Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AS-5 Net Profit or loss for the period, prior period Items and changes in Accounting policies
AS-8 Accounting for Research & Development [withdrawn] - merged with AS-26 Intangible
Assets
AS-19 Leases
AS-30 Financial Instruments : Recognition and Measurement and limited Revisions to AS-2,
11,21,23,26,27,28,29
AUDITING STANDARDS
SA-200A Objective & Scope of Audit of Financial Statements [Presently Both the above
standards are being revised & redrafted. After Revision both the standards will
be merged into one standard SA 200]
SA-230 Documentation
SA-315 Identifying & Assessing the risk of material misstatements through understanding
the entity and it’s environment
SA-540 Auditing accounting estimates, including fair value accounting estimates &
(Revised) related disclosures
SUPERWHIZZ *4* AUDITING STANDARDS
SA-710 Comparatives
Introduction:-
(1) This standard describes the Basic principles which govern the Auditor’s professional responsibi-
lities & which should be complied with whenever an Independent Statutory Audit is carried out.
(2) Other standards on Auditing issued by the ICAI will elaborate these Basic principles to give
guidence on Auditing procedures & reporting practices.
(3) Complaince with the Basic principles requires the application of Auditing procedures & report
ing practices appropriate to the particular circumstances.
Basic principles :-
(a) The Auditor should be straight forward, honest & sincere in his approach to his professional
work.
(b) He must be fair and must not allow prejudice or bais to override his objectivity. He should
maintain an impartiable attitude.
(c) The Auditor must not only be actually Independent but also appear to be independent to all
reasonable minded persons.
(2) Confidentiality :-
(a) The Auditor should respect the confidentiality of information acquired in the course of his work.
(i) When he has obtained the specific authority of the client in writing
(a) The Audit should be performed & the report should be prepared with due professional care by
persons who have adequate training, experience & competence in Auditing.
(b) The Auditor acquires specialized skills & competence through a combination of General
education, Study, passing the qualifying examination & practical experience under proper
supervision.
(c) The Auditor requires a continuing awareness of all developments on Accounting & Auditing
matters, pronouncements of the ICAI, relevant regulations & statutory requirements.
(a) When the auditor deligate work to assistants or uses the work performed by other Auditors &
experts, he will continue to be responsible for forming and expressing his opinion on the financial
information.
(b) The Auditor should obtain reasonable Assurance that the work performed by other Auditor or
experts is adequate for his purpose.
(c) Where the Auditor has used the report of the Branch Auditors, his Audit report should expressly
state the fact of such Reliance
(d) The Auditor should carefully direct, superwise & Review the work delegated to his assistants.
(5) Documentation:-
The Audit should document matters which are important in providing evidence that the Audit
was carried out in accordance with the Basic principles.
(6) Planning :-
(a) The Auditor should plan his work which will enable him to perform the Audit efficiently,
effectively and in a timely manner.
(b) Plans should be based on knowledge of clients Business, Internal Control, Procedures,
Accounting system, Accounting policies, the nature, timing & extent of Audit procedure to be
performed, co-ordinating the work to be performed etc.,
(c) Plans should be further developed & revised as necessary during the course of Audit.
(a) The Auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate Audit evidence by performing complaince &
substantive procedure. This will enable him to arrive at reasonable conclusions on which he can
base his opinion on financial information.
(b) Complaince procedures are tests which are designed to obtain reasonable Assurance about the
Internal Control System. The Auditor examines the Internal Control System in terms of
existence, effectiveness & Continuity.
SUPERWHIZZ *7* AUDITING STANDARDS
(c) Substantive procedures are tests which are designed to obtain reasonable Assurance about the
data produced by the Accounting System. The Auditor examines the data of produced by
Accounting System in terms of Completeness, Accuracy & Validity.
(b) The Auditor should reasonably assure himself that the Accounting System is adequate & all the
Accounting information has been recorded
(c) The Auditor should gain an understanding of the Accounting System & related Internal Controls
for determining the nature, timing & extent of Audit procedures.
(d) Where the Auditor concludes that he can rely on Internal Controls, then his substantive
procedures would be less extentive than would otherwise be required & they may also differ in
terms of their nature & timing.
(a) The Auditor should review & assess the conlcusions drawn from the Audit evidence
obtained. This will be the basis for his expression of opinion on the financial information.
(b) The Audit Report should contain a clear expression of opinion in writing & it should be in the
format as is prescribed under the statute or regulation.
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An unqualified opinion
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Introduction:-
(1) This standard describes the overall objective & scope of the Audit of General purpose
Financial statements of an Enterprise by an Independent Auditor.
(2) The term General purpose Financial Statement include B/S, Statement of profit & loss, other
statements & explanatory notes which form part thereof, and which are issued for the use of
share holders, members, creditors, employees & public at large (General public)
Objective of an Audit:-
(a) The Objective of an Audit of Financial Statements prepared in accordance with recognized
Accounting policies & statutory requirements, is to enable the Auditor to express his opinion on
the Financial Statements
(b) The Auditor’s opinion helps in the determination of the true & fair view of the financial position
& operating results of an enterprise.
(c) The Auditor’s opinion does not contain any guarantee or Assurance about the future financial
viability of the enterprise or the efficiency or effective with which the management may have
conducted the affairs of the enterprise.
(1) The responsibility for the preparation and presentation of Financial Statements is that of the
management of the enterprise. Therefore managements responsibilities include maintaince of
Accounting records, Internal controls, Selection & application of Accounting policies &
safeguarding the assets of the enterprise.
(2) The Auditor is responsible for forming and expressing his opinion on the financial statements.
(3) The Audit of Financial Statements does not relieve the management of it’s responsibilities.
Scope of an Audit :-
(1) The scope of an Audit of Financial Statements will be determined by the Auditor after taking
into account the following.
(2) The terms of engagement cannot restrict the scope of an Audit when it is prescribed by the
legislation or ICAI pronouncements
SUPERWHIZZ *9* AUDITING STANDARDS
(3) The Audit should be organized to cover adequately all aspects of the enterprise which are
relevant to the financial statements being Audited
(4) The Auditor’s work involves exercise of Judgement in deciding the Audit procedures & in
assessing the estimates made in the preparation of Financial Statements. Much of the Audit
evidence available to the Auditor can only enable him to arrive at reasonable conclusions.
Therefore absolute certainity in Auditing is rarely attainable.
(5) Because of test nature of Audit, Inherent limitations of Audit & Inherent limitations of Internal
Control System, there is an unavoidable risk that some material misstatements in the financial
statement may remain undiscovered.
(6) Discovery of material mis-statements is not the main objective of Audit. Therefore the Auditor
cannot be relaid upon to discover all errors and frauds.
(7) Where the auditor has any indication that some error or fraud may have occured, then he must
extend his Audit procedures until his suspicious are either confirmed or dispelled.
(8) The Auditor is not expected to perform duties which fall outside the scope of his professional
competence. For eg:- He is not a technical expert for determining the physical condition of
certain assets
(9) If there are any constraints which are placed on the scope of Audit which impair the Auditor’s
ability, then the Auditor must issue his report containing a qualified opinion or disclaimer of
opinion as may be appropriate.
SUPERWHIZZ *10* AUDITING STANDARDS
Introduction:-
(1) This standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial
Statement.
(2) This standard expands how SA-315 and SA-330 are to be applied in relation to risks of
material mis-statement due to fraud.
Characteristics of Fraud:-
(1) Misstatements in the Financial Statement can arise either from fraud or from error. Fraud is
intentional but error is unintentional.
(a) Fraud - This is an intentional act by one or more individuals among management those
charged with governance, employees or third parties, involving the use of deception to obtain
an unjust or illegal advantage
(b)Fraud Risk Factor - These are events or conditions that indicate an incentive or pressure to
commit fraud or provide an opportunity to commit fraud.
(2) There are two types of Intentional misstatements that are relevant to auditor & they are fradulant
financial reporting & mis appropriation of Assets.
(1) The primary responsibility for the prevention & detection of fraud is that of both those charged
with governance of the entity & the management
(2) This involves a commitment to creating a culture of honesty and ethical behaviour which can be
reinforced by an active oversight by those charged with governance.
(1) According to SA-200A, on account of inherent limitations of Audit, there is an unavoidable risk
that some material misstatements of the financial statements will not be detected, eventhough the
Audit is properly planned & performed in accordance with the essays.
(2) The risk of not detecting a material mis statements resulting from fraud is higher than the risk of
not detecting an error. This is because fraud involves sophisticated and carefully organized
schemes, forgery, collusion etc..,
(3) The auditor’s ability to detect a fraud depends on many factors such as skillfulness of the
perpetrator, the frequency of manipulation, the degree of collusion, the Amount involved and the
seniority of the individuals involved.
(4) The risk of the Auditor not detecting a material mis-statement resulting from Management fraud
is greater than employee fraud because management is in a position to manipulate accounting
records, over ride control procedure.
SUPERWHIZZ *11* AUDITING STANDARDS
(5) The Auditor is responsible for maintaing an attitude of professional skepticism throughout the
Audit.
Professional skepticism is an attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical Assessment of
Audit evidence.
(6) The Auditor may accept recods & documents as genuine, except in those circumstances where he
has reasons to believe the contrary.
(7) During the course of Audit , if the Auditor has a cause to believe that a document may not be
authentic, than he shall investigate further.
(8) Wher the Auditor encounters exceptional circumstances where he either identifies a fraud or
suspected froud ,then
a) He should determine his professional & legal responsibilities and consider whether it is
appropriate to withdraw from the engagement &
b) Discuss with the appropriate level of of management & those charged with governance, the
resons for his withdrawn, and determine whether these is any professional or legal requirement
to report to regulatory authorities.
(9) The Audiror shall document communications about fraud made to management , these charged with
governance , regulators and others.
(10) In exceptional circumstances whether the Auditor has doubts about the Integrity or honesty of
management or those charged with governance, he should consider seeking legal advice to
determine the approprite course of Action.
(11) The Auditor’s Professional duty to maintain the confidentiality of client information may prevent
him from reporting the fraud to any party outside the client entity.
(12) In the case of Audit of Banks, the Auditor has a statutory duty to report the occurence of fraud
to the RBI.
SUPERWHIZZ *12* AUDITING STANDARDS
Audit Evidence
SA – 500 W.e.f 1-4-2009
1) The objective of the Auditor is to design & perform Audit procedures which will enable him
to obtain sufficient appropriate Audit evidence . This will allow him to arrived at reasonable
conclusion on which he can base his opinion.
This refers to the quality of Audit evidence, i.e., the relevance and reliability in providing
support for the conclusion.
3) Audit Evidence :-
This refers to the information used by the Auditor in arriving at conclusions on which his
opinion is based. It includes both information contained in the Accounting records /
Financial statement and other information.
This refers to the measure of the quantity of Audit evidence. The quantity of the Audit
evidence needed. It will depends on two factors namely the risks of material misstatement
& the quality of evidence.
5) The Auditor shall design & perform Audit procedures that are appropriate in the
circumstances for the purpose of obtaining sufficient appropriate Audit evidence.
6) When designing and performing Audit procedures, the Auditor should consider the
relevance & reliability of the information to be used as audit evidence.
7) When information to be used as Audit evidence has been prepared using the work of a
management’s expert, the Auditor shall consider the significance of that experts work.
8) When using information produced by the entity, the Auditor shall evaluate whether the
information is sufficiently reliable, accurate , complete, precise, detailed etc…,
9) If the Audit evidence obtained from one source is inconsistent with the evidence obtained
from another source or the Auditor has doubt regarding the reliability of information to be
used as Audit evidence, then he shall determine whether any modification or additions to
Audit procedures are necessary to resolve the matter.
10) The Auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate Audit evidence to reduce Audit risk to an
acceptably lower level.
Audit risk is that risk which refers to the Auditor expressing an inappropriate opinion when
the financial statements are materially misstated
SUPERWHIZZ *13* AUDITING STANDARDS
11) The sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit evidence are interrelated. Sufficiency refers to
the Quantity of Audit evidence & Appropriateness refers to quality of Audit evidence.
12) Corroborative Evidence: This refers to the Auditor obtaining evidence from different
sources regarding the same assertion (Basis of evidence). The Auditor will have more
assurance only when the corroborative evidence obtained is consistent in nature.
b) Observation :-
c) External Confirmation :-
This refers to the Auditor obtaining Audit evidence in writing from any third
party in paper form or Electronic form or other medium
Eg :- Direct confirmation of balances from debtors, creditor, bankers etc..,
d) Recalculation:-
e) Reperformance : -
This involves the Auditor’s independent execution of procedures or controls that were
originally performed as part of the entities Internal control.
f) Analytical procedures : -
a) Fluctuations
b) Inconsistent relationships & ( G.P. , N.L )
c) Deviations from predicate Amounts (Variance )
SUPERWHIZZ *14* AUDITING STANDARDS
g) Inquiry : -
This refers to the Auditor seeking information from knowledgable persons, both financial and
non financial , either within the entity or outside the intity.Responses to inquires may provide
the Auditor with information which he did not previously possess or with corroborative Audit
evidence. Inquires may be made either orally or in writing.
14. The quality of Audit evidence will be effected by its relavance and Reliability. Relevance relates
to the logical connection and reliability will be influenced by its source, nature and circumstances
under which it is obtained .
Possible -> reasonable / Inquiry X response
(1) This deals with the Auditor’s responsibilities in agreeing the terms of the Audit Engagement with
the management & where appropriate with those charged with governance.
(2) The objective of the Auditor is to accept or continue an Audit Engagement only when the basis
upon which it has to be performed has been agreed as given below.
(a) Establishing the pre-conditions for an Audit and
(b) Confirming a common understanding between the Auditor and the management / those
charged with governance.
(a) Determine whether the Financial Reporting framework to be applied in the preparation of the
Financial Statement is acceptable.
(b) Obtain the agreement of management that it acknowledges and understands it’s responsibility
for the preparation of the Financial Statements and their fair presentation , implementing the
Internal Control free from fraud or error, provide the Auditor with access to all records and
documents, additional information as may be requested by the Auditor & unrestricted access to
persons within the entity to enable the Auditor to obtain Audit evidence.
(5) Limitation on scope prior to Audit Engagement Acceptance :-
If the management/those charged with governance impose any limitation on the scope of
Auditor’s work, and the Auditor believes that he can only express a disclaimer of opinion, then
the Auditor shall not accept such a limited engagement unless he is required to do so under any
law or regulation.
(6) If the pre-conditions for an Audit are not present, then the Auditor shall not accept the proposed
Audit Engagement.
(7) The Auditor shall agree the terms of the Audit Engagement with the management or those
charged with governance, as may be appropriate.
(8) The agreed terms of the Audit Engagement shall be recorded in an Audit Engagement letter or
other suitable form of written agreement & shall include the following aspects.
(a) The objective & scope of Audit of Financial Statements
(b) Responsibilities of the Auditor
(c) Responsibilities of Management
(d) Identification of the applicable Financial reporting framework for the preparation of
Financial Statements &
(e) The form and content of reports to be issued by the Auditor and the circumstances in
which the form & content may differ.
SUPERWHIZZ *16* AUDITING STANDARDS
(9) If any law or Regulation prescribes insufficient detail the terms of Audit Engagement, then the
Auditor need not record them in a written agreement, except the fact that the law or regulation
applies & the management acknowledges and understands it’s responsibilities.
(10) In the case of recurring Audits, the Auditor should consider whether the terms of Audit
Engagement are to be revised or to remind the client about the existing terms of Audit
Engagement.
(11) The Auditor shall not agree to a change in terms of Audit Engagement when there is no
reasonable Justification for doing so.
(12) Prior to completing the Audit Engagement, if the Auditor is requested to change the Audit
Engagement to an Engagement that conveys a lower level of Assurance, then the Auditor should
consider whether there is any reasonable Justification for doing so.
(13) If the terms of the Audit Engagement are changed, the Auditor and the management shall agree
& record the new terms of the Engagement either in the form of Audit Engagement letter or any
other suitable form of Written Engagement.
(14) If the Auditor is unable to agree to a change of the terms of Audit Engagement and the
management does not permit him to continue the Original Engagement, then the auditor shall
withdraw from the engagement. He should also determine whether there is any obligation to
report to management, those charged with governance, owners or regulators.
Note :-There may be certain engagements where the objective & scope of the engagement and the
Auditor’s obligations are not laid down in the statute or regulation. In that situation, the Auditors
should prepare an Audit Engagement letter & request the client to acknowledge it. This will
establish the understanding between the Auditor and the client.
SUPERWHIZZ *17* AUDITING STANDARDS
1. This SA deals with the Auditor’s responsibility to plan an Audit of Financial Statement.
This SA is framed in the context of Recurring Audits.
2. The objective of the Auditor is to plan the Audit so that it will be performed in an effective
manner.
3. The Engagement partner and other key members of the Enagagement team shall be involved in
planning the Audit, including planning & participating in the discussion among engagement team
members.
4. The Auditor shall establish an overall Audit strategy that takes into Account, the scope, timing &
direction of the Audit, and that guides the development of the Audit plan.
5. In Establishing the overall Audit strategy the Auditor shall ensure the following aspects.
(a) Identify the characteristics of the scope of the engagement.
(b) Ascertain the reporting objectives of the Engagement.
(c) Consider the factors which are significant in directing the engagement teams efforts.
Eg. Working
(d) Consider the results of preliminary engagement activities.
(e) Ascertain the nature,timing and extent of resources necessary to perform the
engagement.
6. Eg:- No.of Audit staff members, capability of computer systems etc.,
7. The Auditor shall develop an Audit plan which includes the nature, timing and extent of Audit
procedure.
8. The Auditor shall update & change the overall Audit strategy & the Audit plan as necessary
during the course of Audit.
9. The Auditor shall plan the nature, timing & extent of direction & supervision of engagement team
members and the review of their work.
10. The Auditor shall document –
(a) The overall Audit strategy
(b) The Audit plan &
(c) Any significant changes made during the Audit engagement to the overall Audit
strategy or the Audit plan & the reasons for such changes.
11. The Auditor shall undertake the following activities prior to starting an initial Audit.
(a) Perform procedures regarding the acceptance of the client relationship and
(b) Communicate with the predecessor Auditor, where there is a change of Auditors
in compliance with the relevant ethical requirement.
12. Benefits of Audit Planning :-
(1) Planning an Audit involves establishing the overall Audit strategy for the Engagement &
developing an Audit plan. Planning benefits in several ways including the following.
(a) Helping the Auditor to devote appropriate attention to important areas of Audit.
(b) Helping the Auditor to identify & resolve potential problems on a timely basis.
(c) Helping the Auditor to properly organize & perform the Audit Engagement in an
efficient & effective manner.
(d) Assisting the Auditor in the selection of engagement team members on the basis
of capabilities, competence to respond to anticipated risks & the assignment of
proper work team to them.
(e) Facilitating the direction & supervision of Engagement team members & the
review of their work.
(f) Assisting in the co-ordination of work done by Auditors of components &
experts.
SUPERWHIZZ *18* AUDITING STANDARDS
1) The Auditor should apply Analytical Procedures at the planning and overall Review
stages of Audit.Analytical Procedure may also be applied at other stages of Audit.
2) Analytical Procedures means the analysis of significant Ratios and trends, including the
investigation of fluctuations, inconsistent relationships and deviations from predicted
Amounts.
3) Examples of Analytical Procedures.
(a) Comparision of current years information with prior period information.
(b) Comparision of Budgeted figures with Actual figures.
(c) Comparision of Entity’s information with industry information.
(d) Comparision between Financial information with non-financial information.
Eg:- Payroll costs with no.of employees.
4) The extent of Reliance that the Auditor places on the results of Analytical Procedures
depends on the following factors.
(a) Materiality of the items involved.
(b) Other Audit Procedures directed towards the same Audit objectives.
(c) The Accuracy with which the expected result of the Analytical Procedures can
be predicted &
(d) Assessments of Inherent & Control risks.
5) When Analytical procedures identify significant fluctuations or inconsistent relationships
or deviations from predicted Amounts, then the Auditor should investigate & obtain
adequate explanations and appropriate correlative evidence.
SUPERWHIZZ *19* AUDITING STANDARDS
2) The objective of the Auditor when using Audit sampling is to provide a reasonable basis for the
Auditor to arrive at conclusions about the population from which the sample is selected.
3) Audit Sampling:-
The application of Audit procedures to less than 100% of items with in a population.
4) Sampling Risk:-
This is the risk that the Auditor’s conclusion based on a sample may be different if the entire
population were subjected to the same Audit procedure.
This is the risk that the Auditor reaches an erroneous conclusion for any reason not related to
Sampling Risk.
6) Anomaly :- (Idle)
7) Stratification: -
This is the process of dividing a population into sub population of each which is a
group of sampling units having similar characteristics.
a) Evidence of the Auditors basis for a conclusion about the achievement of the overall objective
of the Auditor &
b) Evidence that the Audit was planned & performed in accordance with SAs and applicable legal
and regulatory requirements.
3) Audit Documentation :
These are also known as working papers or work papers and they refer to the record of Audit
procedures performed, relevant Audit Evidence obtained and conclusions reached by the
Auditor.
4) Audit File:
One or more folders or other storage media, in physical or electronic form, containing the
records that comprise the Audit Documentation for a specific engagement.
5) Experienced Auditor:
An Individual, whether Internal or External to firm, who has practical Audit Experience & a
reasonable understanding of
a) Audit processes -(11 Aspects)
b) SAs and Applicable legal & regulatory requirements.
c) The Business environment in which the entity operates &
d) Auditing & financial reporting issues relevant to the Entity’s industry.
The Auditor shall prepare Audit Documentation that is sufficient to enable an experienced
Auditor having no previous connection with the Audit, to understand.
a) The nature timing & extent of the Audit procedures performed to comply with the SAs and
applicable legal and regulatory requirements.
b) The results of the Audit procedures performed and the Audit Evidence obtained &
c) Significant matters arising during the Audit, the conclusion reached thereon and significant
professional Judgement made in reaching those conclusions.
SUPERWHIZZ *21* AUDITING STANDARDS
8) In documenting the nature, timing & extent of Audit procedures performed the Auditor shall
record
10) The Auditor shall assemble the Audit Documentation in an Audit File & complete the
administrative process on a timely basis i.e., not more than 60 days after the date of Auditor’s
Report.
11) After the assembly of the Final Audit file has been completed, the Auditor shall not delete or
discard. Audit documentation of any nature before the end of retention period which is not
shorter than 10yrs from the date of the Auditor’s Report.
(2) Written Representations do not provide sufficient appropriate Audit Evidence on their
own about any of the matters.
These are written statements provided by the management to the Auditor to confirm
certain matters or to support other Audit Evidence. They do not include Financial Statements,
supporting books, records or financial statement assertions.
(4) The Auditor shall request Written Representations from management with appropriate
responsibilities for the Financial Statement & Knowledge of the matters concerned.
(5) The Auditor shall request the management to provide a written representation that it has
fulfilled it’s responsibility for the preparation & presentation of the Financial Statements in acco-
rdance with the applicable Financial reporting framework.
(Sec. 211 S-VI)
(6) The Auditor shall request the management to provide a written representation that it has
provided the Auditor with all relevant information as agreed in the terms of the Audit
Engage ment.
SUPERWHIZZ *22* AUDITING STANDARDS
(7) The date of the Written Representations shall be as practicably near to the date of the
Auditors report but not there after.
(8) If Written Representations are inconsistent with other Audit Evidence, the Auditor shall
perform Audit procedures to resolve the matter if the matter remains unresolved, the Auditor
shall consider the competence, Integrity, Ethical values, deligence, Commitment & Reliability of
Representations and Audit Evidence in general.
(9) The Written Representations shall be in the form of a Representation letter adressed to
the Auditor.
In the following two circumstances the Auditor shall issue an Audit Report containing a
disclaimer of opinion.
(a) If the Auditor Concludes that the Written Representations are not Reliable & Written
Representation are not Reliable &
(b) If the management does not provide written representations as requested by the Auditor
3. Audit Firm :-
(a) The Audit Firm should implement Quality Control policies & procedures which are
designed to ensure that all Audits are conducted in accordance with SAs.
(b) The Firm’s general Quality Control policies & procedures should be communicated to
the personnel such that they are understood and implemented.
4. Individual Audits :-
(a) The Auditor should implement Quality Control procedures which are appropriate to the
Individual Audit.
(b) The Auditor should carefully direct, supervise & review the work delegated to his
Assistants & also consider their professional competence.
(c) In the case of large Complex Audits, the process of reviewing an Audit may
include requesting personnel not otherwise involved in the Audit to perform certain
additional procedures before issuing the Auditor’s Report.
SUPERWHIZZ *23* AUDITING STANDARDS
(1) The objective of the Auditor is to identity & assess the risks of material misstatement, whether
due to fraud or error, both at the Financial Statement & assertion levels through understanding
the entity & it’s environment, including the Entity’s Internal Control, there by providing a basis
for designing and implementing responses. This will help the Auditor to reduce the risk of mate-
rial mis-statement to an acceptably lower level.
(2) Assertions :-
The Audit procedures performed to obtain an understanding of the Entity & it’s envi-
ronment including the Entity’s Internal Control, to identify & assess the risks of material mis-
statement, whether due to fraud or error, both at the Financial Statement & assertion levels.
An identified and assessed Risk of material mis-statement that requires special Audit
consideration according to Auditor’s judgement.
A Weakness in Internal Control that could have a material effect on the Financial Statements.
(9) The Auditor shall obtain an understanding of Internal Control relevant to the Audit. It is
a matter of Auditor’s professional Judgement.
(10) The Auditor shall communicate material weaknesses in Internal Control identified during
the Audit on a timely basis both to the management & those charged with governance of the
Entity.
(1) The objective of the Auditor is to obtain, sufficient appropriate Audit Evidence about the
assessed Risks of material mis-statement, through designing & implementing appropriate
responses to those risks.
An Audit procedure designed to detect material mis-statements at the assertion level substantive
procedures comprise of
(a) Tests of details, i.e., transactions, Account balances & disclosures &
(b) Analytical procedures
(4) The Auditor shall design and implement overall responses to address the assessed risks of
material mis-statement at the Financial Statement level.
(5) The Auditor shall design & perform further Audit procedures whose nature, timing & extent are
based on & are response to the assessed Risks of Material mis-statement at the Assertion level.
(6) The Auditor shall design & perform substantive procedure for each material class of
transactions, account balances & disclosures.
(7) The Auditor shall evaluate whether the assessments of the risks of material misstatement at the
assertion level remain appropriate, before the conclusion of the Audit.
(8) If the Auditor has not obtained sufficient appropriate Audit Evidence regarding a material
financial statement assertion, then the Auditor shall express a qualified opinion or a disclaimer of
opinion.
SUPERWHIZZ *25* AUDITING STANDARDS
(1) When the principal Auditor uses the work of another Auditor, the principal Auditor should
determine how the work of the other Auditor will affect the Audit.
It means the Auditor with responsibility for reporting on the Financial Information of
an Entity which includes the Financial information of one or more components audited by
another Auditor.
(b) Other Auditor:-
It means the Auditor with the responsibility of reporting on the Financial Information of a
component which is included in the Financial information audited by the principal Auditor.
(c) Component :-
It means a division, branch, subsidiary, joint venture, associated enterprise or other entity whose
financial information is included in the Financial Information audited by the principal Auditor.
(3) The Auditor should consider whether his participation alone is sufficient to act as principal
Auditor.
(4) When using the work of another Auditor the principal Auditor should consider the professional
competence of the other auditor particularly if he is not a member of the ICAI.
(5) The principal auditor should perform procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate Audit Evidence
that the work of other Auditor is adequate for the specific assignment.
(6) The principal auditor should consider the significant finding of the other auditor.
(7) There should be sufficient liaison beetween the principal Auditor and the other Auditor.
(8) The other auditor should co-ordinate with the principal auditor because his work will be used by
the principal auditor.
(9) Where the principal auditor concludes that the work of the other auditor cannot be used by him,
then he should consider it as a limitation on the scope of his Audit work, & he should express a
qualified opinion or disclaimer of opinion as may be appropriate.
(10) Where the principal Auditor relies on the reports of the other auditors, then his Audit report
should clearly state the division of Responsibility.
SUPERWHIZZ *26* AUDITING STANDARDS
(1) The objective of the External Auditor is to determine the extent of the specific work performed
by the Internal Auditor & whether such work is adequate for the purposes of his Audit.
An appraisal activity established or provided as a service to the entity. It’s functions include
examining, evaluating & monitoring the adequacy & effectiveness of Internal Control, among
various other things.
The Individuals who perform the activities of Internal Audit Function. They may belong to an
Internal Audit Dept. or equivalent function.
(4) For determining whether the work of Internal Auditors is adequate for his Audit, the external
Audit shall evaluate the following aspects.
(1) The Auditor’s education & experience will enable him to be knowledgeable about business
matters in general, but he is not expected to have the expertise of another professional such as
an actuary or an Engineer.
(2) An Expert is a specialist who may be an individual or firm or a AOP possessing specialized skill,
knowledge & Experience in any field other than Accounting & Auditing.
(4) When the Auditor uses the work of an expert employed by him, he is using his work in the
capacity as an expert & not as an assistant. Therefore, the Auditor need not enquire into the
skills & competence of that expert.
(5) When the Auditor plans to use the experts work as Audit Evidence, he should satisfy himself
about the Expert’s skills & competence by considering his professional qualifications,
membership in an appropriate professional body, experience, reputation in the field etc….,
(6) The auditor should also consider the objectivity of the Expert. There is a risk that the objectivity
of the Expert may be impaired when the expertise either employed by the client or related in
some other manner to the client.
(7) After performing audit procedures, if the Auditor concludes that the work of the expert is
inconsistent or does not constitute sufficient appropriate Audit Evidence, then the Audit should
express a qualified opinion or a disclaimer of opinion or an adverse opinion, as may be
appropriate.
(8) When expressing an unqualified opinion, the Auditor should not refer to the work of an Expert in
his report.
(9) If the Auditor decides to express other than an unqualified opinion, he may refer or describe the
work of the expert. If the Auditor decides to disclose the identity of the Expert, then he should
obtain the prior consent of that expert (in writing).
SUPERWHIZZ *28* AUDITING STANDARDS
(1) It is the responsibility of the management with the oversight of those charged with governance,
to ensure that the entity’s operations are conducted in accordance with all applicable laws &
regulations
(2) The Auditor is not responsible for preventing non-compliance & he cannot be expected to
detect non-compliance with all laws & regulations
(3) Whether an act constitutes non-compliance is ultimately a matter for legal determination by
account of law.
(4) Non-compliance :-
Acts of omission or commission by the entity either intentional or unintentional, which are
contrary to the prevailing laws or regulations, Such acts include transactions entered into in the
name of the Entity by the management or those charged with governance or employees. Non-
compliance does not include personal mis-conduct, i.e., unrelated to the Business activities of
the Entity.
(5) The Auditor shall obtain sufficient appropriate Audit Evidence regarding compliance with laws &
regulations which have a direct affect on material Financial Statement assertions.
(6) During the course of Audit, the Auditor shall remain alert to the possibility that there will be
instances of non-compliance or suspected non-compliances with laws & regulations.
(7) If the Auditor suspects that the management or those charged with governance are involved in
non-compliance then he should communicate the matter to an Audit committee or supervisory
board & obtain legal advice.
(8) If the Auditor concludes that the non-compliance has a material affect on the Financial
Statements, then he should express a qualified opinion or Adverse opinion as may be
appropriate.
(9) The Auditor shall document all the identified or suspected non-compliances with laws &
regulations & also all the discussions that he had with the management, those charged with
governance & other parties outside the Entity.
SUPERWHIZZ *29* AUDITING STANDARDS
The persons with responsibility for overseeing the strategic direction of the Entity &
obligations related to the accountability of the Entity. This includes overseeing the
financial reporting process.
Eg:- Executive members of the Governance boards, Corporate trustees,
owner-manager, persons responsible for approving the Entity’s financial
statements.
(2) Management :-
The persons with executive responsibility for the conduct of the Entity’s operations. In
some Entity’s management includes owner-manager, those charged with governance
& executive members of the governance board.
(3) The Auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance an over view of
the planned scope & timing of the Audit. His communication should include the
Entity’s accounting practices, applicable financial reporting framework, significant
difficulties encountered during Audit, material weaknesses of Internal Control, other
matters as considered important according to Auditor’s professional judgement
etc…,
(4) The Auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance on a timely basis.
He should document when & to whom they were communicated. If any
communication was made orally, the Auditor shall also document then.
(1) The objective of the Auditor is to communicate appropriately to those charged with
governance & management deficiencies in Internal control that the Auditor has
identified during the Audit & that are of sufficient importance in the Auditor’s
professional judgement.
4) The Auditor shall determine whether he has identified one or more deficiencies in Internal
control, on the basis of the Audit work performed.
6) The Auditor shall communicate in writing to those charged with governance & to management
on a timely basis, all the significant deficiencies in Internal control identified during the Audit.
7) The Auditor shall include in his written communication to those charged with governance, the
following aspects