JOM KIMIA A1

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

A. Historical Development of the Periodic Table
Scientist like to find patterns. In the 18th and 19th
centuries, scientist discovered many elements. The
elements found were classified through many stages
of hard work by scientist. This led to the development
of the Periodic Table of Elements that we use today.

Antoine Lavoisier Johann W. Dobereiner

(1743 – 1794) (1780 – 1849)

John Newlands Lothar Meyer

(1837 – 1898) (1830 – 1895)

Dimitri Mendeleev H. J. G. Mosely

(1839 – 1907) (1887 – 1915)

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Here is the history of

Periodic Table of Elements.

Antoine Lavoisier
• First chemist who classify the element into 4 group.
• The 4 group consisted of gases, metal, non-metal
and metal oxide.
• Element in the group is classify into metal and non-
metal.

Group I Group II Group III Group IV

Oxygen Sulphur Arsenic Potassium oxide
Nitrogen Phosporus Bismut Barium oxide
Hidrogen Carbon Cobalt Silicon(IV) oxside
Light Chlorin Lead Magnesium oxide
Heat Fluorin Zinc Aluminium oxide
Nikel
Stanum
Argentum

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Johann W. Dobereiner
• Classify the element with same chemical
properties into a few group
• Each of group consisted from 3 element called triad.
• He found that the relative atomic mass of the
element in the middle of each triad is approximately
equal to the average atomic mass of other two
elements.
• Triad law show the relationship between the relative
atomic mass of elements with it chemicals properties.
• This law cannot be use to most of the other element.

Average
Element in Lithium Sodium Potassium
atomic mass
triad Li Na K
Li and K
Relative 7 + 39 = 23
7 23 39 2
atomic mass

Average
Element in Chlorine Bromine Iodine
atomic mass
triad Cl Br I
Li and K
35 + 127 =
Relative
35 80 127 2
atomic mass
81

Ca Sr Ba (40 + 137) ÷ 2 = 88
Li Na K Cl Br I
7 23 39 35 80 127

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John Newlands
• Arranged 62 known elements in order of increasing
nucleon number (atomic weights ) in horizontal
rows.
• He noted that after interval of eight elements similar
physical/chemical properties reappeared.
• He was the first to formulate the concept of
periodicity in the properties of the chemical elements.
• He proposed the Law of Octaves:

Elements exhibit similar behavior to the eighth

element following it in the table.

• He was not successful because;

i. Was only accurate for the first 16 elements
(from hydrogen to potassium)
ii. There were no gaps allocated from the
elements yet to be discovered.

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Lothar Meyer
• Determine the volume of an atom of an element.
• Formula;

Volume of an atom
= mass of one mole-atom of the element
Density of the element

• He plotted a graph of volume of atoms of elements

against their relative atomic masses to produce
meyer’s atomic volume curve.
• From the graph he found elements occupying the
corresponding positions of the curve exhibit similar
chemical properties. example

(a) Li, Na, K, Rb : located at the peak of

the curve

(b) Be, Mg, Ca, Sr : located after the

maximum point

• Like Newlands, Meyer showed the properties of the

elements recured periodically.

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Dimitri Mendeleev
• Arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic
weights and properties.
• He left gaps for elements yet to be discovered.
• He arranged the element that have the same
properties in group.

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Henry Mosely
• He was able to derive the relationship between x-ray
frequency and number of protons. and obtained a
straight line graph.

• When Moseley arranged the elements according to

increasing atomic numbers and not atomic
masses, some of the inconsistencies associated
with Mendeleev's table were eliminated.
• The modern periodic table is based on Moseley's
Periodic Law (atomic numbers/proton number).
• He suggest proton number determine the position
of elements in periodic table.
• He arranged elements in periodic table in order of
increasing proton number.
• He also left gaps for the elements yet to be
discovered.

Henry Mosely Periodic Table

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What is the basic principle applied

in arranging the elements in the
Periodic Table today?

Arrangements of elements in the

Periodic Table

• Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in an

increasing order of proton number.
• Elements with similar chemical properties are
placed in the same vertical column.
• There are 18 vertical column of elements in the
Periodic Table. Each column is called group. The
vertical columns are known as Group 1 to Group 18.
• There are 7 horizontal rows of elements in the
Periodic Table. Each of these horizontal rows of
elements is called a period. The horizontal rows are
known as Period 1 to Period 7.

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Do you know how the electron

arrangement of the atom of an element
related to its group and period?????

1. The number of valence electrons in an atom decides

the position of the group of an element.

The number
of valence 1 2 3+10 4+10 5+10 6+10 7+10 8+10
electron
Group in
The Periodic 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Table

2. The number of shells occupied with electrons in its

atom decides the period number of an element.

Example 1;
40 Number of proton = 20
20 X Number of electron = 20
Number neutron = 20

Electron arrangement = 2.8.8.2

The number of valence electrons = 2
The number of shells =4

Group in the Periodic Table = 2

Period in the Periodic Table = 4

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Example 2;
16 Number of proton =8

8 Y Number of electron = 8
Number neutron =8

Electron arrangement = 2.6

The number of valence electrons = 6
The number of shells =2

Group in the Periodic Table = 16

Period in the Periodic Table = 2

Example 3;
40 Number of proton = 18

18 Z Number of electron = 18
Number neutron = 22

Electron arrangement = 2.8.8

The number of valence electrons = 8
The number of shells =3

Group in the Periodic Table = 18

Period in the Periodic Table = 3

Hw: WTO 4.3 pg. 62 no. 1,2,3

Prepared by;
Kamal Ariffin B Saaim
Smkdbl
http://kemhawk.webs.com

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