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Gold & Ceramometal

Alloys

V. Tsakalelli, D.D.S, M.S

Department of Prosthodontics & Operative Dentistry


Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Precious Metal Casting Alloys
Chapter 13, page 192-199

Alloys for Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal


Restorations
Chapter 14, page 200-209

Dental materials and their selection,


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Precious Metal Casting Alloys

Terminology & Definitions


Classification
Composition & Properties
General Requirements
Applications

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Terminology & Definitions

1. Precious metal: containing metals of high economic value such


as gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, (which
are noble), silver.

2. Noble metal: a precious metal that is resistant to tarnish. This


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3. Semi-precious alloys: noble metals that contain significant


amount of silver

4. Low Gold alloys: composed of gold, silver, and copper with a


small percentage of palladium. (Au 45% - 60%).

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Terminology & Definitions

5. Gold-substitute alloys: precious metal alloys not containing

gold

6. Non-precious: alloys not containing precious metals to impart

their corrosion resistance

7. Base-Metal Alloys: Metal that oxidizes readily

8. White Gold: White color due to higher concentration of Pt or Pd

9. Yellow Gold: yellow color due to presence of copper and/or gold

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Terminology & Definitions

10 Sag resistance: Amount of a bar of the material will distort at

high tempreratures

11. Coefficient of thermal expansion: A measure of the

dimensional change upon heating or cooling. Expressed as length

change per degree of temperature change.

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Terminology & Definitions

12 Burnishability: ability of metal to undergo surface deformation


(stretching) with a special tool
13 Corrosion: Chemical process that results in reduction of the
structural integrity of the material being corroded (e.g. rusting of
iron)
14 Tarnish: Formation of objectionable reaction products on the
surface of an alloy (Black oxides on silver)

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Classification of Gold Alloys
Full Gold Crown and Bridge Alloys (based on precious
metals)
ADA Classification System
Hardness +++

(1) Type I t 82% Au+ (Non-heat hardenable) -- inlay


(2) Type II t 77% Au+ (Non-heat hardenable) -- inlay, onlay
(3) Type III t 73% Au+ (Heat hardenable)-- onlay, crown
(4) Type IV t 71% Au+ (Heat hardenable)-- crown, bridge, RPD

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Table (13-2) Composition and properties of precious metal alloys
Page (194) William O. Brian

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Yield strength: Amount of stress required to
produce a pre-established amount of permanent
strain ( e.g. change in length) of the alloy.

Ductility: The degree to which a material can be


permanently deformed by a tensile force without
undergoing fracture or rupture. Most ductile
metals: Au, Ag )

Malleability: The degree to which a material can


be permanently deformed by a compressive force
without undergoing fracture or rupture. Most
malleable metals: Au, Ag )
Effects of Gold Alloys Components

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Effects of Gold Alloys Components

(1) Gold (Au) o Corrosion resistance


(2) Copper (Cu) o Hardness
(3) Silver (Ag) o Counteract orange color of copper
(4) Palladium (Pd) o Increase MP and Hardness
(5) Platinum (Pt) o Increase MP and Hardness
(6) Zinc (Zn) o Prevent oxidation during melting

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General Requirements

1. Physical Properties:

a. Reasonably low MP (flow)

b. Moderately high density (castability) o

Platinum = 12.45 gms/cm3 Cobalt = 8.90


Gold = 18.88 Nickel = 8.90
Palladium = 12.02 Iron = 7.87
Silver = 10.50 Chromium = 7.17
Copper = 8.96

c. Low coefficient of thermal expansion (D)o

Tooth = 9-11 ppm/qC Amalgam = 25


PFM alloys = 14 Composite = 35-45
Gold alloys = 18

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General Requirements

2. Chemical Properties:

a. Chemical corrosion (tarnish) resistance


b. Electrochemical corrosion resistance
c. Solubility (solderability)

3. Biological Properties:

a. Biocompatible: no toxic soluble phases


b. Non-reactive in the oral environment

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General Requirements

4. Mechanical Properties:
a. High E (stiffness)
b. Moderately high YS and H (resistance to plastic deformation)
c. Hardenable by heat treatment (retention of polish)

x
x
Yield Strength (or Hardness)
STRESS

Modulus (Stiffness, Slope of Line)

STRAIN
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Ceramo-metal Alloys

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PFM, V-Delta

Captek
Ceramometal Alloys

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Effects of alloying components

b. Effects of Alloying Components in Gold Alloys:


(1) Au, Pd, Pt o corrosion resistance
(2) Pt o increased MP
(3) Pd o increased MP and hardness
(4) Ag o cheaper
(5) Fe, In, Sn o oxide formers for gold alloys
(6) Zn o oxygen scavenger

c. Effects of Alloying Components in Other Alloys:


(1) Cr, Ti o oxide formers in other alloys
(2) Ni, Co, Fe o increased modulus

opaque body

metal oxide
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Major PFM Alloy Requirements

1. Physical Properties:

a. High fusing temperature to prevent distortion in porcelain bake

b. Matched LCTE of porcelain and metal

2. Chemical Properties:

a. Chemical bonding between porcelain and oxide layer on metal

b. Chemical corrosion resistance (no tarnish)

c. Electrochemical corrosion resistance

d. No porcelain discoloration reactions

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Major PFM Alloy Requirements

3. Mechanical Properties:
a. High E (= stiffness) (e.g., E = 90 to 220 GPa) (Space for ceramic
esthetics but metal thickness for rigidity)
b. High Hardness (= 125- 465 kg/mm2)
(Need metal to be capable of being ground and polished)

4. Biological Properties:
a. Non-toxic
b. Non-irritating

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Gold & Ceramo-metal Alloys
application

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