SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Hydraulics Hall of
Fame
Chronological Table of the Leaders in Hydraulics and
Related Fields to the end of the 19th Century

Alasdair Grant
March 2008
 Aristotle (382-322 BC)
Born at Stagira, a Greek colonial town on the north
west shore of the Agean. A pupil of Plato; wrote
extensively on a wide range of subjects; ‘proved’ that a
vacuum was a physical impossibility
 Archimedes (287-212 B C)
Born at Syracuse, Sicily, son of an astronomer. Studied at
Alexandria under disciples of Euclid. Established
elementary principles of buoyancy and flotation. Usually
accepted as inventor of water screw, although it probably
existed earlier in Egypt in a more primitive form.
Sextus JuliusFrontinus (40-103 A.D.)
Probably of noble descent, elected consul three times. In
between, was governor of Britain, subdued the Welsh and
constructed the ‘Via Julia’ highway. Eventually appointed
water commissioner for Rome and wrote his famous
treatise on Roman methods of water distribution
He was three times elected consul, first in 73 or 74, again in 98, and a third
time in 100. After his first incumbency of this office, he was dispatched to
Britain as provincial governor. Wales, and with the instinct for public
improvements which dominated his whole career, at once began in the
conquered district the construction of a highway, named from him the
Via Julia, returned to Rome in 78, after which the next twenty years of his life
are a blank. But to this period, from his forty-third to his sixty-second year, we
attribute a large part of his writings. His treatise on the Art of War may have
been written immediately after his return from Britain in 78. His Strategemata
In 97 he was appointed to the post of water commissioner, the office whose
management gives him probably his best title to eminence, and during the
tenure of this he wrote the De Aquis. a saying of Frontinus, "Remembrance
will endure if the life shall have merited it," "Who will venture to compare
with these mighty works the pyramids or the useless though famous works of
the Greeks?" The first of these was probably a treatise on the Art of Surveying,
of which fragments are extant.
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Born in Florence, son of a Lawyer and studied art there.
Studied and wrote on a very wide range of subjects. Wrote left
handed, in mirror image, and often from back to front of a
sheaf of pages. Expressed elementary principle of continuity;
observed and sketched many basic flow phenomena; suggestcd
designs for hydraulic machinery.
 Simon Stevin (1548-1620)
Born at Bruges, became director of waterworks and
quartermaster general; known for his military defence
plans using a system of sluices; Explained hydrostatic
paradox and distribution of pressure, and published his
work in 1586 in Flemish “De Beghinselen des
Waterwichts”.
 Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)
Born at Pisa to an impoverished nobleman, educated at
a monastery near Florence and the University of Pisa.
Punished by the Inquisition for his scientific beliefs.
Published “Dialoghi delle nuove scienze” in 1638.
Indirectly stimulated experimental hydraulics;
revised Aristotelian concept of vacuum.
 Evangelista Torricelli (1608 -1647)
Born at Faenze and studied at Rome. Related
barometric height to weight of atmosphere, and the
form of a liquid jet to the trajectory of free fall.
Published ‘De motu gravium’ in 1644, greatly
extending Galileo’s concepts of mechanics. One of
these was the first formulation of the Principle of
Virtual Work, used in analysis of static structures.
 Domenico Guglielmini (1655 -1710)
Born at Bologna and studied mathematics, medicine
and hydraulics. Considered to have been a founder if
the Italian hydraulics school. Observed and wrote on
open-channel hydraulics, including sediment transport.
 Marin Mersenne (1588-1648)
Born near Oize, France to a peasant family. Entered a
Paris monastery and researched in mathematics and
hydraulics, conducting experiments on hydrostatics
and resistance. Conducted wide international
correspondence and paved the way for subsequent
advances by Descartes, an associate, and Pascal.
 Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Born near Tours, France, moved later to Holland and
Sweden, where he died, apparently from rigours of
rising at five o’clock in the morning several times a
week to instruct Queen Christina. Credited with having
first understood inertia and the Conservation of
Momentum
 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Born at Clairmont – Ferrand. Finally clarified
principles of barometer, hydraulic press, and
pressure transmissibility. Had his brother in law
Perier carry out experiments on the 1300 m high Puy
de Dome near Clairmont, France which confirmed his
theories.
 Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Born at Woolsthorpe, England and studied at
Cambridge, later professor of mathematics there . Most
noted for contributions to mathematics and mechanics;
conceived the law of gravitational attraction. Also
explored various aspects of fluid resistance -
inertial, viscous, and wave; discovered jet
contraction. Reputedly said ‘If I have seen farther, it is
because I have stood on the shoulders of giants’. Also
devoted much time to Alchemy and Theology. Held
various public offices including Master of the Mint;
knighted by Queen Anne in 1705.
 Daniel Bernouilli (1700-1782)
Born at Groningen, Holland, one of two brothers
whose father, uncle and grandfather were all noted
mathematicians in a family who were originally
Hugenot refugees based in Antwerp. Later a
professor of mathematics at St Petersburg.
Experimented and wrote on many phases of fluid
motion, coining name "hydrodynamics"; devised
manometry techniques and adapted primitive energy
principle to explain velocity-head indication; proposed
Jet propulsion.

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

First explained role of pressure in fluid flow;
formulated basic equations of motion and so-called
Bernoulli theorem; introduced concept of cavitation,
and principle of centrifugal machinery.
 Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713-1765)
Formulated equations of motion for rotating fluid
bodies.
 Jean Le Rond D'Alembert
(1717 – 1783)

Originated notion of velocity and acceleration

components, differentia! expression of continuity, and
paradox of zero resistance to steady non-uniform
motion.
 Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813)
Introduced velocity potential and stream function of
modern hydrodynamics; derived equation for speed of
wave propagation in open channels.
 Franz Joseph von Gerstner
(1756-1832)
Developed first theory of deep-water waves.
 Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827)
Born in Normandy of farming parents. Became
professor of mathematics at the Ecole Militaire in Paris
at the age of eighteen. Napoleon concluded he was a
‘mathematician of the first order but carried into
administration the spirit of the infinitely small’
Developed hydrodynamics , and basic treatment of
waves and tides arising from his mathematics.
 Giovanni Poleni (1683-1761)
Integrated efflux equation to evaluate weir discharge.
 Henri dePitot (1695-1771)
Constructed double-lube device to indicate water
velocity through differential head.
 Antoine Chezy (1718 – 1798)
Born at Chalons-sur-Marne. At age 30 entered the new
Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, graduating with honour,
and subsequently held posts there. Conducted his now
famous channel flow experiments to provide
information for the design of the Yvette canal for a
Paris water supply project. Received no mention or
credit for his work at the time, but much later the
quality of his work was widely recognized.
 John Smeaton (1724-1792)
Born at Leeds, England, son of an attorney. Entirely
self trained. Did much to establish respect for
profession in Britain. Studies methods in Holland and
Belgium and designed and built harbours, drainage
works and lighthouses. Investigated performance of
water wheels and windmills through tests on scale
models.
 Jean Charles Borda (1733-1799)
Conducted tests on the resistance of immersed bodies
and efflux through tubes; formulated expansion loss.
 Charles Bossut (1730 – 1814)
Experimented, taught, and wrote extensively on the
various aspects of the "mechanics of fluids."
 Pierre Louis Georges Du Buat
(1734-1809)
Published widely read treatise on original experiments
in essentially every phase of contemporary hydraulics;
first to sense cause of form drag.
 Reinhard Woltman (1757-1837)
Developed first practical current meter; established
present-day powers of open-channel resistance
formula.
 Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746-
1822)
Performed tests on various forms of mouthpieces—in
particular, conical contractions and expansions.
 Charles Augustin de Coulomb
(1736-1806)
Through torsion experiments on fluid resistance,
developed relationship involving first and second
powers of velocity.
Johann Albert Eytelwein (1734-1848)
Wrote widely on hydraulics; simplified Woltman-
Du Buat resistance formula.
 Gaspar Clair Francois Marie
Riche de Prony (1755-1839)
Extended resistance relationships formulated by Chezy
and Coulomb.
Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891)
Described ingenious laboratory experiments on waves.
 Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878)
Described ingenious laboratory experiments on waves.
 Benoit Fourneyron (1802-1867)
Developed first practical water turbine.
 Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis
(1792-1843)
Studied accelerations in rotating systems;
introduced coefficient correcting for use of mean
velocity in open-channel flow.
Ferdinand Reech (1805-1880)
Originated gravitational-similarity criterion for
model studies of ship resistance.
Jean Baptiste Belanger (1789 – 1874)
Made early analyses of non-uniform open-channel
flow, especially backwater and broad-crested weir.
 John Scott Russell (1808 – 1882)
Born near Glasgow, Scotland, son of a minister of
religion. Attended Glasgow and Edinburgh universities.
Graduated at the age of 16. Investigated the
characteristics of open-channel waves, seeking to relate
wave propagation and ship design. This work originally
started as investigation for a local canal company. Built
a number of ships utilizing his concepts including the
Great Eastern, the largest vessel of its time.
 Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen
(1797-1884)
Conducted original studies of resistance in and
transition between laminar and turbulent flow.
Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869)
Performed meticulous tests on resistance of flow
through capillary tubes.
 Julius Weisbach (1806-1871)
Native of Saxony; published ‘Lehrbuch der Ingenieur
und Maschinen-Mechanik’ in three volumes in 1845.
Incorporated hydraulics in treatise on engineering
mechanics, based on original experiments; noteworthy
for flow patterns, non-dimensional coefficients, weir
and resistance equations.
.
 James Bicheno Francis (1815-1892)
Conducted early American (ests on turbines and
diffuscrs.
 Jean-Claude Barre de Saint-Venant
(1797-1886)
Wrote prolifically in many fields: resistance,
wave motion, gradually varied flow; generalized
equations of motion for laminar and turbulent flow.
 Arsene Jules Emile Juvenal Dupuit
(1804-1866)
Refined the analysis of gradually varied flow;
developed expressions for percolation toward wells.
 Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse
(1822-1883)
Formulated momentum relationship for hydraulic
jump, and integrated equation of gradually varied flow.
 Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy
(1803-1858)
A native of Dijon. Designed and executed a water
supply system for the city and later a consultant for
Brussels on a similar project. Performed extensive tests
on flows in pipes and through soils. Published results
from these in 1857 as ‘Recherches experimentale
relatives au movement de l’eau dans les tuyaux’.
Initiated open channel studies carried out by Bazin.
 Henri Emile Bazin (1829-1917)
Completed and amplified experiments on open-channel
resistance and wave motion initiated by Darcy;
originated extensive tests on weirs.
 Emile Oscar Ganguillet (1818-1894)
In conjunction with William Rudolf Kutter sought to
cover in a single resistance formula all conditions
from mountain torrents to canals and alluvial
streams.
 William Rudolf Kutter (1818-1888)
In conjunction with Emile Oscar Ganguillet sought
to cover in a single resistance formula all
conditions from mountain torrents to canals and
alluvial streams.
 Robert Manning (1816-1897)
Born in Normandy the year following the Battle of
Waterloo in which his father had taken part. President of
the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland and Chief
Engineer of the Office of Public Works in charge of
harbour, drainage and inland navigation works.
Proposed several formulas for open-channel resistance,
Famous paper ‘On Flow of Water in Open Channels
and Pipes’ presented in 1889.
 William Froude (1810-1879)
Developed many towing-tank techniques, in particular
the conversion of wave and boundary-layer resistance
from model to prototype scale.
Lester Allen Pelton (1829-1908)
Improved bucket design of impulse wheel.
Clemens Herschel (1842-1930)
Devised contraction method of flow measurement using
findings of Bernoulli, Borda, Venturi, and Francis.
 Louis Marie Henri Navier
(1785-1836)
Extended equations of motion to include "molecular"
forces.
 George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903)
Derived analytically various flow relationships ranging
from wave mechanics to viscous resistance—
particularly that for the settling of spheres.
 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
Helmholtz (1821-1894)
Introduced mathematical analysis of free stream lines,
vortex motion, and dynamic similarity.
 Gustav Robert Kirchoff (1824-1887)
Extended Hclmholtz analysis of free stream lines to jets
and cavities.
Joseph Boussinesq (1842-1929)
Wrote comprehensive analytical treatise on the various
aspects of flowing water, taking due account of
streamline curvature, velocity distribution, and fluid
turbulence.
 Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912)
Described original experiments in many fields—
cavitation, river-model similarity, pipe resistance—and
devised two parameters for viscous flow; adapted
equations of motion of a viscous fluid to mean
conditions of turbulent flow.
 William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
(1824-1907)
Contributed to analysis of vortex motion, waves, and
instability of laminar flow; introduced the word
"turbulence."
 John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh
(1842-1919)
Investigated hydrodynamics of bubble collapse, wave
motion, jet instability, laminar-flow analogies, and
dynamic similarity.
 Horace Lamb (1849-1934)
Compiled authoritative treatise on classical
hydrodynamics
 Nicolai Egorovich Joukowsky
(1847-1921)
Conducted first correct analysis of water-hammer
phenomena; contributed to hydrodynamics of lifting
vanes.
 Junius Massau (1852-1909)
Introduced the graphical method of characteristics for
[he analysis of unsteady flow in open channels.
 Hubert Engels (1854-1945)
Popularized the small-scale river-hydraulics laboratory.
Theodor Rehbock (1864 – 1950)
Born in Amsterdam of German parents. Developed a
consulting practice, working in South America and
Africa. Professor of Hydraulics at Karlsruhe
Polytechnic; built experimental laboratory in 1901, and
introduced many experimental innovations.Helped
establish hydraulic physical modelling as technique.
 Philipp Forchheimer (1852 – 1933)
A native of Vienna and professor of Hydraulics at
Aachen and then Graz. Published ‘Hydraulik’ in 1914,
an outstanding compilation of and commentary upon
contemporary and historic hydraulic data.
John Ripley Freeman (1855-1932)
Conducted painstaking tests on fire nozzles, hoses,
pipes, and fittings.
 Lorenzo Allievi (1856 – 1941)
Greatly extended Joukowsky’s analysis of
waterhammer; published in 1913 a graphical and
mathematical treatment which formed the foundation
of all further developments in this field
 Ludwig Prandtl (1875 – 1953)
Born near Munich, son of a professor; studied mechanical
engineering at Munich Polytechnic Institute. Received a
doctorate there in the field of elasticity. Taught at Hanover
and introduced the boundary layer concept in a paper of only
eight largely descriptive pages which largely presaged the
essentials of every major aspect of boundary layer analysis
and control.
 Theodor von Karman (1881 – 1963)
Son of a professor at the Univesity of Budapest; graduated with highest
honours in mechanical engineering from the Royal Polytechnic
Institute of Budapest. Obtained a doctorate and teaching post as
Gottingen. In 1912 appointed director of the new aeronautical
laboratory at Aachen, and in 1930 to a similar post at the California
Institute of Technology. Complemented physical insight with
mathematical facility to a rare degree. Primary contributions in
turbulence, surface resistance , form drag and the analogy between
sound and gravity waves.
 Dimitri Pavlovitch Riabouchinsky
(1882 – 1962)
A native of Moscow, founded an aerodynamics institute on family
property in 1904. After the revolution was forced to emigrate to Paris,
becoming associate director of the Air Ministry’s fluid mechanics
laboratory at the University of Paris. A prolific writer and imaginative
experimenter, originator of many theories and techniques e.g.
dimensional analysis (1911), laminar and turbulent resistence (1914),
conformal mapping of streamlines (1919, cavitation (1923) wavr
analogies (1932). Invented the bazooka in 1916. Most of his 200 or so
papers were difficult to read and his works received only a fraction of
the attention they deserved.
 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
(1886-1975)
A meteorologist at the University of Cambridge, studied eddy motion in
the atmosphere in 1915. Wrote a series of papers over the next two
decades on analysis of fluid turbulence by statistical methods.
 Boris Alexandrovitch Bakhmeteff
(1880 – 1951)
A native of Tiflis, studied at St Petersburg and Zurich; taught
civil engineering and had consulting practice in St Petersburg.
Published in 1912 in Russian a text on open channel
hydraulics which was the first to use specific energy diagrams.
Became Ambassador to the US under the Kerensky regime.
After the revolution, stayed in the US and made his fortune as
a manufacturer of matches. Continued to lecture at Columbia
University and published in English an enlarged version of his
book.
Chronological Table
OF THE LEADERS IN HYDRAULICS AND RELATED FIELDS
TO THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY
ARCHIMEDES
287-212 B. C. Established elementary principles of buoyancy and flotation.
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO
1st CENTURY B. C. Compiled existing knowledge of hydraulics, largely derived from the Greek.
SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS
40-103 A. D. Wrote treatise on Roman methods of water distribution.
LEONARDO DA VINCI 1452-1519
Expressed elementary principle of continuity; observed and sketched many basic flow phenomena; suuggestcd designs
for hydraulic machinery.
SIMON STEVIN
1548-1620 Explained hydrostatic paradox and distribution of pressure.
GALILEO GALILEI
1S64-1642
Indirectly stimulated experimental hydraulics; revised Aristotelian concept of vacuum.
251

BENEDETTO CASTELLI
cl577-c!644 Rediscovered continuity principle.
EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI 160S-164 7
Related barometric height to weight of atmosphere, and form of liquid jet to trajectory of free fall.
EDME MARIOTTE 1620-1684
Experimented and wrote on all phases of contemporary hydraulics—most notably, force of moving fluids on stationary
boundaries.
BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662
Finally clarified principles of barometer, hydraulic press, and pressure trans-missibility.
ROBERT HOOKE
1635-1703 Adapted windmill design to devices for measuring flow of air and water.
ISAAC NEWTON 1642-1727
Explored various aspects of fluid resistance—inertia!, viscous, and wave; discovered jet contraction,
DOMENICO GUGLIELMINI
1655-1710 Observed and wrote on open-channel hydraulics, including sediment transport.
GIOVANNI POLENI
1683-1761 Integrated efflux equation to evaluate weir discharge.
HENRI DE PITOT
1695-1771
Constructed double-lube device to indicate water velocity through differential head.
252

DANIEL BERNOULLI 1700-1782

Experimented and wrote on many phases of fluid motion, coining name "hydrodynamics"; devised manometry technique
and adapted primitive energy principle to explain velocity-head indication; proposed Jet propulsion.
LEONHARD EULER 1707-1783
First explained role of pressure in fluid flow; formulated basic equations of motion and so-called Bernoulli theorem;
introduced concept of cavitation, and principle of centrifugal machinery.
ALEXIS CLAUDE CLAIRAUT
1713-1765 Formulated equations of motion for rotating fluid bodies.
JEAN LE ROND D'ALEMBERT
1717-1783
Originated notion of velocity and acceleration components, differentia! expression of continuity, and paradox of zero
resistance to steady non-uniform motion.
ANTOINE CHEZV
1718-1798
Formulated similarity parameter for predicting flow characteristics of one channel from measurements on another.
JOHN SMEATON
1724-1792 '
Investigated performance of water wheels and windmills through tests on scale models,
CHARLES BOSSUT
1730-1814
Experimented, taught, and wrote extensively on the various aspects of the "mechanics of fluids."
JEAN CHARLES BORDA
1733-1799
Conducted tests on the resistance of immersed bodies and efflux through tubes; formulated expansion loss.
253
PIERRE LOUIS GEORGES DU BUAT 1734-1809
Published widely read treatise on original experiments in essentially every phase of contemporary hydraulics; first to
sense cause of form drag.
CHARLES AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB
1736-1806
'through torsion experiments on fluid resistance, developed relationship involving first and second powers of velocity.
JOSEPH LOUIS LAGRANGE 1736-1813
Introduced velocity potential and stream function of modern hydrodynamics; derived equation for speed of wave
propagation in open channels.
GIOVANNI BATTISTA VENTURI 1746-1822
Performed tests on various forms of mouthpieces—in particular, conical contractions and expansions.
RICHE DE PRONY
1755-1839 .'--, Extended resistance relationships formulated by Chezy and Coulomb. v

FRANZ JOSEPH VON GERSTNER /

1756-1832 Developed first theory of deep-water waves.
REINHARD WOLTMAN
1757-1837
Developed first practical current meter; established present-day powers of open-channel resistance formula.
JOHANN ALBERT EYTELWEIN
17(34-1848 Wrote widely on hydraulics; simplified Woltman-Du Buat resistance formula.
~>v

GIUSEPPE VENTUROLI
1768-1846 First analyzed unsteady flow in pipes and non-uniform flow in open channel-
254

GIORGIO BIDONE
1781-1839 Made experiments on, and attempted first analysis of, hydraulic jump. .-
LOUIS MARIE HENRI NAVIER
1785-1836 Extended equations of motion to include "molecular" forces.
JEAN BAPTISTE BELANGER
1789-1874 V"*V-N
Made early analyses of non-uniform open-channel (low, especially backwater and broad-crested weir.
GASPARD GUSTAVE DE CORIOLIS
1792-1843 Studied accelerations in rotating systems; introduced coefficient correcting for
use of mean velocity in open-channel flow. V_>*^
\
ERNST HEINRICH WEBER
1795-1878
and WILHELM EDUARD WEBER
1804-1891 Described ingenious laboratory experiments on waves.
GOTTHILF HEINRICH LUDWIG HAGEN
1797-1884
Conducted original studies of resistance in and transition between laminar and turbulent flow.
JEAN-CLAUDE BARRE DE SAINT-VENANT 1797-1886
Wrote pro lineally in many fields: resistance, wave motion, gradually varied flow; generalized equations of
motion for laminar and turbulent flow.
JEAN LOUIS POISEUILLE
1799-1869 Performed meticulous tests on resistance of flow through capillary tubes.
255

GEORGE BIDDLE AIRY

1801-1892 Generalized hydrodynamics of shallow-water and deep-water waves.
BENOIT FOURNEYRON
1802-1867 Developed first practical water turbine.
HENRI PHILIBERT GASPARD DARCY
1803-1858
Performed extensive tests on filtration and pipe resistance; initiated open-channel studies carried out by Bazin.
ARSENE JULE5 EMILE JUVENAL DUPUIT
1804-1866
Refined the analysis of gradually varied flow; developed expressions for percolation toward wells.
FERDINAND REECH
1805-1880 Originated gravitational-similarity criterion for model studies of ship resistance.
JULIUS WEISBACH
1806-1871
Incorporated hydraulics in treatise on engineering mechanics, based on original experiments; noteworthy for flow
patterns, non-dimensional coefficients, weir and resistance equations.
JOHN SCOTT RUSSELL 1808-1882
Investigated the characteristics of open-channel waves, seeking to relate wave propagation and ship design.
WILLIAM FROUDE
1810-1879
Developed many to wing-tank technique?, in particular the Conversion of wave and boundary-layer resistance from
model to prototype scale.
JAMES BICHENO FRANCIS
1815-1892 Conducted early American (ests on turbines and diffuscrs.
256

ROBERT MANNING
1816-1897 Proposed several formulas for open-channel resistance.
EMILE OSCAR GANGUILLET 1818-1894
and
WILLIAM RUDOLF KUTTER
1818-1888
Sought (o cover in a single resistance formula all conditions from mountain torrents to canals and alluvial
streams.
GEORGE GABRIEL STOKES
1819-1903
Derived analytically various flow relationships ranging from wave mechanics to viscous resistance—particularly that
for the settling of spheres.
EMMANUEL JOSEPH BOUDIN
1820-1893 Systematized nomenclature of gradually varied flow in open channels.
HERMANN LUDWIG FERDINAND VON HELMHOLTZ
1821-1894
Introduced mathematical analysis of free stream lines, vortex motion, and dynamic similarity.
JACQUES ANTOINE CHARLES BRESSE
1822-1883
Formulated momentum relationship for hydraulic jump, and integrated equation of gradually varied flow.
GUSTAV ROBERT KIRCHHOFF
1824-1887 Extended Hclmholtz analysis of free stream lines to jets and cavities.
WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN 1824-1907
Contributed to analysis of vortex motion, waves, and instability of laminar flow; introduced the word "turbulence."
257

LESTER ALLEN PELTON

1829-1908 Improved bucket design of impulse wheel.
HENRI EMILE BAZIN 1829-1917
Completed and amplified experiments on open-channel resistance and wave motion initiated by Darcy; originated
extensive tests on weirs.
OSBORNE REYNOLDS
1842-1912
Described original experiments in many fields—cavitation, river-model similarity, pipe resistance—and devised
two parameters for viscous flow; adapted equations of motion of a viscous fluid to mean conditions of turbulent
flow.
JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT, LORD RAYLEIGH
1842-1919
Investigated hydrodynamics of bubble collapse, wave motion, jet instability, laminar-flow analogies, and dynamic
similarity.
JOSEPH BOUSSINESQ 1842-1929
Wrote comprehensive analytical treatise on the various aspects of flowing water, taking due account of streamline
curvature, velocity distribution, and fluid turbulence.
CLEMENS HERSCHEL
1842-1930
Devised contraction method of flow measurement using findings of Bernoulli, Borda, Venturi, and Francis.
NICOLAI EGOROVICH JOUKOWSKY 1847-1921
Conducted first correct analysis of water-hammer phenomena; contributed to hydrodynamics of lifting vanes.
PAUL FRANCOIS DOMINIQUE DU BOYS
1847-1924 Formulated quantitive relationship for bed-load transport.
25S

HORACE LAMB
1849-1934 Compiled authoritative treatise on classical hydrodynamics.
JUNIUS MASSAU 1852-1909
Introduced the graphical method of characteristics for [he analysis of unsteady flow in open channels.
HUBERT ENGELS
1854-1945 Popularized the small-scale river-hydraulics laboratory.
JOHN RIPLEV FREEMAN
1855-1932 Conducted painstaking tests on fire nozzles, hoses, pipes, and fittings.