PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

NBP Reservation, Brgy. Poblacion, City of Muntinlupa

College of Teacher Education

COLLE, John Albert B. Assessment of Student Learning 1

BSE_3H Filipino Mrs. Dolores Barreto-Dangani

1. What is a case study?

Case study refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a
particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. A
form of qualitative descriptive research, the case study looks intensely at an individual or small
participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific
context. Researchers do not focus on the discovery of a universal, generalizable truth, nor do
they typically look for cause-effect relationships; instead, emphasis is placed on exploration and
description.

Case studies involve a particular method of research. Rather than using large
samples and following a rigid protocol to examine a limited number of variables, case study
methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event. They provide
a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the
results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance
happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future
research. Case studies lend themselves especially to generating (rather than testing) hypotheses.

2. What are the parts of a case study?

3. What is an action research?

Action research is a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by

individuals working with others in teams or as part of a "community of practice" to improve the
way they address issues and solve problems. Action research is done simply by action, hence the
name. Action research can also be undertaken by larger organizations or institutions, assisted or
guided by professional researchers, with the aim of improving their strategies, practices, and
knowledge of the environments within which they practice.

Action research is sometime be used by larger organizations or institutions, at these

institutions they take assistance or guidance by professional researchers. They are with the aim
of improving their strategies, practices, and knowledge of the environments in which they are
working.

4. What are the parts of an action research?

Parts of Action research:

• Introduction – this part of an action research proposal describes what a student is going to
investigate. Besides, it explains the choice of a certain problem.
• Background for research and description of related works.
• Description of research – in this part of an action research proposal, a student has to explain
where research will be conducted; who the participants are; how they will be selected; where
necessary data will be collected.
• Methods of collecting data and making an analysis – this part of action research proposals
describes a general approach to conducting research; kinds of data that will be studied;
methods of data gathering; methods of organizing and analyzing data.
• Potential importance of research – this part of an action research proposal is devoted to
those who may care and benefit from this work.
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• References – a list of all sources that have been used during this work.

5. What is a term paper?

A term paper is a research paper written by students over an academic term or

semester which accounts for a large amount of a grade and makes up much of the course. Term
papers are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. A term paper is a
written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length and is often
due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms "research paper" and
"term paper". The phrase "term paper" was originally used to describe a paper (usually a
research based paper) that was due at the end of the "term" - either a semester or quarter,
depending on which unit of measure a school used. However, the term has fallen out of favor.
Common usage has "term paper" and "research paper" as interchangeable, but this is not
completely accurate. Not all term papers involve academic research, and not all research papers
are term papers.

6. What are the parts of a term paper?

Parts of Term Paper:

1. Introduction – this part of a term paper identifies the topic of the research and explains its
importance. Note that this is introduction that may either involve your reader in further reading
of your term paper, or, on the contrary, he/she may become disappointed at once. Hence the
importance of adequate introduction: it should be informative, but understandable for the
reader. The introduction states the problem highlighting its scientific significance.

Mind that your introduction should be clear and concise, sentences should flow
into one another. The reader should be secure of your competence in the subject that is seen
in the first lines of your term paper.

2. Body – this part of a term paper is regarded as the most important one. The body consists
of paragraphs, sections, chapters, etc. These parts are closely interconnected and present
the authors research on the problem.

3. Conclusion – in this part of a term paper you state the main findings of your research,
outline their innovative nature and scientific value. We warn you not to retell the entire term
paper – the reader already knows the subject, just make a short but sufficient summary of
your research and explain the reader how he/she may benefit from the knowledge received.

4. Bibliography – in this part of a term paper you reference all the materials used while
researching the problem. Note that referencing should be done according to the requirements
of the citation style chosen. Ask your professor about his/her preferences and stick to them
while writing. Do not neglect the importance of proper referencing as it contributes to the
general approval of your work.

7. What is a report?

Report is a written document describing the findings of some individual or group.

A report is a very formal document that is written for a variety of purposes, generally in the
sciences, social sciences, engineering and business disciplines. Generally, findings pertaining to
a given or specific task are written up into a report. It should be noted that reports are considered
to be legal documents in the workplace and, thus, they need to be precise, accurate and difficult
to misinterpret.

8. What are the parts of a report?

Parts of the Report:

Introduction
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Aim
In this section you indicate the purpose of the report.

Scope

This shows what the report includes and excludes. For example:

This feasibility study indicates the environmental feasibility of the proposed damming of the Blue
River between Johnson's Creek and Blackstump Creek. It does not include building specifications
of the dam itself. A further proposal would be offered if council decides to proceed with the
recommendations of this study.

Background to study

This section contains any relevant details regarding the background information that may be
needed to make sense of the information in the report. It may outline the history of a project, or
major players in the project. For example:

In January 2008, Kalkadoo township experienced severe water shortages as a result of

prolonged drought periods during 2005 and 2006. The Kalkadoo Shire Council has made it a
priority for this situation to be remedied so that this situation does not occur in the future. The
Shire Council had conducted investigations into providing a dam for the region in the late-1980s
but plans were halted due to public dissatisfaction with the outcome of those investigations.
Further environmental studies needed to be conducted over a longer period to determine the
impact of the dam on neighboring farms and Crown land reserves. This series of investigations
was completed in December 2003. The outcome suggested no significant negative environmental
or economic impacts would be felt. In June 2004, the Shire Council proposed that the final stages
of the feasibility study should be conducted, and conclusions and recommendations from the
entire study should be tabled at Council's Planning Committee meeting scheduled for 12 January
2005. This feasibility study report should thus enable Council to make a final decision regarding
improving water supplies to the Shire. This is one of its three priority areas for the period 2004-
2009.

Data collection methods

In this section, you would briefly outline how you collected the data that will provide the basis for
analysis that will produce conclusions and recommendations. Even though it may be called
something different, all reports use specific data and ways of collecting it that would be included
in this section.

• In research reports, you would probably use a different heading because your data would
come mainly from texts and journal articles. This is the section where you would discuss
the main issues arising from your research.
• In reports that are based on data you have collected yourself, like the report used in the
example so far, this section would detail the methods you used to collect that data and
why those methods were chosen. You would also outline the steps taken during the
process of collecting data and carrying out research. An example is set out below:

During this six-month feasibility study, data were collected and analyzed according to the
criteria outlined for environmental impact studies as set out in the Queensland
Department of Primary Industry's Environmental Studies Handbook (2003). Water flow
rates were measured according to rate of flow 100 ml per hour. These rates were
recorded three times per week during the study. Sediment and salinity levels were
measured according to the percentage of suspended siltation carried in the fastest
flowing section of the river channel. These measurements were also taken three times
per week, and more often during the change of tides. Fish stock numbers were recorded
once per month where tagged fish were counted and measured. Specific areas within the
study region were targeted and fish stock numbers randomly checked using sonar
equipment. Weed infiltration rates were recorded, both in the river itself, and in the land
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 regions that would be directly affected by flooding. Weekly recordings were made of the
types of species already present in the areas of study, and identification of new varieties
was monitored.

Analysis of data

This section is perhaps the longest section in most reports and it is where, using visual displays,
you outline the data you have collected.

• Graphs, charts, tables, maps, graphic displays should always be used to summarise the
findings you have made from the data you have collected.
• Each set of data may be displayed in more than one way and each diagram or visual
should have a title, figure or table number, and should be clearly labelled.
• Each set of data is systematically displayed and analysed in a paragraph under the
appropriate diagram. For example:

Water flow rates

Table 1: Water flow rates—Blue River, 1 June 2003 – 7 December 2003

Date Time Volume/Hour 100 ml/Hour Recommended flow rate for viable damming

The table indicates that periods of peak flow occurred between July and September 2003. The
rates of flow are 50% higher than those rates recommended to be viable for substantial damming
of an area. The lowest flow recorded occurred during November but is still significantly higher
than the recommended flow rate for viable damming. There is no evidence to suggest that these
levels are unusual for this region. Table 2 compares water flow rates for the same periods from
studies conducted over the period 1999-2001. (See Table 2, page 12.) This indicates that the
water flow rates are stable and there is very little variation from year to year or month to month.

Conclusions

The conclusions are dot pointed and are drawn directly from the analysis section of the report.
Dot points are used when the sequential order is not important. For each section under the main
heading 'Analysis', there should be at least one corresponding conclusion. For example:

• The Blue River flow rate is significantly higher than was expected. Damming the Blue
River between Johnson's Creek and Blackstump Creek would not affect average water
flow rates upstream or downstream from this area.
• Sediment levels remained between 0.02% and 0.05% during the dry months. Sediment
levels of 1.2% are considered to be acceptable. Damming the river will not significantly
increase sedimentation downstream. Upstream, sediment levels will increase between
0.5% and 1.0%. This increase is still within the acceptable range according to guidelines
(given by the Department of Primary Industries).

Recommendations

These are your suggestions for further action based on your conclusions. Not all reports will ask
for recommendations. Some will have a section where both conclusions and recommendations
are given. Recommendations are numbered as they normally follow sequentially. For example:

1. The damming of the Blue River between Johnson's Creek and Blackstump Creek should
proceed.
2. Damming of this area could lead to significant economic advantages.
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References

A reference list with publication details of sources used should be included after the
conclusions/recommendations section. Any appendices follow the reference list.