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SEMICONDUCTORS:
IC1 - 7909 9V Regulator
IC2 - LM358 Dual operational
Amplifier
IC3 - LM324 Quad operational
Amplifier
IC4 - LM339 Quad Voltage
Comparator
T1 - BD678 pnp Darlington
Transistor
ZD1 - 5.1V Zener diode
D1-d4, d8 - 1n4007 Rectifier diode
D5-D7 - 1N4148 Switching diode
RESISTORS:
R1 - 2.2-Kilo-ohm
R2 - 4.7-Kilo-ohm
R3,R6,R18 - 2.2-Kilo-ohm
R4,R5,R13 - 1.5-Kilo-ohm
R7,R8 - 100-Kilo-ohm
R9,R10
R14-R16 - 10-Kilo-ohm
R11,R12 - 20-Kilo-ohm
R17 - 6.8-Kilo-ohm
R19,R22 - 47-Kilo-ohm
R20 - 15-Kilo-ohm
R21 - 470-Kilo-ohm
VR1 - 1-Kilo-ohm preset
VR2 - 100-Kilo-ohm preset
CAPACITORS:
C1 - 100 microfarad, 35V
Electrolytic
C2, C3 - 0.1microfarad ceramic
Disk
C4 - 0.22 microfarad ceramic
Disk
C5 - 47 picofarad ceramic
Disk
C6 - 22 microfarad,10V
Electrolyte
C7 - 10 microfarad tantalum
C8 - 47 microfarad tantalum
C9 - 100 picofarad ceramic
Disk
MISCELLANEOUS:
X1 - 230V AC Primary to
12V, 500mA AC
Secondary transformer
RL1 - 12V, 200-ohm 1C/O
Relay U-Bolt 13mm
INTRODUCTION
This Project discuss the need of power factor
correction and provides a suitable solution that could
be used for small-scale industries and establishments.
BULK VS INDIVIDUAL
STATIC PFC
In small industrial units where the load is contributed
by a number of inductive appliances, it is
cumbersome to switch in capacitor banks at the
power entry point in accordance with the varying
load to neutralise the inductive reactance of the load.
If you think of connecting the bulk capacitors
permanently at the power entry point, you run the
risk of over-correction (when only a fraction of full
load is ‘on’), which is worse than under-correction
as this may cause a huge surge current to flow at
switching times and damage the switchgear/load.
PFC CAPACITOR
CALCULATIONS
For neutralizing the inductive reactance, we need to
determine the value of PFC capacitors including
their kilo-volt-ampere-reactive (KVAR) ratings,
which need to be connected across the respective
loads. The measurement of a load’s power factor
also tells you whether the manufacturer has already
incorporated a PFC capacitor as part of the
equipment itself. The various methods for measuring
the phase angle (between voltage and current
waveforms), power factor and capacitor’s KVAR
rating are discuss below.
KVAR=0.9*Im*VL/1000
AND
For three phase motor:
KVAR=0.9 Im VL*1.732/1000
CAPACITOR SELECTION
Capacitors for PFC application are non-polarized
(reversible terminals), metal-film (aluminum and
polypropylene film) electrolytic type with self-
healing property. (During momentary faults, small
areas of electrodes evaporate to restore back its
function.) These may be metal encased oil-filled or
dry units (epoxy filled in a plastic case), and should
be capable of continuous working over the
temperature range of up to +70 degree Celsius.
PARTS LIST
DESCRIPTION
7909 9V REGULATOR (IC1):
1. High reliability
2. High speed
3. High temperature soldering guaranteed
4. DO-35 Glass case
RESISTORS (R1-R21):
PRESET (VR1-VR2):
Preset resistors are used in circuits when it is
necessary to alter the resistance. Dark/light and
temperature sensors usually have these components
as the preset resistor allows the circuit to be made
more or less sensitive (they can be turned up or down
- reducing or increasing resistance).
CAPACITORS (C1-C9):
A capacitor is an electronic device which consists of
two plates (electrically conductive material)
separated by an insulator. The capacitor's value (its
'capacitance') is largely determined by the total
surface area of the plates and the distance between
the plates (determined by the insulator's thickness). A
capacitor's value is commonly referred to in
microfarads, one millionth of a farad. It is expressed
in micro farads because the farad is such a large
amount of capacitance that it would be impractical to
use in most situations.
TRANSFORMER (X1):
It is a static device which transfers power from one
circuit to another without change in frequency. It
consist of two winding one is primary and another is
secondary.
RELAY (RL1):
NEED OF POWER
FACTOR CORRECTION
Capacitive Power Factor correction (PFC) is applied
to electric circuits as a means of minimizing the
inductive component of the current and thereby
reducing the losses in the supply.
WORKING
PFC BY CAPACITOR
SHOULD NOT USED FOR
1. When motor is coupled to an active load: Active
load may drive the motor as a generator. A part
of generated energy may be stored in the
capacitor causing its voltage to rise beyond the
safe value.