/Write)
Replication
Volume
(Read)
X Volume Volume
(Read/Write)

3. Primary Storage available 4. Level 2 Backup / Replication Reinitiated

Source Target Source Target

Re-Sync Replication
Volume Volume Volume Volume
(Read) (Read/Write) (Read/Write) (Read)
Enhanced Backup (Level 3)
vBenefits
O Superior Data Protection
• More Frequent Backups Can Be Done and Kept Online
• Immediate Verification of Backup Data
O Lower Backup Infrastructure Costs
• Less Storage Utilized to Store Backup Copies
• User Initiated File Restores
O Solves Backup and Business Continuance
Issues
• One Solution

vChallenges
O New Paradigm
Addressing Traditional Backup Pain Points
Backup Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Traditional Backup Pain Points to Tape
Primary Storage impact during backup x 3 3
Backup window shrinking is an issue x 3 3
Restoring data takes a long time x 3 3
Takes a long time to verify backup data x x 3 3
Backups consume a lot of tape media x 3 3
Backups consume a lot of network bandwidth x x 3 3
Backup & restore process fails thereby requiring constant x 3 3
monitoring
Restores normally require administrator involvement x x 3 3
Remote backups are not dependable and costly to manage x x 3 3
and administer

xx Does
Does not
not address
address
Helps
Helps address
address
3
3 Fully
Fully addresses
addresses
Nearline and Enterprise Drives

Seagate Cheetah Product Western Digital Caviar Product

73.4 GB, 15,000 RPM, FC/SCSI 200 GB, 7,200 RPM, PATA

Maxtor MaxLine Product Western Digital Raptor Product

320 GB, 5,400 RPM, SATA 36.7 GB, 10,000 RPM, SATA
ATA-Based Storage Systems

Quantum DX30
The DX30 separates backup
functions from archive functions
to optimize the data protection
process.

Nexsan ATABeast Nexsan's

STK Bladestore product
14 TB for 7 cents a MB
uses 5-3.5 inch drives on
blade acting as one drive
to a fibre channel output
Nearline Storage
Disk Drive Trends
v Increasing storage and lower $/GB
O Currently 60 and 80 GB/3.5 inch disk
• Maxtor 320 GB, 4 disk, 5400 RPM
• Maxtor, WD 200+ GB 7200 RPM
O Next year 120-160 GB/3.5 inch disk
O Within 2-3 years 1 TB 4-disk drive will happen!
v New serial interfaces
O Serial ATA (SATA)
O Serial SCSI (SAS)
v Growing use of external drive boxes with USB or
1394 interfaces
v New small form factor drives for mobile devices
O 1.8 inch 20+ GB drives and small drive developments
External Drives (USB or
Firewire) or with small NAS
devices on a LAN

Maxtor PS5000 SNAP Storage

with one-touch Appliances
backup
iVDR
iVDR
Information
Information Versatile
Versatile Disk
Disk for
for Removable
Removable usage
usage
— Common HDD platform for PC and
Consumer AV usage
regardless of products
and manufactures
— Compact and
Removable
— Large Capacity and
High-Speed Access
— Content/Data Protection
— Open Standard
Possible Backup NAS Device
using iVDR drives
Estimated ASP Trends
1000

900

ENTERPRISE
800 PORTABLE
DESKTOP
700

600
Price($)

500

400

300

200

100

0
1990E 1992E 1994E 1996 1998 2000 2002E
 Areal Density (Gb/in
(Source: PRC, 2002)

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Q1 2000
Q2 2000
Q3 2000
Q4 2000
Q1 2001

19
TECHNOLOGY
Q2 2001
Q3 2001
Q4 2001
AREAL DENSITY PROGRESSION

Q1 2002
PRODUCT

Q2 2002
Q3 2002
Q4 2002
SHIPPING PRODUCT AREAL DENSITY
PROJECTIONS

Year Areal Density CAGR 95mm Avg. Capacity Per Platter

2000 120% 15
2001 100% 30
2002 90% 60
2003 80% 108
2004 70% 184
2005+ 60% 294

64
Disk Cost Trends
3.5 Inch ATA Network Storage
Drive Capacity and Price/GB
2000 5
Drive
1800 Capacity 4.5
$/GB
1600 4
Drive Capacity (G

1400 3.5
1200 3

$/GB
1000 2.5
800 2
600 1.5
400 1
200 0.5
0 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
 As low cost disk drive storage decreases in price it
offers greater economy to disk to disk backup and
the use of disk drives for backup cache.

1000
Tape Drives
100
Tape Drive +
100 Media
10
IDE RAID
$/GB

Tape Media
0.1
IDE Drives
0.01
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Tape Drive + 100 Media IDE Drive Ghetto RAID

Comparison of Straw Man DLT Tape vs. IDE Disk
Backup System
(Note that Tape has 2:1 Compressed capacity vs. disk drive native capacity)

Attribute DLT Tape IDE Drive Drive

Libray
Access Time 60 sec <15 ms
(>4000 X faster)
Data Rate 6 MB/s >46 MB/s
(>7 X faster)
Removability Yes Could be (drive
(Cartridges) carriers)
A. D. CAGR <60% >80%
Sequential Random
Access Access
DATA PROTECTION MARKET
OPPORTUNITY
v Backup Arrays include Disk Arrays Used in Backup
Revenue Forecast in $Billions
O Virtual Tape, D2D Backup,
Point-in-time Backup, $5.0
Snapshot Backup
v Backup Array revenue grows to
$5.1B in 2005 offsetting the $4.0

Tape Library Market

O Tape Library growth
$3.0
reaches $3.1B in 2005
v Disk usage expands as a
secondary data protection device $2.0

relegating tape to an archive role

O Tape libraries are the
$1.0
central automated archive
repository
O 60%+ of mainframe data is $0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
now protected by disk –
Virtual Tape Backup Disk Arrays Tape Libraries

Strategic Research Corp., Nov. 2002

Transition to Smaller Form Factors
v 2.5 inch most popular mobile computer drive form factor.
v 1.8 inch mobile computers now appearing, smaller size
drives???
v 60-65-mm disks used in 15k RPM enterprise disk drives
(although not yet in 2.5 inch form factor box). Cooling issues
v For new consumer products size and volume will become
important.
v Dense server and storage environments favor many more
smaller drives. This also gives better performance since the
time to data is faster for smaller form factors
v New consumer electronics initiatives using smaller form
factor disk drives such as the Japaneses iVDR consortium.
v In volume 2.5 inch drives should be as inexpensive or less
expensive per box compared to 3.5 inch disk drives.
 Capacity vs. Form Factor
(Same Areal Density, 4 Disks)
5000

95 mm high end
65 mm high end
4000 48 mm high end
27 mm high end
2002 95 mm

3000
Capacity (GB)

2000

1000

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Volumetric Density Comparison
18.0

16.0 65 mm, Enterprise

95 mm, Nearline 65 mm Enterprise
Volumetric Density (MB/sq. mm)

14.0
95 mm, Enterprise 2 disk, mobile
form factor
12.0

10.0 95 mmNearline
4 disks
8.0

6.0 95 mm Enterprise
6 disks
4.0

2.0

0.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Disk Drive Form Factor Changes
100

10
Percentage (%)

0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

<1.8 inch 2.5 inch 3.5 inch 5.25 inch

Drive Interface Migrations
Time
2001 Overall HDD
Market
Parallel Serial 10%
ATA ATA Enterprise

ATA is cost-optimized for Desktop

non-mission critical applications

2001 Enterprise HDD

Parallel Serial Attached Market

SCSI SCSI P-SCSI

9%

Serial Attached SCSI addresses the performance and Fibre Channel

reliability needs of enterprise environments Other

Fibre Serial Attached SCSI &

Channel Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel continues to pursue long-distance
and connectivity solutions associated with SANs
Fibre Channel Speeds and Feeds
v1 Gigabit per second (100 MB) since 1996
O Physical layer adopted by Gigabit Ethernet
v2 Gigabit per second (200 MB) since 1999
O Gigabit Ethernet won’t go there
v4 Gigabit per second (400 MB) in 2003
O Only a disk drive interface – not fabrics
v10 Gigabit per second (1200 MB) in 2003
O Physical Layer adopted from 10 Gig Ethernet
Interface Technology Comparison
Serial
SerialAttached
Attached
Serial
SerialATA
ATA SCSI
SCSI
Full-duplex
Full-duplexwith
with
Half-duplex
Half-duplex Link
LinkAggregation
Aggregation
Performance
Performance 1.5
1.5Gb/sec
Gb/sec 3.0
3.0Gb/sec
Gb/sec
(3.0
(3.0Gb/sec
Gb/secannounced)
announced)
Internal
Internalonly
only 6m
6mexternal
externalcable
cable
Connectivity
Connectivity One
Onedevice
device >128
>128devices
devices
No
Nopeer-to-peer
peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer
Peer-to-peer
Single-port
Single-portHDDs
HDDs Dual-port
Dual-portHDDs
HDDs
Availability
Availability
Single-host
Single-host Multi-initiator
Multi-initiator

Driver
Driver Software
Softwaretransparent
transparent Software
Softwaretransparent
transparent
Model
Model with
withParallel
ParallelATA
ATA with
withParallel
ParallelSCSI
SCSI
 CE Interface Speed Comparison
Serial ATA
USB 2.0 1394 Serial ATA
Gen 2
Interface
480 Mbps 400 Mbps 1500 Mbps 3000 Mbps
speed

Time to Copy
40 sec 33 sec 11 sec 5 sec
2GB File

Download 16
360 sec 300 sec 97 sec 48 sec
GB HD
(6 min) (5 min) (1.6 min) (0.8 min)
Movie

Back-up 1600 sec 1333 sec 427 sec 213 sec

80GB drive (27 min) (22 min) (7.1 min) (3.6 min)
General SATA & SAS Timelines
2002 2003 2004 2005
1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H

SATA Controllers Dual Mode SATA/SAS Controllers

NAS/Nearline ⇒ Desktop
Bridge SATA
Demos FCS

SATA 1.0 SATA 2.0

• 1.5 Gb/s @1m cabling • SATA 1.0, plus
• P-ATA Features • 3.0 Gb/s @1m cabling
• Hot-plug enabled • SATA Command Queuing
• Additional features

Server ⇒ Subsystems
Spec Proposal Demo Qual SAS
to ANSI T10 Units Units FCS

SAS 1.0
• 3.0 Gb/s
• >9m cabling
• Parallel SCSI Features
• 128 device addressing
• Dual port
Enabling Choices For Customers

- OR -

• A “properly designed” backplane can accommodate either SAS or SATA

disk drives
• SATA/High-Capacity disk drives can be used to enable “near-line” or
tape augmentation applications
• SAS/High-Performance disk drives can be used to enable “on-line”
and performance-oriented applications
• Enables OEMS, VARs & Integrators the ability to re-use designs and
more easily broaden their product offerings
Enabling Choices for Customers:
SATA-SAS Subsystem Example
When drives can share a common controller & backplane,
system designers & integrators are given more opportunities…

SATA drives with dual

port, switched carriers for
networked file storage
Dual port SAS drives
for main stream
server applications
Add-on JBOD or
RAID storage with mixed
drive classes

SATA drives integrate

disk to disk backup in
the server to shorten
backup and restore times

SAS SATA
drives drives
Conclusions
v Data storage continues to grow. More things made digital.
v Greater need than ever to preserve our digital assets
through backup and archive.
v Tremendous financial incentives tied to rapid recovery.
v Disk based backup will displace tape in many backup and
restoration applications to create Enhanced Backup
Storage.
v Three phases of Enhanced Backup Storage discussed, each
leading to greater automation of backup and restore
operations
v Changes in disk areal density and interfaces will lead to
higher performance and less costly backup storage.
v Digital backup and archive remain a major component in
data storage growth.