Green Roof Manual

DUBAI MUNICIPALITY
Green Roof & Green Wall Manual

"Guidelines for Planning, Execution & Maintenance of Green Roof

& Green Wall "

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Area of Validity 1
1.2 Purpose, Benefits and Environmental Effects 1
1.3 International Standards & Guidelines 3
1.4 Regulations & Incentives 4

II. TYPES OF GREENING AND GREEN ROOF SYSTEMS 5

2.1 General Information 5
2.2 Types of Greening 5
2.2.1 Extensive Green Roof 5
2.2.2 Simple-intensive Green Roof 6
2.2.3 Intensive Green Roof 6
2.3 Forms of Cultivation 7
2.4 Green Roof Systems 8
2.4.1 Complete System Application & Technologies 8
2.4.2 Modular System 9
2.4.3 Pre-cultivated Vegetation Blankets 9
2.4.4 Other Applications 9

III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES 10

3.1 Roof Conditions & Suitability for Greening 10
3.1.1 Function / Use 10
3.1.2 Location 10
3.1.3 Scape & Accessibility 10
3.1.4 Climate 10
3.1.5 Wind, Wind Pressure & Uplift 10
3.2 Structural & Bedding Stability 11
3.2.1 Structure and Design Loads 11
3.2.2 Roof Slope 12
3.2.3 Water Proofing 12
3.2.4 Parapet Design & Protection against falls 12
3.2.5 Protection against fire 12
3.3 Components Description 12
3.3.1 Water Proofing 13
3.3.2 Thermal Insulation 13
3.3.3 Protective Layers 13
3.3.4 Drainage & Drain Layer 13
3.3.5 Irrigation 13
3.3.6 Containment 14
3.3.7 Filter Layer 14
3.3.8 Planting Medium 15
3.3.9 Vegetation & Recommended Plants 15
3.4 Green Roof Maintenance 15

IV. GREEN WALLS 16

4.1 General Information 16
4.2 Types of Green Walls 16
4.2.1 Green Façades 16
4.2.1.1 Modular System 17
4.2.1.2 Free Standing Structure 18
4.2.1.3 Cable & Rope Wire 18
4.2.2 Living walls 19
4.2.3 Wall Planters 19

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 4.3 Green Walls Maintenance 20

V. REFERRENCES 21

VI. APPENDICE S

6.1 Appendix A – Plants Suitable for Extensive Greening

6.2 Appendix B – Plants Suitable for Simple Intensive Greening
6.3 Appendix C – Plants Suitable for Intensive Greening

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 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES

Page No.

Fig 1.1 Green Roof at Al Garhoud - Dubai 1

Fig 1.2 Urban Heat Island Effect – Temperature Profile 2

Fig 1.3 Benefits provided by vegetation 3

Fig 1.4 Private Roof Garden in Wafi City - Dubai 4

Fig 2.1 Roof Garden at Wafi City - Dubai 5

Fig 2.2 Extensive Green Roof Typical Construction 5

Fig 2.3 Simple Intensive Green Roof Typical Construction 6

Fig 2.4 Intensive Green Roof & Underground Garages Typical Construction 6

Fig 2.5 Green Roof assembly on Conventional Roof 7

Fig 2.6 Extensive Green Roof Construction on Metal Decking 7

The Criteria that can be used to characterize the three different
Table 2.1 7
types of Green Roofs
Fig 2.7 Vegetation relative to A/C equipments 8

Fig 2.8 Drains Location with respect to layers and plantation 8

Fig 2.9 Precultivated vegetation Blankets 9

Fig 3.1 Positive and negative Wind Pressure 10

Fig 3.2 Underground Parking green roof at Festival City - Dubai 11

Fig 3.3 Irrigation Water Tank and different water supply sources 14

Fig 4.1 ' Building Dubai Green ' view of Dubai Creek 16

Fig 4.2 Different climbing methods for plants used for façade greening 17

Fig 4.3 Typical construction profile for modular system 17

Fig 4.4 Proposed design for a Multi-storey Car Parking at Baniyas St. - Dubai 18

Fig 4.5 Examples for vegetation supported by free standing structures 18

Fig 4.6 Examples for vegetation supported by rope wires 19

Fig 4.7 International examples for living walls 19

Fig 4.8 Wall planters 19

Fig 4.9 Rotana Hotel Multi-storey car parking – Dubai (Proposed design) 20
Multi-storey car parking near Emirates Towers – Dubai
Fig 4.10 20
(Proposed design)

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 REFERENCED BUILDING CODES AND APPROVED MATERIALS

Page No.

1 Guide for Thermal Insulation in Buildings, Dubai Municipality, 2005 1, 13

Approved Plants - Extensive Greening for Green Roofs, Horticultural

2 7
Department, Dubai Municipality

Approved Plants - Simple Intensive Greening for Green Roofs,

3 7
Horticultural Department, Dubai Municipality

Approved Plants - Intensive Greening for Green Roofs, Horticultural

4 7
Department, Dubai Municipality

5 CP 3, Chapter V, Part 2 – 1972, British Standard 10

6 FLL Standard 2002 Items 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 11

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I. INTRODUCTION

The terms 'Green Roof' & 'Green Wall' generally represent vegetation and growing medium
planted on building rooftops or facades.

Fig. (1.1) Green Roof at Al Garhoud - Dubai

1.1 Area of Validity

The "Guidelines for Planning, Execution & Maintenance of Green Roof & Green Wall"
apply to the greening of roofs, roof terraces, Façades & underground buildings.

1.2 Purpose, Benefits and Environmental Effects

Green roof infrastructure promises to become an increasingly important option for

building owners and community planners. Green roofs can address many of the challenges
facing urban residents. It is well proven that green roofs are an investment which provides
a significant number of social, environmental and economical benefits.

x Building Benefits

o Energy savings

In hot climate, a green roof acts as a buffer that protects the building from
extreme solar radiation, and hence reduce, the net heat gain. Therefore it helps in
cooling the surrounding area, as well as regulating the internal building
temperature and decreasing the amount of energy required to cool the building.
The implementation of a green roof reduces the requirements for traditional
insulation.[1]

o Roof Membrane Protection and Life Extension

Green roofs help to protect roofing membranes from extreme temperature

fluctuations, and reduce the negative impact of ultraviolet radiation, thus double
the life span of a conventional roof, and decrease the need for re-roofing. These
are direct operational cost savings for the building owner.

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 o Sound Insulation

Green roofs can be used as acoustic barrier; with the growing medium blocking
lower frequencies of sound, and the plants blocking the higher frequencies. Tests
show that 12 cm of growing medium alone can reduce sound by 40 db. [11]

o Additional Benefits

A Green Roof transforms an underutilized area into an opportunity for an outdoor

park space, or a gathering space. In highly urbanized areas, Green Roofs add
aesthetic pleasure, and correspondingly – added property values. For example,
accessible green roofs, which provide added amenity space for the occupants, can
help to increase the unit value of condominiums, in addition to the increase of
marketability to office or residential suites for buyers.

x Environmental Benefits

o Urban Heat Island Effect

The urban heat island (UHI) is the overheating of urban and suburban areas
relative to the surrounding countryside, due to increased paved, built-over, and
hard surface areas. Plants intercept the solar radiation that strikes roofs and
eliminate it through evapo-transpiration. The wide implementation of green roofs
would contribute significantly towards reducing the urban heat island effects.

Fig. (1.2) Urban Heat Island Effect – Temperature Profile

o Storm Water Retention

City roofs often play a big role in the storm water run off problem, as it puts
pressure on city sewer and drainage system. Green roofs can be considered
beneficial for its storm water retention capability. During rain, plants capture
rainwater and hold it within its growing media which is then released back to the
atmosphere through evaporation and evapo-transpiration. This process can
decrease the amount of water run-off into local water systems, delay the storm
water run-off and reduces peak rates and volumes, therefore relieving overloaded
drainage systems. Storm water retention rates are determined by saturated
infiltration capacity, thickness of the growing media, field capacity, porosity,
under-drainage layer water retention and flow, and relief drain spacing. A heavily
vegetated green roof with a 20-40 cm thick growing medium can hold 10-15 cm of
water. [12] [18]

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 o Air Purification

Green roofs can also reduce pollution by filtering out dust particulates and other
pollutants as the air passes over the plants. These particulates tend to get trapped
in the surface area of the greenery. Then rain washes them all into the growing
medium below. Plants also absorb gaseous pollutants through photosynthesis, and
helps in reemitting new oxygen. [5]

Fig. (1.3) Benefits provided by vegetation

1.3. International Standards & Guidelines

x FLL Guidelines[4]

The FLL is the German Research Society for Landscape Development and Landscape
Design for over 15 years; the FLL Guidelines for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of
Green-Roof Sites have been the only source of technical information for green roof
international designers.
The Guide covers all aspects of green roof design, including (but not limited to)
designing appropriate media (engineered soil) for different applications; selecting
plants palettes, and managing drainage. The FLL has also developed specific tests:
1. To determine the root resistance of waterproofing materials and root-barriers,
2. To evaluate water-holding capacity of media, or
3. To estimate maximum weight of green roof media.

x ASTM[1]

It is a similar American standards/guidelines which is published by the American

standard-setting organizations. Within the past few years, the ASTM convened a Green
Roof Task Force to create green roof standards.
The methods described in the new ASTM standards establish a common basis for
comparing fundamental green roof properties, such as maximum weight and moisture
retention potential. These methods are designed to measure critical material
properties for green roof materials under conditions similar to those encountered in the
field.

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 The five new standards released in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.12.
o E2396 Standard Testing Method for Saturated Water Permeability of
Granular Drainage Media [Falling-Head Method] for Green Roof
Systems
o E2397 Standard Practice for Determination of Dead Loads and Live Loads
Associated with Green Roof Systems
o E2398 Standard Test Method for Water Capture and Media Retention of
Geo-composite Drain Layers for Green Roof Systems
o E2399 Standard Test Method for Maximum Media Density for Dead Load
Analysis*
o E2400 Standard Guide for Selection, Installation, and Maintenance of
Plants for Green Roof Systems

1.4. Regulations &. Incentives

Refer to Dubai Municipality's Circular no. 171 issued on July 8th, 2009

Fig. (1.4) Private Roof Garden in Wafi City- Dubai

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II. TYPES OF GREENING AND GREEN ROOF SYSTEMS

2.1. General Information

"Green Roofs" represent an innovative approach to urban design that uses living materials
to make the urban environment more livable, efficient and sustainable. Other common
terms used to describe Green Roofs are Eco Roofs, Living Roofs and Vegetated Roofs.

Fig. (2.1) Roof Garden at Wafi City - Dubai

2.2. Types of Greening

There are two main usages for Green Roofs: first, a functional & accessible roof garden
with aesthetic, recreational & social benefits; the second, a habitat for flora and fauna as
an alternative for natural habitats within the city, which may or may not contribute to the
aesthetics of the city. Deciding which utilization to follow is essential and should be
considered during the project planning stage, prior to commencing design, in all the cases,
plant species must be suited to the nature of the green roof being planned. There are three
general types of green roofs that can be differentiated mainly by cost, depth of growing
medium and types of plants used.

2.2.1. Extensive Green Roof

An Extensive green roof has a shallow growing medium containing little nutrients
which is suitable for less demanding and low growing plant communities. In
Extensive green roofs, landscaping is designed to be more self-sustaining, requiring
less maintenance and fewer expenses than other systems. Since they are lighter
and require less structural support, they are well suited to roofs with little load
bearing capacity. They are often not accessible. Extensive green roofs are often
suitable for retro-fit installations on existing buildings, due to their relatively low
load implications, although structural engineers must be consulted for any such
applications.

Fig. (2.2) Extensive Green Roof Typical Construction

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2.2.2. Semi Intensive Green Roof
Semi-Intensive Green Roofs in terms of requirements fall in between Extensive
and Intensive Green Roof. More maintenance, higher costs and more weight are the
characteristics for this green roof type compared to that of the Extensive Green
Roof. It can be accessible but it is more likely to be only overlooked.

Fig. (2.3) Simple Intensive Green Roof Typical Construction

2.2.3. Intensive Green Roof

Intensive Green Roofs have a deep growing medium that supports a variety of
landscape design and growth. They add considerably more weight to roofs; thus
requiring additional structural support and added costs. They are mostly accessible
and are used as recreational spaces, therefore safety features should be considered
to allow public access.

Fig. (2.4) Intensive Green Roof & Underground Garages Typical Construction

The Intensive Green Roof design and the selected plant communities have to be
harmonious with one another. The amount of maintenance for Intensive green roofs
is the highest among the three types of greening. Walkways, benches, retaining
walls or even ponds can be established as additional features on the roof. There
are no limitations in design and individuality.

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2.3. Forms of Cultivations

Extensive Green Roof: It has a shallow substrate, which has a significantly limiting effect
on the diversity of plants suitable for cultivation. Mixtures of mosses, succulents, herbs and
grasses create pleasant plant communities. [Refer to Appendix A] [2]
Simple Intensive Green Roof: It has a deeper substrate level which allows more
possibilities for the design; planting usually relies on monoculture planting-grasses,
groundcovers, herbaceous perennials and shrubs can be planted while tall growing bushes
and trees are still missing. [Refer to Appendix B] [3]
Intensive Green Roof: Due to the increased soil depth, the plant selection is more diverse
and can include lawns, perennials, bushes and trees which allow for the development of a
more complex ecosystem. [Refer to Appendix C] [4]

Extensive Semi-Intensive
Intensive Green Roof
Green Roof Green Roof
Maintenance Low Periodically High
Groundcovers and Grass, Groundcovers Lawn or Perennials,
Plant communities
Grasses and Shrubs Shrubs and Trees
250 - 500mm, provide
System build-up
150 - 250 mm 250 - 500 mm planters for trees &
height
palms = 1000 mm
Costs Low Middle High
Ecological Protection
Use Designed Green Roof Park Like Garden
Layer

Table 2.1. The criteria that can be used to characterize the three different types of Green Roofs

x Special Details
a) In cases of parapets or walls on the roof, vegetation should be restricted to
a minimum distance of 30cm from the wall or parapet. This distance can be
filled with gravel or any other paver, and can be used for maintenance.

Fig. (2.5) Green Roof assembly on Conventional Roof

b) In cases of metal decking, such as corrugated sheets, extensive green

roofing is recommended.

Fig. (2.6) Extensive Green Roof Construction on Metal Decking

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 c) A provision of 30 – 50cm distance should be maintained for air conditioning
fresh air inlets and equipments.

Fig. (2.7) Vegetation relative to A/C equipments

d) Location of roof drains with respect to layers and plantation on roof tops.

Fig. (2.8) Drains location with respect to layers and plantation

2.4. Green Roof Systems

Green Roof Technology is the system that is used to implement green roofs on a building.
Green roof systems can be categorized as follows:

x Complete systems where all different components are assembled layer by layer,
directly on top of the roofing system, including roof membrane;
x Modular systems that are positioned above the existing roofing system;
x Pre-cultivated vegetation blankets that consist of a growing medium and plants
that are rolled onto the existing roofing system with drainage mats and root
barriers as required.
Variations between systems are generally found in the manner in which growing medium
and drainage layers are treated.

2.4.1 Complete System ( Built-in-place)

Complete systems represents the traditional construction method for Green Roofs &
provides the most flexible system in terms of types and nature of growing medium,
drainage, and protection layers that can be used.
There are many different applications that offer several options of varying thicknesses
and weights from as low as 50mm-75mm and 60 to 90 kg/sq.m. Also, it can be installed
with a variety of waterproofing membrane types.

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2.4.2. Modular System

Modular systems are commonly used in the form of trays of vegetation in a growing
medium that are grown offsite and simply placed on the existing roof to achieve complete
coverage.
With a modular system, the drainage, soil substrate or media, and the plants are self-
contained within the module, with varying dimensions. In effect, these three main
components of a green roof are replaced by a fully planted module. When interlocked, they
offer continuous roof drainage and coverage. They can be available in different depths of
growing medium typically ranging from 75mm to 300mm.

o Benefits of Modular Systems:

- Design Simplicity & Immediate Roofscapes
- Easy & Time Saving Installation
- Off Site Planting
- Different Growing Medium Types and Depths
- Adaptive to all forms of irrigation
- Adjustment and Rearrangement after Installation.

2.4.3. Precultivated Vegetation Blankets

One Particular form of Modular Systems is the precultivated vegetation blankets that
resembles green roof tiles and can be available in different dimensions.

Fig. (2.9) Precultivated Vegetation Blankets

2.4.4. Other Applications

Some specialist companies have developed complete system for roof gardens, which is
made up of several specifically designed elements. Such systems are sold and installed by
the manufacturer as a complete package. Since the manufacturer installs the entire
system, they are entirely responsible for the product and hence can offer attractive
warranties and guarantees against failure.

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 III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES

3.1. Roof Conditions & Suitability for Greening

3.1.1 Function / Use

The primary functions a specific green roof is required to perform, will have a profound
effect on its overall design. Each individual green roof project would differ according to its
use, whether it was created for ecological, recreational, economic, or aesthetic purposes.

3.1.2 Location

Location of the green roof plays an important role in the design process. The height of
the roof, its orientation, its exposure to wind, sun and shading by surrounding buildings will
have an impact. Views to and from the roof may also determine where certain elements are
located for maximum effect.

3.1.3 Accessibility

Access to the green roof site is vital for the installation, ongoing maintenance and
bringing up materials. If the green roof is designed for public use, then access and exiting
of the roof should comply with relevant safety and security requirements through adequate
elevators and staircases. Access and internal movements for Special Need users must be
designed in compliance with the United Arab Emirates Federal Law no. 25, 1999 Article 22.

3.1.4 Climate

The general climate of Dubai as hot, humid and under direct sun should be considered in
the selection of plants that flourish in these conditions. [Refer to Appendix A-C]

3.1.5 Wind, Wind Pressure & Uplift

Green Roofs and Green Walls are often exposed to high wind levels. Wind can generate
positive and negative pressure forces, which act on structures. Uplift forces vary with wind
strength and direction, shape and height of the building and overall exposure.
The factor of safety for vertical loads due to positive and negative wind pressure is
considered 1.5, and the wind speed at which the force is measured to be considered as 45
m/s.[5]

Fig. (3.1) Positive and Negative Wind Pressure

Wind loads can damage anything built on top of the roof, either during construction or
after work has been completed. The following areas on the roof are the most affected by
the wind pressure uplift and require appropriate protection:
x Corners, where stress levels are very high,
x Edges, where stress levels are high, and
x The central area, where stress levels are low.

The depth of green roof layers at the corners and edges need to be increased or replaced
by heavier materials such as gravel in order to secure borders and corner areas which are
particularly at risk.

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3.2. Structural & Bedding Stability

3.2.1 Structure and Design Loads

Introducing a green roof system to a building will place additional loading on the
structure. If a green roof is part of the initial design of the building, additional loading can
be accommodated easily for minor cost. However, if a green roof is installed on an existing
building, the design will be limited to the carrying capacity of the existing roof, hence, the
critical factor in deciding what type of greening to use and how to cultivate the site are the
design loads of the system.
Loads can be classified into two groups: Dead & Live Loads. Dead loads in a green roof,
also known as constant loads consist of super structural components such as; membranes,
non-absorptive plastic sheet component, metallic layers, fabrics, geo-composite drain
layers, growth media, granular drainage media, and plant materials. Live Loads in a green
roof system excluding that of construction activities, is defined as the weight of transient
water that can be held temporarily in granular drainage materials layer and composite
drainage layer, i.e. the transient water held due to a continuous rainfall or irrigation until
the drainage layer reaches saturation point. Architectural elements such as walkways,
pavements, walls, water pools, play areas, pergolas, large scale bushes and trees, in
addition to live loads of construction activities and wind loads are calculated separately.
The Depth of media layers for extensive, simple intensive and intensive greening range
between 2.5cm – 200cm.
The weight of every layer in a green roof system is determined at the point of maximum
water capacity including materials and stored water.
For values of design loads refer FLL Standard 2002 Items 13.1-13.3, Design Loads should not
be less than Actual Loads which might be recommended by the manufacturer / supplier of
the green roof system. [6]

Fig. (3.2) Underground Parking green roof at Festival City - Dubai

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3.2.2 Roof Slope
Intensive green roofs are executed on slopes of up to 5 degrees, while extensive green
roofs on slopes of up to 30 degrees. The maximum slope for extensive green roofs which is
commonly used is 45 degrees. As the steepness of the slope increases, the structure
requires more protection against shear and slide forces where as controlled drainage and
soil depth should be considered.
Green roofs should not be applied to roofs with slopes greater than 45 degrees due to the
extreme difficulty in managing soil moisture on a roof of such steepness. In such slopes the
water will tend to run out of the system resulting in dry areas at the top, and moist areas
at the bottom. For Slopes of angles less than or equal to 20 degrees (36% gradient), anti-
shear protection is not required, while slopes at angles greater than 20 (36% gradient),
anti-shear protection is needed. In cases where angles are greater than 30 degrees (58%
gradient), separate static calculations are required to ensure that the action taken to
prevent shearing doesn’t create tension at the contact point with the waterproof
membrane and the root barrier.
To protect plants from erosion or sliding, the support coarse of the plants should be
cultivated in a way which ensures that the structural soundness is not affected by water. It
can be achieved through using fine to medium sized chipped gravel or through minimizing
the amount of material which could get washed out.
Whether a roof is green or not, a slope of 1% - 2% should be applied on it to allow water
to move smoothly towards the drain holes (openings). This slope is usually maintained
using a lightweight concrete (screed) layer between 50 – 70mm thicknesses.
3.2.3 Water Proofing
One of the most important components of the green roof system is the waterproofing roof
membrane. For an existing building, the membrane should be carefully inspected to
determine if it needs to be repaired or replaced before the installation.
3.2.4 Parapet Design and Protection against falls
Low rise buildings present fewer challenges in regard to positive or negative wind forces
(mentioned previously in 3.1.5.). A lower parapet design in low rise building may avoid
potential air turbulence and help minimize uplift forces. High rise buildings are exposed to
increased wind pressure resulting in higher positive and negative uplift forces. Increasing
the parapet height can be an effective tool in moderating uplift forces.
Strict safety standards and requirements for protection against falls have to be taken into
account during planning, execution and utilization of the roof. Roof access staircases must
be non slippery and equipped with handrails,
3.2.5 Fire Resistance
There is evidence suggesting that green roofs can help slow the spread of fire to and from
the building through the roof, particularly where the growing medium is saturated.
However, plants themselves, if dry, can present a fire hazard. The integration of "fire
breaks" at regular intervals across the roof, at the roof perimeter, and around all roof
penetrations is recommended. Certain plants should be avoided from use on rooftops for
fire safety reasons; plants that are highly flammable, or that develop large root systems
and thus high biomass, or that are excessively thirsty.

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3.3. Components Description
Green roofs are constructed using components that:
x Have the strength to bear the added weight;
x Seal the roof against penetration by water, water vapor, and roots;
x Retain enough moisture for the plants to survive periods of low precipitation, yet
are capable of draining excess moisture when required;
x provide soil-like substrate material to support the plants;
x Maintain a sustainable plant cover, appropriate for the climatic region;
x Offer a number of hydrologic, atmospheric, thermal and social benefits for the
building, people and the environment;
x Protect the underlying components against ultraviolet and thermal degradation.
The components used in green roofs are generally the same as those in rooftop gardens,
differing only in depth and project-specific design application and include the following:
3.3.1. Water Proofing
The waterproofing system beneath any green roof must be root resistant in the long
term, otherwise the green roof system must include a root barrier. The installation of
the waterproofing and its detailing to perimeters, outlets, protrusions through the roof
etc., must take into account the depth of the green roof built up.
The waterproofing system must be leak tested and certified immediately before the
installation of the green roof.
o Water Permeability & Water Storage Capacity
The type of construction planned for drainage shall comply with the level
of water permeability in vegetation substrates. The maximum water
storage capacity should not exceed 65% by volume in order to avoid water
logging.
3.3.2. Thermal Insulation
The thermal protection provided by the vegetation, planting medium, and drain layer
sufficiently eliminates the need for additional insulation in hot climates. However,
building codes usually require a certain level of added insulation, regardless of the
overall roof design. The related regulations mentioned in "Guide for Thermal Insulation
in Building" to be followed. [1]
3.3.3. Protective Layers
The roof’s membrane needs protection from fertilizers and possible root
penetrations. The protective layer can be a slab of lightweight concrete, sheet of rigid
insulation, geo-textile, copper foil, or a combination of these, depending on the
particular design and green roof application.
3.3.4. Drainage & Drain Layer
Between the planting medium and roof membrane is a layer through which water can
flow from anywhere on the green roof. A drainage layer is required to adequately
distribute water and prevent pooling. To minimize the weight of the system, drainage
layers are often made from plastic or rubber, but may also be made of gravel or
clay. The drainage layer may or may not include filter media to ensure aeration. The
minimum thickness for the drain layer is usually less than 20 mm, but a thicker mat can
provide additional insulation and root restriction.
3.3.5. Irrigation
Irrigation systems and plant water requirements are highly dependant on type of
green roof, climate, site location, water supply and pressure, maintenance access, size
of planter, type of vegetation and the expected lifespan of plants. There are three
principal ways of irrigating green roofs: manual, fully automatic and semi-automatic

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irrigation system. Selection of the principal ways of irrigation depends on the cost,
advantages and disadvantages of each system.
o Irrigation Water Tank
A special water supply tank is required for irrigation; it is usually located
at a lower level. Water supply to the tank mainly comes from DEWA.
Another source for the water supply is the AC drain water in addition to the
drain water from the roof, which passes through a sand trap for filtration.
The tank is equipped with an overflow discharge outlet in case it reached
its maximum capacity.

Fig. (3.3) Irrigation Water Tank and different water supply sources

Water resources for Green Roof irrigation include:

1- Recycled Building Grey Water
2- A/C Condense Water
3- Roof Drainage Water (Storm Water)
4- DEWA backup water supply incase the water level inside the tank drops below the
one day irrigation requirement level.
3.3.6. Containment
In modular systems, containment refers to actual plant containers. In non-modular
systems, the planting medium is supported by the drain layer and contained at the
perimeter by a metal or plastic barrier, or the roof parapet.
3.3.7. Filter Layer / Root Barrier
Somewhere between the planting media and drain layer lays a filter, which not only
allows water to flow through while retaining the planting medium, but serves as a root
barrier and can redistribute moisture through capillary action from wetter areas to
areas with less moisture.
Green roofs usually employ plants with easy-to-control roots, whereas rooftop gardens
may contain deeper rooting plants requiring multiple filter layers. Since root and media
particle diameters can vary, filters should be specified for different media and plant
types to ensure adequate flow rates for a given planting mix without losing too much
silt or allowing excessive root penetration.
All the elements previously mentioned need not be acquired as individual units, as
some products and designs on the market combine the functions of two or more
components. For instance, the contours of the bottom of a modular container may
form a drain layer, or a water storage mat might also be used as a filter layer.
Combination designs can often reduce the weight and cost of a system.

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 3.3.8. Planting Medium

Not to be confused with soil, the planting medium is distinguished by its mineral
content, which is often synthetically produced, providing the basis for an ultra-
lightweight planting medium.
The thermal mass of the planting medium plays a significant role in dampening the
impact of ambient temperature fluctuations. This property can dramatically affect heat
transfer through roof systems in hot climates.
Water retention is another important parameter which can vary with the type and
amount of vegetation, medium composition, and climate. Since absorption and flow
rates are site and system specific, estimations of water retention characteristics must
be calculated for individual cases. Planting medium depth and composition must also
be appropriate for the selected vegetation.
o Soil Depth, PH Value & Nutrient Content
Refer to the attached table for Plants Specifications

3.3.9. Vegetation & Recommended Plants

Sustainability of green roofs in this region is highly dependant upon the plant
selections. Not all green roofs are sustainable by default. Careful plant selection is
essential to the green roof success. Almost any plant can be put on a roof although
some limitations are considered. By necessity green roof plants must be tougher and
less nutrient-reliant than plants found in most parks. Plants requiring huge irrigation
inputs may not be sustainable in this climate. Other limitations are climate, structural
design and maintenance budgets, and the roofscape designer’s imagination. In general
the most successful plants for green roofs are heat, cold, sun, wind, drought, salt
insect and disease tolerant. The vegetated roof area must utilize plant and tree species
appropriate for Dubai's climate and region. Plants & trees species suitable for each type
of green roof together with their specifications and requirements for maintenance &
irrigation are available in Appendix A-C.

3.4. Green Roof Maintenance

After the initial installation of a green roof, on–going maintenance is a critical element
for success; the first two years are the most important as the plants are establishing
themselves and filling in any gaps for complete coverage, and fertilization should be
minimal until the third year.
To ensure the functionality of the Green Roof it is important to provide maintenance
measures. There are three stages of maintenance concerning the vegetation:
x Installation maintenance: several aspects of maintenance and service are involved
throughout the first year for the successful coverage of the plants after installation.
It is important to provide sufficient water supply. Replanting is necessary if there
are dying or missing plants after installation and weeds and other unwanted plants
need to be removed.
x Development maintenance: to support the vegetation until total coverage of the
roof is achieved. The development maintenance is equal to the installation
maintenance but with lower intensity.
x On-going maintenance: after the development of the plants on the Green Roof is
ensured, it is crucial to maintain and inspect the roof at least twice a year. Weeds
and other unwanted plants on the entire roof need to be removed. The irrigation
system and inspection chambers need to be monitored to ensure that water outlets
are all free from blockages. For grass and herb vegetation the organic material has
to be removed once a year and grass need to be pruned regularly.

15
 IV. GREEN WALLS

4.1 General Information

A green wall is a vertical wall partially or completely covered with vegetation. Based on
green roofs applications, green walls can offer considerable cost savings and cooling effect.

Fig. (4.1) ' Building Dubai Green ' view of Dubai Creek

Green Walls are either attached to existing walls or built as freestanding structures that
contain soil or an inorganic growing medium.

4.2. Types of Green Walls

There are three major types for green walls:

i) Green Façades made up of climbing plants either growing directly on a
wall or, on specially designed supporting structures.
ii) Living Walls are made up of pre-vegetated panels or fabric systems that
are attached to the structural wall or frame.
iii) Wall Planters plants grow in planters attached to the building.

4.2.1 Green Façades

Green Façades are wall systems where climbing plants or cascading groundcovers are
meant to cover designed supporting structures. Plant materials can be rooted at the base of
the structures, in planters, or on rooftops.
Traditionally, self-clinging climbers can directly cling onto walls, especially porous
surfaces that allow them to attach more easily. Installation of trellises or wires can support
the plants, aid their growth and hold them away from the building surface which is highly
recommended for future maintenance.
Climbers can dramatically reduce the maximum temperatures of a building by shading
walls that are exposed to the sun. They can reduce the daily temperature fluctuation by as
much as 50 percent, which is an advantage for the climate in Dubai.

Strong growth is required by plants used for façade greening and so deep fertile soils are
needed with a good supply of moisture. In many cases the foundations of buildings limit
root penetration. Root tunnels can be introduced through impervious areas and the use of
soils with high organic matter and mulches can help to retain moisture and support a
nutrient rich soil.

16
 Fig. (4.2) Different climbing methods for plants used for façade greening

4.2.1.1. Modullar System

In vertical greening, vertical growing medium is placed upon the wall surface. This gives a
different feeling as the plants used are not climbers but small, creeping herbaceous
perennials, and grasses. It generally requires an irrigation system to be built into the
structure and therefore is the most costly in design and installation.

Fig. (4.3) Typical construction profile for modular system

17
 It consists of rigid lightweight panels which are installed vertically as either wall-
mounted or freestanding systems. The modular panels are often comprised of
polypropylene plastic containers, geo-textiles, irrigation systems, a growing medium and
vegetation.

Fig. (4.4) Proposed design for a Multi-storey Car Parking at Baniyas St. - Dubai

4.2.1.2. Free Standing Structures

Freestanding structures are made of wire mesh panels that can be placed on
either urban streets or rooftops where space is limited or weight is restricted.
These mesh panels provide a support structure for climbers that do not adhere to
the walls. As these climbers get the support, they can work their way up to cover
the mesh.

Fig. (4.5) Examples for vegetation supported by free standing structures

4.2.1.3. Cable and Rope Wire

Cable and rope wire systems consist of high-tensile steel cables, wire trellises,
anchors, spacers, and supplementary equipment. Vertical and horizontal wires can
be connected through cross clamps to form a stainless steel wire-rope nets can be
supported on flexible or rigid frames.

18
 Fig. (4.6) Examples for vegetation supported by rope wires

4.2.2 Living Walls

Living walls (also called bio-walls or vertical gardens) are composed of pre-vegetated
panels that are fixed to a structural wall or frame. This system supports a great diversity of
plant species, including a mixture of groundcovers, low shrubs, perennial flowers, and
edible plants. Living walls perform well in full sun, shade, and interior applications.

Fig. (4.7) International examples for living walls

Due to the diversity and density of plants, living walls require more intensive maintenance
(regular water, nutrients, fertilizer) than green façades.

4.2.3 Wall Planters

Filling a wall with hanging planters is another

effective method of greening walls; in fact it
provides a new dimension for introducing both
the aesthetic and air-filtering value of plants to
the human-built environment.
Hanging walls are created by allowing plants to
hang down from planters suspended from a
height e.g. over a parapet. The use of a hanging
wall removes the need for a support structure
and can be an effective solution for greening high
walls. Anchorage is an important consideration
for hanging walls. Fig. (4.8) Wall Planters

19
 Fig. (4.9) Rotana Hotel Multi-storey car Fig. (4.10) Multi-storey car parking near
parking – Dubai Emirates Towers – Dubai
(Proposed design) (Proposed design)

4.3. Green Walls Maintenance

Maintaining a green wall applies to five aspects that are monthly checked:
x Location access, the access to the location where the wall is placed is to be
considered for maintenance. No matter what the plant type, the first item of
consideration is how to access the green wall for major maintenance such as plant
replacement and major pruning.
x Structural inspections, upon accessing the wall the first order is to visually inspect
the structural integrity of the mounting mechanism, the waterproofing, if any, and
the interior wall (for any signs of moisture). For trellis and cable systems check the
penetrations of the anchors, spacers, and supplementary equipment in addition to
the cable tension.
x Irrigation, operation and visual inspection of the irrigation system include: clogged
emitters, leaks at the connections and small drips within the irrigation manifold.
Remove and clean or replace the filter or screen from the drip irrigation system,
preventing any sediment from entering the thin tubing of the drip line creating clogs.
x Drainage, check all the connected drains that collect the excess irrigation and
rainfall. A drain is essential to prevent water overflow in cases of any irrigation
failure. Materials such as dead leaves, soil, and mud should be removed from the
irrigation drains.
x Plant maintenance, each plant has its own maintenance requirements. A common
maintenance requirement for exterior green walls is to weed the wall. Plant
inspection for disease, dieback, dead foliage and the noticeable and acceptable
levels of overgrown plants should be maintained.

Preventative maintenance will retain the safety and integrity of any project, plus add years
of sustainable beauty to any wallscape.

20
V. REFERENCES

1. ASTM: " American Standard Test Method: E2396-E2400 " Annual Book of
Standards, PA. U.S.A

2. CP 3, Chapter V, Part 2 – 1972, British Standard

3. Cutlip, Jamie: " Sustainability and the Built Environment ", University of
California, October 2006

4. FLL: " Guidelines for the Planning, Execution & Upkeep of Green Roof Sites "
Procedure for Investigating Resistance to Root Penetration at Green Roof Sites,
2002 edition.

5. Gray, Kristen: " The Tree Project: Phase 1 Report " Research Associate Institute
for Environmental Solutions, January 2007

6. Green Roofs Website

7. Guide for Thermal Insulation in Buildings, Dubai Municipality, 2005

8. Jenrick, Kate: " Green Roofs: A Horticultural Perspective " Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, March 2005

9. Martin, Alyssa: " Green Roof Manual " Washington, USA 2005

10. Morgan, Benjamin: " An Evaluation of Vegetated Roofing Technology: Application

at Air Force Plant Four, Building 15 " Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 2004.

11. Peck, Steven & Kuhn, Monica: " Design Guidelines for Green Roofs ", Ontario
Association of Architects.

12. Peck, Steven, Callaghan, Chris & Kuhn, Monica: " GREENBACKS FROM GREEN
ROOFS: FORGING A NEW INDUSTRY IN CANADA " Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation, March 1999

13. Perry, Michael D.: " Green Roofs Offer Environmentally Friendly Alternative ",
Plant Engineering, Barrington August 2003 Vol. 57 Issue 8

14. Ryerson University: " Report on the Environmental Benefits and costs of Green
Roof Technology for the city of Toronto " City of Toronto and OCE-ETech October
2005.

15. The International Green Roof Association (IGRA) Website

16. US Green Building Council (USGBC) Website

17. Wark, Christopher & Wark, Windey:" Green Roof Specifications and Standards "
The Construction Specifier, Alexandria VA, August 2003 Vol. 56,Issue 8

18. Weston, Roy F.: " Urban Heat Island Initiative Pilot Project: Final Report " City of
Chicago, May 2000

21
6.1 APPENDIX A

Plants Suitable for Extensive Greening

 Grasses and Lawns

 Ground Covers

 Seasonal Flowers
 ήπΧϷ΍ ΢τδϤϟ΍

Ϣγ 25 – 15 ϖϤόΑ ΔΑήΗ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ήϴϐλ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ :ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ 2ϡ /ήΘϟ 12 ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ΖΤΗ / εήϟΎΑ ϱέ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
/ ΔϳϮϬΘϟ΍ / ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ ϊτϘϟ΍ / ϊϴϓήΘϟ΍/ ΔϳΪΤϟ΍ / ϑ΍ϮΤϟ΍ κϗ / κϘϟ΍ /ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ

Zoysia sp. Ύϴγϭί Paspalium vagiratum ϢϟΎΒδΑ

A-1
 ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎϴτϐϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

Ϣγ 25 – 15 ϖϤόΑ ΔΑήΗ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ήϴϐλ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ :ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ 2ϡ /ήΘϟ 12 ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ΖΤΗ / ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
. ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ / ΐϳάϬΘϟ΍ϭ κϘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΔϧΎϴλϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ :ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
.ϪΘϧΎϴλ ΔϟϮϬγϭ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Sesevium
Ϣϓΰϴγ Rhoeo spathacea Ϯϴϫϭέ
portulacastrum

Lantana camara Δϴϣΰϗ ΎϧΎΘϧϻ Setcreasea purpurea ΎδϳήϜΘγ

Pennisetum setaceum ήπΧϷ΍ ˯ϲσ΍Ϯθϟ΍ ζϴθΣ Ruellia macrantha ˯Ύϗέί ΎϴϠϳϭέ

A-2
 ΔϴϟϮΤϟ΍ϭ ΔϤϳΪΘδϤϟ΍ έϮϫΰϟ΍

Ϣγ 25 – 15 ϖϤόΑ ΔΑήΗ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ήϴϐλ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ 2ϡ /ήΘϟ 12 ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ΖΤΗ / ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ζϳϮτΘϟ΍ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΔΛϼΛ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΔϧΎϴλϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
ΎϳϮϨγ ΔϴϤδϤϟ΍ έϮϫΰϟ΍ Ϧϣ Ε΍ϭήϋ

Pelargonium grandiflora ΎϴϧϭέΎΟ Vinca rosa ΎϜϧϭ

Portulaca grandiflora ΎϛϻϮΗέϮΑ Petunia spp. ΎϴϧϮΘΑ

Antirrhinum hybrid dwarf ϊΒδϟ΍ ϚϨΣ Tagets erecta Δϔϴτϗ ΪϟϮΟ ϱέΎϣ

A-3
6.2 APPENDIX B

Plants Suitable for Simple Intensive Greening

 Climbers

 Cactus and Succulents

 Shrubs
 ΕΎϘϠδΘϤϟ΍ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

Ϣγ 50 × 50 × 50 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΣ ϰϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ςγϮΘϣ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
.αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 20 – 15 Ώ έΪϘΗ Ϟϗ΃ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
.ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
/ ϮϤϨϟ΍ ΓΫΎθϟ΍ϭ ΔΑΎμϤϟ΍ϭ ΔΘϴϤϟ΍ ωήϓϷ΍ Δϟ΍ί· ϲϠϋ ήμΘϘϳϭ ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
.ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϖϠδΘϟ΍ ς΋΍ϮΣ ϲϠϋ ΖϴΒΜΘϟ΍ϭ ςϴΑήΘϟ΍
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΔϧΎϴλϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ :ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
. ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϟϮϬγϭ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Jacquemontia
Antigonon leptopus ϦϧϮΠϴΘϧ΃ ΎϴΘϨϣϮϛΎΟ
pentantha

Jasminum grandiflorum ϱΪϠΒϟ΍ ϦϴϤγΎϴϟ΍ Ipomoea palmata ϦδΤϟ΍ Ζγ

Tristellateia australasiae ΎϴΘϴϠΘγήΗ Cryptostagia randiflora ΎϴΟΎΘγϮΘΑήϛ

B-1
 ΔϴϛϮθϟ΍ϭ ΔϳέΎμόϟ΍ ΕΎΗΎΒϨϟ΍

Ϣγ 35 – 30 ϖϤόΑ ΔΑήΗ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ήϴϐλ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϋϮΒγ΃ ϦϴΗήϣ ήΘϟ 5 ΍˱ΪΟ ΔϠϴϠϗ Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΎϬΗΎΟΎϴΘΣ΍ : Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ΖΤΗ / ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ : ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ΔϴοέϷ΍ϭ Δϴ΋΍ϮϬϟ΍ ΕΎϔϠΨϟ΍ Δϟ΍ί· /ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ /ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ /ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ /ϱήϟ΍ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΔϧΎϴλϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϟϮϬγϭ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Pedilanthus ithimaloides ήπΧ΃ βδϧϻΪΑ Agave americana ϲϧΎϜϳήϣϷ΍ έΎΒμϟ΍

Portulacaria afra έΎΒμϟ΍ ΔϠΟέ Sansavieria slendrica ήϤϨϟ΍ ΪϠΟ

Furcraea foetida ΎϳέϮϛήϓ Euphorbia canariensis -

B-2
 Ε΍ήϴΠθϟ΍ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

Ϣγ 50 ×50 × 50 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΣ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ςγϮΘϣ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ : ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 20 – 15˰Α έΪϘΗ Ϟϗ΃ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ : Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ : ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ / ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
ϡΎόϟ΍ έ΍Ϊϣ ϲϠϋ Γήϫΰϣ ϞψΘϟ ΎϬΘϧΎϴμΑ ΔλΎΧ ΔϳΎϨϋ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ ΎϬϧ΃ ϻ· ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Acalypha spp. ΎϔϴϟΎϛ΃ Ixora spp. ΍έϭΰϛ΃

Hibiscus Spp. βϜδΒϫ Plumeria spp ϱΪϨϬϟ΍ ϦϴϤγΎϴϟ΍

Tecoma smithi ΚϴϤγ ΎϣϮϜϴΗ Caesalpinia pulcherrima ΎϴϨϴΒϟΰϴγ

B-3
6.3 APPENDIX C

Plants Suitable for Intensive Greening

 Palm Trees
 Ornamental Trees
 Aqueous Plants
 ϞϴΨϨϟ΍ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΤϟ ΝΎΘΤϳϭ ήϴΒϛ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 60 – 50 ΩϭΪΣ ϲϓ ΔϟΪΘόϣ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ : Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ : ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ˬ΢ϴϘϠΘϟ΍ˬ ΐϳήϜΘϟ΍ ) ϑΎΠϟ΍ ϒόδϟ΍ Δϟ΍ί· / ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
΢ϠΒϟ΍ ϞϴΨϧ ΔϟΎΣ ϲϓ ( έΎϤΜϟ΍ ϊϤΟ ˬϕϭάόϟ΍ ΔϴτϐΗ ˬήϳΪΤΘϟ΍ ˬΪϳήϔΘϟ΍ ˬϒΨϟ΍

Chamaerops humilis βΑϭήϴϤϛ Caryota mitis ΔϜϤδϟ΍ ϞϳΫ

Bismarckia nobilis ϙήϤδΑ ϞϴΨϧ Phoenix roebelenii ϲϣΰϘϟ΍ ϞϴΨϨϟ΍

Pritchardia pacifica ΎϳΩέΎθΗήΑ Roystonea regia ϲϛϮϠϤϟ΍ ϞϴΨϨϟ΍

C-1
 ϞϴΨϨϟ΍ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΤϟ ΝΎΘΤϳϭ ήϴΒϛ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 60 – 50 ΩϭΪΣ ϲϓ ΔϟΪΘόϣ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ : Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ : ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ˬ ΢ϴϘϠΘϟ΍ˬ ΐϳήϜΘϟ΍ ) ϑΎΠϟ΍ ϒόδϟ΍ Δϟ΍ί· / ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
΢ϠΒϟ΍ ϞϴΨϧ ΔϟΎΣ ϲϓ ( έΎϤΜϟ΍ ϊϤΟ ˬ ϕϭάόϟ΍ ΔϴτϐΗˬ ήϳΪΤΘϟ΍ ˬ ΪϳήϔΘϟ΍ ˬ ϒΨϟ΍

Cocos nucifera ϞϴΟέΎϨϟ΍ Phoenix dactylifera ΢ϠΒϟ΍ ϞϴΨϧ

Washingtonia filifera ΎϴϧέϮϔϴϟΎϛ ϞϴΨϧ

C-2
 ϞϴΨϨϟ΍ ϩΎΒη΃ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ
Ϣγ75 × 75 × 75 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΣ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ςγϮΘϣ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 30 ˰Α έΪϘΗ ϱέ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ / ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
έΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧϻ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
ϒϴϟΎϜΘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ήΒΘόΘϓ ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϔϠϜΗ Ύϣ΃ ϞϴΨϨϟΎΑ ΔϧέΎϘϣ ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ

Cycas revoluta ϰϣΰϘϟ΍ ϞϤΠϟ΍ ϞϳΫ Beacarnea recurvata ωϮϟΰϟ΍

Pandanus utilis βϧ΍ΪϨΑ Pachypodium lamerei ήϘθϏΪϣ ϞϴΨϧ

Ravenala
ήϓΎδϤϟ΍ ΓήΠη Ravenala dagascariensis ήϓΎδϤϟ΍ ΓήΠη
adagascariensis

C-3
 ϞϴΨϨϟ΍ ϩΎΒη΃ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

Ϣγ75 × 75 × 75 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΣ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ςγϮΘϣ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ :ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 30 ˰Α έΪϘΗ ϱέ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ / ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
έΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧϻ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
ϒϴϟΎϜΘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ήΒΘόΘϓ ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϔϠϜΗ Ύϣ΃ ϞϴΨϨϟΎΑ ΔϧέΎϘϣ ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ

Yucca filamentosa ϡΩ΁ ΓήΑ· Yucca aloifolia ΔϳΩΎϋ ΎϛϮϳ

Cycas media ϞϳϮτϟ΍ ϞϤΠϟ΍ ϞϳΫ

C-4
 ΓήϤΜϤϟ΍ έΎΠηϷ΍ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΤϟ ΝΎΘΤϳϭ ήϴΒϛ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
.αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ϒϨμϟ΍ϭ ήϤόϟ΍ ΐδΣ ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 50 – 30 ˰Α έΪϘΗ ϩΎϴϣ ΕΎϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ : Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
.ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
. ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / έΎϤΜϟ΍ ϊϤΟ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ϥΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
έΎϤΜϟ΍ ΕΎϔλ΍ϮϤΑ ΔϳΎϨόϟ΍ ΔΠϴΘϧ Ύπϳ΃ ϒϴϟΎϜΘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ήΒΘόΘϓ ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϔϠϜΗ Ύϣ΃ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Citrus sinensis ϱήμϤϟ΍ ϱΩήΒϟ΍ Citrus aurantifolia ΢ϟΎϤϟ΍ ϥϮϤϴϠϟ΍

Carica papaya ϱΎϔϴϔϟ΍ Ficus carica ϦϴΘϟ΍

Psidium guaiva Δϓ΍ϮΠϟ΍ Mangifera indica ϮΠϧΎϤϟ΍

C-5
 ΔτγϮΘϤϟ΍ ΔϨϳΰϟ΍ έΎΠη΃ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ
Ϣγ75 × 75 × 75 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΣ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ςγϮΘϣ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ :ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 30 ˰Α έΪϘΗ ϱέ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
.ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
. ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ / ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
. ϒϴϟΎϜΘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ήΒΘόΘϓ ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϔϠϜΗ Ύϣ΃ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Conocarpus erectus
ϲπϔϟ΍ βϣΪϟ΍ Tecoma stans ΎϣϮϜϴΗ
sericeus

Callistemon lanceolatus ΝΎΟΰϟ΍ Δηήϓ ficus nitida ΍ΪΘϧ βϜϴϓ

Tecomella
Gliricidia sepium ΎϳΪϴγήϴϠΟ έΎϓήϔϟ΍
undulata

C-6
 ΓήϴΒϜϟ΍ ΔϨϳΰϟ΍ έΎΠη΃ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΤϟ ΝΎΘΤϳϭ ήϴΒϛ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ :ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ϒϨμϟ΍ϭ ήϤόϟ΍ ΐδΣ ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 50 – 30 ˰Α έΪϘΗ ϩΎϴϣ ΕΎϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
.ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
. ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ /ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ :ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
. ϒϴϟΎϜΘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ήΒΘόΘϓ ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϔϠϜΗ Ύϣ΃ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Ficus benjamina ΎϨϴϣΎΠϨΑ βϜϴϓ Cassia fistula ήΒϤηέΎϴΧ

Delonix regia ΎϧΎϴδϧ΍ϮΒϟ΍ Ficus rubiginosa ΍ίϮϨΠϴΑϭέ βϜϴϓ

Spathodea
ϲϘϳήϓϹ΍ ΐϟϮϴΘϟ΍ Azadirachta indica ϢϴϨϟ΍
campanulata

C-7
 ΓήϴΒϜϟ΍ ΔϨϳΰϟ΍ έΎΠη΃ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ

ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 × ϡ 1 αΎϴϘΑ Δϋ΍έί ΓήϔΤϟ ΝΎΘΤϳϭ ήϴΒϛ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
αϮϤΘϴΑ 1 : ΔΑήΗ 3 ΔΒδϨΑ αϮϤΘϴΒϟΎΑ ΎϬτϠΧ Ϟπϔϳϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ :ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ϒϨμϟ΍ϭ ήϤόϟ΍ ΐδΣ ΎϴϣϮϳ ήΘϟ 50 – 30 ˰Α έΪϘΗ ϩΎϴϣ ΕΎϴϤϛ ϲϟ· ΝΎΘΤΗ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
.ςϴϘϨΘϟΎΑ ϱήϟ΍ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
. ΕΎϓϵ΍ ΔΤϓΎϜϣ / ϊϴϗήΘϟ΍ / ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ /ϢϴϠϘΘϟ΍ / ΪϴϤδΘϟ΍ / ϱήϟ΍ :ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΎϬΗΎΗΎΒϧ ήϓϮΘϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ :ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
. ϒϴϟΎϜΘϟ΍ ΔπϔΨϨϣ ήΒΘόΘϓ ΎϬΘϧΎϴλ ΔϔϠϜΗ Ύϣ΃ ΎϫέΎόγ΃ νΎϔΨϧ΍ϭ

Bauhinia varigata ϞϤΠϟ΍ ϒΧ Jacaranda imosifolia ΍Ϊϧ΍ήϛΎΟ

Peltophorum inerme ϡήϔΘϠΑ

C-8
 Δϴ΋Ύϣ ϒμϨϟ΍ϭ Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΗΎΒϨϟ΍

ϥϭΩ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϲϓϭ΃ ΔϛήΒϟ΍ ˯Ύϣ ϲϓ κϴλϷ΍ ϲϓ ΕΎΗΎΒϨϟ΍ ϊοϭ ϢΘϳϭ ςϴδΑ ϱέάΠϟ΍ ϊϤΠϤϟ΍ :ϱέάΠϟ΍ ωϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ 
ΔΑήΘϟ ΔΟΎΤϟ΍
ΔΑήΘϟ ΝΎΘΤΗ ϻ : ΔΒγΎϨϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ 
ϱήϟ ΝΎΘΤΗ ϻ :Δϴ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ΕΎΟΎϴΘΣϻ΍ 
ΪΟϮϳ ϻ :ΐγΎϨϤϟ΍ ϱήϟ΍ ϡΎψϧ 
.ΓΫΎη Ε΍ϮϤϧ ϱ΃ Δϟ΍ί·ϭ ΔϛήΒϟ΍ ΔϓΎψϧ : ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ ϝΎϤϋ΃ 
ΔόϴΒτϟ ΍ήψϧ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ ΔτγϮΘϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΔϧΎϴλϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ ΔϴϟΎϤϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΘϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ : ΔϧΎϴμϟ΍ϭ Δϋ΍έΰϟ΍ ΔϔϠϜΗ 
. ΔλΎΨϟ΍ ΎϫϮϤϧ

Nymphaea spp. βΗϮϠϟ΍ Cyperus papyrus ϱήμϤϟ΍ ϱΩήΒϟ΍

Typha latifolia ρϮΒϟ΍

C-9
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