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A communication network, in its simplest form, is a set of equipment &

facilities that provide a service: the transfer of information between users
located different geographical points.
Communication started with the wire telegraphy, developing with telephony
some decades later & radio at beginning of 20th century. Examples of the
communication network include telephone networks, computer networks &
television Broadcasting networks, cellular networks.
The ability of communication network to transfer communication at extremely
high speeds allows the users to gather information in large volumes nearly
instantaneously &, with the help of computers, to almost immediately to a
specific point. These two unique capabilities from the basis for many existing
services. More recently, the use of satellites & fiber optics has made
communication even more widespread, with an increasing emphasis on
computer & other data communications.
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ë Wë
TO EXPRE MY DEEP EN E OF GRATëTUDE TO MR.

RAJë C
AU
AN ( DE) & MR. P.C. YADA (DE) AT T
E MTNL, FOR
PROëDëNG ME AN OPPORTUNëTY TO UNDERGO TRAëNëNG AT
T
EëR BADLë EXC
ANGE ëN DEL
ë.
ë WOULD AL O LëE TO T
AN ALL T
E TAFF MEMBER OF
MTNL FOR T
E
ELP T
EY EXTENDED FROM TëME TO TëME
DURëNG T
E ENTëRE COUR E OF MY TRAëNëNG . ë TAE T
E
FULL OWNER
ëP OF T
ë REPORT AND
REBY DECLARE T
AT
NO ONE FROM MTNL DEL
ë ë RE PON ëBLE FOR ANY
Dë CREPANCE ëN T
E REPORT W
AT OEER.
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m( Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited ) was setup on 1-04-1986 by the
government of ëndia to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expand the
telephone network, introduce new services and to raise revenue for telecom
development needs of ëndia key metros:
Delhi ² The political capital and Mumbai ²The business capital of the country.
ën the past 18 years company has taken rapid strides to emerge as ëndia·s
leading and one of the Asia·s largest telecom operating companies. Besides
having strong financial base, MTNL has achieved a market share of
approximately 13 percent of the ëndian telecom network with customer base of
over 4.74 million lines.
The company has also been in the forefront of technology, inducting by
converting 100 percent of its telephone exchange network into the state ² of art
digital mode. The government of ëndia currently holds 56.25 percent stake in
the company.
Telephone exchange is not a single unit. ët consists of indoor & outdoor cabling.
ëndoor cabling is inside the exchange. ën indoor cabling, the call is transferred
b/w the subscribers of the same exchange.
ën case of outdoor cabling, there exist two aspects:
Îm Connection of the subscriber to the exchange via copper wires through
pillars & DPs.
Îm Connection b/w the exchanges for the subscribers of different exchange
through optical fibre cable.
When call is made b/w the subscribers of the same exchange then it is called
switching & when b/w the subscribers of the different exchanges it is called
transmission.
The system of telephone generally consists of 3 sections:
•m OUTDOOR PLANT ECTëON
•m WëTC
ëNG ECTëON
•m TRAN Më ëON ECTëON
These 3 sections are interconnected with each other. All are important &
essential for working of telephone. They have different participation in
communication.m
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Lines, cables & subscribers come under this section. Telephone exchange is
connected to the cabinet near the roadside, which contains the area wise
telephone lines.
Different cabinets are used for different areas that in turn are connected to the
pillars for different sections of telephone lines through pillars, the cable lines are
connected to the individual telephones in homes and offices. Copper wires are
used for cables.
ettings of outdoor plants are done by lineman who gives lines from pillars to
individual telephones where wires from exchange to cabinet are underground.

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This is also called ëNDOOR PLANT. This section is operated in telephone
exchange. This connects outdoor to indoor system. OCB283 is one of the most
important technique used by telephone exchange.
•m OCB -- Organ control B-hearsion
•m 2 -- ët specifies second generation
•m 83 -- This the name of the processor


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ëN ëDE EXC
ANGE
Exchange consists of switching department & transmission Department.
•m Operating Temperature: 20 degree up to 24 degree
•m Operating voltage: 50 volts

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There are number of tones used in telephone set to identify the subscriber about
progress of the call < in the absence of human control in an automatic system.
Example- ëf the called party is busy or not available at the required number
then there is need of some signal to give information to the subscriber about the
actual condition.
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•m  mm
A continuous low pitch tone is heard when the hand set is lifted to indicate the
telephone is connected to a free selector. The tone stops when the first digit is
dialed. Fundamental frequency of dial tones is 33-1/3 c/s, which is very low.
•m &%'mm
An interrupted high pitched tone of 400 c/s frequency indicates that the
connection cannot be made immediately, but maybe attempted letter. Busy
tone indicates that connecting switches are engaged on other call, when heard
after completing a number.
•m
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An interrupted high pitched tone which is superimposed on 16-2/3 c/s ringing
current heard after dialing is completed to indicate that the cell has processed
satisfactorily & that ringing condition has been set up. The tone stops when the
called subscriber answers. The tone is of 400 c/s frequency & is .4 sec on, .2 sec
off.
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Telephony has come a long distance ahead. Discovered by GRA
AM BELL,
now it has come to an era of mobile and satellite phones. ëts step by step
journey is as follows:-

Îm 
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ën manual exchanges, the work was performed manually. When the subscriber
put up the receiver, set up the connection between him and the operator at the
exchange. After asking to him which number he wants, the operator connects
first subscriber line to the second line which the subscriber wants. There were
many limitations like slow processing, poor efficiency of exchange etc.

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As the number of subscribers increased, there was fast need of fast dialing
process and secrecy.
•m trowger:- ët was the first analog exchange. There were step by step
electromagnetic switches. There was a selector system. Due to this the
whole process became fast & reliable.
•m X bar: - Then came the X bar exchanges which were horizontal or
metallic bars having four contacts.
Then comes PC (stored program exchange)
Fetex -100L and Fetex ² 150L which were digital.
 Îm "
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ët is one of the most important parts of the exchange. On the exchange side,
There are equipment numbers (NE). On the right side where safety fuses are
inserted one cable consists of 128 lines. ën the MDF, the NE side is connected to
the switch room where the dial tone is provided to the subscriber.
The cable side is connected to the cabinets, which are fixed at the road sides
with the help of underground cables. These underground cables are known as
primary cables. From the pillars these underground cables are known as
primary cables. From the pillars these are connected to the DP fused on line
connect to the subscriber·s phone is known as subscriber·s line. ën switch room,
there are cards & on one card there are 16 subscribers & in 1 rack there are 1k or
1000 subscribers.

Îmî
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ëf there are no vacant pairs to provide the to the subscribers in any area, then
this system is used in this case. ën this system, a maximum number of nine
subscribers can be connected to one line by using different carrier frequencies
for different subscribers. On one end, there is Modulation. Only 9 subscribers
can be connected using this system & every subscriber has different carrier
frequency.
m

MTNL has area exchange, which further is divided into regional exchange
which in turn is divided into divisional exchange.
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•m Basic ervice
•m ënternet ervices
•m Web to Mobile
•m ë DN ervice
•m ëntelligent Network ervice
•m ë-Net ervice
•m Dolphin Mobile ervice
•m Garuda 1x WLL
•m Answering Machine ervice Leased Circuits


+"m!
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•m Call alert
•m Dynamic TD/ë D control
•m Automatic changed number announcement etc.

! "m
+"m
•m
otline
•m Radio paging
•m Call forwarding/call transfer
•m ëntegrated services digital network (ë DN)
•m oice main service (M )
•m Data network service
•m Leased lines
•m Telex group EPABX/PABX on franchise basis
m
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m ubscribers can activate this facility by dialing 118 & can
deactivate this activated facility by simply dialing 119.m
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+"m ubscribers can activate this facility by
simply dialing 116 followed by the time of alarm as per the subscriber·s choice
& to deactivate this activated facility subscriber simply needs to dial 117 (but
no time specifications required in this case). This is double charged call i.e. as
soon this facility is booked the meter is incremented by two units.
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(
m MTNL provides the facility
to forward call/s to any other number without receiving the call. This is known
as the no conditioned call finding. ubscriber can activate this facility by
simply dialing 114 followed by the number to which the call has to be
transferred. When this facility is activated dial tone of the set changes.
# "
: MTNL provides this facility on request of the subscriber through
which he can have access with any particular desired number without dialing
the number.
"

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: When no dial tone is heard & the numbered is
automatically dialed in a fraction of time if the subscriber doesn·t dial any other
number.
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mThe dial tone is heard about 10 seconds & then
the number is automatically dialed.

+" m " "
m ubscriber can facilitate speed dialing using this
facility by making a short code for any number/s.
$
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m m Using this facility subscriber can control
the outgoing calls from his set by simply putting up a security password on that
type of outgoing calls which may be ë D/ TD or even a local.
+" "m Using this facility the subscriber can record his vocal message
for some another person whose set number is either faulty or busy so that the
recorded call is delivered to that person later when his number is available.
,

)m This facility is provided b/w minimum five
subscribers of any area in the near vicinity of each other so that those persons
are able to talk to each other on free call basis.
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Digital subscribers are provided all the facilities available to analogue
subscribers. ën the addition, they are provided following facilities which are
called ë DN services. An ë DN subscriber can use many electronic devices on
its telephone line and can utilize them for 2 or more simultaneous calls of either.
The ë DN or digital subscriber of OCB 283 can be provided the following type
of connections:
•m 2B+line: 2 voice channels of 64 kbps & 1 data channel of 16kbps.
•m 30B+Linr: 30 voice channels of 64 kbps & 1 data channel of 64kbps.
The following is the list of some of the services of digital subscribers:
a.m ët provides 64kbps digital connectivity between two subscribers for data
communication.
b.m The system can provide group 2 or 3 facsimile services.
c.m ët provides video text services.
d.m The system provides display of calling subscriber number on called
subscriber·s telephone.
e.m The system also provides the facility for restriction of display of calling
subscriber·s number on subscriber·s terminal. Top avail this facility the
subscriber has to be given a category.
f.m The system provides the facility of displaying connected number on the
calling subscriber·s terminal
g.m The above facility can be restricted by giving special category to the
subscriber.
h.m Charging device- the system is capable of charging either in real time or
at the end of the call.
i.m User to user signaling- the system permits transfer to mini messages
between calling & called subscribers during call set up & ringing phase.
j.m Terminal portability during the call-a subscriber can unplug terminal,
carry it to some other place or room resume the call within 3 minutes.
k.m Listing unanswered calls-the number of calling subscribers, who calls
during the absence of called subscriber ,are recorded in subscriber·s
terminal them back if he wishes.
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*-./m)#
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OCB-283 is digital switching system which supports a variety of
communication needs like basic telephony, ë DN, interface to mobile
communication, data communication etc. this system has been developed by
CëT ALCATEL of France & therefore has many similarities to its predecessor
E-10B (also known as OCB 181 in France).the first OCB 283 exchange of R11
version were commissioned in Brest (France) & Beijing (China) in 1991. The
first OCB-283 exchange came to ëndia in1993. ubsequently, the system has
been upgraded & version R20 was fully validated in 1994. The exchange, which
are being supplied to ëndia, belong to R21 version.

•m O ORGAN
•m C COMMAND
•m B B
ER ëON
•m 2 ECOND GENERATëON
•m 83 MëCROPROCE OR UNëT

alient Features of the ystem:

i)m ët is a digital switching system with single ´Tµ stage switch. A

maximum of 2048.
ii)m ët supports both analog and digital subscribers.
iii)m The system supports all the existing signaling systems, like decadic,
MF (R2), CA & also CCëTT #7 signaling system.
iv)m ët provides telephony, ë DN, data communication, cellular radio &
other value added services.
v)m The system has ´automatic recoveryµ feature. When a serious fault
occurs in the control unit, it gives message to MM (O&M unit).the
MM puts this unit, out of service, loads the software of this unit in a
back up unit & brings it back to the service. Diagnostic programs run
on the faulty unit & diagnostic is printed on terminal.
vi)m OCB 283 has double removing facility. ubscribers· access unit C ND
can be placed at remote place & connected to the Cain exchange
through PCM links. Further, line concentrators can also be placed at a
remote location & connected to the C NL or C ND through PCMs.
This special feature can meet entire range of necessities viz. urban,
semi urban& rural.
vii)m arious units of OCB 283 are connected over token rings (ëEEE
802.5 standard).this enables fast exchange information & avoids
complicated linking and wiring between various units.
viii)m The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved once on a
disc in a day. This avoids loss of revenue in case of total power supply /
battery failure.
ix)m The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge. ët can handle 8,
00,000 B
CA&10,000 erlangs of traffic. Depending on the traffic a
maximum of 2, 00,000 subscribers on 60,000 circuits can be connected.
x)m The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through
64 kbps link.
xi)m All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware
this is a station depending on the requirement of procession capacity,
software of either one or severalm control units can be located on the
same station. For these entire control units, only one backup station is
provided, enabling ´automatic recoveryµ in case of fault.
xii)m The OCB 283 systems are made up of only 35 card types. This
excludes the cards required for C N. Because of this the number of
spare cards, to be kept for maintenance are drastically reduced.
xiii)m The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily
carried out by adding necessary hardware & software.
xiv)m The MMs (O & M units) are duplicated with one active & other hot
standby. ën case of faults switch over takes place automatically.
Moreover, as discs are connected to both MMs, there is no necessity
of changing cables from one system to another.
 xv)m The hard disc is very small in size, compact & maintenance free.
xvi)m ët has a very huge memory capacity of 1.2 GB. The detail billing data
are regularly saved in the disc itself; from there they can be transferred
to magnetic tape for processing.
xvii)m The space requirement is very small. No separate room is required for
OMC.
xviii)mThere is no fixed or rigid rack & suite configuration in the system. ët
provides great flexibility X adjustment in the available space.
xix)m The environment requirements of the system are flexible. False floor &
ceiling are not essential. Air conditioning requirements are also not
stringent. The system can work at a temperature between 5-45®C,
though optimum temp. is 22®C.
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OCB 283 exchange is also called ALCATEL 100 E10. The functional
architecture of the OCB 283 system comprises in general of following distinct
components.

0m %m

These provide facility to connect the subscriber·s loop or circuits from an

external PCM & transfer these speech samples on to be selected. Time slots
called voice channels on LR link (internal PCM).

Towards switching matrix & vice versa, these units are:

NAME FUNCTëONAL NAME

ubscriber connection units C NL,C ND,C ED

Circuit Connection Unit MT (URM)

FREQUENCY GENERATOR, MA (ETA)

ender & receiver & common Channel MA (PUPE)
ignaling Protocol handler

10m
12m

These provide the facility for connecting the LR (internal PCMs) coming from
units & perform witching operation for calling subscriber TY onto called
ubscriber T & vice versa for a two way connection per call of telephony.

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m'%m 00&m

An OCB283 exchange comprises of the following units:

•m ubscriber access units(C NL, C ND, C ED)

•m Trunks & Junction Connection Units ( MT)
•m witching Matrix( MX)
•m Auxiliary Equipments( MA)
•m Control Units( MC)
•m Communication Multiplexes( Më & MA token rings)
•m Time Based Generator( T )
•m Operation & Maintenance Unit ( MM)

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•m ubscriber connection units are designed that they both can be equipped
with either analog or digital subscriber or both.
•m Cards for analog and digital subscriber are different, but can be equipped
in any slot of the shelf.
•m C N can be either placed in exchange switch room or at a remote
location. Further, subscriber card shelf known as concentrator can also be
placed at rack or at the remote location. These features provide great
flexibility to meet any type of requirement of dense or sparse connection
densities.
•m Depending on the location, C N is known as C ND &the subscriber shelf
is known as local or remote concentrator i.e. CNL or CNE.
•m The C NL is connected to MT rack through a minimum of 2 PCMs & a
maximum of 16 PCMs.
•m C ED of E-10 B system can be connected to an MT.

"  m" #m

m

The message interchange between C N & control units takes place on a

common signaling channel using local; version of CC #7 signaling. The C N is
so designed that it can be connected to any switch supporting CC #7.

#" 
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The C N can have one BA ëC RAC & up to 3 EXTEN ëON RAC . ëts
architecture can be broadly divided into two parts:

•m Digital control unit

•m Concentrators (CNL or CNE)
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MM is provided to supervise the functioning of various exchange equipments
& to take suitable action in case of malfunctioning of any equipment. As, stated
earlier it does the defence of control units in case of fault. All the files and data
are stored in MM hard discs, which can be loaded in any time. MM also
carries out the re- initialization of the exchange, when required.

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1.m MR is responsible for making & breaking up of communication calls

2.m TX is responsible for charging of communication calls.
3.m MQ is responsible for messaging.
4.m GX (matrix system handler) is responsible for management of
connections.
5.m TR (translator) is subscriber & analysis data base manager so it carries
out management of analysis.

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ëntegrated ervices Digital Network: it is the state of art Public witched
Digital Network for provisioning of different services-voice, data & image
transmission over the telephone line through the telephone network.

Types of ë DN:

i.m BRë or BRA having 2 chl. With total speed @28 kbps
ii.m PRë or PRA having 30 chls. With total speed @2mbps.

The following services are offered on a dial-up basis b/w two ë DN subscribers:

(i)m Desktop ideo Conferencing on using 3 ë DN lines at 64/128kbps.

(ii)m
igh Quality ideo Conferencing by using 3 ë DN lines at 384kbps.
(iii)m ideo Telephony
(iv)m Teleconferencing which facilitates the transmission of picture,
documents and drawings etc. apart from video and images of the
participants.
(v)m
igh speed data transmission at 64/128 kbps.
(vi)m
igh speed facsimile at 64/128 kbps with G4 Fax terminal.
m Access to ënternet to higher Bandwidth of64/128 kbps giving
significantly improved response time and quality of serviceÚm

ë DN being a value added service, offers many supplementary features/ service:

i)m Calling Line ëdentification Presentation

ii)m Advice Of Charge
iii)m Line
unting
iv)m Closed User Group
v)m User To User ignaling
vi)m Call Waiting
vii)m Call Forwarding
viii)m Multiple ubscriber Number.
Different inds of ë DN Terminals:

The ë DN telephone line is terminated on a common box called the network

Termination (NT) at the subscriber·s premises. The Network Termination unit
along with accessories will be provided by the MTNL or can be procured by the
subscriber. The terminal equipment has to be procured by the subscriber
himself from the open market. The terminal equipment should be TEC
approved for the satisfactory working of ë DN.

i)m ë DN feature phone: this us a simplest type of ë DN phone which has

an LCD display and some additional keys.
ii)m Terminal adapter
iii)m PC add ² on ë DN card
iv)m ideo phone.
v)m G4 fax.
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