1.

OVERVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Before going to study about the modules used in the topic, we must have basic
idea about exchanges and the operations done in the exchanges. Basically the
operations which are done in exchanges are switching and the output from this
switching equipment is connected to the transmission equipment. From there to the
subscribers lines. So it is necessary and a mandatory thing to learn about exchanges
and switching systems.
Basically a telephone system consists of two main parts. First is the terminal
equipment and the second is the switching equipment. Terminal equipment means the
place where the physical termination of the subscriber lines and trunks is done.
Switching equipment means the physical establishment of connection between two
subscribers by cross connection. Here the subscribers are the one who attempts the
call is called calling subscriber and the one to which the calling subscriber wants to
call is called the called subscriber. Thus by using a switching operation a physical
connection is established and the call is connected.
C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch which can be configured for
different applications as local, transit or integrated local and transit switch. High
traffic/load handling capacity 8, 00,000 BHCA with termination capacity of 40,000
lines as local exchange or 15,000 as trunks as trunk automatic exchange, C-DOT DSS
family is ideally placed to meet the different requirements of any integrated digital
network.
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
Practically creating various routes and trunk groups to provide communication
between different exchanges on channel associated mode of signaling and looping
back the streams for testing of calls by creating inter-exchange environment in the
exchange lab and testing of various charge patterns in C-DOT MAX-XL switching
system.
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The basic procedure we follow to provide communication between different
exchanges is divided into different steps which are as follows:
1. Identification of components which include BM and CM.

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 2. Identification of control frames. As our project is related to trunks we use
DTU.

3. IOP booting

4. System initialization i.e., downloading of AM, CM, BM. Downloading

includes

(i) Code loading

(ii) Patch loading

(iii) Data loading

5. Creation of trunk groups i.e., Outgoing TGP and Incoming TGP. Every
TGP should contain some trunks i.e., search for free trunks and associate
those free trunks to TGPs.

6. Associate a route to OG TGP and associate a charge (charge rate number)

7. Plug in loopback cable in the concerned trunk slot i.e., DTS, DTC card
positions. So that the originating and terminating exchanges are same.

8. Modification of OG TGP parameters

ROD (Rank of digit) = Position digit at which it will be out

pulsed.

9. Make a call to the created route.

10. Test the routed call.

11. Test the charge pattern with the metering information.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1 deals with the overview of the project.
Chapter 2 deals with the various switching mechanisms.
Chapter 3 deals with the C-DOT MAX-XL switching system characteristics.
Chapter 4 deals with different modules in the C-DOT MAX-XL switching system.
Chapter 5 deals with the signaling mechanisms.
Chapter 6 deals with the creation and routing of trunk groups.

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Chapter 8 deals with the flow chart for trunk groups display.
Chapter 9 deals with the results obtained.
Chapter 10 deals with the conclusion of the project.

1.5 APPLICATIONS
The exchange can serve as a replacement of the existing switching system due
to be phased out of the network. C-DOT MAX-XL is a universal digital switch which
can be configured for different applications as local, transit or integrated local cum
transit switch. In a purely trunk office application, up to 14,500 trunks can be
provided.
1.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 Figure 1.1 Block diagram

2. SWITCHING
2.1 SWITCH
In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch
is a system of electronics components that connects telephone calls. In a
telecommunication network, switch is a device that channels incoming data from any
of multiple input ports to the specific output ports that the data towards its needed
destination. It consists of a set of input and output circuits called inlets and outlets

4
respectively. The main objective of a switching system is to establish a temporary
electrical path between a given inlet–outlet pair. switching system are heart of
telecommunication system earlier there were mechanical switching system but later
advancement in VLSI technology resulted in the evolution of digital switches which
are more reliable and faster then their mechanical. Technologies like storing program
control (centralized and decentralized) TDM and SDM add further development to
these present day switching system.

2.2 NEED OF SWITCHING

Clearly, the idea to connect each pair of users by a separate wire is absurd. Most
of the wires would go unused as you are unlikely to call every number in the world or
every WWW server on the internet. Even if we did, the wires would go unused most of
the time. Further, the number of wires coming out of your phone or computer would
have to be equal to the number of phones in the or the number of WWW servers on the
Internet.

In order to reduce the problems above mentioned hence switch has been
introduced. In communication networking, a switch or exchange is a system that has
many inputs and outputs and can connect each of its input. Thus, a switch can create a
signal path from any output. Originally, in the telephone network this switching
function would be performed by human operator in the exchange. A communication
network is created by connecting a large number of switches.

2.3 CLASSFICATON OF SWITCHING SYSTEM

Early switching systems were manual and operator oriented. Limitations of
operator manned systems were quickly automata exchanges came into existence.
Automatic switching systems can be classified as elector mechanical and electronic.
Electrometrical switching systems include step-by-step and crossbar systems. The step-
by-step system is better known as strowger switching systems. The control function in a
strowger switching system are performed by circuits associated with switching elements

5
in a system. Crossbar systems have a hard wired control subsystem which uses relay
and latches. These subsystems have limited capabilities and it is virtually impossible to
modify them to provide additional functionalities. In electronic switching systems,
control program control (spc) systems. New facilities can be added to a SPC system by
changing the control program. The switching scheme uses by electronic switching
system may be either space division switching or time division switching. In space
division switching, a dedicated path is established between the technique used in
strowger and cross bar switching system. An electronic exchange may use the crossbar
switching matrix for space division switching.
In time division switching, samples values of speech signal are transferred at
fixed intervals. Time division switching may be analog or digital. In analog switching,
the sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they are, where as in digital switching,
they are binary coded and transmitted. If the coded values are transferred during the
same time interval from input to output, the technique is called space switching. If the
value are stored and transferred to the output at a later time interval, the technique is
called time switching.

Switching System

Manual Automatic

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 Electromechanical Electronic

Strowger Crossbar CDOT OCB EWSD AXE

Space division Time division

Digital Analog

Space switch Time switch Combination switch

Fig.2.1: Classification of switch system

2.3.1 MANUAL SWITCHING

It has been observed that it was more practical to connect different telephone
instruments by running wires from each instrument to a central switching point, or
telephone exchange, and then it was to run wires between all the instruments. Both

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inlet, outlet are terminated on test boards. If the number of termination is more, more
board are required and involve more manual power. All the position of the board are
multiplied to have access to every operator. As a result complexity has been increased
as a result automatic switching came in to existence.

2.3.2 AUTOMATIC SWITCHING

Automatic switching refers to a telephone exchange in which all the operating
required to set up, supervise, and release connection required for telephone calls are
automatically performed in response to signals form a calling device. Automatic
switching has a number of advantages over manual switching. A few important ones
are:
• In a manual exchange, the subscriber need to communicate with the operator
and a common language becomes an important factor. In multilingual area this aspect
may pose problem. On the hand, the operation of an automatic exchange is language
independent.
• A greater degree of privacy is obtained in automatic exchange as no operator
is normally involved in setting up and monitoring a call.
• Establishment and release of calls are faster in automatic exchange when
compared to manual exchange.
• In automatic exchange, the time required to establish and release a call
remains more or less of the same order irrespective of load on the system or time of the
day. In a manual system this may not be true.

2.3.3 ELECTROMECHNICAL SWITCHING

Automatic switching system can be classified as electromechanical and
electronic. Electromechnical switching system include step-by-step and crossbar
systems. The step-by-step system is better known as strowger switching system. The
control functions in a strowger system are performed by circuits associated with
switching element in a system. Crossbar systems have a hard wired control subsystem
which uses relays and lathes. These
Subsystems have limited capabilities and it is virtually impossible to modify them to
provide Additional functionalities. Crossbar switching increases the speed of switching

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compared strowger. But both the switching system suffers from limited availability and
flexibility.

2.3.4 ELECTRONIC SWICHING

Automatic switching system can be classified as electromechanical and
electronic. In electronic switching system, the control functions are performed by a
computer or professor. Hence, these systems are called stored program control (SPC)
system. New facilities can be added to a SPC system by changing the control program.
The switching scheme used by electronic system may be either space division switching
or time division switching. In space division switching, a dedicated path is established
between the calling and the called subscribers for the entire duration of the call. Space
division switching is also the technique used in strowger and crossbar switching system.
An electronic exchange may use the crossbar switching matrix for space division
switching.

2.4 MODES OF SWITCHING

These are mainly seven different type of switching methods. These switching
methods have been discussed in detail with their merits and demerits. These are as
follows:
• Circuit switching
• Packet switching
• Message switching
• Time division switching
• Space division switching
• Combination switching

2.4.1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING

Circuit switching is the most familiar technique used to build a communication
network. In circuit switching, an electrical path is established between the source and
destination before any data transfer takes place. The electrical path may be realized by

9
the physical wires or coaxial or radio or satellite links. It remains dedicated to the
communication pair for the entire duration of the transmission irrespective of whether
the data is actually transferred or not. No other potential user can use the path ever if it
is idle. The communication is released only when specifically signaled so by either of
communicating entities. Data transmission using a PTSN connection is a typical
example of switching doesn’t supports non-voice and data transmission for data
transmission. The circuit switched links are often ideal. The path selection is generally
based on a routing algorithm that may take into account the network traffic, path length
etc. once the path is established, data transfer begins. These are three explicit phases
involved on circuit on switched data transfer:
1. Connection establishment
2. Data transmission
3. Connection release

2.4.2 PACKET SWITCHING

In packet switching, messages are split into a number of packets, often in size,
and packets are transmitted in an S&F fashion. Messages are split at the source host and
the reassembled at the destination host. Each packet transmission is independent of
others. The packet of single message may travel via different routes and arrive at
destination with different delays. This may lead to the situation where the packets of
same message arrive out of sequence at the destination node. Every packet need to carry
the complete address information, viz destination identifier (id), source id, in addition to
the actual user data. A typical packet format is shown in the figure.

Header
Destination Source Message Packet control User data
Id Id Id Id

TABLE 2.1 A Typical packet format

A typical packet format
It may be obtained that the source host delivers the packet of a message in
sequence to the network node and it is natural to expect to expect that the packets are
delivered to the sequence. However as the packet may arrive out of sequence at the

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destination node, it becomes the responsibility of the network to resequence the packet
before delivery to the destination host. This calls for considerable in terms of buffer
storage and processing power at the nodes and turns out to somewhat expensive service.

2.4.3 MESSAGE SWITCHING

In message switching, once the transmission is initiated, a message is
transmitted in its entirety without a break from one node to another. The node processor
the following functions:
1. Receive the full user message and the same.
2. Check the message for data transmission error and perform error recovery if
required.
3. Determine the destination address from the user message.
4. Forward the message to the next node on the chosen link.

Message switching has certain drawbacks. For long messages, it becomes

important to ensure that there is adequate strong space on the receiving node before the
transmission of the entire message. Similarly, if an error occurs during transmission, the
entire message may have to retransmit. Retransmission of long messages results in large
communication overheads in the network. If a high priority short message arrives while
a long message is in transmission, it will have to wait until the transmission of long
message ends. Such drawbacks are overcome in packet switching.

2.4.4 DIGITAL SWITCHING

A digital switching system in general is which signals are switched in digital
form. These signals may represent or data. The digital signals of several speech samples
are time multiplexed on a common media before being switched through the system. To
connect any subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time –slot of the two speech
sample which may be on same or different PCM highways. The digitalized speech
samples are switched in two modes, viz., time switching and space switching. The time
division multiplex digital switching system is popularly known as digital system.

2.4.5 TIME DIVISION SWITCHING

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 It is a type of electronic switching system in which inputs signals on line and
trunk are sampled periodically, and each active input is associated with the output for a
specific phase of the period. In digital transmission, sample value of speech is sent as
amplitude modulation (PAM) binary words. With 8 KHz sampling rate, a sampling rate,
a sample occurs every 125 microseconds. In digital domain, a sample value can be
passed from an inlet to an outlet in few microseconds or less, through a switching
element remains unused for most of the time. If we can assign a number of inlet and
outlet pair for a few microseconds each, a number of inlets to the corresponding outlets.
In other words, a switching element can be sheared by a number of simultaneous active
speech circuits. This is the principle of time division switching must grater saving can
be achieved in number of switching elements can be achieved in number of switching
elements when compared to space division switching.

2.4.6 SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING

In telephony, switching in which signals transmission-path routing
determination is accomplished in a switch by using a physically separated set of matrix
contacts or cross-points.

2.4.7 COMBINATION SWITCHING

It is seen that multiplexed time division switches don’t provide full availability
as they are not capable of performing time slot inter change. Time slot interchanges are
not capable of switching sample value across the trunk without the help of some space
switching matrices. Therefore a combination switches of time and space switching
matrices. Therefore a combination switch of time and space switch lead to the
configurations that achieve a both time slot interchange and sample switching across the
trunks. These structures also permit a large number of simultaneous connections to be
supported for a given technology. A combination switch can be built using a number of
stages of time and space switches. Very large time division switches, supporting 40,000
lines or more, can be economically designed by using more then three stages of time
and space combination switching. N-stage combination network may also be designed
to provide better flexible and fewer blockages. Examples of practical combination
switches with there salient features are presented in below table.

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SYSTEM CONFIGU TRAFFIC MAX NO OF
-RATION CAPACITY TRUNKS
EI0B(FRANCCE) TST 1600 3600
NO.4 ESS(USA) TSSSST 47,000 107,520
C-DOTMAX- TST 16,000 40,000
XL(INDIA)
DMS 100 (CANAD)TSTS 39,000 61,000
SYSTEM 12(USA) TSTSTSTSTSTS 25,000 60,000
NEAX 61(JAPAN) TSST 22,000 60,000

TABLE 2.2 Examples of time - space combination switches

2.5 EXCHANGES
In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is
a system of electronics components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the
physical is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including
switches, which make telephone calls “work“ in the sense of making connections and
relaying the speech information . The term exchange can also be used to refer to area
served by a particular switch.

2.5.1 INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONICS IN EXCHANGE DESIGN

When the electronic devices were introduced in switching systems, a new
concept of switching evolved as a consequence of their extremely high operating speed
compared to their former counterpart i.e. the electro mechanical systems, relays, the
logic elements in the electromechanical system, have operate and release times which
are roughly are equal to the duration of telephone signals to maintain required accuracy.
However, to acquire requisite simultaneous call processing capacity, it become essential
for such system to have number of such electrical control units (called registers in a
cross-bar exchange), in parallel each handling one call at a time. In other words, it was
necessary to have an individual control system to process each call.
Electronic logic compounds on other hand can operate a thousand times during a
telephone signal. This led to a concept of using a single electronic control device to
simultaneously process a number of calls on time sharing basis. Thought such
centralization of control is definitely more economical it has the disadvantage of

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making the switching system more vulnerable to total system failure. These can
however be overcome by a stand by device.
Another major consequence of using electronics in control subsystem of
telephone exchange was it technically and economically feasible to realize powerful
processing units employing complex sequence of instructions. Part of control equipment
capacity could then be employed for functions other than call processing, viz. exchange
operations and maintenance. It results in greatly improved system reliability without
excessively increasing the system cost. This development lead to a form of centralized
control in which same processor handled all functions, i.e. call processing, operations
and maintenance functions of the entire exchange.
In earlier version of electronics control equipment, the control system was a
large size, fixed cost unit. It lacked modularity. It was economical competitive for a
large capacity exchange. Initially, small capacity processors were costlier due to high
cost pre bit of memory and logic gates. Therefore, for small exchange processor cost per
line was too high. How ever with progressive development of small size low cost
processor, it becomes possible to employ electronic control for all capacities. In
additional control equipment control also be made modular aiding the future expansion.
This impact of electronic on exchange is not static and still changing as a
function of advance in electronic technology.

2.5.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

The prime purpose of an exchange is to provision a temporary path for
simultaneous bi-directional transmission of speech between
1. Subscriber line connected to same exchange (local switching).
2. Subscriber lines and trunks to the other exchange (outgoing trunk call).
3. subscriber lines and trunks from the other exchange(incoming trunk call) and
4. Pairs of trunks towards different exchanges (transit switching).
These are also called switching function of an exchange and are implemented
through the equipment called switching network. An exchange, which can setup only
the fourth type of connections, it is called transit or tandem exchange. The other
distinguish function of an exchange are
1. Exchange information with external environment (subscriber line or other
exchange) i.e. signaling.

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2. processing the signaling information and controlling the operation the operation
of signaling network, i.e. control and
3. Charging and billing.
All these function can be provided more efficiently using computer controlled
electronics exchange, then by the conventional electromechanical exchanges.

2.5.3 FACILITIES PROVIDED BY ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

Facilities offered by electronic exchange can be categorized in three categories.
These are as follows.
1. Facilities to the subscribers.
2. Facilities to the administration.
3. Facilities to the maintenance personal.

1. FACILITIES TO THE SUBSCRIBERS

 MFC push-button dialing

All subscribers in an electronics exchange can use push-button

telephones, which use dual tone multi-frequency, for sending the dialing digits.
Sending of eleven digital per second is possible, thus increasing the dialing
speed.
 Priority subscriber lines

Priority subscriber lines may be provided inn electronic exchanges.

These subscribers are attending to, according to their priority level by the
processor, even during heavy congestion or emergency.
 Toll (outgoing call) restriction

The facility of toll restriction or blocking of subscriber line for specific type
of outgoing traffic, viz. long distance STD calls, can be availed of all subscribes.
This can be easily achieved by keying-in certain service codes.

 Services interception

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 Incoming calls to a subscriber can be automatically forwarded during his
absence, to a customer service position of a record announcement. The customer
service position answers the calls and forward any message meant for
subscriber.
 Call Forwarding

The subscriber having the call forwarding facility can keep his telephone in
the transfer condition in case he wishes his incoming call to be transfer
condition in case he whishes his incoming calls to be transferred to another
telephone number during his absence.
 Conference Calls

Subscribers can set up connection to more then one subscriber and conduct
telephone conferences under the provision of this facility.
 Call Waiting

The call waiting service notifies the already busy subscriber of the third
party calling him. He is fed with a special tone during his conversion. It is
purely his choice to ignore the third party or to interrupt the existing connection
and have a conversion with the third party while holding the first party on the
line.
 Call Repetition

Instead of camp on busy a call can automatically be repeated. The calling

party can replace his hand set after receiving the busy tone. A periodic check is
carried out on the called party’s status. When idle status is ascertained, the
connection is set up and ringing current fed to both the parties.
 Subscribe charge Indicator

By placing a charge indicator at the subscriber’s premises the charges of

each call made can be ascertained by him.

 Call charge printout or immediate Billing

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 The subscribe can request post request post call chare notification in the
printout for individual calls or for calls. The information containing called
number, data and time, and the charges can be had on a Tele-type-write.
 Malicious Call Identification

Malicious Call Identification is done immediately and the information is

obtained in the printout from either automatically or dialing an identification
code.
Interception or Announcement
In the following condition, an announcement is automatically conveyed to
calling subscribers.
1. Charge of a particular number of transferred subscriber.
2. Dialing of unallocated code.
3. Dialing of an unobtainable number.
4. Route congested or out of order.
5. Subscriber’s line temporarily out of order.
6. Suspension of service due to non-payment.

 Automatic Wake up

Automatic Wake up service or morning alarm is possible, without any human

intervention.
 Instructions locking

A few subscribers may like to have telephone sets locked up against any
misuse. Dialing of a secret code will extend such a facility to them.
 Free of charge calls

Calls free of charge are possible on certain special services such as booking of
complaints, booking of telegrams, etc.

2. FACILITIES TO THE ADMINISTRATION

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  Reduced switch room accommodation

Reduced switch room accommodation to about 1/6th to 1/4th as compared to

crossbar system is possible.
 Faster installation and easy extension

The reduced volume of equipment, plug-in assemblies for interconnecting

cabled, printed cards and automatic testing of exchange equipment result in faster
installation (about six months for a 10,000 lines exchange) due to modular structure,
the expansion is also easier and quicker.
 Economic consideration

The switching speed being must faster as compared to cross-bar system. The
use of principle of full availability of trunk circuit and other equipment makes the
system economically superior to electromechanically superior to electromechanical
system.
Automatic test of subscriber line
Routing testing lines for insulation, capacitance, foreign potential, etc. are
automatically carried out during night. The results of the testing can obtain in the
printout form.
3. MAINTENCE FACILITIES
 Fault processing

Automatic fault processing facility is available for checking all hardware

components and complete working of the exchange the exchange. Changeover
forms a fault sub-system stand by sub system is automatically affected without any
intervention. Only information is given out so that maintenance staff is able to
attend to fault sub-system.
 Diagnostics

Once a fault is reported by the system “on demand” program are available which
help the maintenance staff to localize the fault card is attend at centralized
maintenance centre specifically equipped for this purpose.
 Statistical programs

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 Statistical programs are available to gather information about the traffic
condition and trunks occupancy rate to assess and plan the solution in cases of
anticipated problems. This facility helps the maintenance and administration
personal to maintain level of grade of service.
 Blocking

In case of congestion or breakdown of a specific route, facility of blocking

such routes is available in modes, such as,
(i) Blocking of specified percentage of calls in route either
automatically or manually
(ii) Blocking of specific category of subscriber

 Overloading security:-

Overloading of central processor in an electronic exchange can be

disastrous results. To prevent this processor in an electronic exchange can be
disastrous results. To prevent this central processor occupancy is measured
automatically periodically, when it exceeds a specified percentage, audio-visual
alarm are activated, in addition to printing out the message.
Maintenance personal have the following options.
(i) Block some of the facilities temporarily, or
(ii) Reduce the load by blocking some of congested routes.

2.5.4 CONSTRAINTS OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES

Through there a number of definite advantage of electronic exchange over the
electromechanically exchange, there are certain constraints, which should be
considered, at the planning stage for deciding between the two system.
Traffic handling capacity
Apparently, the traffic handling capacity of an exchange is limited by the
number of subscriber lines and trunks connected to switching network, and the number
of simultaneous paths available through the switching network. However, in electronic
exchange, in electronic exchange, the prime limitations is the number of simultaneous
calls, which can handled by the control equipment as it has to execute a number of

19
instructions depending on the amount of processor loading moreover, facilities to the
subscriber will also have to be limited accordingly.
Power supply
The power supply should be highly stable for trouble free operation as the
components are sensitive to variation beyond +10%> it is almost essential or has a
stand-by power supply arrangement.
Total protection from Dust
All possible precautions should be observed for ensuring dust-free environment.
Temperature and humidity control
Due to presence of quiescent current in the components and because of their
compactness heat generated per unit volume is highest in electronic exchange.
Moreover as the component characteristics drift substantially with the temperature and
humidity, the air-conditioning load is higher. Obviously, the air conditioning system be
highly reliable and preferably there should be a stand-by arrangement. The installation
is also carried out in air-conditioned environment.
Static Electricity and Electromagnetic interface
Due to presence of static electricity on body of persons handling the equipment
the stored data may get vitiated. Handling of PCB’s therefore, should be done with most
care and should be minimized care should also be taken to protect the card exposure to
stray electromagnetic fields.
Faster obsolescence
The changes in the field of electronic are revolutionary with the very fast
improvement. Hence the current technology becomes obsolete at a very fast rate. The
equipment become obsolete before it can possibly complete one third of it might be
impossible to get spare for the current of life the system.

2.5.5 STORED PROGRAME CONTROL EXCHANGE

In electromechanical switch, the various function of the exchange are achieved
by the operation and release of relay and switch (rotary or crossbar) contacts, under the
direction of subsystem. These contacts are hard wired in a predetermined way. The
exchange dependent data, such as, subscriber’s class of service, translation and routing,
combination signaling characteristics, are achieved by hard-ware and logic, by a relay
sets, grouping of same type of lines, strapping on main or intermediate distribution
frame or translation field, etc. when the data is to be modified, for introduction of new
20
services, or change in services already available to a subscriber, the hardware
exchange ranging from inconvenient to near impossible, are involved.
In an SPC exchange, a processor to a general purpose computer is used to
control the function of exchange. All the control function, represented by a series of
various instructions, are stored in the memory, therefore the processor memories hold
all exchange dependent data. Such as subscriber data, translation tables, routing and
charging information and call records. For each call processing step, e.g. for taking a
decision to class of service, store data is referred to, hence this concept of switching.
The memories are modified is to be modified. This imparts and enormous flexibility in
overall working of the exchange.
Digital computers have the capability of many tens of thousands of instructions
every second, hence, in addition to controlling the functions the same processor can
handle other function also. The immediate effect of holding both the control program
and the exchange data, in easily alterable memories, is that the administrator can
become much more responsive to subscriber requirements. Both in terms of introducing
new service and modifying general services, or in responding to the demands of
individual subscriber. For example, to restore service on payment of overdue bill or
permit change from a dial instrument to a multi frequency sender, or in responding to
the demands of individual subscribe. For example, to restore service on payment of
overdue bill or permit change from a dial instrument to a multi frequency sender,
simply the appropriate entire in the subscribe data-file are to be amended. This can be
done by typing in simple respond rapidly and effectively to subscriber requirement is
likely to become increasing important in future.
The use of central processor also makes possible the connection of local and
remote terminal to carry out man-machine dialogue with each exchange. Thus, the
maintenance and administrative operations of all the SPC exchange in a network can be
performed of the network, such as traffic flow, billing information, faults, to the centre
which carries out remedial measure with the help of commands. Similarly, other
modifications in services can be carried out from the remote centre. This allows a better
control on the overall performance of the network.
As the processor is capable of performing operations at a very high speed, it has
got sufficient time to run routine test programmers to detect faults, automatically. Hence
there is no need to carry out time consuming manual routine tests. In an SPC exchange,
all control equipment can be replaced by a single processor. The processor must, be
21
quite powerful; typically, it must process hundreds of calls per second in additional to
performing other administrative and maintenance tasks. However, totally centralized
control has drawbacks. The software for such a central processor will be voluminous,
complex, and difficult to develop reliably. More over, it is not a good arrangement from
the point of view of system security, as the entire system will collapse with the failure
of processor. These difficulties can be overcome by decentralizing the control. Some
routine functions, such as scanning, signal distributing, marking which independent of
call are processing, can be delegated to auxiliary or peripheral processors. These
peripheral units, each with specialized function, are often control by small stored
programmed processors, thus reducing the size and complexity at central level. Since
they have to change then those at central. Therefore, the associated program memory
need not be modifiable.
Main peripherals in an exchange are:
1. Terminal equipment

2. Switching network

3. Common control equipment

4. Input output peripherals

Figure 2.2 Architecture

Terminal equipment
In this equipment line, trunk and service circuits are terminated, for detection,
signaling, speech transmission and supervision of calls. The line circuit carries out the
traditional functions of supervising and proving battery feed to each subscriber line. The
22
trunk circuits are used on outgoing, incoming and transit calls for battery feed and
supervision. service circuits performs specific functions like transmission and reception
of decadic dial pulses or MF signals, which may be economically handled by a
specialized common pool of circuits. In contrast to electromechanically circuits, the
trunk and service circuit in SPC exchanges are considerably simpler because functions,
like counting, pulsing, Timing charging, etc. are delegated to stored programme.
It allows lines to terminate in the ports. It does the following operation BORSCHT.
Where: B-Battery
O-Overfeed
R-Ringing
S-Supervision
C-Codec
H-Hybrid
T-Testing

Switching Network: It allows four different types of calls. They are

1. Intra call(Local call)

2. Subscriber to trunk(Outgoing call)

3. Trunk to subscriber( incoming call)

4. Trunk to Trunk( Transit or Random call)

Common Control Equipment:

To control the switching functions such as reception of digit, analysis, routing,
charging, metering. Here in this we have two types of operations that are centralized
and decentralized. In centralized all functions done by single processor. I n
decentralized all the allotted functions are done by the various processors present in it
by distributing the work among them equally.

23
3. C-DOT (CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
TELEMATICS)
3.1 The C-DOT DSS FAMILY

C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch can be configured for different
application as local, transit or integrated local and transit switch. High traffic or
capacity of 8, 00,000 BHCA with termination capacity of 40,000 lines as local
exchange or 15000 trunks as Trunk automatic exchange. The CDOT DSS family is
ideally placed to meet the different requirements of any integrated digital network.

The design of C-DOT DSS MAX has envisaged a family concept. The
advantages of family concept are standardized components, commonality in
hardware, documentation, training, installation and field support for all products and
minimization of inventory of spares. In fact this modular design has been consciously
achieved by employing appropriate hardware, software, and equipment practices.

The equipment practices provide modular packaging. Common cards and

advanced components have been used in the system hardware in order to reduce the
number and type of cards. Standard cards, racks, frames, cabinets and distribution
frames are used which facilitate flexible system growth. Interconnection technology
has been standardized at all levels of equipment packaging. All these features,
together with ruggedized design, make C-DOT DSS MAX easy to maintain and
highly reliable.

Another important feature of the design is the provision of both local and
centralized operation and maintenance. Beginning with local operation and
maintenance, with the installation of similar digital switches in the network,
centralized operation and maintenance will provide maintenance and administration
services very economically. All these services are provided through a simple,

24
interactive man-machine interface.

3.2 FLEXIBLE ARCHITECTURE

C-DOT DSS is a modular and flexible digital switching system which
provides economical means of serving metropolitan, urban and rural environments. It
includes all important feature and compulsory mandatory services, required by the
user with option of up gradation to add new feature and services in future. The
architecture for the C-DOT DSS is such that it is possible to upgrade a working C-
DOT Single Base Module.(SBM) or Multi Base Module (MBM)exchange to provide
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) service by adding minimum addition
hardware modules while continue to having existing hardware units. Another factor of
architecture Remote Switching Unit (RSU). Is support ISDN. This RSU provides
switching facility locally even in case of failure of the communication path to
the parent exchange. The system employs an open-ended architecture for flexibility
of configuration and growth. The processor architecture is characterized by
distributed control and message-based communication in order to achieve a loosely-
coupled network for flexible system architecture.
Software is written in high level language 'C’ and distributed over various
Processors and is structured as a hierarchy of virtual machines. The software is
packaged such that, depending upon the actual switch configuration, it can be
distributed over appropriate controllers. The software features are implemented by
communicating processes. The operating system provides message communication
facilities such that the processes are transparent to their physical locations.
For inter-processor communication, messages are exchanged over HDLC links
that are implemented either as direct links or switched network paths. This approach
hides the physical details of processes from each other and provides a flexible
communication network between the processors. New modules can be added and
existing modules can be modified without affecting other modules in the system.
Resources are identified as 'global' or 'local' depending upon their distribution
in the system. The resources which depend upon the number of terminals are provided
within the basic growth unit, the Base Module. Base processors are provided for

25
handling call processing locally. In a small system application, these processors
independently support call processing, exchange operation and maintenance
functions.
On the other hand, in order to avoid replication of large data and memory
intensive functions, some features and facilities are provided centrally. Program
backup, bulk data storage, man- machine interface and operations and maintenance
facilities are therefore provided centrally in order to provide a means of separating the
switch from the operations and maintenance interface.

3.3 TECHNOLOGY

The system employs a T-S-T switching configuration and is based on a 32-

channel PCM structure. It uses a basic rate of 64Kbps and 2Mbps primary
multiplexing rate. Control is distributed over the system by using 32-bit, 16-bit and 8-
bit microprocessors. All the critical control circuitry has built-in redundancy.
System hardware utilizes advanced concepts in micro electronics for a
compact and optimum design. Basic memory unit has been implemented as a 16MB
dynamic RAM board. Single-chip digital signal processors are used for implementing
DTMF and MF receivers. A high performance, high density VLSI chip detects
multiple tones and simultaneously performs signal filtering on four channels. This
approach reduces costs, power dissipation and saves space on the PCBs.
Analog to digital conversion on the line circuits has been achieved by using a
per channel coder-decoder (CODEC) chip. Customization based on ASICS/FPGAs
has been used to optimize space utilization and reduce the number of components on
the line cards.

3.4 REDUNDANCY
To meet the stringent availability requirements, C-DOT DSS employs 'hot
standby’ technique for all processor complexes so that in the event of the failure of
any one security-block, not more than 8 subscribers will be affected.
Hardware cross-links between processors have been planned in such a way
that even the failure of two dissimilar processors will not affect system performance.
Also, wherever there is no duplication of hardware units, multiple units are provided
to work in a load-sharing mode. In the event of failure of one of the units, other units

26
will share its load preventing disruption of service. In case of certain service circuits,
n+1 configuration is used for maintaining reliability.

3.5 COMMON HARDWARE UNITS

Various hardware units such as controller complexes and message switches

have been standardized for multiple applications. This interchangeability is an
important feature of the system hardware that helps in reducing inventories and
increasing system availability. Some of these standardized units are
 Module Control Unit
Module Control Unit is a 16-bit or 32-bit microprocessor complex with
associated Memory unit. The same unit can be used as the Base Processor Unit in the
Base Module or as the Space Switch Controller in the Central Module or as the
Administrative Processor Unit in the Administrative Module.
 Interface Controller
This is an 8-bit microprocessor based unit with a time-switching network that
can be used to control either terminal interface in the Terminal Unit or service circuit
interface in the Time Switch Unit. In both the cases, its function is to assign time-slots
on the 128- channel link between the terminals (subscribers, trunks, etc.) and the
module time switch.
 Message Switch
Message Switch is implemented as a 32-bit message switch controller which
provides up to 38 HDLC/ADLC links for message communication between
controllers. In the Base Module, the message switch can also be implemented as a 16-
bit message switch controller and a message switch device card. In such an
implementation, the controller provides up to 22 HDLC/ADLC links with the help of
the device card.

3.6 OPTIMISATION

In C-DOT DSS, distribution and centralizations of functions have been

optimized. There are local functions which are entrusted to the growth units, i.e., the
Base Modules, for local switching and interfacing. These functions use resources
whose requirement is directly linked with the number of lines and trunks equipped.

27
These functions are -
• Terminal Interfacing - interfacing lines, analog and digital trunks, CCM,
PBX and remote digital lines.
• Circuit Switching - switching within the Base Module.
• Call Processing - majority of call processing functions.
• Concentration - for providing unto 2024 subscribers on 512 time-slots.

On the other hand, the functions that are shared globally over the switch are provided
by a central facility which may either be the Central Module or the Administrative
Module. These functions are –

• Inter-module Communication- Inter-BM and BM-AM communication via

the Central Module.
• Message Switching- Inter-BM and BM-AM control-message communication
via the Central Message Switch in the Central Module.
• Resource Allocation- Done by the Administrative Module.
• Operations and Maintenance-Bulk data storage by the Input Output Module
and man-machine interface provided by the Administrative Module via the
Input Output Module.

28
 4. BASIC MODULES IN C-DOT DSS MAX

C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges can be configured using four basic modules. They are

1. Base Module
2. Central Module
3. Administrative Module
4. Input Output Module

4.1 BASE MODULE:

Base Module is the basic growth unit of C-DOT DSS. It interfaces the
subscribers, trunks and special circuits. The subscribers may be individual, on PBX
lines or CCM lines; and the trunks may be Two Way, E&M Four wire or digital. Each
Base Module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The number of Base Modules
directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority of call processing
functions and, in a small-exchange application, it also carries out operation and
maintenance functions with the help of the Input Output Module. The basic functions
of a Base Module are:-
• Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks.
• Interfacing digital trunks.
• Switching calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module.
• Communication with the Administrative Module via the Central Module for
administrative and maintenance functions and also for majority of inter-BM
switching (i.e. call processing) functions.
• Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. tones,
announcements, terminal tester, MF/DTMF controller, etc.
• Provision for local switching and metering in case of Remote Switch Unit
application in standalone mode.

For these functions the base module hardware is spread over four types of units :

29
 • Terminal Unit - for interfacing analog lines and trunks, and providing special
circuits like announcements & Terminal tester.
• Digital Terminal Unit - for interfacing digital trunks.
• Time Switch Unit - for voice and message switching and provision of service
circuits.
• Base Processor Unit - for control message communication and call processing
functions
In Single Base Module (SBM) exchange configuration, the Base Module acts
as an independent switching system and provides connections to 1500 lines and 128
trunks. In such a configuration, the Base Module directly interfaces with the Input
Output Module for bulk data storage, operations and maintenance functions. Clock
and synchronization is provided by a source within the Base Module. It is a very
useful application for small urban and rural environments.
With minimum modifications in hardware through only one type of card, a Base
Module can be remotely located as a Remote Switch Unit (RSU), parented to the
main exchange using PCM links.
4.1.1 Frames in base module
Every exchange contains base module as a basic building block.There are 32
base modules present in a C-DOT MBM XL type of exchange.All these 32 base
modules are interconnected to each other and interconnected to central module via
administrative a module and IOP module.
Each base module contains contains six frames . They are
1.Analog terminal unit(ATU),
2.Digital terminal unit(DTU),
3.Isdn terminal unit(ISTU),
4.#7signalling unit module(CSTU),
5.Base processor unit(BPU),
6.Time switch unit(TSU).

30
 Figure 4.1 Frames in BM

From the diagram first four frames are called as line interface frames and
remaining two are control frames which controls the functions of line frames. Each
frame in base module contains 26 slots. Each slot is responsible for its own
description and function.

31
 Figure 4.2 Base Module
4.1.2 Analog terminal unit (ATU)
Analog terminal is the first frame in any base module. It interfaces with analog
lines/trunks, and provide special circuits such as conference, announcements and
terminal tester.

32
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S S
P P
P P
T C T T T C
S T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T S
I / U U I /
U C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C U
C I I I C I
I I
S S
P P
Figure 4.3 ATU Frame
 Analog trunk cards

Analog trunk cards interface analog inter-exchange trunks which may be of

three types as TWT, EMT and EMF. These interfaces are similar to Subscriber Line
Card, with only difference that the interfaces are designed to scan/drive events on the
trunks as per predefined signaling requirement.
 Analog subscriber line cards

Two variants of subscriber line cards as LCC or CCM with interfaces up to 8

subscribers provide basic BORSCHT functions for each line. Analog to digital
conversion is done by per-channel CODEC according to A-law of Pulse Code
Modulation. Each CCM card has the provision of battery reversal for all the 8 lines
with the last two lines having provision to generate 16 KHz metering pulses to be sent
to subscriber's metering equipment.
The 8-bit digital (voice) output of four LCCs is multiplexed to form a 32-
channel, 2 Mbps PCM link - also called a terminal group (TG). Since a Terminal Unit
has a maximum of 16 terminal cards, there are four such terminal groups. The
signaling information is separated by a scan/drive logic circuit and is sent to the
signaling processor on four different scan/drive signals. The LCC/CCM also provides
test access relay to isolate the exchange side and line side to test it separately by using
the Terminal Test Controller (TTC).

 Signaling processor card

33
 Signaling Processor (SP) processes the signaling information received from
the terminal cards. This signaling information consists of scan/drive functions like
origination detection, answer detection, digit reception, reversal detection, etc. The
validated events are reported to Terminal Interface Controller for further processing to
relieve it from real-time intensive functions. Based on the information received from
the Terminal Interface Controller, it also drives the event on the selected terminal
through scan/drive signals.
 Terminal Interface Controller

Terminal Interface Controller (TIC) controls the four terminal groups (TG) of
32 channels, and multiplexes them to form a duplicated 128-channel, 8 Mbps link
towards the Time Switch (TS). For signaling information of 128- channels, it
communicates with Signaling Processor (SP) to receive/send the signaling event on
analog terminations. It also uses one of the 64 kbps channel out of 128 channels
towards Time Switch, to communicate with Base Processor Unit (BPU). In
concentration mode, three other Terminal Units share this 128-channel link towards
the Time Switch to have 4:1 concentration. Terminal Interface Controller is built
around 8-bit microprocessor with associated memory and interface and it is duplicated
for redundancy.

 TIC Functions

• Provides voice interface of the terminals with time switch,

• Receives scan signaling information for the terminals passes it to BP. Also
it gets the messages from BP to drive events on the terminals and passes
the corresponding drive command to SP.
• Keeps on doing diagnostics on the cards present in TU periodically and
keeps on informing the BP through HDLC messages

 Special Service Cards

A Terminal Unit has some special service cards such as Conference (CNF)
Card to provide six party conference. Speech samples from five parties are added by
inbuilt logic and sent to the sixth party to achieve conferencing.

34
Terminal Test Controller (TTC) Card is used to test analog terminal interfaces via the
test access relays on the terminal cards.
Announcement Controller (ANN) Card provides 15 announcements on broadcast
basis. Only one service card of each type is equipped in a Base Module with provision
of fixed slot for TTC and variable slots for CNF/ANNC. Announcement and
Conference Cards are equipped in Terminal Unit through S/W MMC command. Two
slots are occupied by each card i.e. 16 channels for each card are used out of 128
channels available on a Bus between a TU & TS.

4.1.3 Digital Terminal Unit (DTU)

Digital Terminal Unit (DTU) is used exclusively to interface digital trunks.
One set of Digital Trunk Synchronization (DTS) card along with the Digital Trunk
Controller (DTC) card is used to provide one interface. Each interface occupies one
TG of 32 channels and four such interfaces share 4 TGs in a Digital Terminal Unit.
The functions performed by TIC and SP in Analog Terminal Unit, are collectively
performed by the Terminal Unit Controller (TUC) in the Digital Terminal Unit. The
scan functions are - HDB3 to NRZ code conversion, frame alignment and
reconstitution of the received frame. The drive functions include insertion of frame
alignment pattern and alignment information. Each interface can be configured as
CAS or CCS interfaces.

35
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

P D D D D D D D D P
T T T T
S T T T T T T T T S
U U U U
U S C S C S C S C U
C I I C
I 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 I

Figure 4.4 DTU Frame

4.1.4 ISDN - Terminal Unit (ISTU)

One of the four ATU’s/DTU’s in a BM can be replaced by ISTU to provide
BRI/PRI interfaces in C-DOT DSS. The only constraint is that ISTU has to be
principal TU i.e. directly connected to TSU on 8 Mbps PCM link. The ATU/DTU
cannot be used in concentration with ISTU. By equipping one ISTU in the exchange,
a max. of 256 B channels are available to the administrator which can be configured
as BRI, PRI or any mix as per site requirement.
Depending on the requirement of number of ISDN-Interfaces, one or more ISTU’s
can be integrated in C-DOT DSS, either in one BM or distributed across different
BMs.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

I
P P I I I I I L L L L L L
L L L L L L L L I L L
S S T C I C T C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C C
U U C C C C C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6
I 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0

Figure 4.5 ISTU Frame

4.1.5 SS7 Signaling Unit Module (SUM)

36
 Any one of the ATU or DTU in a BM can be replaced by SUM frame to
support CCS7 signaling. Only one such unit is equipped in the exchange irrespective
of its configuration or capacity

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
H H
P P
P P S S S S S S S S P P
B C T T T T C B
S S H H H H H H H H S S
M / U U U U / M
U U M M M M M M M M U U
E B C I I C B E
I 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 3
P P
C C
Figure 4.6 SUM Frame

4.1.6 Base Processor Unit (BPU)

Base Processor Unit (BPU) is the master controller in the Base Module. It is
implemented as a duplicated controller with memory units. These duplicated sub-units
are realized in the form of the following cards:
• Base Processor Controller (BPC) Card
• Base Memory Extender (BME) Card
BPC controls time-switching within the Base Module via the Base Message
Switch and the Time Switch Controller. It communicates with the Administrative
Processor via Base Message Switch for operations and maintenance functions. In a
SBM configuration, BPC directly interfaces with the Alarm Display Panel and the
Input Output Module. To support 8, 00,000 BHCA, the BPC card is replaced by High
performance Processor Card (HPC). It is pin to pin compatible for hardware and also
for software so that they are interchangeable at any site to meet specific traffic
requirement.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

37
 H H
P P
P P
B C C B
S S
M / / M
U U
E B B E
II II
P P
C C
Figure 4.7 BPU Frame
4.1.7 Time Switch Unit (TSU)
Time Switch Unit (TSU) implements three basic functions as time switching
within the Base Module, routing of control-messages within the Base Module and
across Base Modules and support services like MF/DTMF circuits, answering circuits,
tones, etc. These functions are performed by three different functional units,
integrated as time switch unit in a single frame.
 Service Unit (SU)

• Service Unit is integrated around three different cards as Tone Generator

with Answering Circuit (TGA), Service Circuit Interface Controller
(SCIC). and MF/DTMF Controller (MFC) Card. MF/DTMF circuits
(senders/receivers) are implemented by using single-chip, 4-channel
Digital Signal Processors (DSP’s). Two MFC cards are grouped to form a
terminal group. Up to four MFC Cards can be equipped.
• The TGA and two groups of MFC’s, form three terminal groups towards
the Service Circuits Interface (SCI). Service Circuit Interface multiplexes
these three TG’s together with another terminal group from the Base
Message Switch (BMS) to form a 128-channel, 8Mbps link under the
control of Service Circuits Interface Controller (SCIC) and sends it
towards the Time Switch.

 Base Message Switch (BMS)

• Base Message Switch (BMS) routes the control messages within the Base
Module, across different Base Modules, and also Administrative Module
via the Central Module. It is implemented around two different cards as
Message Switch Controller (MSC) with six direct HDLC-links and the

38
 Message Switch Device (MSD) Card implementing 16 switched HDLC
links.
• As a unit, total 22 HDLC channels are implemented for communication
with the Base Processor, Time Switch Controller, Service Circuits
Interface Controller, Terminal Interface Controller within the BM and the
four CMS complexes in CM. It acts as a message transfer point between
the Base Processor and these controllers. It receives messages from the
Base Processor and transmits them towards the appropriate controllers.
Figure 4.8 TSU Frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

P S S P
T M M A M M T T T T T T T T M M A M M T
S C C S
G F F F S S S S S S S S S S S S F F F G
U I I U
A C C B D C I M C S S C M I C D B C C A
II C S II

4.2 CENTRAL MODULE:

Central Module (CM) is responsible for space switching of inter-Base Module
calls, communication between Base Modules and the Administrative Module, clock
distribution and network synchronization. For these functions, Central Module has a
Space Switch, Space Switch Controller and a Central Message Switch. CM provides
connectivity to 16 BMs if it is CM-L and 32 BMs if it is CM-XL. Each BM interfaces
with CM via two 512-channel parallel buses as BUS-0 and BUS-1, each operating at
4 Mbps. These buses carry voice information of 512 terminations of the Base Module
towards CM. In the reverse direction, after space switching has been done in the
Space Switch under the control of Space Switch Controller (SSC), the same buses
carry the switched voice information for 512 terminations towards BM. Thus, in a 32
Base Module configuration, there are 64 parallel buses carrying the voice information
from Base Modules to the Central Module, and also the switched information in the
reverse direction.
39
4.2.1 Detailed Description of CM – XL

CM-XL (Central Module for extra Large exchanges) is intended to be used in

the 32 BM (Base Module) configuration of the C-DOT DSS (Digital Switching
System) hierarchy. Each BM can cater to 512 ports. The switching follows a T-S-T
(Time-Space-Time) architecture with BMs doing switching in time and CM doing
switching in space.

Basically a 32x32 space switch is needed at the CM end. But to cater for
issues of connectivity and reduce the frequency of operation of space switch, the bus
towards CM from BM is split into two. Taking this into consideration, the need at the
CM is at 64 x 64 space switch. The space switch is organized as two 32x32 space
switches with provision for interchanging of voice bus between the two provision for
interchanging of voice bus between the two space switches. The space switch thus
consists of two bi-directional busses – bus 0 and bus 1. Each bus is 10 bit wide with
512 time slots each. It contains 8 bits voice data and parity bit. The 10 th is bit for
future use.
Two time slots in each bus. Time slot 0 and Time Slot 1 are used for message
transfer between BM and CM. The other time slots contain voice data.
Theoretically, the switch can totally be equipped with 64000 lines in 4:1
concentration. But considering the load on the controllers and trunks which are not
concentrated, effectively 40,000 lines can be equipped. The break-up of line BMs,
trunk BMs and remote BMs are site dependent. The switch is designed to have a
BHCA of 4,00,000 and it is expected to be enhanced to 8,00,000.
The feature of remotability can be achieved by changing two cards in the BM-
CM interface; There are two types of cards that can fit the BTU slots: One type of
card has an interface to two Co-located BMs and the other type has an interface to one
co-located BM and one Remote BM. The second type of card is used for RSUs
(Remote Switching Units). Similarly in BM, a card in each copy of TSU (Time
Switch Unit) has to be changed for RSUs.

4.2.2 Building Blocks of CENTRAL MODULE (CM)

CM-XL can be divided into four functional sub-blocks.
1. BTU – Bus Termination Unit which is the BM-CM interface.

40
2. SSU – Space Switch unit which performs the space switching.
3. SCU – Space switch control unit which controls the BTU, SSU and the CMS
(Central message switch) unit, which handles the message links between BM and CM.
4. APU/HPU: Administrative Processing Unit/High power Process Unit which
interfaces with the IOP and performs the administrative processes.
Here the BTU frame contains 26 slots. In that slots cards named as PSS are
placed. These cards are used for the termination of two base modules. Similarly the
space switch unit contains 26 slots, which contains PSS cards ,where it cadres 4 base
modules. Only 8 PSS cards are required to cadre all the base modules but remaining
cards are duplicated in order to take the load when there is a failure case.
CM provides connectivity to 16 BMs if it is CM-L and 32 BMs if it is CM-
XL. Each BM interfaces with CM via two 512-channel parallel buses as BUS-0 and
BUS-1, each operating at 4 Mbps. These buses carry voice information of 512
terminations of the Base Module towards CM. In the reverse direction, after space
switching has been done in the Space Switch under the control of Space Switch
Controller (SSC), the same buses carry the switched voice information for 512
terminations towards BM. Thus, in a 32 Base Module configuration, there are 64
parallel buses carrying the voice information from Base Modules to the Central
Module, and also the switched information in the reverse direction.

41
Figure 4.9 Central Module

42
4.2.3 BTU
Each BM has two busses towards the CM. Thus, there are two BTU frames
Bus 0 and Bus 1. Basically, the voice steam has 1024 time slots bus and is divided
into 2 busses of 512 time slots each. The 512 slot bus runs at a speed of 4 Mb/s.
The function of BTU is to multiplex the voice data from 4 BMs to form a 16 Mb/s
data. After multiplexing, the MUXED BUS is sent to the SSU for switching. The
‘SWITCHED BUS’ from SSU is demultiplexed in BTU and sent back to the BMs.
Before multiplexing, at the BTU, Time Slot 0 and Time Slot 1 information from each
BM is extracted and sent towards the Central Message Switch (CMS) of APU.
Similarly, after demultiplexing the switched voice stream, message from CMS are
inserted into Time Slot 0 and Time Slot 1 before driving the bus into the BMs. BTU
gets 16 MHz clock from SCU and 8 KHz clock from SSU. It sends an 8 MHz clock
and 8 KHz sync signal towards Constitution-located BMs. The clock to CMS is also
distributed by BTU.
BTU contains PSM cards when the interface is towards two co-located BMs. Each
PSM card (Programmable Space switch Multiplexer card) can handle two 512 Time
Slot busses, each from a different BM. In the forward path, data from two PSM cards
are combined at the backplane to form a 16 Mb/s bus. This bus lands on an Active
Cable PCB (ACP) card of SSU. From there, it is routed to all the cards in the SSU.
Similarly in the reverse path, switched data from SSU, coming through a front
cable trough holding the ‘SWITCHED BUSSES,’ is distributed to two adjacent PSM
cards. Two PSM cards along with a PSS (Programmable space switch) card can be
considered as a module, which handles switching of one bus of 4 BMs.
In case of remote BMs, the 512 channel PCM stream between BM and CM is
replaced by two digital trunks (DTKs). In this case, the interface to RSU is the RXM
(Remote switch Multiplexer) card which replaces the PSM card. As mentioned
earlier, one PSM card interfaces two co-located BMs, while RXM interfaces one
Constitution-located BM and one remote BM. There are 32 PSM / RXM cards, 16
cards in Bus 0 plane and 16 cards in Bus1 plane. The BTU is NOT duplicated ( RXM
= ESL in case of MAX – L and ESM in case of MAX – XL )

43
4.2.4 SSU
The SSU gets the multiplexed bus from the BTU. There are eight PSS
(Programmable Space switch) cards for each one bus duplicated as copy 0 and copy 1.
Each card is a 32x4 switch; i.e., a switch with 32 inputs and 4 outputs. The 32 inputs
land on 8 MUXED BUSSES, each bus containing voice data of 4 BMs at 16 Mb/s.
At any instant of time, each PSS card will be selecting data from one of the 8 busses
and switching it back towards the BTU. This is done with help of a Switch Address
Memory (SAM) which controls the space switch. The space switch is just an 8:1
selector addressed by SAM. The SAM in turn is addressed by a counter running at 16
MHz so that the input to the selector will be different for each 16 MHz period of the
counter. The switching information in the SAM is supplied by the SCU through a
control bus. SSU runs on 16MHz clock and 7 KHz sync signals sent by the SCU. It
relays the sync signal to BTU.

4.2.5 SCU
The SCU perform the following functions.

1. Space switches initialization and control.

2. Clock distribution and network clock synchronization.
3. Control of CMS (Central Message Switch) and usage of CMS links for
communication between SSC, BMs and APC.
4. Diagnostics on SSU, BTU and SCU.
The SSC first configures the switch plane by initializing all the SAM (Switch
Address Memory which is part of SSU) locations for self switching. Whenever a call
is initiated by a subscriber, it gets a message from the corresponding BM to which the
subscriber is connected. Depending on this message, SSC assigns a timeslot to that
subscriber and writes the connection data into the appropriate locations in the SAM of
the switch cards corresponding to the BMs between which the call has to be arranged.
Switching is done depending on the SAM data. The SSC then sends a message to
BMs to allocate the time-slots in TSU correspondingly.
For each call, the SSC needs to transfer messages to and from APC
(Administrative Processor Controller) and BM. These message transfers are done
through the CMS. There are four CMSs – CMSA, CMSB, CMSC and CMSD. All
the CMSs are controlled by the SSC.

44
4.2.6 APU/HPU
The APU (as well as BPU in BM) consists of BPC or HPC card and BME
card (used in SSU) forms the processor complex. It is duplicated so that there are two
controller cards and two memory cards. It interfaces ADP to Ear out audio-visual
alarm indications whenever a fault occurs. Each has an interface towards two IOPS.
IOP is a UNIX based processor system. It is through APC, which had ADLC links to
IOPS CMSs, that the software is loaded to the various process of system initialization.
All the details of billing a customer services privileges like STD, etc. are handled by
APU. It also contains comprehensive self-diagnostics. The difference between APU
and HPU is that APU consists three cards forming CMS with provision for using
either BPC or HPC as the controller. On the other hand, HPU consists of single HMS
card forming CMS and BPC or HPC as the controller. This unit will eventually
replace APU thereby enhancing the BHCA performance of the exchange.
The basic function of CM is switching in space. In addition, it has to handle
information from BMs regarding call set-up, routing, etc. For this, a reliable, fast
message communication should exist between CM and BMs. Two time-slots in each
BM-CM bus, Time Slot O and Time Slot 1 are used for message transfer between
each BM and CM. Also, different administrative processes like billing are taken care
of by processers of the CM. Finally, it has an interface with the IOP (Input Output
Processor) wherein the operator interface and exchange software is present.

4.3 ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE (AM)

Administrative Module (AM) consists of a duplicated 16/32-bit controller
called the Administrative Processor (APC). It communicates with Base Processors via
the Central Message Switch for control messages and with the duplicated Input
Output Processors in the Input Output Module for interfacing peripheral devices
Administrative processor is responsible for global routing, translation, resource
allocation and all other functions that are provided centrally in C-DOT DSS MAX.
The implementation of AM is similar to Base Processor Complex of BM, using the
same hardware configuration. As explained earlier, HPC instead of BPC is used to
Support 8, 00,000 BHCA.

45
4.4 INPUT OUTPUT MODULE (IOM)

The Input Output Processor (IOP) is a general purpose computer with UNIX
Operating System. It is used as the front end processor in C-DOT DSS. It handles all
the input and output functions in C-DOT DSS. The IOP is connected to AP/BP via
HDLC links. During normal operation, two IOPs interconnected by a HDLC link,
operate in a duplex configuration. Working as front end processor, it provides initial
code down load to the subsystems, man machine interface and data storage for billing
and other administrative information.

Figure 4.10 Input Output Module

4.4.1 IOP-VH Hardware Architecture

The IOP-VH is value engineered high performance IOP. Also the data being
transferred through HDLC links, secondary storage devices and terminals use the
dynamic RAM. The IOP as a module is duplicated to provide redundancy for
cardridge and disk drives as well as serial communication terminals and printers.
The system has provision for 7 HDLC channels. Two of these are used to
connect the IOP to both the copies of AP/BP. The third link is for connection with

46
mate IOP when the two are working in synchronization i.e. duplex IOP configuration.
The rest four links are spare at present but may be used towards the four CMSs in
future.
Eight of RS-232C Serial Links (through ASIO ports) are also implemented for
connecting operator terminals and printer to the IOP in addition to two ports as
Console

Figure 4.11 IOP Architecture

and Host. The monitor based maintenance operations could be performed only from
the Console. It is possible of login to ‘root’ account form the console only hence
operations like initial boot up, software link loading etc. could be performed only
from the Console.
The provision for one X.25 port is also there which can be used for 64Kbps
full duplex link to communicate with Centralize Billing/Telecom Management
Network Centre. With synchronous RS232 support at physical level influence. In
addition another provision for one 10Mbps Ethernet port is also there in the IOP-VH
47
which has AUI or Coaxial interface support at physical level which can be used in
future.
A SCSI-2 controller with integrated DMA and SCSI cores is used for interfacing the
disk drive and cartridge tape drive and floppy drive, the VH-IOP function are
implementation on a single (VHC) card.
Note:
Presently the two ports, namely X.25 and ETHERNET are not supported.

4.4.2Front Panel Display

The CPU ‘Reset’ and ‘Abort’ switches are provided along with lock and key,
adjacent to the switches. ‘Run’ and ‘Halt’ LEDs for the CPU status indication is also
extended on the front panel. A ‘Reset’ LED is provided along with RESET switch and
glows when the CPU is reseted by pressing ‘RESET’ switch on the front panel. Power
I/P LED is provided to indicate the presence of I/P power on the front panel

4.5 REMOTE SWITCHING UNIT (RSU)

In case of a Remote Switch Unit (RSU) the Time Switch Switch (TSS) cards
in BM are replaced by Enhanced Time Switch (ETS) cards. This card implements
different functions like HDB3 to NRZ conversion, clock extraction, time-slot
interchange on PCM links to/from the host exchange, digital trunk interface, fault
handling on digital trunks etc. In case of a remotely located BM (RSU), the
corresponding MUX/DEMUX cards in BTU in CM in BUS-0 and BUS-1, are
replaced by Enhanced Switch MUX (ESM) Cards in CM-XL and ESL cards in CM-
L. The functions of the cards are HDB3 to NRZ conversion, digital trunk interface,
multiplexing/ demultiplexing of 4 Mbps bit streams from/to a normal BM and a RSU.
The interconnections between RSU and

4.6 ALARM DISPLAY PANEL

Alarm Display Panel (ADP) is a microprocessor based hardware unit which is

attached to the BP (in SBM configuration) or AP (in MBM configuration) via HDLC
links for providing audio-visual indication of system faults. It is a three card
implementation. A matrix of LEDs is provided to indicate the maintenance status of
the switch units and their level of initialization. A seven-segment display shows the

48
count of lines and trunks currently faulty. Keys are provided for manual
acknowledgment, initiating self test and selective audio disable.

49
 5. SIGNALING

5.1 SIGNALLING IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

A signaling system uses a language which enables two switching equipments
to converse for the purpose of setting up calls. Telecommunication network
establishes and realizes temporary connection, in accordance with the instructions and
information received from subscriber line and interexchange trunk, in form of various
signals. Therefore, it is necessary to interexchange information between an exchange
and its external environment i.e. between subscriber lines and exchange, and between
different exchanges. Signaling refers to the exchange of information between call
components required to provide and maintain service.

5.2 Types of Signaling

1. Subscriber Line signaling
2. Inter-exchange Signaling
5.2.1 Subscriber Line signaling
Subscriber signaling takes place on the line between the subscribers and their local
switch. Most subscribers are connected to their local switch by analog subscriber lines as
opposed to a digital connection provided by an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
As a result, subscriber signaling has evolved less rapidly than network signaling.

Subscriber signals can be broken down into the following four categories:

1. Address Signals
2. Supervisory Signals
3. Tones and Announcements
4. Ringing

 Address signals:

Address signals represent the called party number's dialed digits. Address
signaling occurs when the telephone is off-hook. For analog lines, address signaling is
either conveyed by the dial pulse or Dual-Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) methods.
Local switches can typically handle both types of address signaling, but the majority

50
of subscribers now use Dual-Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF), also known as touch-
tone. This is also known as rotary dialing. In rotary dialing, the address signals are
generated by a dial that interrupts the steady DC current at a sequence determined by
the selected digit. The current flowing into the telephone handset is stopped when the
switch contact is open, thereby creating a dial pulse. As the dial rotates, it opens and
closes an electrical circuit. The number of breaks in the string represents the digits:
one break for value 1, two breaks for value 2, and so on (except for the value of 0,
which is signaled using ten breaks). The nominal value for a break is 60 ms. the
breaks are spaced with make intervals of nominally 40 ms. as shown in Fig,
consecutive digits are separated by an inter-digit interval of a value greater than 300
ms.

Figure 5.1 Dial Pulse Address Signals

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

697 Hz 1 2 3 A
770 Hz 4 5 6 B
852 Hz 7 8 9 C
941 Hz * 0 # D
Table 5.1 Tones Used to Create DTMF Signals

DTMF is a modern improvement on pulse dialing that first appeared during the
1960s and is now widespread. A DTMF signal is created using a pair of tones, each
with a different frequency. It is much faster than the previous pulse method and can be
used for signaling after call completion.

Supervisory Signals

A telephone has two possible supervision states: on-hook or off-hook. On-

hook is the condition in which the telephone is not in use. The telephone enters the
off-hook condition when the handset is lifted from its cradle; thereby releasing the

51
cradle switch and signaling to the exchange that the subscriber wishes to place an
outgoing call.

Residential systems worldwide use a change in electrical conditions, known as

loop start signaling, to indicate supervision signals. The local switch provides a
nominal –48 V direct current (DC) battery, which has the potential to flow through
the subscriber line (between the local switch and the subscriber). When a telephone is
off-hook, DC can flow in the subscriber line; when a telephone is on-hook a capacitor
blocks the DC. The presence or absence of direct current in the subscriber's local
switch line determines the telephone's supervision state.

Access and Transmission Facilities

Connections to PSTN switches can be divided into two basic categories: lines
and trunks. Individual telephone lines connect subscribers to the Central Office (CO)
by wire pairs, while trunks are used to interconnect PSTN switches. Trunks also
provide access to phone environments, which often use a Private Branch exchange
(PBX)—or in the case of some very large businesses, their own digital switch.
Illustrates a number of common interfaces to the Central Office.

Lines

Lines are used to connect the subscriber to the Central Office, providing the
subscriber access into the PSTN. The following describe the facilities used for lines,
and the access signaling between the subscriber and the CO.

• The Local Loop

• Analog Line Signaling
• Dialing
• Ringing and Answer
• Voice Encoding

The Local Loop

The local loop consists of a pair of copper wires extending from the CO to a
residence or business that connects to the phone, fax, modem, or other telephony
device. The wire pair consists of a tip wire and a ring wire. The terms tip and ring are

52
vestiges of the manual switchboards that were used a number of years ago they refer
to the tip and ring of the actual switchboard plug operators used to connect calls. The
local loop allows a subscriber to access the PSTN through its connection to the CO.
The local loop terminates on the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) at the CO, or on a
remote line concentrator. It also referred to as Subscriber Line Multiplexers or
Subscriber Line Concentrators extend the line interface from the CO toward the
subscribers, thereby reducing the amount of wire pairs back to the CO and converting
the signal from analog to digital closer to the subscriber access point. In some cases,
remote switching centers are used instead of remote concentrators.

Analog Line Signaling

Currently, most phone lines are analog phone lines. They are referred to as
analog lines because they use an analog signal over the local loop, between the phone
and the CO. The analog signal carries two components that comprise the
communication between the phone and the CO: the voice component, and the
signaling component. The signaling that takes place between the analog phone and the
CO is called in-band signaling. In-band signaling is primitive when compared to the
out-of-band signaling used in access methods such as ISDN. The DC current from the
CO Powers the local loop between the phone and the CO. The voltage levels vary
between different countries, but an on-hook voltage of –48 to –54 volts is common for
any geographic regions.

Dialing

When a subscriber dials a number, the number is signaled to the CO as either a

series of pulses based on the number dialed, or by Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
(DTMF) signals. The DTMF signal is a combination of two tones that are generated at
different frequencies. A total of seven frequencies are combined to provide unique
DTMF signals for the 12 keys (three columns by four rows) on the standard phone
keypad. Usually, the dialing plan of the CO determines when all digits have been
collected.

Ringing and Answer

53
 To notice the called party of an incoming call, the CO sends AC ringing
voltage over the local loop to the terminating line. The incoming voltage activates the
ringing circuit within the phone to generate an audible ring signal. The CO also sends
an audible ring-back tone over the originating local loop to indicate that the call is
proceeding and the destination phone is ringing. When the destination phone is taken
off-hook, the CO detects the change in loop current and stops generating the ringing
voltage. This procedure is commonly referred to as ring trip. The off-hook signals the
CO that the call has been answered; the conversation path is then completed between
the two parties and other actions, such as billing, can be initiated, if necessary.

Voice Encoding

An analog voice signal must be encoded into digital information for

transmission over the digital switching network. The conversion is completed using a
codec (coder/decoder), which converts between analog and digital data. The ITU
G.711 standard specifies the Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) method used throughout
most of the PSTN. An analog-to-digital converter samples the analog voice 8000
times per second and then assigns a quantization value based on 256 decision levels.
The quantization value is then encoded into a binary number to represent the
individual data point of the sample. Illustrates the process of sampling and encoding
the analog voice data.

Figure 5.2 Process of sampling and encoding

5.2.2 Inter-exchange signaling

Inter-exchange signaling can be transmitted over each individual inter
exchange trunk. The signals may be transmitted using the same frequency band as for

54
speech signals (inband signaling), or using the frequencies outside this band (out-of-
band signaling).
When more than two exchanges are involved in setting up the connections the
signaling may be done in either of the two modes
A).End-to-end signaling
B).Link-By-Link signaling
Generally supervisory (or line) and subscriber signaling is necessarily on link-by-link
basis. Address component may be signaled either by end-to-end or link-by-link
depending upon the network configuration.
Digital Signaling
Inter exchange signaling can be transmitted over a channel directly associated
with the speech channel, channel-associated signaling (CAS) , or over a dedicated
link common to a number of channels, common channel signaling (CCS). The
information transmitted for setting up and release of calls is same in both the cases

5.2.2.1 Channel Associated signaling

Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) from CCS is the deterministic

relationship between the call-control signals and the bearers (voice circuits) they
control in CAS systems. In other words, a dedicated fixed signaling capacity is set
aside for each and every trunk in a fixed, pre-determined way. Channel Associated
Signaling (CAS) is often still used for international signaling; national systems in
richer nations almost exclusively use Common Channel Signaling (CCS). CCS is
replacing CAS on international interfaces.

• Though the speech sampling rate is 8 KHz, the signals do not change as rapidly as
speech and hence, a lower sampling rate of 500 Hz, for digitization of signals can
suffice.
• Based on this concept, TS 16 of each frame of 125 microseconds is used to carry
signals of 2 speech channels, each using 4 bits
• TS 16 of F1 contains signal for speech channels 1 and 16 being carried in TS
1 and TS 17, respectively, TS16 of F2 contains signals of speech channels 2 and
17 being carried in TS2 and TS 18, respectively and so on

55
Limitations of CAS

We discuss the general disadvantages of CAS for the purpose of reinforcing

the concepts and principles we have introduced thus far. CAS has a number of
limitations, including:

• Susceptibility to fraud
• Limited signaling states
• Poor resource usage/allocation

5.2.2.2 Common Channel Signaling

Although four bits per channel are available for signaling only two bits are
used. As the transmission is separate in the forward and backward direction, the bits
in the forward link are called AF and bf, and those in the backward link are called ab
and bb. Values for these bits are assigned. Control information has to be transferred
between the exchanges for call control and for the use of facilities. In digital,
processor-controlled communication network, the amount and variety of the
information to be transferred is accordingly larger. The information can no longer be
economically transported by the conventional channel-associated signaling systems.
For this reason, a new, efficient signaling system is required in digital, processor-
controlled communication networks. The only CCS systems that have been
implemented to date are Signaling Systems No. 6 and No. 7 (SS6 and SS7). The ITU
for the international network originally standardized SS6, but they saw limited
deployment. In addition, its evolutionary potential was severely Because CCS is
packet-based and there is not a rigid tie between the signaling and the circuits it
controls, it can operate in two distinct ways. These two distinct ways are circuit-
related signaling and non-circuit-related signaling.

 Main Features

• Internationally standardized (national variations possible).

• Suitable for the national, international and intercontinental network level.

56
 • Suitable for various communication services such as telephony, text services,
data services digital network (ISDN). High performance and flexibility along
with a future-oriented concept which well meet new requirements.
• High reliability for message transfer.
• processor-friendly structure of messages
• Use of the signaling links for transferring user data also. used on various
transmission media
• cable (copper, optical fiber)
• radio relay
• satellite (up to 2 satellite links)
• Use of the transfer rate of 64 k bit/s typical in digital networks.
• Used also for lower bit rates and for analog signaling links if necessary.
Automatic supervision and control of the signaling network

5.2.3 Common Channel Signaling Modes

A signaling mode refers to the relationship between the traffic and the
signaling path. Because CCS does not employ a fixed, deterministic relationship
between the traffic circuits and the signaling, there is a great deal of scope for the two
to have differing relationships to each other. These differing relationships are known
as signaling modes.

There are three types of CCS signaling modes:

• Associated
• Quasi-associated
• Non-associated
 Associated signaling

In associated mode, both the signaling and the corresponding user traffic take
the same route through the network. Networks that employ only associated mode are
easier to design and maintain however, they are less economic, except in small-sized
networks. Associated mode requires every network switch to have signaling links to
every other interconnected switch. Usually a minimum of two signaling links are
employed for redundancy, even though the switched traffic between two
interconnected switches might not justify such expensive provisioning.
57
 Figure 5.3 Associated Mode

Quasi-Associated Signaling

In quasi-associated mode, signaling follows a different route than the switched

traffic to which it refers, requiring the signaling to traverse at least one intermediate
node. Quasi-associated networks tend to make better use of the signaling links. Quasi-
associated signaling can be the most economical way of signaling for lightly loaded
routes because it avoids the need for direct links. The signaling is routed through one
or more intermediate nodes. Signaling packets arrive in sequence using quasi-
associated signaling because the path is fixed for a given call at the start of a call the
quasi-associated signaling mode.

Figure 5.4 Quasi-Associated Mode

Non-Associated Signaling

Because the path is not fixed at a given point in time in non-associated mode,
the signaling has many possible routes through the network for a given call or
transaction. Therefore, the packets might arrive out of sequence because different
routes might have been traversed.SS7 does not run in non-associated mode because
no procedures exist for reordering out-of-sequence messages. Associated and quasi-

58
associated signaling modes assure sequential delivery, while non-associated signaling
does not. Quasi-associated mode is a limited case of non-associated mode, in which
the relative path is fixed.

6. TRUNK & ROUTING ADMINSTRATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with operation procedure of the creation/deletion of trunks
groups, modifying the group characteristics, addition/deletion of trunk circuits into
trunk group and also the limited while creating. The sequence of steps to be followed

59
has been clearly given. The detail of command parameter, their possible values and
types are explained in details of the command parameter, their possible values and type
are explained in detail in the trunk & routing administration document and this covers
the procedural part and therefore that document may be referred in case the detail
covered in this chapter are not clear vision of what we are doing. This would help in
informing the operation currently and efficiently.
Trunk Administration is
• Creation of Trunk Group
• Deletion of Trunk Group
• Addition of Circuits to a Trunk Group
• Deletion of Circuits from a Trunk Group
• Modification of Trunk Group characteristics
• Interrogation of Trunk Group characteristics
• Interrogation of Trunk Circuit characteristics
• Interrogation of list of TGP with some characteristics

6.2 TRUNK ADMINISTRATION

The trunks groups are categorized as incoming and outgoing and outgoing and both way
 Trunk Circuit

A trunk circuit interconnects one "node" in network to the other for purposes
of putting through calls meant for terminating in one of the nodes for getting
transmitted via that node towards the final desired destination. Trunk is also called as
Junction.

 Trunk Group

A Trunk group is a set of trunk circuits engineered as a unit, with common

characteristics, like Signaling, Category, hardware types, traffic handling type (I/C,
O/G or BW) etc. directly connecting the "exchange in question" to another exchange.
 Reference

60
 A Trunk Group may be identified by a number between 1 to 512 in case of
MAX-L and 10 to 100 in case of SBM-RAX. This number is called Trunk Group
Number (TGP-NUM).
A Trunk Circuit is identified by the Terminal Equipment Number (TEN)
designating the port at which the circuit is connected to the exchange hardware. In C-
DOT MAX the TEN is the combination of:
• Base Module Number
• Rack Number (within the BM)
• Frame Number (within the Rack)
• Card Slot Number (within the frame)
• Circuit Number (within a slot)

6.2.1 CREATION OF TRUNK GROUP

Incoming trunk group(IC)
Trunk Group used for calls coming into the exchange in reference used by the
other node(s) i.e. exchanges for putting through calls meant for terminating on "local"
subscribers of the exchange in reference or for further transiting of these calls towards
the desired destination of the call. The "other" node has full control over these set of
circuits in terms of usage of any circuit for a particular call; the other node is the
"master".
Create a Trunk Group (CRE-TGP)
Incoming trunk group:
To create a trunk the fallowing information should be made available with the
operator

61
 Trunk group number :
Trunk group status :
Line signaling :
Trunk Group Hardware Type :
Register Signaling :
Digital Expected :
Trunk Priority :
Prefix Digits :
Trunk Group Facility :
Dial Tone Required :
Trunk Group Category :
Terminal Equipment Nos :

Note: not more than 45 TENs should be given for creation of a trunk group. The rest
of the TENs, if any, can be added by “ADD-TRK” command.

62
 Figure 6.1 Create TGP
Key-in the value listed in the form and press ‘e’ to execute the command. Obtain the
report of the execute command and confirm the value keyed-in.
Confirm the status of the trunk group by issuing the command DISPL-TGP-
STATUS’ and key the freshly related TGP NO. The status of each trunk circuit of the
TGP should be in-service free. In case some circuit are out service force those trunks
INSERVICE using the command ‘FRC-TRK-INS’.

OUTGOING TRUNK GROUP

Trunk Group used by the exchange in reference for putting through calls to
other exchanges. The exchange in reference is in full control of allocating any circuit
for putting through a particular call.

63
CREATE OUTGOING TRUNK GROUP
To create a trunk the fallowing information should be made available with the
operation.

Trunk Group Number :

Trunk Group Status :
Line Signaling :
Register Signaling :
Rank of Digits :
Pad Level :
Trunk Group Type :
Trunk Group facility :
Minimum Digit Seized :
Answering Circuit Status :
Answering Circuit Dir No’s :
Ring Down :
Hunt Type :
Terminal Equipment No’s :

Creation of both ways trunk group:

Both ways (BW)
Combination of incoming & outgoing. Both the nodes have the choice to
initiate an outgoing call from their end to the other end. As such it may so happen that
at an instant both may choose same circuit for putting through a call from their end to
other end resulting in what is termed as 'collision'. Generally Trunk group is a group
of Trunks. 32 Trunks are together known as one stream, also known as one PCM or
E1. One PCM consists of 32 time slots, also contains 2 physical pairs to connect
between the exchanges. One pair is transmitter and the other is receiver. All these
trunks are terminated in the digital terminal unit of base module in slots 3, 7, 17, 21
(DTS cards) and 5, 9, 19, 22 (DTC cards)

64
 Figure 6.2 Trunk Connecting Two Exchanges

6.2.2 Trunk Group Characteristics

Circuits in a Group have the following common characteristics.
• Trunk Group Status (TGP-STA)
• Line Signaling (LIN-SIG)

Line signals are essentially signals which deal with supervision of a circuit
e.g., seizure of circuits and disconnection of communication on that circuit. The type
of line signaling scheme used between exchanges for a trunk group should be “DR2-
CAS3” is mostly used in Indian Network.
• Register Signalling (REG-SIG)
Register signals accomplish the transmission of information pertaining to
dialing and the nature and status of the trunks / subscriber lines. These signals are
exchanged between register devices of the two (or more) involved exchanges during
call set up phase. The register signalling scheme used over a trunk group should be
specified as “Modified R2 (MOD-R2)” - Indian R2 Multi Frequency Compelled
signaling system.
• MF Signalling Type (MF-SIG)
This parameter is valid if REG-SIG is given as MF. The possible value of MF-
SIG are compelled and semi- compelled. The compelled type will be used for formal
exchange but semi-compelled will be used for those trunk groups which are using
satellite channels.
• Trunk Group Type (TGP-TYP)

65
 Type of Trunk Group depending upon the type of exchange at the other end to
which the trunk group is connected. Ordinary (ORD) Trunk group to/from local,
tandem, manual trunk or special services exchange.
• Trunk Group Facility (TGP-FCY)
The operator's junction type depending upon the facility available: No Facility
(NO-FCY) - Trunk group does not have any facility.
• Trunk Group category (TGP-CAT)
This parameter indicates the source of incoming calls. Routing restrictions and
charging are defined based on the TGP category. Depending on routing
considerations, incoming Trunk Groups with similar requirements with reference to
their "eligibility" (as defined by network planner) to make transit calls to various
destinations and the charging type/charging value to be passed for all such
destinations are assigned same "value" of routing categories. It may be a number from
1 to 64.
• Rank of Digit (RNK-DGT)
The position in the received digit sequence from which digits are to be out
pulsed on an outgoing trunk. For example, if rank of digit is 2, the first digit is
absorbed and the rest of the digits are sent out over the outgoing trunk; "no sending"
can be one of these special cases under this. This parameter can have values between
1 to 9.
• Answering Circuit Status (AC-STA)
The status of the "answering circuits" (automatic units/devices used for
interexchange junction circuits) at the distant exchange for testing of outgoing Trunks
(of our exchange, and naturally, corresponding incoming trunks at other exchange)
may be one of the following:
• 2 Wire with Standard protocol 2WP
• 4 Wire with Standard Protocol 4WP
• Non standard Protocol NSTDP
At present only 2WP is available
• Minimum Digits for seize forward (DGT-SZFD)
Minimum number of digits that are to be received before an outgoing trunk
can be seized.
• Trunk Priority (TRK-PRI)

66
 Priority assigned to an I/C trunk group is used for finding out which outgoing
trunk group can be used for putting through a call coming in from the trunk group in
question to a "route". If MF signaling is used on the trunk group, the "priority" of the
caller, as received during signaling, is "mapped" onto one of the 8 values and then, for
that call, this value is used for determining the trunk group choices on the O/G side.
ADD A TRUNK CIRCUIT IN A TRUNK GROUP
• To add a trunk circuit into a trunk group the operator should know the
following details:
 Trunk group number to which the trunks circuit has to be added.
 Free terminal equipment number of the trunk circuit to be added.
• To know a free TEN issue the command DISPL-TEN an key-in required
hardware type based on line signaling type used in existing trunk group to
which this circuits to be added.
• Obtain the free TEN and now given the command ‘ADD-TRK’ and key in
detail and noted. Not more than 45 TENs can be added to a trunk group be
single command.
• Press the key ‘E’ to execute the command and obtain the response for the
above operation in the form report.
• In the report check the value as keyed-in each parameter.

DELETE A TRUNK CIRCUIT FROM A TRUNK GROUP

• To delete a trunk circuit from a trunk group the operator should have the
following details:
 Trunk group number from which the trunk circuit has to be deleted.
 Terminal equipment number of the circuit to be deleted from the
trunk group.
• Not more than 45 TENs can be deleted from a trunk group by a single
command.
• The trunk circuit has be put of service before it is deleted from the trunk
group.
• Issue the command ‘FRC-TRM-OOS’ and key-in TENs of the trunk
circuit. Multiple values can be given against the parameter ‘TEN’ key-in

67
 TRK against “TML-TYP” parameter. This command should get executed
successfully.
• Now issue the command ‘DEL-TRK’ and key-in the details required for
deleting the trunk.
• Press the key ‘E’ to execute the command and obtain the response for the
above operation in the form report
• Check the value in the report as keyed-in against each parameter.
6.2.3 Delete a trunk group
To delete the trunk group the operation should know the following details:
Trunk group number of the trunk group to be deleted.
Whether it is an incoming group or outgoing trunk group. If it is an outgoing trunk
group then the route to which it is associated should be also be known. Knowing the
trunk group number, and using the command ‘DISPL-TGP’, you can find out the
trunk group in incoming, outgoing or both ways.
 The trunk circuit existing in that trunk group should be forced out of service.
Issue the command PUT-TGP-OOS from the terminal and key-in the trunk
group number of the trunk group which is to deleted.
 Key-in the command ‘DEL-TGP’ and give the given number if the tgp is
incoming.
 In case of outgoing trunk group, the route to which it is associated which
should be deleted or trunk group should be disassociated from the routes. For
knowing the routes to which this trunk group is associated, give “DISPL-TGP-
ROUTE” command. Key- in the trunk group number and execute the
command. The report will display all the routes to which specified trunk group
is associated.
Now either deletes all the routes using DE-ROUT command or remove this
trunk group from the entire route using ‘MOD-ROUTE-CHAR’ command. In the
command MOD-OUT-CHAR, key-in all the route code do not specify this trunk
as trunk group choice against “TGP-CHC” parameter can have their old values.
Execute this command and obtain the report. Thus this trunk group can be
removed from all the routes one by one using this “MOD-ROUT-CHAR”
command for each route.

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  Now issue the command ‘DEL-TGP’ key-in the trunk group number and
press ‘E’ To execute the command.
 Obtain the report of the delete trunk group.

6.3 ROUTING ADMINISTRATION

Route
Route is a path over which a call from a source can be put through to the
required destination. Sometimes there may exist more than one route from a source to
a destination. Those multiple routes are called alternate routes.
6.3.1 Routing
The mechanism of putting through the call from a source to a destination is called
routing.
Route Code (RUT-COD)
Route code is essentially a sequence of digits which are uniquely identifiable
as 'the sequence' which can be analyzed independently only with exactly those many
digits available - not one less. Thus, any sequence of digits is a route as long as no
other route makes it a subset or it does not make another route a subset.
E.g.: If 243 is a route, 24 or 2439 cannot be a separate route
A set of digits which are used to specify, for a site that these define a unique
combination and that these digits are enough to find a TRUNK GROUP (or
GROUPS) which can be used to put the call through.
Special Route
Normally, when a 'route' is defined in an exchange, it is assumed that a call
made to that route shall be ultimately going "out" of the exchange in question since
the route code is much different than exchange code However, there are cases when
we may wish that though a certain sequence of digits do "look" as if calls to these
should not terminate in the exchange under reference (because the sequence of digits
do not match with exchange code), calls are in fact required to terminate within the
exchange. Examples of such calls are complaints service in Indian network which is
given route code 198, or linesmen's service (163) etc.

69
 Similarly, in an ILT (integrated local and trunk transit exchange), calls coming
in with the national access code of a subscriber "local" to the ILT will have to
terminate in the ILT 'itself'. Such "routes" are called special routes in C-DOT DSS.
These routes may have following characteristics:
 Terminate on Time Announcement Equipment
 Posses on Alternate Directory Number (which may be a principal Directory
number of a hunt group or an individual directory number).
 Serves as an ILT code, which has integrated in it, TAX (National Access)
Code of ILT followed by the "local exchange" code.

6.3.2 Route Characteristics

A Route as designated in C-DOT MAX has the following characteristics:
1) Route Flag (RUT-FLG)
In C-DOT MAX, incoming trunk groups are associated with different Routing
categories depending upon the routing considerations. It is assigned during the
creation of the trunk group. The Route Flag denotes a relation between each Routing
category and the restrictions on calls on outgoing Route as regards to :
i) Whether calls may be barred due to calendar consideration i.e.; restrictions may be
effective during some part of the day (night STD).
ii) Whether normal calls may be allowed i.e., calls in which digits are such that the
digit next to the ROUT-CODE is not "1" are allowed or not.
iii) Whether calls having "1" as the digit immediately next to ROUT-COD in the
digits available with exchange are allowed to pass or not. It will require further
analysis to determine whether the specific set of digits following the digit "1" are
allowed or not in the call if this parameter has a value "PARTIALLY ALLOWED".
(Presently, these digits are 161, 163).

2) Trunk Group Choice (TGP-CHC)

Incoming trunk groups to an exchange or local subscribers of the exchange are
assigned priorities depending upon the line type as:
1 - 8: Subscriber or trunk with priorities from 1-8 which can be assigned by the
operator.
The following subscriber priorities are assigned by the system depending upon line
type irrespective of what operator gives.

70
9: Coin Collection Box (CCB)
10: CCB with STD
11: CCB with Credit Card Facility
12: PBX
13: Operator
14: Testing Line
In case of trunk, only eight priorities (1 to 8) are assigned while
Creating an Incoming trunk group. System does not assign any priority
To an incoming trunk by its own.
Corresponding to these subscriber or trunk priorities Trunk Group choice in a
route denotes a set of Trunk Groups in their order of selection for a free circuit to put
a call through having originated from a line/trunk and meant for the Route in
question.
Thus, Trunk Group choice is the combination of two entities:
i) Subscriber/IC Trunk Group Priority
ii) Set of Trunk Group Numbers

Note: Trunk Groups in TGP-CHC parameter should be an O/G TGPs and should
already exist. The same trunk group should not be repeated for the same priority as an
alternate choice.

LOOP BACK MECHANISM

To create an inter exchange environment in a single exchange we use a loop back
cable. By this loop back mechanism the originating and the terminating exchange
remains the same. This can be achieved by the cable connected between the DTU
frames in the BM. Since the originating and the terminating exchanges are the same,
the area code is absorbed which done by specifying ROD.
ROD (Rank of digit) = Position digit at which it will be out pulsed.

71
 Figure 6.3 Loop Back Cable

6.4 BILLING ADMINISTRATION

BILLING CONCEPTS
1) Charge Rate Number (CRG-RTN)
For each Routing Category, when calls are allowed to pass, there is an
associated number which is used as an index to the Charge Rate Table containing
charging information.
The entry in the Charge Rate Table associated with this index gives the
Charge Rate etc. to be applied to the call at the exchange in question.
Actual Charge Rate is obtained using the combination of two entities:
i) Time of day/type of day i.e. Tariff number.
ii) Index to charge Rate Table - 1 to 128
For Example: For Routing Category 1, when call passes on this route, index to
Charge Rate pattern. The type of day and time of day give another number (called
tariff number). A combination of tariff number and change rate number gives access
to the actual charge rate table.

2) Digit Length (DGT-LGT)

The minimum number of digits including the Route Code, which must be
available in the exchange for calls to be routed over this particular Route. For cases of
closed numbering i.e., where the exact no. of digits required for calls to the route in
question are known, this also indicates the minimum no. of digits which will be
accepted by this exchange (any extra digits would be just neglected). When this

72
parameter is set to 20, it is treated as open numbering case. In this case, the
MINIMUM no. of digits which must be obtained is fixed in the exchange for all such
routes and presently has value 6 ; this value can be modified by changing the value of
system parameter, ‘ROUTING’ after 6 digits and before 20 digits if exchange does
not receive next digit within about 5 seconds; it assumes that all required digits have
been dilled.

Note: Trunk Groups in TGP-CHC parameter should be an O/G TGPs and should
already exist. The same trunk group should not be repeated for the same priority as an
alternate choice.

7. FLOW CHART

START

Global Declaration

Variable Declaration $1= TGP No.

$2=TGP Name, $3

$90=0

$3=0

Print TGP Number

$90=$90+1

$90=
0

73
 Records not
Total number of TGPs
found

END

Figure 7.1 Flow Chart

In this flowchart we explain the code through which we can display all the
TGPs created in an exchange. In the global declaration we have a xxx.dat file where
there is a dump of all the TGPs in an exchange. This xxx.dat file is not in the readable
form so to retrieve the data we write a code in UNIX. Declare variables for TGP
number, TGP name, and counter variable as $1, $2 and $3 respectively. Initialize $90,
variable which counts the number of TGPs to 0. If $3=0 then print the corresponding
TGP number and name. Then we check for another condition whether $90=0 or not, if
it is ‘0’ it means that no TGP is created in the exchange. If $90=some number ‘n’
where ‘n’ represents the number of TGps created in an exchange

74
 Figure 7.2 Output

8. RESULTS

8.1 DISPL-TEN
Displays the free terminal equipment numbers
**MBM-RTTC**
Display TEN Report

75
 BM NO =1
TERMINAL STATUS = FREE
HARDWARE TYPE = CAS
NO OF TENS = 127
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT NO = FIRST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-2
LAST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-5
RANGE VALUE: 1
FIRST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-7
LAST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-11
RANGE VALUE: 1
FIRST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-13
LAST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-16
RANGE VALUE: 1
FIRST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-18
LAST VALUE: 1-1-2-3-32
RANGE VALUE: 1

Figure 8.1 DISPL-TEN

76
8.2 CRE-TGP (OUT GOING)
Creates incoming/outgoing trunk groups
**MBM-RTTC**

CREATE TRUNK GROUP REPORT

TRUNK GROUP NUMBER = 40
TRUNK GROUP NAME = MGITOG
TRUNK TYPE = OG
LINE SIGNALLING SCHEME = DR2-CAS3
REGISTER SIGNALLING SCHEME = MOD-R2
MF-SGN-TYPE = MF-FULL-
CMPLD
Circuit Group set Number =0
RANK OF DIGIT =5
TRUNK PRIORITY =1
PAD LEVEL =1
TRUNK GROUP TYPE = ORD
SPECIAL FACILITY = NO-FCY
MIN DGT SEIZE =1
RING DOWN SIGNALLING = NO
TRUNK GROUP CATEGORY =1
TRUNK GROUP HUNT TYPE = PROG
CAMA-INFO = NO
SIGNALLING INFORMATION = NONE
CONTINUITY CHECK INDICATOR = DCHK-NRQD
ECHO SUPPRESSION INDICATOR = DECH-SP-
NRQD
SATELLITE INDICATOR = DNO-SAT
ANSWER CIRCUIT STATUS = 2WP
NO OF ANSWERING CIRCUIT =0
INCOMING TGP LOCAL COUNTER =0
INCOMING TGP STD COUNTER =0
INCOMING TGP STD CALLS =0
INCOMING TGP ISD COUNTER =0
INCOMING TGP ISD CALLS =0
OUTGOING TGP LOCAL COUNTER =0
OUTGOING TGP STD COUNTER =0
OUTGOING TGP STD CALLS =0
OUTGOING TGP ISD COUNTER =0
OUTGOING TGP ISD CALLS =0
ANSWERING CIRCUIT INFORMATION =

SUCESSFUL TEN (bm-rack-frame-slot-ckt)

1-1-2-7-13
77
 1-1-2-7-14

CRE-TGP (INCOMING)
**MBM-RTTC**

CREATE TRUNK GROUP REPORT

TRUNK GROUP NUMBER = 50
TRUNK GROUP NAME = MGITIC
TRUNK TYPE = IC
LINE SIGNALLING SCHEME = DR2-CAS3
REGISTER SIGNALLING SCHEME = MOD-R2
MF-SGN-TYPE = MF-FULL-
CMPLD
Circuit Group set Number =0
RANK OF DIGIT =5
TRUNK PRIORITY =1
PAD LEVEL =1
TRUNK GROUP TYPE = ORD
SPECIAL FACILITY = NO-FCY
MIN DGT SEIZE =1
RING DOWN SIGNALLING = NO
TRUNK GROUP CATEGORY =1
TRUNK GROUP HUNT TYPE = PROG
CAMA-INFO = NO
SIGNALLING INFORMATION = NONE
CONTINUITY CHECK INDICATOR =DCHK-NRQD
ECHO SUPPRESSION INDICATOR =DECH-SP-
NRQD
SATELLITE INDICATOR = DNO-SAT
ANSWER CIRCUIT STATUS = 2WP
NO OF ANSWERING CIRCUIT =0
INCOMING TGP LOCAL COUNTER =0
INCOMING TGP STD COUNTER =0
INCOMING TGP STD CALLS =0
INCOMING TGP ISD COUNTER =0
INCOMING TGP ISD CALLS =0
OUTGOING TGP LOCAL COUNTER =0
OUTGOING TGP STD COUNTER =0
OUTGOING TGP STD CALLS =0
OUTGOING TGP ISD COUNTER =0
OUTGOING TGP ISD CALLS =0
ANSWERING CIRCUIT INFORMATION =
SUCESSFUL TEN (bm-rack-frame-slot-ckt)

78
 1-1-3-7-13
1-1-3-7-14

Figure 8.2 CRE-TGP

8.3 CRE-ROUT
Enables creation of route
**MBM-RTTC**

Create Route report

ROUTE CODE = 0883
ROUTE FLAG = 1-CNB-NA-GA
CHARGE RATE NUMBER = 1-21
DIGIT LENGTH = 20
TRUNK GROUP CHOICE = 1-40

79
 Figure 8.3 CRE-ROUT

8.4 DISPL-TGP-STATUS (INCOMING)

Displays the status of the incoming/outgoing trunk group
**MBM-RTTC**

TRUNK STATUS INTERROGATION REPORT

TRUNK GROUP NUMBER =50
TRUNK GROUP NAME = MGITIC
TML TYPE GRP NUM TEN STA TRM
TRK 50 1-1-3-7-13 INSF-FREE
TRK 50 1-1-3-7-14 INSF-FREE

DISPL-TGP-STATUS (OUTGOING)
**MBM-RTTC**

TRUNK STATUS INTERROGATION REPORT

TRUNK GROUP NUMBER =40
TRUNK GROUP NAME = MGITIOG
TML TYPE GRP NUM TEN STA TRM
TRK 40 1-1-2-7-13 INSF-FREE
TRK 40 1-1-2-7-14 INSF-FREE

80
8.5 DISPL-TRM-STATUS
Displays the subscriber terminal status
**MBM-RTTC**

LINE STATUS INTERROGATION REPORT

TML TYPE DIR TEN STAT TRM
LINE 287007 1-1-4-6-8 INSF-FREE
LINE 222333 1-1-4-8-8 INSF-FREE

8.6 DISPL-CALL-INFO (OUTGOING)

Displays the call information
**MBM-RTTC**

Display call detail information report

CALL CATEGORY = SIMPLE-CALL
CALL TYPE =ORG-OG
ORIGINATION TIME = 01-APR-2010 16:14:06
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEN TYPE PORT STS CALL-PH DIRNO/
DIAL DGTS
1-1-4-8-8 ORG CP-BUSY CONV-PH 222333
1-1-2-7-14 OG CP-BUSY CONV-PH 0883287007
DISPL-CALL-INFO (INCOMING)
**MBM-RTTC**

Display call detail information report

CALL CATEGORY = SIMPLE-CALL
CALL TYPE =IC-TRM
ORIGINATION TIME = 01-APR-2010 16:14:06
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEN TYPE PORT STS CALL-PH DIRNO/
DIAL DGTS
1-1-3-7-14 IC CP-BUSY CONV-PH
1-1-4-6-8 TRM CP-BUSY CONV-PH 287007

8.7 DISPL-SUB-MTR

81
Displays the subscriber meter information by incrementing the counter
Before the call has been done
**MBM-RTTC**

Displays subscriber’s latest meter information report

DIRECTORY NUMBER = 287007
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT NO =1-1-4-8-8
DIRECTORY TYPE = NRML
LOCAL COUNTER =6
STD COUNTER = 45
STD CALLS = 10
ISD COUNTER =0
ISD CALLS =0
BULK CNTR = 51

After the call is initiated and terminated

**MBM-RTTC**

Displays subscriber’s latest meter information report

DIRECTORY NUMBER = 287007
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT NO =1-1-4-8-8
DIRECTORY TYPE = NRML
LOCAL COUNTER =6
STD COUNTER = 50
STD CALLS = 11
ISD COUNTER =0
ISD CALLS =0
BULK CNTR = 56

82
Figure 8.4 Call Metering

83
 9. CONCLUSION

Creating trunk groups for the inter exchange communication and testing them
physically involves creating them in I/O module by using software commands. Here
the operating system used is UNIX and the language used is a high level 'C' language.
Before going for the creation a detailed study of the exchanges, switching is done. C-
DOT is the basic exchange present in India. Every C-DOT exchange contains four
basic modules such as Base module, Central module, Administrative and I/O module.
All these are interconnected for the proper functioning of switching operation. I/O
module is the important module where all the input output, devices are connected
through which the commands are given to console. After that the software part of
creation of trunks and trunk groups is carried over. But before using the commands in
creation it is very essential to study about the commands and the trunk characteristics
in detail such that the facilities for the trunk groups, routing administration can be
handled very efficiently. Thus creating the trunk groups is created and they are
implemented physically and the output results are observed by testing them.

84
 REFERENCES

Books
1. JTO Phase II, C-DOT system practices referral page no: 40-75,122-136.
2. CDOT-MBM MAX-XL volume -1, Regional Telecom Training Centre
(RTTC), Pg No’s: 1- 40.
3. CDOT-SBM MAX-XL volume -2, Regional Telecom Training Centre
(RTTC), Pg No’s 21-29
4. Trunk and Routing Administration, C-DOT system practices referral released
in the year 1998, page no: 1-60.
5. Digital Switching Systems, Switching Systems by Thyagarajan, volume-III,
referred page no: 15-29.

Websites
1. www.Cdot.com
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-DOT
3. http://www.cdot.com/solution_products/rural_automatic_exchanges.htm
4. http://www.cdot.com/solution_products/main_automatic_exchanges.htm

85
 APPENDIX:
Program:
FLE “ GLBDATAP/ioenmo.dat”
$1 Short 2:1 “%d”
$2 ascii 4:20
$3 char 0:1 “%d”
BEGIN[
Print “TGP number to TGP name”;
Print “--------------------------------“;
Print “ TGP number TGP name”;
Print “---------------------------------“;
$90=0;
]
If ($3==0)
{
Print “%-16d%-10s\n”, $1,$2;
$90=$90+1;
END[
If($90==0)
{
Print “ no records found”;
Print “-------------------“;
}
Print “--------------------------------“;
Print “total number of TGPs =” , $90;
Print “ ----------------------------------“;
]

86