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ANGLISHT

LAW – is defined as a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally


recognized as binding and enforced by a controlling authority.
JURISPRUDENCE – the formal science of positive low.
LEGAL SYSTEM – is defined as a set of laws adopted by a society.
NORM – is a standart or custom shared by members of a group about
how they should behave. Norms can be informal or formal.
SANCTION – describes the techniques for maintaining social control
over society. We are rewarded if we follow norms of society, but if we
don’t follow the norms, we face sanctions.
SOCIAL ENGINEERING – is the process of developing and controlling
society through law. This is evident today in our society. Ex.minority
rights. Our legal system is flexible.
DISPUTES – arise when there are conflicts between two or more
parties, and a solution through the legal system becomes the only way
to settle the dispute.
LITIGATE – to carry on a legal contest by judicial process.
PLAINTIFF – is a person who commences a personal action to obtain a
remedy for an injury to his rights.
DEFENDANT – is a person required to make answer in a legal action or
suit, or a person in a court of law who has been accused of doing
something against the law.
NEGLIGENCE – is a conduct that failed to use the degree of care
demanded by the circumstances.
CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE – is when the plaintiff’s conduct is a
legally contributed cause with the defendant’s negligence causing the
plaintiff’s harm.
CIVIL LAW – legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems
of most of the English-speaking countries of the world, based on
customs, usage and court decisions. Civil law -plaintiff, contract, family
law, private individual, compensation, to bring an action, damages,
intellectual property, the defendant.
COMMON LAW – legal system developed from roman codified law,
established by a state for its regulation: area of the law concerned with
non-criminal matters, rights and remedies.
CRIMINAL LAW – area of the law which deals with crimes and their
punishments, including fines and imprisonment. Criminal law is to
charge someone with something, crime, police, prosecution, the
accused, theft, to fine, to bring a case.
COURT RULING – when a statute is plain and unambiguous, the court
must give effect to the intention of a legislature as expresed,rather
than determin what the law should or shouldn’t be.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DOC. – the purpose of this Ordinance is to
regulate traffic upon the Streets and Public Places in the town of
Hanwille,new Hampshire, for the promotion of the safety and welfare of
the public.
NEWSPAPER – the new EU Working Hours Directive is reported to be
causing controversy amongst the medical profession.
PARLIAMENTARY SPEECH – Mr Speaker, I am pleased to have the
opportunity to present the Dog Control Amendment Bill to the House. It
is a further milestone in meeting the changing expectations we have
about what is responsible dog ownership.
BROCHURE FOR EMPLOYES – these workplace safety and health
regulations are designed to prevent personal injuries and illnesses
from occurring in the workplace.
REGULATIONS – rules is used by a government agency to carry out the
intent of the law; authorized by a statute and generally providing more
detail on a subject than the statute.
ORDINANCE – law enacted by a town city or country government.
BILL – draft doc.before it is made into law.
DIRECTIVE – legal device used by the EU to establish policies at the
Europian level to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States.
STATUTES – formal written law enacted by a legislative body.
JUDGE – public official who has the authority to hear and decide cases.
CLAIMANT – person who initiates a civil lawsuit.
CLERK – employee who takes records, files papers and processes.
NATYRAL LAW – is an ideal law.
TRIBUNAL – a body that is appointed to make a judgement or inquiry.
THE JUDICIARY – a country’s body of judges.
LEGISLATION – an act or acts passed by a law-making body.
RULE – behaviour recognized by a community as binding or
enforceable by authority.
LEGAL ACTION – legal proceedings.
COURT – an official body that has autkority to try criminals, resolve
disputes, or make other legal decisions.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY – an organization responsible for
enforcing the law, especially the police.
AUTHORITY – the control resulting from following a community’s
system of rules.
LAWYER – members of the legal proffesion.
GOVERN – to rule a society and control the behaviour of its members.
ROMAN LAW – which evolved in the 8 th century BC, was still largely a
blend of custom and interpretation by magistrates of the will of the
gods.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS – formed the basic of all Israelite
legislation. They can also be found in the laws of other ancient people.
NAPOLEONIC CODE - refers to the entire body of French law, contained
in five codes dealing with civil, commercial and criminal law.
SYNONIM : spoken out – been frank; split – break; spotlight – glare of
publicity; essential – vital; puzzling – perplexing; gone to great lengths
– bent over backwards; salvage – rescue; intolerable – unbearable;
serenity – calm; tranquility – peacefulness.
ASSAULT – attempt to use illegal force on another person.
DRUG DEALING – possession and trading in illegal substances.
MONEY LAUNDERING – attempt to transform illegally acquired money
into apparently legitimate money.
BATTERY – the actual use of illegal force on another person.
HOMICIDE – a generic term for the killing of another person.
MANSLAUGHTER – the unlawful killing of the person without malicious
intent and therefore without premeditation.
TRAFFIC TICKET – a citation is used by a police officer to motorists who
fail to obey traffic laws.
FELONY – the most serious offense that is punishable by a sentence to
a state institution.
RACE DISCRIMINATION – is when you are treated unfairly of harassed
because of your race, color, ethnic background, ethnoreligious
background, descent or nationality.
PETTY THEFT – the crime of stealing things that are not very valuable.
TRADEMARK – a logo, name, symbol, or device used to differentiate a
product or service of one trader from that of another brand identity.
COPYRIGHT – a protection granted to authors of original authorship
such as literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, and computer
software.
MISDEMEANOR – the least serious offense that is generally punishable
by a fine.
DEATH PENATLY – means being sentenced to death as punishment for
a crime.
MAKING AN ILLEGAL TURN – the type of traffic violation that has to do
with turning against a light or against a posted sign.
FRAUD – any instance in which one party deceives or takes unfair
advantage of another.
MURDER – the unlawful killing of a person with intent.
ARMED ROBBERY – the unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon.
A FINE – the sum of money that a defendant is ordered to pay for
wrong doing.
SEXUAL ASSAULT – attempt to use illegal force on another person in
the absence of consent to sexual relations.
SEX DISCRIMINATION – is when you are treated unfairly or harassed
because you are a woman or man.
BURGLARY – the crime of breaking into a private home with the
intention of commiting a felony.
THEFT – taking the property of another without right or permission.
PARKING ILLEGALLY – leaving one’s vehicle in an area or for a duration
in contravention of the law.
SPEEDIND – driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit.
CRIME REPORTED – the police recive information that a crime may
have been committed.
INVESTIGATION BY POLICE – the police carry out a detailed enquiry into
the alleged crime.
INVESTIGATION OF SUSPECT – the police carry out a systematic
axamination of the person who may have committed a crime.
APPREHENSION OF SUSPECT – the police arrest the person who is
alleged to have commited the crime.
CHARGE OF SUSPECT – the police make a claim of wrongdoing against
the person alleged to have commited the crime.
REMAND IN CUSTODY – the police detain the person alleged to have
committed the crime.
RELEASE ON BAIL – the police free the person alleged to have
committed the crime on condition that the accused appears at court at
a future date.
INTERROGATION OF ACCUSED – the police carry out further
questioning of the person alleged to have committed the crime.
INTERROGATION OF WITNESSES – the police collect evidence against
the accused from those who can give avidence.
APPEARANCE IN COURT – the accused comes to court to face charge.
DECISION OF JURY – the jury panel make a decision whether they
belive that the accused committed the crime of which she/he is
accused.
JUDGEMENT OF JUDGE – the judge makes a judicial decision.
CONVICTION OF ACCUSED – the defendant is found guilty.
ACQUITTAL OF ACCUSED – the defendant is found not guilty of charge.
SENTENCE BY JUDGE – the judge decides punishment.
APPEAL AGAINST JUDGEMENT – after being found guilty, the accused
bring an action to clear his/her name or to reduce the sentence.
APPEAL – an appeal is the transfer of a case from a lower to a higher
court for a new hearing in order to reverse the decision made by the
lowaer court.
DURESS – being threatened or forced by another person to commit a
crime. Person under duress must belive that death or great danger is
imminent.
NECESSITY – if an act is commited that is illegal because it is necessary
to prevent a greater harm.
ENTRAPMENT – this involves public officers incuding someone to
commit a crime that the person would not normally commit.
SELF-DEFENCE – a person may use whatever reasonable force is
necessary to protect him or herself.
TRIAL – may be defined broadly and comprehensively as a judicial
examination of the issues between the parties. Trials are usually held
before a judge sitting alone, a referee, or a judge and jury. The
function of the jury – is to determine the facts of the case, but the
function of judge – is to determine the applicable.
THE LAW OF HOMICIDE :
FIRST DEGREE MURDER – this involves homicide (killing of person) and
malice aforethought. The murder is regarded especially heinous and
involves deliberation and premeditations.
SECOND DEGREE MURDER – this involves homicide and malice
aforethought.
INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER – a homicide is involuntary
manslaughter when the killer acts recklessly and that reckless
behavior causes a homicide.
RECKLESS – a person acts recklessly with a respect to a result of his
conduct when he consciously disregards a risk that his conduct will
cause. It involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a
reasonable and prudent person would observe.
CONCURRENT SENTENCE – when two or more terms of imprisonment
are served together.
PRISON – a place for long term incarceration for a crime.
JAIL PAROLE – a place of confinement for time periods longer than
those usual for a police station lock-up and shorter that those usual for
a prison.
COMMUNITY SERVICE – unpaid work undertaken pursuant to a court
order upon conviction for an offence in lieu of a sentence of
imprisonment.
PAROLE – a release from prison, before a sentence is finished, that
depends on the person keeping clean and doing what she or he is
supposed to do while out.
GOOD BEHAVIOR – conduct required for criminals to get out of jail
early or other privileges while in prison.
BOND – a doc.that promises to pay money if a particular future event
happens, or a sum of money that is pup up and will be lost if that event
happens.
IMPRISONMENT – the sentencing of a criminal to a period of time
during which they will be deprived of their freedom.
PROBATION – a kind of punishment given out as part of a sentence,
which means that instead of jailing a person convicted of a crime, a
judge will order thet the person reports to an officer regularly and
according to a set schedule.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT – the most severe of all sentence – that of death.
Known as the death penalty.
PRODUCT LIABILITY – accident and injury compensation and
prevention.
CIVIL RIGHTS – constitutional law, individual rights.
PENSION – employment law.
JOINT VENTURES – enterprise law.
UNFAIR COMPETITION – intellectual property.
FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW – international, transnational. Comparative
law.
LANDLORD – TENANT – law relating to commercial transactions.
AGRICULTURE – law relating to particular activities/ bisness sectors.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – property, natural resources, the environment.
CONVENTION – legally binding agreement between states sponsored
by an international organization.
SOVEREIGN – self-governing and note ruled by another state.
CONCLUDE – to make a formal agreement complete and fixed,
especially after long discussions or arrangement.
BINDING – legally required.
TREATY – legally binding agreement between two or more state.
USUAGE – the customary method of performing or carrying out an
activity that is followed by a particular group of people.
CUSTOM – a long established tradition or usage that becomes
customary law if it is:
a) consistently and regularly observed
b) recognized by those states observing it as a practice that thay
must follow.
REGULATION – rule.
ADHERENCE – the action of following a rule of keeping to an
agreement.
RATIFY – to give formal approval to something in order that it can
become law.
INSTRUMENT – a formal legal document.
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW – environmental issues, arms control,
asylum, human rights, maritime law, war crimes, piracy, internacional
crime and immigration.Public international treaties and cross-border
agreements.
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW – adoption, divorce and contractual
relations . Private – civil cases.
Instigate – a prosecution. Bring – a case. Prefer – an accusation.
Prepare – a brief.
Reach – a verdict. Settle – out of court. Charge – a free. Arrest – a
suspect.
Defend – a client. Infringe – a copyright.
LITIGATION – bringing lawsuits against others.
CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL – contracts and mergers.
FAMILY – divorce and marriage settlements.
ENVIRONMENTAL – regarding industrial waste and pollution.
EMPLOYMENT – equal opportunities and fair pay.
ADVOCACY – pleading a case in court on behalf of a client.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – relating to creativity, published ideas and
art forms.
PROCEDURAL LAW– rules applyied to how a prosecution or civil action
is conducted.
RACE – where the candidate is non-european.
SEX – where the prospective employee is a woman.
RELIGION – where the employee belongs to a lesser known sect.
COLOUR – where the applicant is dark-skinned.
NATIONAL ORIGIN – where the candidate comes from the country in
the developing world.
PHYSICAL DISABILITY – where the applicant has a bodily handicap, but
will still be able to perform the job.
AGE – when the person is over 40.
PREGNANCY – where the job applicant will give birth in the near future.
CHILDBIRTH – where the employee has a young family.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS RELATED TO CHILDBIRTH – where the employee
has been sick as a result of pregnancy.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION – where the employee is a homosexual.
CONSULTANCY AGREEMENT – This agreement is used where one party
is providing services as an independent advisor to a company.
DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT – This agreement is used where one party
buys goods from the manufacturer and re-sells them on his own
account. He will however be given the right to use the manufacturers
intellectual property rights.
FRANCHISE AGREEMENT – This agreement is used where one party
grants to another the right to run a business in the name of the first
party. Examples include Body Shop and McDonalds.
LOAN AGREEMENT – This agreement is used to ensure the repayment
of money borrowed, usually in monthly instalments.
MANUFACTURING LICENCE AGREEMENT – This agreement should be
used where one party owns intellectual property rights in respects of a
product it has developed and wishes to licence the manufacture of the
product to a third party.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AGREEMENT – This agreement sets
out the terms and conditions on wich a business supplies goods.
CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT – This contract comes into existence as
soon as a job offer is accepted whether that offer is oral or in writing.
DIRECTORS SERVICE AGREEMENT – This is a equivalents of a contract
of employment for directors.
SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT – This is intented to govern the
relationship between a number of shareholders in a company. The
agreement works as a second layer of protection preventing the
company from being run in manner other than has been agreed.
ADOPTION – the process by wich a legal parent –child relationship is
created between individuals not biologically parent and child.
CHILD CUSTODY – the parent of a child born within a marriage are joint
guardians of that child and the rights of both parents are equal.
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS – children are generally afforded the basic rights
embodied by the constitution.
DIVORCE – as a result of this both parties status becomes single again.
ESTATE PLANNING – the process by which an individual or family
arranges the transfer of assets in anticipation of death.
ESTATES AND TRUST – generally, a trust is a right in property which is
held in a fiduciary by one party for the benefit of another. The trustee
is the one who holds title to the trust property, and the beneficiary is
the person who receives the benefits of the trust.
INSURANCE – while types vary widely, their primary goal is to allocate
the risks of a loss from the individual to a great number of people.
MARRIAGE – a contract based upon a voluntary private agreement by a
man and a woman to become husband and wife.

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