Curriculum-Physics (2005) HEC

CURRICULUM
OF
PHYSICS
(Revised 2005)
HIGHER ISSION
EDUCATION COMM
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD
1
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Adviser (Acad/R&D)

Malik Ghulam Abbas Deputy Director
Miss Ghayyur Fatima Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Assistant Director
Mrs. Noshaba Awais Assistant Director
Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad
2
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 7
2. Curriculum for BS level 10

i) Scheme of Studies 10
ii) Details of Courses 12
3. Curriculum for MS level 53

i) Scheme of Studies 54
ii) Details of Courses 56
4. General Recommendations 75
3
PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By
looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual
development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has
turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in
like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula
regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields
of knowledge.
In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of

the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of
Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide
notification no. D773/76-JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976,
appointed University Grants Commission as the competent authority to
look after the curriculum revision work beyond class XII at bachelor
level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and diplomas awarded by
degree colleges, universities and other institutions of higher education.
In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher

Education Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum
revision in collaboration with universities. According to the decision of
the special meeting of Vice-Chancellors’ Committee, curriculum of a
subject must be reviewed after every 3 years. For the purpose, various
committees are constituted at the national level comprising senior
teachers nominated by universities. Teachers from local degree
colleges and experts from user organizations, where required, are also
included in these committees. The National Curriculum Revision
Committee for Physics in its meeting held in May 19-21, 2005 at the
HEC Regional Centre, Karachi revised the curriculum after due
consideration of the comments and suggestions received from
universities and colleges where the subject under consideration is
taught. The final draft prepared by the National Curriculum Revision
Committee duly approved by the Competent Authority is being
circulated for implementation by architectural institutions.
(PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH)

Adviser (Acad/R&D)
August 2005
4
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV
CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONSIDERATION STAGE STUDY
COLLECTION OF APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE

REC DRAFT BY EXP. OF CURRI.
COL./UNIV
CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

DRAFT BY CRC OF REC. OF V.C.C.
PREP. OF DRAFT APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

BY CRC CURRI. BY V.C.C. CURRI.
Abbreviations Used: IMPLE. OF BACK TO

CRC. Curriculum Revision Committee CURRI. STAGE-I
VCC. Vice-Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
ORIENTATION
PREP. Preparation COURSES
REC. Recommendations
5
6
INTRODUCTION
A meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee was held at HEC,
Regional Centre, Karachi from 19-21 May, 2005 to finalize the revised draft
curriculum of Physics. The following attended:
1. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqsood, Convener
Professor,
Deptt. of Physics,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
2. Prof. Muhammad Maroof Khushk, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
3. Dr. Sohail Aziz Khan, Member
Professor,
NED University of Engg. & Technology, Karachi
4. Dr. Syed Iftikhar Ali, Member
Senior Fellow (Professor),
Institute of Business Management,
Korangi Creek Karachi
5. Dr. Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, Member
Professor, Deptt. of Physics,
Islamia University, Bahwalpur
6. Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, Member
GC University,
Katchery Road, Lahore
7. Dr. M. Ayub Khan Yousafzai, Member
Chairman,
Deptt. of Applied Physics,
University of Karachi, Karachi
8. Dr. Muhammad Shahid Rafiq, Member
Deptt. of Physics
University of Engg. & Technology,
Lahore.
9. Dr. Jameel-un-Nabi, Member
Associate Professor & Dean Student Affairs,
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,
GIK Institute of Engg.Science& Technology
Topi, Distt. Swabi, NWFP
7
10. Prof. Dr. Qurban Ali Bhatti, Member
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur
11. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Member
Associate Professor,
Deptt. of Physics,
University of the Punjab, Lahore
12. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Riaz Khan, Member
Director, Centralized Resource Laboratory,
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Peshawar, Peshawar
13. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Member
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
14. Dr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, Member
Associate Professor/Chairman,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Sector H-8/1, Islamabad
15. Dr. Shujjat Mehmood Khalid, Member
Principal,
University College of Education,
Lower Mall, Lahore.
16. Prof. Dr. Ansar A. Qidwai, Member
University of Karachi, Karachi
17. Dr. Shaukat Ali Shahid, Member
Assistant Professor,
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
18. Dr. Mushtaq Yousaf, Member
Deptt. of Physics,
Government College University,
Faisalabad
19. Prof. Dr. M. Younus Nadeem, Member
Bahauddin Zakria University,
Multan
20. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayub, Member
Gomal University, D.I.Khan
8
21. Dr. Aamer Wali Rauf, Member
Foreign Faculty Member,
CASP, GC University, Lahore
22. Dr. Fazal Ghafoor, Member
Deptt. of Physics,
University of Malakand,
Chakdara
23. Mr. Muhammad Ikram, Member
Lecturer, Deptt. of Physics,
Hazara University, Mansehra
24. Ms. Gulnaz Altaf, Member/Secretary
Jinnah University for Women,
Karachi
Meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran by Prof. Dr. Shaikh
Aftab Ahmad. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqssod chaired the final NCRC meeting in
Physics. The draft curriculum of BS (4 years) programme were discussed at
length and finalized as Annexed-A.
The committee decided that MS programme should be 2 years programme.
First year consists of two semesters and there will be four courses and 3
credit hours. Hence in each semester and second year will be devoted for
research and if any university wants to give number of credit hour to thesis.
They can do so. Due to academic requirements and shortage of time, it
was felt that there should be a complete list of courses and detail of
courses. Therefore it is recommended that another meeting of
subcommittee be organized by the HEC which was held on July 30, 2005 as
Annexure-B.
The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the convener.
9
CURRICULUM FOR BS (4 years) IN PHYSICS
SCHEME OF STUDIES
1st Year Cr.h
Semester-1
Phy-101 Mechanics-I 3
Phy-103 Waves and Oscillations 3
Phy-105 Lab-I 1
Mathematics-I 3
English-I 3
Pak. Studies 2
* Minor-I 3
Total 18
Semester-II Cr.h
Phy-102 Mechanics-II 3
Phy-104 Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics 3
Phy-106 Lab-II 3
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mathematics-II 1
English-II 3
Islamic Studies 3
* Minor-II 3
Total 18
2nd Year Cr.h

Semester-III
Phy-201 Electricity & Magnetism-I 3
Phy-203 Electronics & Modern Physics 3
Phy-105 Lab-III 3
Mathematics-III 1
English-III 3
Civilization 3
* Minor-I 3
Total 18
Semester-IV Cr.h
Phy-202 Electricity & Magnetism-II 3
Phy-204 Modern Physics 3
Phy-206 Lab-IV 1
Mathematics-IV 3
English(Communication Skills) 3
Computer Applications 2
* Minor-IV 3
Total 18
10
Semester-V Cr.h
Phy-301 Mathematical Methods-I 3
Phy-303 Quantum Mechanics-I 3
Phy-305 Classical Mechanics 3
Phy-307 Electronics 3
Phy-309 Lab-V 3
Total 15
Cr.h
Semester-VI
Phy-302 Mathematical Methods-II 3
Phy-304 Quantum Mechanics-II 3
Phy-306 Electrodynamics 3
Phy-308 Thermal & Statistical Physics 3
Phy-310 Lab-VI 3
Total 15
4th Year Cr.h

Semester-VII
Phy-401 Nuclear Physics 3
Phy-403 Solid Stat Physics-I 3
Phy-405 Atomic & Molecular Physics 3
Phy-407 Lab-VII 3
** Optional 3
Total 15
Semester-VIII Cr.h
Phy-402 Computational Physics 3

Phy-404 Solid Stat Physics-II 3
Phy-406 Project 3
** Optional 3
** Optional 3
Total 15
Total: 132 Credit Hours
* Chemistry/Geology/Geography/Statistics etc.
11
DETAILS OF COURSES
FOR BS LEVEL
BS Part-I
MECHANICS-I 3 Cr.h
Vector Analysis: Review of Vector in 3 dimensions and fundamental

Operations, Direction, Cosines, Spherical polar coordinates, Cylindrical
Coordinaties. Vector and scalar triple products, gradient of a scalar,
Divergence and curl of a vector, Physical significance of each type,
Divergence of a vector, flux, curl and line integral (mutual relation). Vector
identities, Divergence Theorem, Stoke’s Theorem, their derivation, physical
importance and applications to specific cases, Converting from differential to
integral forms.
Particle Dynamics: Dynamics of uniform, circular motion, the banked

curve, Equations of motion, Deriving kinetic equations x(t), v(t) via
integration, Constant and variable forces, normal forces and contact forces,
special examples, Time dependent forces, Obtaining x(t), v(t) for this case
using integration method, Effect of drag forces on motion, Applying
Newton’s Laws to obtain v(t) for the case of motion with time dependent
(Integration approach) drag (viscous) forces, terminal velocity, Projectile
motion with and without air resistance, Non inertial frames and Pseudo
forces, Qualitative discussion to develop understanding, Calculation of
pseudo forces for simple cases (linearly accelerated reference frames),
Centrifugal force as an example of pseudo force, Coriolis force.
Work, Power and Energy: Work done by a constant force, work done by a
variable force (1-2 dimension), (Essentially a review of grade-XII concepts
via integration technique to calculate work done (e.g. in vibration of a spring
obeying Hooke’s Law), Obtaining general expression for work done (2-
dimensional case) and applying to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the
end of a fixed string against gravity, Work energy theorem, General proof of
work energy theorem: Qualitative review of work energy theorem, Derivation
using integral calculus, Basic formulae and applications, Power, Energy
changes with respect to observers in different inertial frames, Conservation
of Energy in 1, 2, and 3 dimensional conservative systems, Conservative
and non conservative forces: Conservation of energy in a system of
particles, Law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system.
Systems Of Particles: Two particle systems and generalization to many

particle systems, Centre of mass, Position, velocity and equation of motion,
Centre of mass of solid objects, Calculation of Centre of Mass of solid
objects using integral calculus, Calculating C.M. of Uniform Rod, Cylinder
and Sphere, Momentum Changes in a system of variable mass, Derivation
12
of basic equation, application to motion of a rocket (determination of its
mass as a function of time).
Collisions: Elastic Collisions, Conservation of momentum during collision in

one and two dimensions, Inelastic collision, Collisions in centre of Mass
reference frame (One and two dimensions), Simple applications, obtaining
velocities in C.M. frame.
MECHANICS-II 3 Cr.h
Rotational Dynamics: Relationships between linear & angular variables,

scalar and vector form. Kinetic energy of rotation, Moment of Inertia, Parallel
axis and Perpendicular axis theorems, Proof and Illustration, application to
simple cases, Determination of moment of inertia of various shapes i.e. for
disc, bar and solid sphere, Rotational dynamics of rigid bodies, Equations of
rotational motion and effects of application of torques, Combined rotational
and translational motion, Rolling without slipping.
Angular Momentum: Angular Velocity, Conservation of angular

momentum, effects of Torque and its relation with angular momentum,
Stability of spinning objects, Discussion with examples, The spinning Top,
Effects of torque on the angular momentum, precessional motion.
Gravitation: Gravitational effect of a spherical mass distribution, Its

mathematical treatment, Gravitational Potential Energy (develop using
integration techniques), calculation of escape velocity, Gravitational field &
Potential, Universal Gravitational Law. Radial and transversal velocity and
acceleration, Motion of Planets and Keplers' Laws (Derivation &
explanation) Motion of Satellites, Energy considerations in planetary and
satellite motion, Qualitative discussion on application of gravitational law to
the Galaxy.
Bulk Properties of Matters. Elastic Properties of Matter, Physical basis of

elasticity, Tension, Compression & shearing, Elastic Modulus, Elastic limit.
Poisson’s ratio, Relation between three types of elasticity, Fluid Statics,
Variation of Pressure in fluid at rest and with height in the atmosphere,
Surface Tension, Physical basis; role in formation of drops and bubbles,
Viscosity, Physical basis, obtaining the Coefficient of viscosity, practical
example of viscosity; fluid flow through a cylindrical pipe (Poiseulle's law).
Special Theory of Relativity. Inertial and non inertial frame, Postulates of

Relativity, The Lorentz Transformation, Derivation, Assumptions on which
inverse transformation is derived, Consequences of Lorentz transformation,
Relativity of time, Relativity of length, Relativity of mass, Transformation of
velocity, variation of mass with velocity, mass energy relation and its
13
importance, relativistic momentum and Relativistic energy, (Lorentz
invariants) E2=c2 p2+m2oC 4
WAVES & OSCILLATIONS 3 Cr.h
Harmonic Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion (SHM), Obtaining and

solving the basic equations of motion x(t), v(t), a(t), Longitudinal and
transverse Oscillations, Energy considerations in SHM. Application of SHM,
Torsional oscillator, Physical pendulum, simple agtrpendulum, SHM and
uniform circular motion, Combinations of harmonic motions, Lissajous
patterns, Damped harmonic motion, Equation of damped harmonic motion,
Quality factor, discussion of its solution, Forced oscillations and resonances,
Equation of forced oscillation, Discussion of its solution, Natural frequency,
Resonance, Examples of resonance.
Waves in Physical Media: Mechanical waves, Travelling waves, Phase

velocity of traveling waves, Sinusoidal waves, Group speed and dispersion,
Waves speed, Mechanical analysis, Wave equation, Discussion of solution,
Power and intensity in wave motion, Derivation & discussion, Principle of
superpositon (basic ideas), Interference of waves, Standing waves. Phase
changes on reflection.
Sound: Beats Phenomenon, Analytical treatment.
Light: Nature of light Visible light (physical characteristics), Light as an

electro-magnetic wave, Speed of light in matter, Physical aspects, Path
difference, Phase difference etc.
Interference: Coherence of sources, Double slit interference, Analytical

treatment, Adding of electromagnetic waves using phasors, Interference
from thin films, Newton's rings (analytical treatment), Febry-Perot
Interferometer, Working and analytical treatment, Fresnels biprism and its
use.
Diffraction: Diffraction at single slit; Intensity in single slit diffraction using

phasor treatment and analytical treatment using addition of waves, Double
slit interference & diffraction combined, Diffraction at a circular aperture,
Diffraction from multiple slits, Discussion to include width of the maxima.
Diffraction grating: Discussion, Use in spectrographs. Dispersion and
resolving power of gratings. Introduction to holography.
Polarization: Basic definition, Production of polarization by polarizing

sheets, by reflection, by double refraction and double scattering. Description
of polarization states. Linear, Circular, elliptical polarization. Specific rotation
of plane of polarization. Use of polarimeter.
14
THERMODYNAMICS & STATISTICAL MECHANICS 3 Cr.h
Statistical Mechanics: Statistical distribution and mean values, Mean free

path and microscopic calculations of mean free path. Distribution of
molecular speeds, Distribution of energies, Maxwell distribution, Maxwell-
Boltzmann energy distribution, Internal energy of an ideal gas. Brownian
motion, Qualitative description. Diffusion, Conduction and viscosity.
Heat and Temperature: Temperature, Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, Work
done on an ideal gas,Review of previous concepts. Internal energy of an
ideal gas: Equipartition of energy. Intermolecular forces. Qualitative
discussion. Van der Waals equation of state.
Thermodynamics: Review of previous concepts. First law of thermo-

dynamics and its applications to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic and free
expansion. Reversible and irreversible processes, Second Law of
thermodynamics, Carnot theorem, Carnot engines. Heat engine.
Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines. Thermodynamic
temperature scale: Absolute zero: Entropy, Entropy in reversible process,
Entropy in irreversible process. Entropy & second law. Entropy & probability.
Thermodynamic functions: Thermodynamic functions (Internal energy,
Enthalpy, Gibb’s functions, Entropy, Helmholtz functions) Maxwell’s
relations, TdS equations, Energy equations and their applications. Low
Temperature Physics, Liquification of gases, Joule-Thomson effect and its
equations. Thermoelectricity,Thermocouple, Seabeck’s effect, Peltier’s
effect, Thomson effect
BS Part-II
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I 3 Cr.h
Electric Field: Field due to a point charge: due to several point charges.
Electric dipole. Electric field of continuous charge distribution e.g Ring of
charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge. Point charge in an electric
field. Dipole in an electric field, Torque and energy of a dipole in uniform
field. Electric flux: Gauss's law; (Integral and differential forms) and its
application. Charge in isolated conductors, conductor with a cavity, field
near a charged conducting sheet. Field of infinite line of charge, field of
infinite sheet of charge, field of spherical shell and field of spherical charge
distribution.
Electric Potential: Potential due to point charge, potential due to collection

of point charges, potential due to dipole. Electric potential of continuous
charge distribution. Poisson’s and Laplace equation without solution. Field
as the gradient or derivative of potential. Potential and field inside and
outside an isolated conductor.
15
Capacitors and dielectrics: Capacitance, calculating the electric field in a
capacitor. Capacitors of various shapes, cylindrical, spherical etc. and
calculation of their capacitance. Energy stored in an electric field. Energy
per unit volume. Capacitor with dielectric, Electric field of dielectric. An
atomic view. Application of Gauss's Law to capacitor with dielectric.
D C Circuits: Electric Current, current density J, resistance, resistivity, ρ,

and conductivity, σ, Ohm’s Law, energy transfer in an electric circuit.
Equation of continuity. Calculating the current in a single loop, multiple
loops, voltages at various elements of a loop. Use of Kirchhoff's Ist & 2nd
law, Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem and Superposition theorem, Growth
and Decay of current in an RC circuit and their analytical treatment.
Magnetic Field Effects and Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetic

force on a charged particle, magnetic force on a current, Recall the previous
results. Do not derive. Torque on a current loop. Magnetic dipole: Energy of
magnetic dipole in field. Discuss quantitatively, Lorentz Force with its
applications in CRO. Biot-Savart Law: Analytical treatment and applications
to a current loop, force on two parallel current changing conductors.
Ampere's Law, Integral and differential forms, applications to solenoids and
toroids. (Integral form), Gauss's Law for Magnetism: Discuss and develop
the concepts of conservation of magnetic flux, Differential form of Gauss’s
Law. Origin of Atomic and Nuclear magnetism, Basic ideas.Bohr Magneton.
Magnetization, Defining M, B, μ. Magnetic Materials, Paramagnetism,
Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism - Discussion. Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic
materials.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-II 3Cr.h
Inductance: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Review of emf,

Faraday Law and Lenz’s Law, Induced electric fields, Calculation and
application using differential and integral form, Inductance, “Basic
definition”. Inductance of a Solenoid; Toroid. LR Circuits, Growth and Decay
of current, analytical treatment. Energy stored in a magnetic field, Derive.
Energy density and the magnetic field. Electromagnetic Oscillation,
Qualitative discussion. Quantitative analysis using differential equatins.
Forced electromagnetic oscillations and resonance.
Alternating Current Circuits: Alternating current, AC current in resistive,

inductive and capacitative elements. Single loop RLC circuit, Series and
parallel circuits i.e. acceptor and rejector, Analytical expression for time
dependent solution. Graphical analysis, phase angles. Power in A.C circuits:
phase angles, RMS values, power factor.
Electro-Magnetic Waves (Maxwell's Equations): Summarizing the

electromagnetic equations, (Gauss's law for electromagnetism, Faraday
16
Law, Ampere's Law). Induced magnetic fields & displacement current.
Development of concepts, applications. Maxwell's equations, (Integral &
Differential forms) Discussion and implications. Generating an electro-
magnetic wave. Travelling waves and Maxwell's equations. Analytical
treatment; obtaining differential form of Maxwell's equations, obtaining the
velocity of light from Maxwell's equations. Energy transport and the Poynting
Vector. Analytical treatment and discussion of physical concepts.
ELECTRONICS & MODERN PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Electronics: Basic crystal structure, free electron model, energy band in

solid and energy gaps, p-type, n-type semiconductor materials, p-n junction
diode, its structure. characteristics and application as rectifiers. Transistor,
its basic structure and operation, transistor biasing for amplifiers,
characteristics of common base, common emitter, common collector, load
line, operating point, hybrid parameters (common emitter), Transistor as an
amplifier (common emitter mode), Positive & negative feed back R.C.
Oscillators, Monostable multi- vibrator (basic), Logic gates OR, AND, NOT,
NAND, NOR and their basic applications.
Origin of Quantum Theory: Black body radiation, Stefan Boltzmann-,
Wiens- and Planck’s law, consequences. The quantization of energy,
Photoelectric and Compton effect, Line spectra, Explanation using quantum
theory.
Wave Nature of Matter: Wave behaviour of particle (wave function etc.) its
definition and relation to probability of particle, D’broglie hypothesis and its
testing, Davisson- Germer Experiment and J.P. Thomson Experiment,
Wave packets and particles, localizing a wave in space and time.
Atomic Physics: Bohr’s theory (review), Frank-Hertz experiment, energy
levels of electron, Atomic spectrum, Angular momentum of electrons, Vector
atom model, Orbital angular momentum. Spin quantization, Bohr’s
Magnetron. X-ray spectrum (continuous and discrete) Moseley’s law, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and its use in developing the periodic table.
MODERN PHYSICS 3 Cr.h

Quantum Mechanics: Postulates of Quantum Mechanics; Quantum
operators, Linear operators & their properties e.g. momentum operator,
energy operator, Eigen value equation, Eigen values and eigen functions,
Schrodinger equation (time dependent and time independent without
derivation) and its applications to step potential, free particle, barrier,
tunneling (basic idea), particle in a well, probability density using wave
functions of states.
17
Nuclear Physics: Basic properties of a nucleus, Mass and Atomic
Numbers, Isotopes, mass and size of a nucleus, Nuclear force (Basic Idea),
Nuclear Radii, Nuclear Masses. Binding energy, mass defect. Nuclear Spin
and Magnetism and nuclear force.
Natural Radioactivity: Laws of radioactive decay, half life, mean life, chain
disintegration; Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma decays (basic idea), Measuring
ionizing radiation (units i.e. Curie, Rad etc.)
Nuclear Reactions: Basic Nuclear reactions, Q-value, Exothermic,

Endothermic Nuclear model, Nuclear Reactors (Basic), Nuclear Fusion;
Thermonuclear Fusion, Stars.
Introduction to Quantum Optics (Laser) and Plasma Physics:

Basic concepts of plasma and its applications, controlled thermonuclear
fusion, and its basic concept of plasma and its requirements for a T.N.
reactor. Basic concepts and characteristics of LASER, different types of
lasers, working of He-Ne Laser, semi-conductor diode laser.
PRACTICALS FOR BS (I and II)
The following practicals are recommended for both BS 1st and 2nd year.
Minimum number of practicals to be performed is 6 from each lab. Teachers
are requested to emphasize on graphical analysis, error calculation and on
system of S.I. units in the beginning of session. 1 cr.h for lab means 3
contact hours.
LAB-I 1 Cr.h
1. Modulus of Rigidity by Static & Dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle,

Barton’s Apparatus).
2. To study the damping features of an oscillating system using simple
pendulum of variable mass.
3. Measurement of viscosity of liquid by Stoke’s / Poiseulli’s method.
4. Surface tension of water by capillary tube method.
5. To determine the value of “g” by compound pendulum/Kater’s
Pendulum.
6. To study the dependence of Centripetal force on mass, radius, and
angular velocity of a body in circular motion.
7. Investigation of phase change with position in traveling wave and
measurement of the velocity of sound by C.R.O.
8. Determination of moment of inertia of a solid/hollow cylinder and a
sphere etc.
9. To study the conservation of energy (Hook’s law).
18
LAB-II 1 Cr.h
1. To determine thermal Emf and plot temperature diagram.

2. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a given wire.
3. Determination of “J” by Callender – Barnis method.
4. The determination of Stefan’s constant.
5. Calibration of thermocouple by potentiometer.
6. To determine frequency of AC supply by CRO.
7. To determine Horizontal/Vertical distance by Sextant.
8. The determination of wavelength of Sodium –D lines by Newton’s
Ring.
9. The determination of wavelength of light/laser by Diffraction grating.
10. Determination of wavelength of sodium light by Fresnel’s bi-prism.
11. The determination of resolving power of a diffraction grating.
12. The measurement of specific rotation of sugar by Polarimeter and
determination of sugar concentration in a given solution.
13. To study the combinations of harmonic motion (Lissajous figures).
14. To study the parameters of waves (Beats phenomenon).
15. To determine the Thermal conductivity of good and bad conductors
using Lee’s and Searl’s apparatus.
16. To study the laws of vibration of stretched string using sonometer.
17. To determine the stopping potential by photo cell.
LAB-III 1 Cr.h
1. Measurement of resistance using a Neon flash bulb and condenser

2. Conversion of a galvanometer into Voltmeter & an Ammeter
3. To study the characteristics of Photo emission and determination of
Plank’s constant using a Photo cell
4. Calibration of an Ammeter and a Voltmeter by potentiometer
5. Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer
6. Comparison of capacities by ballistic galvanometer.
7. To study the B.H. curve & measure the magnetic parameters.
8. Measurement of low resistance coil by a Carey Foster Bridge.
9. Resonance frequency of an acceptor circuit
10. Resonance frequency of a Rejecter Circuit.
11. Study of the parameter of wave i.e. amplitude, phase and time period
of a complex signal by CRO.
12. Measurement of self/mutual inductance.
13. Study of electric circuits by black box.
14. To study the network theorems (Superposition, Thevinin, Norton).
15. To study the application of Lorentz force by CRO.
19
LAB-IV 1 Cr.h
1. Determination of e/m of an electron.

2. Determination of ionization potential of mercury.
3. Characteristics of a semiconductor diode (Compare Si with Ge diode)
4. Setting up of half & full wave rectifier & study of following factors
i. Smoothing effect of a capacitor
ii. Ripple factor & its variation with load.
iii. Study of regulation of output voltage with load.
5. To set up a single stage amplifier & measure its voltage gain and
bandwidth.
6. To set up transistor oscillator circuit and measure its frequency by an
oscilloscope.
7. To set up and study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND etc) using
diode and to develop their truth table.
8. To set up an electronic switching circuit using transistor LDR and
demonstrate its use as a NOT Gate.
9. Characteristics of a transistor.
10. To study the characteristic curves of a G. M. counter and use it to
determine the absorption co-efficient of β-particle in Aluminum.
11. Determination of range of α particles.
12. Mass absorption coefficient of lead for γ-rays using G.M counter.
13. Use of computer in the learning of knowledge of GATE and other
experiments.
NOTE: Universities may follow their programmes.
Text Book
1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999
Books Recommended
1. Giancoli, Douglas, C. Physics for Scientist and Engineers with

Modern Physics, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall Inc. 1988.
2. Spiegel, Murray, R. Outline of Theory and Problems of Vector
Analysis and Introduction to Tensor Analysis, McGraw Hill, 1959.
3. A. Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Co., 1987.
4. Grobe, Basic Electronics, 7th ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. 1993.
5. Corson and Loran. Introduction to Electromagnetic Field and Waves.
6. Reitz, John R. and Milford Fredrick, J. Foundations to
Electromagnetic Theory, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
1970.
7. Lorrain Paul & Corsen. Dale, R., Waves, 2nd ed. Freeman and Co.
1970.
20
8. Ritz and Milford, Introduction to Electromagnetic Field and waves
9. Marker, Zemausty, Heat and Thermodynamics, 5th ed. McGraw Hill
Inc.
10. Hugh & Young, University Physics, 5th ed. Addison, Wesley Pub. Co.
11. R.A.Hashimi, A Textbook of Engineering and Thermodynamics.
12. Halliday, D. Resnick and Walker, Fundamental of Physics, Extended
ed. John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.
21
DETAIL OF COMPULSORY COURSES
FOR BS PART (III AND IV)
MATHEMATICAL METHODS-I 3 Cr.h
Vector Analysis: Review of vectors Algebra, Vector differentiation and

gradient, Divergence and Gauss’s theorem, Vector integration, Green’s
theorem in the plane, Curl and Stoke's theorem.
Curvilinear Coordinates and Tensors: Curvilinear coordinate system,

Gradient, Divergence and Curl in the curvilinear coordinates system,
Cartesian, Spherical and Cylinderical coordinate system, Covariant and
contravariant tensors, Tensor algebra, Quotient rule.
Matrices: Linear vector spaces, Determinants, Matrices, Eigenvalues and

eigenvectors of matrices, Orthogonal matrices, Hermitian matrices,
Similarity transformations, Diagonalization of matrices.
Group Theory: Introduction to groups, Group representation, Invariant

subgroups, Discret groups-Dihedral groups, Continuous groups-O groups,
SU(2) groups, Lie groups
Complex Variables: Functions of a complex variable, Cauchy Riemann

conditions and analytic functions, Cauchy integral theorem and integral
formula, Taylor and Laurent series, Calculus of residue, Complex
integration.
Text Book:
Mathematical Methods for Physicist, George Arfken, Acad Press 5th ed.
Books Recommended
1. E. Butkov, ‘Mathematical Physics Addison-Wesley London (1968)

2. M.R.Spiegel, ‘Vector and Tensor Analysis’ Schaum’s Outline Series,
McGraw Hill, New York.
3 M.R.Spiegel, ‘Complex Variables’ Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw
Hill, New York.
4. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', Jhon Wiley
& Sons, New York (1989).
5. C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Oxford University,
Press, New York (1991).
6. Hassani, 'Foundations of Mathematical Physics', Prentice Hall
International Inc., Singapore (1991).
7. Chattopadhyay, 'Mathematical Physics', Wiley Eastern Limited, New
Delhi, (1990)
22
MATHEMATICAL METHODS-II 3 Cr.h
Differential Equations in Physics: First and second order linear differential

equations, Partial differential equations of theoretical physics, Separation of
variables,Homogeneous differential equations, Frobenius series solution of
differential equations, Second solution, Nonhomogenous differential
equations.
Special Functions: Bessel functions and Hankel functions, Spherical

Bessel functions, Legendre polynomials, Associated Legendre polynomials,
Spherical harmonics Laguerre polynomials, Hermite polynomials.
Fourier Series: Definition and general properties, Fourier series of various

physical functions, Uses and application of Fourier series.
Integral Transforms: Integral transform, Fourier transform, Convolution

theorem, Elementary Laplace transform and its application.
Boundary Value Problems and Green's Functions: Boundary value

problems in Physics, Non-homogeneous boundary value problems and
Green's functions, Green's functions for one dimensional problems,
Eigenfunction expansion of Green's function, Construction of Green's
functions in higher dimensions.
Text Book:
Mathematical Methods for Physicist, George Arfken, Acad Press 5th ed.
Books Recommended
1. R. Bronson, ‘Differential Equations’ Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw

Hill, New York.
2. Mathematical Physics.
3. E. Butkov, ‘Mathematical Physics Addison-Weseley London .
4. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', John Wiley
& Sons, New York (1989).
5 C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Oxford University,
Press, New York (1991).
6. Hassani, 'Foundations of Mathematical Physics', Prentice Hall
International Inc., Singapore (1991).
7. Chattopadhyay, 'Mathematical Physics', Wiley Eastern Limited, New
Delhi, (1990).
8. H. Cohen, 'Mathematics for Scientists & Engineers' Prentice Hall
International Inc., New Jersey (1992).
23
QUANTUM MECHANICS-I 3 Cr.h
Quantum Mechanics of One Dimensional Problems: Review of concepts

of classical mechanics, State of a system, Properties of one dimensional
potential functions, Functions and expectation values, Dirac notation,
Hermitian operators, Solutions of Schrodinger equation for free particles,
The potential barrier problems, The linear harmonic oscillator, Particle in a
box.
Formalism of Quantum Mechanics: The state of a system, Dynamical

variables and operators, Commuting and non commuting operators,
Heisenberg uncertainty relations, Time evolution of a system, Schrodinger
and Heisenberg pictures, Symmetry principles and conservation laws.
Angular Momentum: Orbital angular momentum, Spin, The eigenvalues

and eigen functions of L2 and Lz, Matrix representation of angular
momentum operators, Addition of angular momenta.
Schrodinger Equation in Three Dimensions: Separation of Schrodinger

equation in cartesian coordinates, Central potentials, The free particle,
Three dimensional square well potential, The hydrogenic atom, Three
dimensional square well potential, The hydrogenic atom, Three dimensional
isotopic oscillator.
Books Recommended
1. B.H. Bransden & C.J. Joachain, 'Introduction to Quantum Mechanics'

Longman Scientific & Technical London (1990).
2. J.S. Townsend, 'A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics',
McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore (1992).
3. W. Greiner, 'Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction', Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Reading Mass. (1980).
4. R.L. Liboff, 'Introductory Quantum mechanics', Addison Wesley
5. Bialynicki-Birula, M. Cieplak & J. Kaminski, 'Theory of Quantua',
Oxford University Press, New York (1992).
6. W. Greiner, 'Relativistic Quantum Mechanics', Springer Verlag, Berlin
(1990).
7. F. Schwable, 'Quantum Mechanics', Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi (1992).
8 David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, PRENTICE
Hall, Int., Inc.
9. .Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore.
24
QUANTUM MECHANICS-II 3 Cr.h
Approximate Methods: Time independent perturbation theory for non

degenerate and degenerate levels, the variational method, The WKB
approximation, Time dependent perturbation theory.
Identical Particles and Second Quantization: Indistinguishability of

identical particles, Systems of identical particles, Quantum dynamics of
identical particle systems, statistics, Symmetry of states, Fermions, Bosons.
Theory of Scattering: Scattering experiments and cross sections, Potential

scattering, The method of partial waves, The Born’s approximation.
The Interaction of Quantum Systems with Radiation: Electromagnetic

field and its interaction with one electron system, Transition rates,
Spontaneous emission, Selection rules for electric dipole transitions, The
spin of photon and its helicity.
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Schrodinger relativistic equation,

Probability and current densities, Klein-Gordon equation and hydrogen
atom, Dirac relativistic equation.
Books Recommended
1. B.H. Bransden & C.J. Joachain, 'Introduction to Quantum Mechanics'

Longman Scientific & Technical London (1990).
2. J.S. Townsend, 'A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics',
3. W. Greiner, 'Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction', Addison Wesley
4. R.L. Liboff, 'Introductory Quantum mechanics', Addison Wesley
5. Bialynicki-Birula, M. Cieplak & J. Kaminski, 'Theory of Quantua',
Oxford University Press, New York (1992).
6. W. Greiner, 'Relativistic Quantum Mechanics', Springer Verlag, Berlin
(1990).
7. F. Schwable, 'Quantum Mechanics', Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi (1992).
8 David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, PRENTICE
Hall, Int., Inc.
9. S.Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Singapore.
25
CLASSICAL MECHANICS 3 Cr.h
Elementary Principles: Brief Survey of Newtonian mechanics of a system

of particles, constraints, Alembert's principle, Lagrange's equation and its
applications. Virtual work.
Variational Principles: Calculus of variation and Hamilton's principle,

Derivation of Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's principle.
Two Body Central Force Problem: Low and least action, two body
problem and its reduction to one body problem. Equation of motion and
solution for one body problem, Kepler's Laws Laboratory and centre of mass
systems, Rutherford scattering.
Kinematics of Rigid Body Motion: Orthogonal transformations, Eulerian

angles, Euler's theorem, The coriolis force.
Rigid Body Equation of Motion: Angular momentum, Tensors and

dyadics, Moment of inertia, Rigid body problems and Euler's equations.
Hamilton Equation of Motion: Legendre transformation and Hamilton

equations of motion, Conservation theorems.
Canonical Transformations: Examples of canoical transformations,

Lagrange and Poison brackets, Liouville's theorem.
Books Recommended
1. H. Goldstein, 'Classical Mechanics', 2nd. Edn., Addison Wesley,

Reading, Massachusetts (1980).
2. V.I. Arnold, Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics Springer
verlag, New York (1980).
3. S.N. Rasband, 'Dynamics', John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983).
4. R.A. Matzner & L.C. Shepley, 'Classical Mechanics', Prentice Hall
Inc., London (1991).
5. N.M.J. Woodhouse, 'Introduction to Analytical Dynamics', Oxford
Science Publications, Oxford (1987).
ELECTRODYNAMICS 3 Cr.h
Fundamental Concepts: Recapitulation of the fundamental concepts,

Induction B, Addition of Laplace equation and methods of images. Magnetic
intensity H, Maxwell's equations in differential and integral forms, Poynting
theorem and energy conservation.
26
Static Electromagnetic Fields: Electrostatic fields in several dielectric
media, Magneto static fields of magnetized matter, Magnetostatic field of
stationary current, Magnetization current.
Time Dependent Electromagnetic Fields: Maxwell's equations for quasi

stationery fields, Potentials of a rapidly varying field, Fields of uniformly
moving and accelerated charges, Radiation from an accelerated charge,
Field of oscillating expansion of electro magnetic field, Multiple fields.
Expansion of emf.
Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves: Laws of reflection

and refraction, Fresnel's formula, Total reflection, Refraction in conducting
media, Reflection from a conducting surface.
Propagation of Plane Electromagnetic Waves: monochromatic waves

and plane waves, Forced oscillation of an electronic oscillator, Scattering by
a bound electron, Dispersion in dilute medium and dense media, Dispersion
in metallic conductor, Group velocity. Loren z, grange and Coloumb grange.
Skin Effect and Wave Guides: High frequency current in a semi infinite
conductor, Internal impedance at high frequencies, Waves guided by
parallel plane conductor, Transmission by a rectangular. Wave Guidance,
Power transfer and attenuation, Wave guides as cavity resonators, Q of a
cavity resonator, Waves guided by dielectrics.
Books Recommended
1. H.C. Ohanion, 'Classical Electrodynamics', Allyn & bacon Inc.,

Massachusetts (1988).
2. Y.K. Lim, 'Introduction to Classical Elecrodynamics, World Scientific
Publishing Co. Pt., Singapore (1986).
3. P.C. Lorrain & D.R. Corson, 'Electromagnetic Fields and Waves',
W.H. Freeman & Co., New York (1978).
4. C.R. Paul & S.A. Nasar, 'Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
5. A.M. Portis, 'Electromagnetic Fields', John Wiley & Sons, New York
(1978).
6. D. Grifftns, An introduction to Dynamics, Prentice Hall, 1984 Jackson,
Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley, 1975
7. Ritze Millfadad Chiristy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory
27
ELECTRONICS 3 Cr.h
Special Diodes: Zener diodes, Zener regulators, Varactor diodes, Schottky

diodes, Light emitting diodes, Photodiodes, Tunnel diodes, Varistors and
their applications.
Transistor Circuits: Bipolar transistors; parameters and ratings, Ebers-

Moll, Hybrid-p and h,z and y-parameter models, Switching circuits, Biasing
and stability, Common emitter, Common base and common collector
amplifiers, Frequency response, Power class A, B, and C amplifiers, Field
Effect
FET: Transistors; Junction FET, MOSFET, Operation and construction,

Biasing, Common source and common drain amplifiers, Frequency
response. Multistage Amplifiers; RC coupled and direct coupled stages, The
differential amplifiers, Negative feedback, Tuned RF Voltage amplifiers, I-F
Amplifiers and automatic gain control.,
Operational Amplifiers: Ideal op-amps, Simple op-amp arrangements, its

data and sheet parameters, Non inverting and inverting circuits, Feedback
and stability, Op-amp applications; Comparators, Summing, Active filters,
Integrator and Differentiator, Instrumentation amplifier.
Oscillators: Armstrong, Hartley, CMOSS, Colpit's Phase shift and 555 timer
oscillators.
Voltage Regulators: Series, Shunt and switching regulators. Power supply.
Books Recommended
1. J. Millman & C.C. Halkias, 'Integrated Electronics', McGraw Hill Book

Company, Singapore (Latest Edition).
2. T.L. Floyd, 'Electronic Devices', Merril Publishing Company Columbus
(1988).
3. A.P. Malvino, 'Electronic Principles', Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
(1988).
4. D.B. Bell, 'Electronic devices & Circuits', Reston Publishing Company
Inc., Virginia (1980).
5. C.J. Savant Jr. M.S. Roden, G.L. Carpenter, 'Electronic Design Circuit
& Systems', The Bengamin/Cummings Publishing Co., California
(1991).
28
THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Basic postulates, fundamental equations
and equations of state, response functions Maxwell's relation, reduction of
derivatives.
Elements of Probability Theory: Probabilities, distribution functions,
statistical interpretation of entropy, Boltzmann H-theorem.
Formulation of Statistical Methods: Ensembles, counting of states (in
classical and quantum mechanical systems, examples) partition function,
Boltzmann distribution. Formation of Microcononical, canonical and grand
canonical partion function.
Partition Function: Relations of partition function with thermodynamic
variables, examples (collection of simple harmonic oscillators, Pauli and
Van Vleck paramagnetics, Theorem of equipartition of energy.
Statistical Systems: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac
statistical systems. Examples of thermodynamics of these systems; Black
body radiations, Gas of electrons in solids.
Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Systems: Lattice vibrations in solids;
Van der Waals Gas: mean field calculation; Ferromagnets in Mean Field
Approximation.
Advanced Topics: Fluctuations, Bose-Einstein Condensation, Introduction
to density matrix approach.
Books Recommended
1. F. Mandl, Statistical Physics, ELBS/John Willey, 2nd Ed. 1988.
2. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw
Hill, 1965.
Lab-V & VI
• To study the characteristics of a Geiger-Muller counter and to
examine the attenuations of beta particles in Al-and Pb foils.
• Measurement of the half life of a radio nuclide. To study the pulse-
height as a function of the H.H.T. in a scintillation counter.
• Measurement of the spectrum of gama rays from a radioisotope.
Shielding and attenuation of gamma rays.
• To study the characteristics of a solid-state detector and use it to
measure the spectra of alpha and beta particles.
• Use of a Lithium-drifted Ge-counter for gamme spectroscopy and to
compare its performance with that of a nal-detector.
• AC circuits and dielectric constants of water and ice.
• Radio frequency measurement. Skin effect, etc.
29
• Experiments with transmission lines.
• Measurement of characteristic impedance. Velocity. Standing wave
ratio, etc.
• Study of random processes and fluctuations in random processes
(Poission distribution, etc.) Measurement of transistor hybrid
parameters.
• To build and investigate the properties of hard value multivibrators.
• Transistor pulse-circuitry (three types of flipflop and the Schmidt
trigger circuit).
• Design of high or medium voltage dc power supply and measurement
of the voltage regulation. Ripple factor etc.
• Design of an L.F.R.C. coupled amplifier and a study of its
characteristics.
• Design of high or medium voltage dc power supply and measurement
of the voltage regulation. Ripple factor, etc.
• Design of a medium wave T.R.F. or superheterdyne receiver and
measurement of its sensitivity. Power out-put selectivity, etc. the
operational amplifier.
• To design and build a linear integrator to enable digitization of photo-
multiplier pulses, or to design and build a height-to-width converter.
• To design and build a lotic circuit (using AND/OR/NOR gates) for
performing a given function.
• Study of leaser parameters. Gain characteristics and spectral
response of a photo-multiplier tube.
N.B. At least 5 experiments in each semester is the required minimum.
Books Recommended:
1. H.Mark and H.T. Olsono. Experiments in Modern Physics (McGraw-
Hill).
2. A.C. Melissinos. Experiments in Modern Physics (Academic).
3. R.J. Higgings. Experimental Electronics (McGraw-Hill).
NUCLEAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h

History: Starting from Bacqurel’s discovery of radioactivity to Chedwick’s
neutron.
Basic Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear size, mass, binding energy, nuclear

spin,magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moment, parity and statistics.
Nuclear Forces: Yukawa's theory of nuclear forces. Nucleon scattering,
charge independence and spin dependence of nuclear force, isotopic spin.
30
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model; Fermi gas model, Shell model;
Collective model.
Theories of Radioactive Decay: Theory of Alpha decay and explanation of

observed phenomena, measurement of Beta ray energies, the magnetic
lens spectrometer, Fermi theory of Beta decay, Neutrino hypothesis, theory
of Gamma decay, multipolarity of Gamma rays, Nuclear isomerism.
Nuclear Reactions: Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value and

threshold energy of nuclear reaction, energy level and level width, cross
sections for nuclear reactions, compound nucleolus theory of nuclear
reaction and its limitations, direct reaction, resonance reactions, Breit-
Wigner one level formula including the effect of angular momentum.
Books Recommended:
1. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977.

2. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics, Addison-Wisely, 1980.
3. Green, Nuclear Physics, McGraw Hill, 1995.
4. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
5. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999.
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Computer Languages: A brief introduction of the computer languages like

Basic, C. Pascal etc and known software packages of computation.
Numerical Methods: Numerical Solutions of equations, Regression and

interpolation, Numerical integration and differentiation. Error analysis and
technique for elimination of systematic and random errors.
Modeling & Simulations: Conceptual models, The mathematical models,

Random numbers and random walk, Doing Physics with random numbers,
Computer simulation, Relationship of modeling and simulation. Some
systems of interest for physicists such as Motion of Falling objects, Kepler's
problems, Oscillatory motion, Many particle systems, Dynamic systems,
Wave phenomena, Field of static charges and current, Diffusion,
Populations genetics etc.
Books Recommended
1. M. L. De Jong, 'Introduction to Computational Physics', Addison

Wesley Publishing Company Inc., Massachusetts (1991).
2. S.T. Koonini, Computational Physics', The Benjamin/Coming
Publishing Inc., California (1986).
31
3. P.K. Macheown & D.J. Merman, Computational Techniques in
Physics' Adm Hilger, Bristol (1987).
4. H. Gould & J. Tobochnik, 'An Introduction to Computer Simulation
Methods', Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Rading
Massachusetts(1988).
5. S.C. Chapra & R.P. Chanle, 'Numerical Methods for Engineers with
Personal Computer Applications, McGraw Hill Book Company, New
York (1965).
SOLID STATE PHYSICS-I 3Cr.h
Simple crystal structure. Principles of X-ray diffraction with the concept of

reciprocal lattice. Interatomic forces and type of bonding. Lattice vibrations:
thermal, acoustic and optical properties. Free electron theory of metals.
Introductory band theory of solids. Simple Fermi surfaces.
Books Recommended
1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John

Wiley.
2. M.A. Omer, Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison-Wesley Pub.
Co.1974.
3. S.O.Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub. 2003.
SOLID STATE PHYSICS-II 3Cr.h

Transport properties of solids. Boltzmann equation. Point defects and
dislocations in solids. Dielectrics. Dia, Para and Ferro-magnetism. Magnetic
relaxation and resonance phenomena. Superconductivity and devices.
Introduction to superconductivity with applications.
Books Recommended
1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John
Wiley.
2. S.O.Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub. 2003.
3. W.T. Read Jr. Dislocations in crystals, McGraw Hill, 1991.
4. C.M. Kachaava, Solid State Physics, Tata McGraw Hill. Co. New
Delhi, 1989.
5. J.R. Christman, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1988.
6. H.E. Hall, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
7. A. Guinier & R. Jullien, The Solid State, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 1989.
32
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Review of Bohr’s theory, Sommerfeld model, Frank Hertz Experiment, Stern

Gerlack Experiment, Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom, quantum
numbers, radiative transitions, selection rules, normal Zeeman effect Many
body atom, Pauli exclusion principle, Spin orbit coupling LS coupling,
Hartree method, X-ray spectra.
Molecular spectra: Ionic and covalent bonding, diatomic molecula-rotational,

vibrational, and electronic spectra, Polyatomic molecules. Blackbody
radiation, Einstein c-efficient and stimulated emission, pumping schemes,
characteristic of laser beam, resonators, different types of lasers.
Books Recommended
1. Anne, P. Thorn, Spectrophysics, 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, 1988.

2. B.H. Bransden and C.J.Joachain, Physics of atoms and molecules,
Longmans, London, 1983.
3. Robert Eisberg, and Robert Resnick, Quantum Physics of atoms,
molecules, solids, nuclei and particles, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons,
1985.
4. B.B. Laud, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, 2nd ed. Wiley Eastern
Limited, New Delhi, 1991.
5. Koichi Shimoda, Introduction to Laser Physics, Springer Verlag, 1983.
PROJECT 3 Cr.h
Lab-VII
• Measurement of the total neutron cross-section.
• To prove the Rutherford law of scattering of charged particles.
• Measurement of the spectrum of gamma rays from a radioisotope
(e.g.Cs) and study of their photoelectric and Compton absorption.
• Source strength of Co60 by gamma coincidence methods.
• Determination of the constituents of substance by activation analysis.
• To examine the characteristics of a Solid-State detector and to use it
for alpha and beta Spectroscopy and compare the results with those
obtained by a scintillation counter.
• Use of an analogue computer for solving differential equations.
• To examine the stopping-power of various substances for thermal
neutrons.
• Determination of Planck’s constant (h) by using the photoelectric
effect.
• Determination of the charge on an electron (e) by Millikan’s method.
33
• The Frank-hertz experiment (Measurement of excitation potential of
Hg).
• Determination of the Rydberg constant from the spectrum of
hydrogen.
• Fabry-Perot interferometer used as a gas refractometer.
• To study the Zeeman effect for a line in the spectrum of helium.
• Experiments with microwaves. Study of their optical properties.
• Electron spin resonance (E.S.R.) by microwave absorption.
• Nuclear magnetic resonance (N.M.R.) of protons in water.
• The study of the Mossbauer effect.
• The measurement of the Hall effect in germanium and silicon.
• To build a medium or short-wave transmitter.
• Measurement of the conductivity of Si and Ge as a functions of
temperature.
• To determine the energy gap in silicon and Germanium.
• Drift mobility. (Shockley-Haynes experiments for Germanium,
demonstrating transistor action).
• Simple diode manufacture and point-contact transistor.
N.B. At least 5 experiments in each semester in the required minimum.
Books Recommended:
1. H.Mark and N.T. Olson, Experiments in Modern Physics (McGraw-Hill).

2. A.C. Melissionos, Experiments in Modern Physics (Academic).
3. T.S. Gray, Applied Electronics (John-Wiley and Sons).
NOTE: 1. Universities should follow their own programmes of Lab-V

to VII.
2. Prof. Asghar will also provide the details of labs Lab-V to

VII Phy-309, Phy-310, Phy-407.
34
DETAIL OF OPTIONAL COURSES
FOR BS PART (IV)
PLASMA PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Introduction, Occurrance of plasma. Concept of temperature. Debye

shielding. The plasma parameter. Criteria for plasma. Applications of
plasma physics. Single-particle motion in electromegnatic field. Uniform and
nonuniform E and B fields. Time-variant E and B fields. Fluid description of
plasma. Wave propagation in plasma. Derivation of dispersion relations for
simple electrostatic and electromagnetic modes. Introduction to Controlled
Fusion: Basic nuclear fusion reactions. Reaction rates and power density,
radiation losses from plasma, operational conditions.
Books Recommended:
1. F.F.Chen, Introduction to plasma Physics, 2nd ed. (Plenum).

2. N.A.Krall and A.W.Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics, 1973
(McGraw Hill).
3. S.Glasstone and R.H.Lovberg, Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions,
1960 (D.Van Nestrand).
SURFACE PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
An Introduction to Surfaces: What is a surface? The energetics and

thermodynmics of creating a surface. An introduction to surface Physics.
Surface energies and the Wulff Theorem.
Studying Surfaces: What is UHV? Do we need UHV to study surfaces?

The kinetic theory of gases, concept of vacuum and standard vacuum
hardware components. Comparison of different types of pumps with
measurement of vacuum pressure. Preparing a clean surface.
Surface Structures and Reconstructions: Lattice concept. 3 D crystal

structures, 2D surface structures. Specific types of surface, fcc, hcp, bcc
and stepped surfaces and a discussion of their relative energies. More
complex ceconstruction, stability, growth mechanisms, adsorption.
Desorption and experimental probes of surface structure such a LEED and
RHEED. The structure of semi-conductor surfaces. The surface structures
of very small metal particles.
Adsorption, Desorption Bonding , Catalysis and Growth Processes:

Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics chemisorption vs. physiorption, the
kinetics of adsorption, potential energy curves and adsorption energetics.
35
Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics for low coverages Langmuir Isotherms,
derivation, adsorbate phase diagrams and phase transitions.
The Structure of Adsorbate Layers: Experimental probes of surface

structure such as LEED and RHEED. Growth processes, vibrational
spectroscopy, catalysis, Desorption.
The Electronics and Magnetic Structure of Surfaces: Band theory, Free

electron theories and the work function. The electronic structure of
semiconductor surfaces, Electron emission processes. Magnetic processes
at surfaces.
Electron-Surface Interactions: Electron diffraction and quasi – elastic

scattering, comparison of particle scattering techniques. Electron
spectroscopes, Discussion of the merits of different types of electron energy
analysers and electron deterctors. Signal processing and spectral analysis.
Theory and practice of Auger electron spectroscopy, Quantification of Auger
spectra, Auger depth. Profiling.
Atom/ion surface interactions: Comparison of particle scattering

techniques, An Introduciton to the theory and practice of SIMS, SIMS
imaging and depth profiling, Auger depth profiling, theory and practice of
Rutherford. Back scattering.
Surface Microscopy: Classification of microscopy techniques, Basic

concepts in surface imaging and localized spectroscopy, Imaging XPS,
Optical microscopy, STEM. SEM. SPM. An introduction to the theory and
practice of scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Scanning probe microscopy
techniques, Atomic Force Microscopy.
Books Recommended
1. John A. Venables, Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes

Cambridge University Press (2000).
FLUID DYNAMICS 3 Cr.h
Basic Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals of Continuum mechanics,

Kinematics of the flow field, The continuity equation, governing equations of
fluid motion, Incompressible flows, Compressible flows, Thin aerofoil.
Boundary Layer Theory: Laminar Boundary layer, Turbulent Boundary

layer. Reynold’s number.
Computational Fluid dynamics-I: Introduction to numerical computation,

Introduction to numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equation’s using
36
multi-step methods, Boundary value problems, Introduction to solution of
Partial Differential Equiation’s using finite difference methods Advanced
Techniques.
Computational Fluid Dynamics-II: Governing equations in integral and

differential form, Reduced forms of governing equations, The finite volume
method, Incompressible and compressible flow & their methods, Discrete
methods for the steady state and time
dependent advection diffusion equation, The pressure correction method on
staggered and unstaggered grids, Time marching schemes, Incorporation of
turbulence models, Schemes for solving large algebraic systems, Use of a
commercial code for the predication off complex flows.
Experimental Methods: Introduction to laboratory techniques, Laboratory

sessions (preceded by lectures): water waves, air flow past a cylinder aero
foils, hydraulic jumps, vortex shedding and vibrations, turbulent jets and
plumes.
Books Recommended
1. H.Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Doer, 6th edition 1993.
2. White, F.M. Viscous flud flow (second Edition), Mcgraw Hill, 1991.
3. P.J. Roache, “Computational Fluid Dynamics”, Albuquerque, N.M.,
Hemosa Publishers.
4. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere,
1980.
5. K.A. Hoffmann and S.T. Chiang. Computational Fluid Dynamics for
Engineers, Vol.1 & 11, 1993.
METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h

Vacuum Techniques: Gas Transport: Throughout, Pumping Speed, Pump
down Time Ultimate pressure. Fore-Vacuum Pumps: Rotary Oil pumps;
sorption pumps. Diffusion pumps, sorption pumps (High Vacuum).
Production of ultrahigh vacuum; Fundamental concepts; guttering pumps;
Ion pumps; Cryogenic pumps; Turbo molecular pumps. Measurement of
total pressure in Vacuums Systems; Units pressure ranges; Manometers;
Perini gauges; The McLoad gauges; Mass spectrometer for partial
measurement of pressure. Design of high Vacuum system; Surface to
Volume ratio; Pump Choice; pumping system design. Vacuum Components;
Vacuum valves; vacuum Flanges; Liquid Nitrogen trap; Mechanical feed
throughs & Electrical feed throughs Leak detection: Basic consideration;
leak detection equipment; Special Techniques and problems; Repair
Techniques.
37
Radiation Detection and Measurement: GM tubes, scintillation detector,
channeltron, photo multipliers, neutron detectors, alpha/beta detectors, x-
rays/gamma detectors, cosmic rays detectors, Spectrographs and
Interferometers.
Sensor Technology: Sensors for temperature, pressure displacement,
rotation, flow, level, speed, rotation position, phase, current voltage, power
magnetic field, tilt, metal, explosive and heat.
Electronics and Electronic Instruments: Operational amplifiers, summing
amplifiers, difference amplifiers, Differentiators, Integrators, Logarithmic
amplifiers, current to voltage converter, Spectroscopy amplifiers, charge
sensitive pre-amplifiers, Coincidence circuits, Isolators, Ramp Generators,
and single channel analyzer. Power supplies, Signal Generators, Counters,
Multichannel analyzer, Lock in Amplifiers, Boxcar averages.
Computer Introduction: Introduction to computers, GPIB Interface, RS
232. Interfacing, DA/AD conversion, Visual c/visual Basic.
Data Analysis: Evaluation of measurement: Systematic Errors, Accuracy;
Accidental Errors, Precision, Statistical Methods; Mean Value and Variance;
Statistical Control of Measurements; Errors of Direct measurements,
Rejection of data; Significance of results; Propagation of errors; preliminary
Estimation; Errors of Computation. Least squares fit to a polynomial.
Nonlinear functions. Data manipulation, smoothing, interpolation and
extrapolation, linear and parabolic interpolation.
Books Recommended
1. H.D.Young, Statistical Treatment of Methods of Experimental Physics,
Academic Press, Inc. New York & London Vol.1.
2. J. Yarwood, High Vacuum Techniques, Chapman Hall.
3. P. Bevington, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for Physical
Science, McGraw Hill.
4. J.B.Toping, Errors of Observations, IOP, 1962.
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h

Introduction to the Essentials of Environmental Physics: The economic
system, living in green house, enjoying the sun, Transport of matter, Energy
and momentum, the social and political context.
Basic Environmental Spectroscopy: Black body radiation, The emission

spectrum of sun, The transition electric dipole moment, The Einstein
Coefficients, Lambert – Beer’s law, The spectroscopy of bi-molecules, Solar
UV and life, The ozone filter.
38
The Global Climate: The energy Balance, (Zero-dimensional Greenhouse
Model), elements of weather and climate, climate variations and modeling.
Transport of Pollutants: Diffusion, flow in reverse, ground water. Flow

equations of fluid Dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulence Diffusion, Gaussian
plumes in air, Turbulent jets and planes.
Noise: Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and noise criteria, reducing the
transmission of sound, active control of sound.
Radiation: General laws of Radiation, Natural radiation, interaction of

electromagnetic radiation and plants, utilization of photo synthetically active
radiation.
Atmosphere and Climate: Structure of the atmosphere, vertical profiles in

the lower layers of the atmosphere, Lateral movement in the atmosphere,
Atmospheric Circulation, cloud and Precipitation, The atmospheric
greenhouse effect.
Topo Climates and Micro Climates: Effects of surface elements in flat and
widely unduling areas, Dynamic action of seliq. Thermal action of selief.
Climatology and Measurements of Climate Factor: Data collection and

organization, statistical analysis of climatic data, climatic indices, General
characteristics of measuring equipments. Measurement of temperature, air
humidity, surface wind velocity, Radiation balance, precipitation,
Atmospheric Pressure, automatic weather stations.
Books Recommended
1. Egbert Booker and Rienk Van Gron Belle, Environmental Physics, 2nd
ed. John Wiley and sons. 1999.
2. Physics of Environmental and Climate, Guyot Praxis Publication.
1998.
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING 3 Cr.h

Computer technology and historical background; Basic principles and
postulates of quantum mechanics: Quantum states, evolution, quantum
measurement, superposition, quantization from bits to qubits, operator
function, density matrix, Schrodinger equation, Schmidt decomposition,
EPR and Bell’s inequality; Quantum Computation: Quantum Circuits, Single
qubit operation, Controlled operations, Measurement, Universal quantum
gates, Single qubit and CNOT gates; Breaking unbreakable codes: Code
making, Trapdoor function, One time pad, RSA cryptography, Code
breaking on classical and quantum computers, Schor’s algorithm; Quantum
Cryptography: Uncertainty principle, Polarization and Spin basis, BB84,
39
BB90, and Ekert protocols, Quantum cryptography with and without
eavesdropping, Experimental realization; Quantum Search Algorithm.
Books Recommended
1. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information by M. A. Nielson and
I. L. Chuang, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000.
2. Exploration in Quantum Computation by C.P. Williams and S. H.
Clearwater, Springer Verlag (1997).
3. The Physics of Quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography,
Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation by P. Bouwmester, A.
Ekert, and A. Zeilinger, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2000).
4. Mathematics of Quantum Computation by A.K.Brylinsky and G. Chen,
Chapman & Hall/CRC (2002).
SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES 3 Cr.h
Introduction and Fundamentals: Atoms and Electrons, Onset of Modern

Physics, Quantum Mechanics and the Periodic Table, Crystals and
Semiconductor Crystals; Bonds and Bands; Energy Bands of
Semiconductors;
Carriers in Semiconductors: Charge Carriers, Carrier Concentrations,

Drift of Carriers in Electric and Magnetic fields;
Excess Carriers in Semiconductors: Optical Properties, Carrier Lifetime,

Diffusion of Carriers;
Fabrication of PN Junction: Equilibrium Conditions, Forward and Reverse

Biased Junctions, Steady State, Reverse Bias Breakdown, Transient and
AC Conditions, Theory and Deviation from it;
Metal Semiconductor Junctions: Schottky barriers and Rectifiers, Ohmic

Contacts.
Field Effect Transistors: Transistor Operation, FET’s, Junction FET, Metal

– Semiconductor FET (MESFET), Metal Insulator FET (MISFET), MOSFET;
Bipolar Junction Transistors: Fabrication, Theory and Characteristics;
Optical Devices: LED’s, Laser Diodes, Photo-detectors;
Integration of Discrete Components on a chip: Fabrication Processes

and Technology
40
Text Book
1. Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banarjee, Solid State Electronic
Devices Printice Hall (5th Edition).
PARTICLE PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Particle Classification: Quantum numbers, leptons, hadrons, baryons,

mesons, quarks.
The Fundamental Interactions: The electromagnetic coupling, the strong

coupling, the weak coupling.
Symmetry Transformation and Conservation Laws: Translation in

space, rotation in space, the group SU (2), systems of identical particles,
parity, iso-spin charge conjugation, time reversal, G parity, CPT theorem.
The Electromagnetic Field: Gauge invariance and Maxwell’s equations,

polarization ad photon spin, angular momentum, parity and C parity of
photon.
Hadron Spectroscopy: Formation experiment, partial wave formalism and

the optical theorem, the Breit-Wigner resonance formula, baryon
resonances, phase space considerations, production experiments.
The Quark Model: The group SU (3), quarks, hadrons baryons, mesons in
quark model, heave meson spectroscopy, the quarkonium model.
The Standard Model (qualitative treatment only): Unification of weak and

electromagnetic interactions Glashow-Salam-Weinberg Model.
Books Recommended
1. Relatvistic Quantum Mechanics by Bjorken, J. D. and Drell, S.D.,

McGraw Hill, (1995).
2. Quarks and Leptons by Halzen, F. and Martin, A.D., John-Wiley and
Sons. (1984).
3. Quantum Mechanics by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin, World Scientific,
(1990).
4. Introduction to Elementary Particles by Griffiths, D., John-Wiley and
Sons, (1987).
41
SEMICONDUCTOR OPTOELECTRONICS DEVICES 3Cr.h
Basic Concepts: Elemental and Compound Semiconductor Materials,
Electronic Properties and their Importance to Optical properties of
Semiconductors;
Optical Processes in Semiconductors: Luminescence in
Semiconductors, Absorption and Emission, Absorption in Quantum Wells,
Exciton;
The Semiconductor Diode Laser: Broad area laser diodes, threshold
current density and quantum efficiency, light-current characteristic,
longitudinal mode spectra, lateral waveguides;
Quantum Well Heterostructure Lasers: Basics of quantum well lasers,
state filling in quantum well lasers, performance characteristics of QW
Lasers;
Strained Quantum Well Lasers: Electronic structure and gain;
High Speed Lasers: Rate equation analysis, laser dynamics, linewidth and
chirp, relative intensity noise, high-seed laser design, large-signal
modulation;
Reduced Dimension Structures: Quantum wire lasers, quantum dot
lasers;
LD Structures: Single-mode and tunable laser diodes, high-power
semiconductor lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs);
Additional topics in Optoelectronics: Semiconductor Photodetectors;
Photovoltaics; optical modulators; Introduction to Optical Fibers and optical
waveguides.
Recommended Books:
1. Jasprit Singh, Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Physics and
Technology, McGraw Hill, 1995.
2. Pallab Bhattacharya, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Prentice
Hall (1998).
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES 3 Cr.h
Energy Scenarios: Importance of energy, world primary energy sources,

energy demand, supplies, reserves, growth in demand, life estimates, and
consumption pattern of conventional energy sources: oil, gas, coal, hydro,
nuclear etc.
Energy & Environment: Emission of pollutants from fossil fuels and their
damaging effects, and economics impact; Renewable energy and its
sustainability.
42
Renewable Scenarios: Defining renewable, promising renewable energy
sources, their potential, availability, present status, existing technologies
and availability.
Solar Energy: Sun-Earth relationship, geometry, sun path and solar

irradiance, solar spectrum, solar constant, atmospheric effects, global
distribution, daily and seasonal variations, effects of till angle, resource
estimation, extraterrestrial, global, direct, diffused radiation, sun shine
hours, air mass, hourly, monthly and annual mean, radiation on tilt surface,
measuring instruments.
Solar Thermal: Flat plate collectors, their designs, heat transfer,

transmission through glass, absorption transmission of sun energy,
selective surfaces, performance, and efficiency; low temperature
applications: water heating, cooking, drying, desalination, their designs and
performance; concentrators, their designs, power generation, performance
and problems.
Photovoltaic: PV effect, materials, solar cell working, efficiencies, different
types of solar cells, characteristics, (dark, under illumination), efficiency
limiting factors, power, spectral response, fill-factor, temperature effect; PV
systems, components, packing fraction, modules, arrays, controllers,
inverters, storage, PV system sizing, designing, performance and
applications.
Wind: Global distribution, resource assessment, wind speed, height and

topographic effects, power extraction for wind energy conversion, wind mills,
their types, capacity, properties, wind mills for water lifting and power
generation, environmental effect.
Hydropower: Global resources, and their assessment, classification, micro,

mini, small and large resources, principles of energy conversion; turbines,
types, their working and efficiency for micro to small power systems;
environmental impact.
Biogas: Biomass sources; residue, farms, forest. Solid wastes: agricultural,

industrial and municipal wastes etc; applications, traditional and non-
traditional uses: utilization process, gasification, digester, types, energy
forming, Environment issues. Resources availability; digester, their types,
sizes, and working, gas production, efficiency; environmental effects;
Geothermal: Temperature variation in the earth, sites, potentials,

availability, extraction techniques, applications; water and space heating,
power generations, problems, environmental effects.
Waves and Tides: Wave motion, energy, potentials, sites, power

extraction, and transmission, generation of tides, their power, global sites,
43
power generation, resource assessment, problems, current status and
future prospects.
Hydrogen Fuel: Importance of H2 as energy carrier, Properties of H2,

production, hydrolysis, fuel cells, types, applications, current status and
future prospects.
Nuclear: Global generations of reserves through reprocessing and breeder

reactors, growth rate, prospects of nuclear fusion, safety and hazards issue.
Energy Storage: Importance of energy storage, storage systems,

mechanical, chemical, biological, heat, electrical, fuel cells etc.
Books Recommended
1. World Energy Supply: Resources, Technologies, Prospectives:

Manfred Grathwohl; Walter deGruyter – Berlin, 1982.
2. Renewable Energy Resources; John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir;
E & F.N. Spon Ltd. London. 1986.
3. An Introduction to Solar Radiation: Muhammad Iqbal; Academic
Press, Canada. 1983.
4. A Practical Guide to Solar Electricity, Simon Roberts: Prentice Hall
Inc. USA, 1991.
5. Solar Cells, Operating Principles, Technology, and system
Application: Martin A. Green; Printice Hall, Inc. USA, 1982.
6. Solar Engineering Technology; Ted. J. Jansen, Prentice Hall Inc.
USA, 1985.
7. Wind Power, A. and Book on Wind Energy Conversion System; V.
Daniel Hunt, Litton Educational Publishing Inc. 1981.
8. Biogas, Production and Utilization; Elizabeth C. Price, Paul N.
Cheremisinoff; Ann Arbor Science, USA, 1981.
9. Biomass, Catalysts and liquid fuels; Ian Campbell; Technonic
Publishing Co. Inc. USA, 1983.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 3 Cr.h
Theory of Signal: Signal and system, Classification of signals,

Classification of system, The exponential Fourier series. The trigonometric
Fourier series representation, Parseval’s theorem, The spectral density
function (Power and energy), The Fourier transform and its properties. Filter
characteristics of linear system, Time response of Filters. Correlation
function, Auto correlation function (periodic and non periodic), Cross-
Correlation function, Wiener-Khintchine theorem.
Noise in Communication system: Definition, types shot noise, Johnson

noise, calculation, noise, in bipolar, MOSFET, and IC’s signal to noise ratio,
44
figure of merit, noise temperature of a linear network and of cascaded
networks.
Amplitude Modulation: Introduction, different types of Modulation.

Mathematical representation of AM, frequency spectrum and power relation
in the AM wave. Modulation and Demodulation of AM (Suppressed carrier
and large carrier). Frequency Division Multiplexing, vestigial side-Band
modulation, Noise, in AM (Supressed carrier, SSB, DSB) the respective S/N
ratio and its comparison.
Frequency Modulation: Introduction, Mathematical representation,

frequency spectrum, Generation of FM single tone FM, Narrow Band FM,
wide Band FM, Demodulation of FM Preemphasis and De-emphasis.
Pulse Modulation: Pulse-amplitude Modulation (PAM), other types of pulse

Modulation (PWM, PPM). Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), comparison
between FDM and TDM, ratio in pulse Modulation.
Information Theory and Digital Data System: Definition, measure of

information, average information, entropy information rate. Capacity of a
Gaussian Channel, coding, algebraic codes with examples, error detection
and correction, convolutional codes, and its decoding, Redundancy,
Amplitude shift keying, phase shift keying, frequency shift keying, pulse
code modulation, delta, modulation, comparison of Digital Modulation
System.
Mobile Communications: Introduction to Personal Communication

Services (PCS); Generations of mobile communications; Cellular
Telephony: AMPS, GSM, CDMA/TDMA; Mobility management; Detection
and Assignment; Radio link transfer; Networking.
Books Recommended
1. Communication systems by Lathi.
2. Principles of Communication Systems by Taub Schilling.
3. Information, Transmission, Modulation and Noise by Schawarts.
4. Communication System by Hayking.
5. Electronics Communication by Kennedy.
6. Kennedy, J., Electronic Communication, 1999.
7. Hakies, M., Communication System, 1990, McGraw Hill.
8. Scherletz, R., Principles of communication, 1992, Prentice Hall.
9. Yi-Bing Lin, Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and Mobile Network
Architecture, Wiley (2001).
45
COMPUTER SIMULATION 3 Cr.h
Introduction: Importance of computers in physics, nature of computer

simulation, computer graphics and programming languages, Techniques
and class of computer simulation, Accuracy and stability of numerical
techniques, External points and strings, principles of vector computing in
Cartesian, spherical and cylindrical coordinates.
Numerical Approaches: Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, initial

(boundary) and eigen value problems, numerical integrations, special
functions and Guassian quadrarure, matrix operation, partial differential
equations (elliptic and parabolic types)
Simulation in Classical Physics: Motion of Falling Objects, One

Dimensional Dynamics (Accelerating cars and objects on springs), Two-
Dimensional Trajectories (Kepler’s Laws, Oscillatory Motions), Energy and
Center of Mass, Electric Fields and Potentials, LRC Circuits, Driven LRC
Circuits (Time varying), Wave phenomena (Fourier analysis, Coupled
oscillator), Interference, Diffraction and Polarization, Geometrical Optics
(Ray Tracing an Principle of Least Time), Electric Currents and Magnetic
Fields, Electromagnetic Waves.
Random Process and Quantum Physics: Random Number and their

uses, Random-walk problem, percolation theory, radioactivity and
radioactive decay series, Noise in Signal, Guassian Distribution, Distribution
Functions in Statistical Physics, Molecular Dynamics in Solids, Approaches
to Equilibrium, Monte- Carlo Simulation, Canonical and Micro-Canonical
Ensembles, Numerical Solution of time-independent (and dependent),
Schrodinger Wave Equation, Particle in Bound and Free States.
Computational Methods for Continuous Medium: Fluid equations,

Governing equation in integral and differential forms, Reduce forms of the
governing equation, finite volume method, compressible and incompressible
flow and their methods, Discrete methods for the steady state and time
dependent diffusion equation. The pressure-corection method on staggered
and unstaggered grids. Time marching schems, incorporation of furbulence
model, schemes for solving large algebric system, use of commercial code
for prediction of off complex flow, Raynold averaging and its applications to
Navier stokes equations. Mean and Turbulant kinetic energy equation,
Magnetohydrodynamics, Modelling ideal (MHD), resistive and viseus flow of
plasmas, thermal conduction and heat transport.
Books Recommended
1. Hillar, Johnston and Styer, Quantum Mechanics Simulation. (A Series
of the Consortium for upper level Physics software), John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. New York.1995.
46
Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2010
2. P.J. Roache, Computational
For Fluid Dynamics,
Evaluation Only. Albuquerque, N.M.
Hemosa Publishers. 1993.
3. Marvin L. De Jong, Introduction to Computational Physics, Addison
Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. New York, 1991.
5. D. Stauffer, F.W. Hehl, W. Winkelman and J.G. Zabolitzky, Computer
Simultation and Computer Algebra (Lectures for Beginers), Springer-
Verlage Berlin, New York, 1988.
6. Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochink, An Introduction to “Computer
Simulation Methods” Part-I & II, Addison Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc., New York. 1988.
imp DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 3 Cr.h
Review of Number Systems: Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number

system, their inter-conversion, concepts of logic, truth table, basic logic
gates.
Boolean Algebra: DeMorgan’s theorem, simplification of Boolean

expression by Boolean Postulates and theorem, K-maps and their uses.
Don’t care condition, Different codes. (BCD, ASCII, Gray etc.). Parity in
Codes
IC logic families: Basic characteristics of a logic family. (Fan in/out,

Propagation delay time, dissipation, noise margins etc. Different logic based
IC families (DTL, RTL, ECL, TTL, CMOS).
Combinational logic circuit: Logic circuits based on AND – OR, OR-AND,

NAND, NOR Logic, gate design, addition, subtraction (2’s compliments, half
adder, full adder, half subtractor, full subtractor encoder, decoder, PLA.
Exclusive OR gate.
Sequential Logic Circuit: Flip-flops clocked RS-FF, D-FF, T-FF, JK-FF,

Shift Register, Counters (Ring, Ripple, up-down, Synchronous) A/D and D/A
Converters.
Memory Devices: ROM, PROM, EAPROM, EE PROM, RAM, (Static and

dynamic) Memory mapping techniques.
Micro Computers: Computers and its types, all generation of computers,

basic architecture of computer, micro processor (ALU, UP Registers,
Control and Time Section). Addressing modes, Instruction set and their
types, Discussion on 8085/8088, 8086 processor family, Intel
Microprocessor Hierarchy;
47
Micro-controller/ Embedded System: Introduction to Embedded and
microcontroller based systems; The Microprocessor and microcontroller
applications and environment; microcontroller characteristics; features of a
general purpose microcontroller; Microchip Inc and PIC microcontroller;
Typical Microcontroller examples:, Philips 80C51 & 80C552 and Motorola
68Hc05/08; Interfacing with peripherals.
Books Recommended
1. Larry D. Jones, Principles and applications of digital electronics,
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.
2. Digital System Design and Micro possessor J.C. BORTIE (NBF).
3. McMillan, Micro Electron, McGraw Hill.
4. Digital Logic and Computer Design Morris Mono 1995 Prentic Hall
5. Tocheim, Digital Electronics, (1999).
6. Barrey B. Brey, Intel UPS Architecture, programming and interfacing,
Prentic Hall (1998).
7. T.L.Floyd, Digital Fundamental, 8th edition.
8. Tim Wilmshurst, The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems,
Palgrave (2003).
EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Nuclear Radiation Detection and Measurements: Interaction of nuclear

radiation with matter; photographic emulsions; Gas-filled detectors;
Scintillation counters and solid-state detectors; Cloud chambers; Bubble
chambers.
Charged Particle Accelerators: linear and orbital accelerators Van de

Graaff, Cyclotron; Betatron; Synchrocyclotron; Electron-Synchrotrons;
Proton-synchrotron; Alternating-gradient Synchrotron.
Neutron Physics: Neutron Sources, Radioactive sources, Photo neutron

sources Charged particle sources, Reactor as a neutron source, slow
neutron detectors, fast neutron detectors, Measurement of neutron cross-
sections as a function of energy, slowing down of neutrons, Nuclear fission,
Description of fission reaction, Mass distribution of fission energy. Average
number of neutrons released, Theory of fission and spontaneous fission,
Nuclear chain reaction and applications.
Elementary Reactor Physics: Controlled fission reactions, Types of

nuclear reactors (Power and Research), Detailed study of PWR and
CANDU type reactors.
48
Books Recommended
1. Glenn, F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley,
1989.
2. William, R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics,
Spinger, 1994.
3. Philips Berington and D. Keith, Data Detection and Error analysis for
physical sciences, 2002.
4. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977.
5. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
6. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999.
LASERS 3 Cr.h
Introductory Concepts: Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, Stimulated

Emission, Pumping Schemes, Absorption and Stimulated Emission Rates,
Absorption and Gain Coefficients, Resonance Energy Transfers. Properties
of Laser Beam: Monochromaticity, Coherence, Directionality, Brightness.
Spectroscopy of Molecule and Semiconductors: Electronic Energy

Levels, Molecular Eenergy Levels, Level Occupation at Thermal
Equilibrium, Stimulated Transition, Selection Rules, Radiative and
Nonradiative Decay, Semiconductor Quantum Wells, Strained Quantum
Wells Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots.
Optical Resonators: Plane Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator, Concentric

(Spherical) Resonator, Confocal, Resonator, Generalized Spherical
Resonator, Ring Resonator, Stable Resonators, Unstable Resonators. ,
Matrix Formulation of Geometrical Optics, Wave Reflection and
Transmission at a Dielectric Interface, Stability Condition Standing and
Traveling Waves in a two Mirror Resonator, Longitudinal and Transverse
Modes in a Cavity, Multilayer Dielectric Coatings, Fabry-Perot
Interferometer. Small Signal Gain and Loop Gain.
Pumping Processes: Optical pumping: Flash lamp and Laser, Threshold

Pump Power, pumping efficiency, Electrical Pumping: Longitudinal
Configuration and Transverse Configuration, Gas Dynamics Pumping,
Chemical Pumping.
Continuous Wave (CW) and pulsed lasers Rate Equations, Threshold

Condition and Output Power, Optimum Output Coupling, Laser Tuning,
Oscillation and Pulsations in Lasers, Q-Switching and Mode-Locking
Methods, Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, and Group-Delay Dispersion, Line
broadening.
49
Lasers Systems : Solid State Lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd: YAG & Nd: Glass
Lasers and Semiconductor Lasers: Homojunction Lasers Double-
Heterostructure lasers, Gas lasers: Helium Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen
Laser and Excimer Lasers, Free-Electron and
X-Ray Lasers
Laser applications: Material Processing: Surface Hardening, Cutting,

Drilling, Welding etc. Holography, Laser Communication, Medicine, Defense
Industry, Atmosphereic Physics
Books Recommended
1. O. Svelto, Principles of Lasers, Plenum Press New York & London

(1992).
2. J. Eberly and P. Milonni, Lasers, Wiley, New York. (Latest Edition).
Scully and Zubairy, Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press
(1997).
3. A.E. Siegman, Laser, University, Science Books Mill Valley, C.A.
(1986).
4. H. Haken, Laser Theory, Springer, Berlin (Latest Edition).
5. W. T. Silfvast, Laser Fundamentals, latest edition.
MEDICAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Medical Imaging: Diagnostic X-rays, Production of X-rays, absorption of X-

ray to other planes, partial volume effect, Artifacts, Contrast agents in
conventional radiography and CT, Diagnostic Ultrasound, Doppler effect,
Radionuclide imaging, Camera position emission tomography (PET),
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Contrast agents for MRI.
Radiation Dosimetry: History of Absorbed Dose, Stochastic and Non-

Stochastic qualities, Units for Absorbed Dose, Absorbed Dose Calorimeters,
Exposure and its measurements. The free-air chamber, Exposure
measurement with calibrated cavity chamber. The concept of Kerma,
absorbed Dose in air, Absorbed dose in other materials. Factors converting
exposure to absorbed Dose. Calibrations in terms of air Kerma, Calibrations
in terms of Absorbed Dose. High energy calibrations, the Bragg-Gray Cavity
theory.
Methods of Dosimetry: Calorimeters, ionization chambers, chemical

Dosimetry, Thermoluminescene Dosimetry (TLD), photographic Dosimetry,
Scintillation Detectors, other Dosimetric Systems.
50
Radiation Protection: Cardinal principles of radiation protection minimize
time, maximizes distance, maximize shielding. Time, distance and shielding,
maximum permissible dose. Whole-body occupational exposure, whole-
body non-occupational exposure, partial body occupational exposure, X-
rays and pregnancy, Basic radiation safety criteria, effective dose-
equivalent, allowable limit on intake (ALI), inhaled radioactivity, derived air
concentration, Gastrointestinal tract, Basic of radiation safety regulations.
Nuclear radiation hazard.
Attachment with same hospital where Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy is

available and at the end student has submit a report.
Books Recommended:
1. Herman Cember, Introduction to health Physics, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill,

New York, 1996.
2. J.R.Williams, D.I.Thwaits, Radiotherapy Physics, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1993.
3. Peter Armstrong and Martin L.Wastie, Diagnostic Imaging, 4th ed.,
Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 1998.
4. Stewart C. Bushong, Radiologic Science of Technologies, 5th ed.,
Mosby, 1993.
5. J.R.Greening, Funadmentals of Radiation Dosimetry, 2nd ed., Adam
Hilger Ltd. Bristol 1985.
6. Knol, G.F., Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2nd ed., Willey,
New York, 1980.
7. Kathren, Health Physics, Pergamon Press.
8. Edwin, G.A. Arid, Physics of Medical Imaging, Heinemann, 1988.
RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY 3 Cr.h
Special Relativity: Galilen relativity, concept of ether, Michelson-Morley

experiment, Eistein’s postulates of special relativity, Lorentz
transformations, structure of spacetime, Minkowski spacetime tensors, the
light-cone, line element, four-vectors, relativity of simultaneity, time dilation,
proper time, length contraction, time paradox, velocity transformation and
velocity addition.
Relativistic Mechanics: Force equation in relativity, rest mass, kinetic and

total energy, conservation of energy and momentum.
Elements of Tensor Calculus: Manifolds and coordinates, curves and

surfaces, tensor fields, Lie derivative, geodestics, Riemann tensor, metric
tensor.
51
General Relativity: Principles of general relativity, equation of geodesics
deviation, Einstein’ s field equations.
Cosmology: Newtonian cosmology, cosmological redshift, Hubble’s law,
microwave background, the Big Bang expansion rate, matter and radiation
domination, history of the universe.
Books Recommended:
1. W.D.McComb, Dynamics and Relativity, Oxford University Press,
1999.
2. J.V.Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press,
1989.
3. R.D.D’Inverno, Introducing Einstein’s Relativity, Oxford University
Press, 1992.
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 3 Cr.h

Synoptic Meteorology: Composition & structure of a atmosphere, ICAO
standard atmosphere, Weather elements, Air mass classification,
Thermodynamic characteristics, General Circulation.
Atmospheric thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics and
enthalpy; adiabatic processes and potential temperature. The second law of
thermodynamics; entropy; thermodynamics of water vapor and moist air;
Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation; Aerological diagrams, selection of
coordinates; choice of diagram; analysis of tephigram.
Methods of Surface Observation & Codes: Reading of routine
observations, barometric corrections & reduction, reading, setting &
maintenance of thermometers, surface codes, Aeronautical cods (Speci &
Metar).
Books Recommended:
1. Hand Book Of Applied Meteorology Hougton (Publisher: Wiley), 1st
Edition, 1985.
2. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens (Publisher: Prentice Hall),
International Edition, 1998.
3. Atmospheric Physics by J.V. Irinarne (Publisher: D.Reidel Pub. Co.), 1st
Edition, 1980.
4. Applied Climatology by Russell D. Thompson (Publisher: Routledge),
1st Edition, 1997.
5. Essentials of Meteorology by C. Donald Ahrens (Publisher:
Brooks/Calc), 3rd Edition, 2001.
6. Atmosphertic Science by John M. Wallace (Publisher: Academic
Press), 1st Edition, 1997.
52
CURRICULUM IN MS-PHYSICS
A sub-committee meeting to revise the curriculum for MS level was
held on July 30, 2005 at HEC Regional Centre, Lahore, following experts
attend the meeting:-
1. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqsood, Convener

Professor,
Department of Physics,
Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad.
2. Prof. Muhammad Maroof Khushk, Member

Chairman,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
3. Dr. Mohammad Arshad Ch. Member

Professor,
Islamia University, Bahawalpur.
4. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Member

University of the Punjab,
Lahore.
5. Dr. Muhammad Shahid Rafiq, Member

University of Engg. & Tech.,
Lahore.
6. Prof. Dr. M. Younus Nadeem, Member

Chairman,
B.Z. University, Multan.
7. Dr. Shaukat Ali Shahid, Member

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
8. Prof. Dr. Qurban Ali Bhatti, Member

Chairman,
Shah Abdul Latif University,
Khairpur.
53
SCHEME OF STUDIES
M.S., Physics (two years/four semester)
Course work (Ist & 2nd Semester) = 24 credit hours

Research Thesis (3rd & 4th Semester) = 6 credit hours
Total: = 30 credit hours
COMPULSORY/CORE COURSES
SR. COURSE TITLE OF THE COURSE CRH.

NO. CODE.
1. Phy. 501 Methods of Mathematical Physics 3
2. Phy. 502 Methods and Techniques of Experimental Physics 3
OPTIONAL COURSES (six courses out of the following are to be taken)
3. Phy. 503 Electrodynamics 3

4. Phy. 504 Quantum Electrodynamics 3
5. Phy. 505 Solid State Physics 3
6. Phy. 506 Solid State Theory 3
7. Phy. 507 Material Science - I 3
8. Phy. 508 Material Science – II 3
9. Phy. 509 Atomic and Electron Physics - I 3
10 Phy. 510 Atomics and Electron Physics – II 3
11 Phy. 511 Advanced Nuclear Theory - I 3
12 Phy. 512 Advanced Nuclear Theory - II 3
13 Phy. 513 Quantum Field Theory – I 3
14 Phy. 514 Quantum Field Theory - II 3
15 Phy. 515 Laser Physics - I 3
16 Phy. 516 Laser Physics - II 3
17 Phy. 517 Plasma Physics - I 3
18 Phy. 518 Plasma Physics - II 3
19 Phy. 519 Computational Physics - I 3
20 Phy. 520 Computational Physics - II 3
21 Phy. 521 Physics of Non-linear Systems 3
22 Phy. 522 Advanced Techniques of Experimental Physics. 3
23 Phy. 523 Micro-Electronics and Semi-Conductor Devices 3
24 Phy. 524 Images and Signal Processing 3
25 Phy. 525 Applied Nuclear Physics 3
26 Phy. 526 Group Theory 3
27 Phy. 527 Particle Physics 3
28 Phy. 528 Magnetic Materials 3
29 Phy. 529 Renewable Energy Resources 3
30 Phy. 530 Conduction in Solids 3
54
31 Phy. 531 Advanced Medical Physics. 3
32 Phy. 532 Soil Physics 3
33 Phy. 533 Environmental and Atmospheric Physics 3
Note:
¾ Universities can add more courses according to their resources.

¾ The contents of the courses given are the guidelines. Each
university may modify the code No. and contents under the same
course title according to its needs.
¾ More reference books can be added in each course as required.
¾ Universities may develop course details for the courses where it
is not provided.
55
DETAILS OF COURSES
COMPULSORY COURSES
METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
Linear differential equations and special functions. Separation of

coordinates. Series solution. The Wronskian. Two regular singular points.
Three regular singular points. The hypergeometric series. Asymptotic
series. One regular and one irregular singular point. Integral
representations. Green's functions. Types of boundary conditions.
Differential equations and Green's functions. Source points and boundary
points. Green's functions for steady waves. Wave equation. Diffusion
equation.
Books Recommended:
1. P.M.Morse and H.Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics (McGraw-

Hill).
2. G.N. Watson. Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions (Cambridge
D.P.).
3. P.Dennerv and AKrzvwicki. Mathematics for Physicists (Harper and
Row).
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Numerical methods. Solutions of equations by the method of iteration

(Newton-Raphron method). Solution of differential equations of higher order.
Gaussian quadrature. Random numbers. Monte-Carlo methods. Resume of
theory of errors and experimental statistics. Least-squares fit to a
polynomial. Nonlinear functions. Data manipulation, smoothing, interpolation
and extrapolation, linear and parabolic interpolation. High vaccum
techniques. Physical principles of diffusion and rotary pumps. Ultra high
vaccum by ionization. Sorption and cryogenics. Measurement of pressure.
Leak detection. X-ray. electron and neutron diffraction techniques. Methods
of recording diffraction patterns. Examples of structure determination.
Analysis of results.
Books Recommended:
I. R.L.Horovitz and V.A.Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics

(Academic).
2. D.Williams, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic).
3. L.V.Azaroff, Elements of X-Ray Crystallography (McGraw-Hill).
4. J.Yarwood, High Vacuum Technique (Chapman Hall).
56
5. P.Bevington, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical
Sciences (McGraw-Hill).
OPTIONAL COURSES
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Maxwell's equations. Gauge transformation. Poynting vector. Conservation

laws. Plane electromagnetic waves in a nonconducting and conducting
medium. Polarization. Propagation in a dispersive medium. Reflection and
refraction. Total internal reflection. Radiation by moving charges. Lienard-
Wiechert potentials and fields. General angular and frequency distributions
of radiation from accelerated charges. Thompson scattering. Cherenkov
radiation. Fields and radiation of localized oscillating sources. Electric dipole
fields and radiation. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole fields.
Multipole fields. Multipole expansion of the electromagnetic fields. Angular
distributions. Sources of multipole radiation. Spherical wave expansion of a
vector plane wave. Scattering of electromagnetic wave by a conducting
sphere.
Books Recommended:
1. J.D.Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, General Edition (John-Wiley

and Sons), USA reprint 1993.
2. J.A.Stratton. Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill).
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Bloch's theorem and Brillouin zones. electronic states. Electron-electron

interaction. screening. Kohn effect. Dielectric constant. Plasma oscillations.
Dynamics of electrons. Electrons and holes. Excitons. Zenner breakdown.
Scattering of electrons by impurities. Electron-phonon interaction. Dynamics
of electrons. Optical properties. Multi-phonon processes. Interband
transitions. Interaction with conduction electrons. Anomalous skin effect.
Ultrasonic attenuation. Magnetism including paramagnetism. diamagnetism.
ferro-magnetism, antiferromagnetism and magnons. Superconductivity
including the electron-electron inter-actions. BCS theory and Ginsburg-
Landau theory.
Books Recommended:
I. R.E.Peierls. The Quantum Theory of Solids (Oxford V.P.).

2. J.M.Ziman. Principles of the Theory of Solids (Cambridge V.P.).
57
3. P.T.Landsberg, Solid State Theory (John-Wiley and Sons).
4. C.Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids (Jolm-Wiley and Sons).
5. M.Jones and N.H.March. Theoretical Solid State Physics (Wiley
Interscience).
MATERIALS SCIENCES I
Crystallography. Translational periodicity. Crystal classes. Crystal forms.
Point and space groups. Crystal growth. Methods of purification. Zone
refining. Zone levelling. Impurity control. Methods of perturbing the
concertration of impurities in semiconductors. Formation of n-p and n-p-n
junctions. Different techniques of growing single crystals. Structure of
materials. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Metallic bond. Van der Waal’s bond.
Polymer chains. Polymerization. Polymer processing. Ceramics. Oxide and
silicate. structures. Phase transformations. Fabrication technology of
semiconductor electronic devices
Books Recommended:
I. C.S.Barrett, Structure of Metals (McGraw-Hill).
2. W.D.Kingery, Introduction to Cel1Unics (Jolm-Wiley).
3. H.E.Buckley, Crystal Growth (Jolm-Wiley and Sons).
4. A. V.Tobolsky, Properties and Structure of Polymers (Jolm-wiley and
Sons).
5. F.c.Phillips, An Introduction to Crystallography (Jolm-Wiley and Sons).
6. A.H.Cottrell, Theory of Dislocations in Crystals (Gordon and Breach).
ATOMIC AND ELECTRON PHYSICS I
Resume of concepts of collision phenomena in ionized gases and surfaces.

Total collision cross-section, its analysis and measurement. Momentum
transfer cross-section, diffusion swarm of electrons, mean energy and drift
velocity. Theory and experimental methods for measurements. Elastic
scattering in a central force field. 80m approximation. Ionization and
excitation of atoms and molecules by electron impact. Inelastic collisions
between heavy particles at low energies and at high energies, theory and
experimental description.
Books Recommended:
I. E.M. McDanial, Collision Phenomena in Ionized gases (John-Wiley and
Sons).
2. 1.8. Hasted, Physics of Atomic Collisions (Butterworth).
3. H.S. W. Massey and E.H.S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon).
58
ADVANCED NUCLEAR THEORY I
Vibrational states of nuclei, Rotational states of nuclei, Nilsson potential;

Nuclear reaction cross-sections, Determination of cross-sections from the
conditions at the nuclear surface. The Reciprocity theorem of nuclear
reactions. The compound nucleus and the continum theory. Transmission of
potential barriers, Resonance theory (Qualitative and quantitative
treatments).
Books Recommended:
I. DeShalit A. and Feshback H., Theoretical Nuclear Physics Vol, 1, John

Wiley (1974).
2. Roy R.K and Nigam B.P. Nuclear Physics, John Wiley (1967).
3. Blatt J.M. and Weisskopf V.F., Theoretical Nuclear Physics, John Wiley
(1952).
LASER PHYSICS I
Review of quantum mechanics. Interaction of radiation and atomic systems.

The density matrix. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of
atomic transitions. Gain and saturation effects. Hole burning. Optical
resonators. Gaussian beams. Laser oscillation. Rate equations for a laser
oscillator. Amplitude fluctuations and spiking. Some specific laser systems.
Q-switching and mode locking. Focusing of laser beams. .
Books Recommended:
1. Amnon Variv, Quantum Electronics (John-Wiley and Sons).

2. M.Sargent III, M.O.Scully and W.E.Lamb Jr. Laser Physics (Addison-
Wesley).
3. A.Maitland and M.H.Dunn, Laser Physics (North-Holland).
4. A.E.Siegman, An Introduction to Lasers and Masers (McGraw-Hill).
5. William S.c.Chang, Principles of Quantum Electronics (Addison-
Wesley).
GROUP THEORY
Linear vector spaces. Groups. Representations of groups. Characters.
Schur’s Lemmas. Lie groups. Representation of lie groups. Rotation group
and SV(J). Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Rotation matrices. Wigner-Eckart
theorem. Kronecker product of irreducible representations. Spinor
representations of Lorentz roup. Elementary theory of Wigner's unitary
representations of Poincare group.
59
Books Recommended:
1. M.Hamermesh. Group Theory (Addison-Wesley).
2 E.P Wigner. Group Theory (Academic).
QUANTUM ELECTRO DYNAMICS

Collisions between charged particles. Energy loss and scattering.
Bremsstrahlung method of virtual quanta. Radiative beta process. Radiation
damping. Self fields of a particle. Scattering and absorption of radiation by a
bound system. Wave guides and guided waves and resonant cavities
impediment and admittance. Scattering.
Books Recommended:
1. J.D.Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (John-Wiley and Sons).

2. J.A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill)
SOLID STATE THEORY

Band theory of solids. Hartree approximation. Nearly free electron model.
Tight binding methods. Cellular methods. Augmented plane waves.
Orthogonalised plane wave. Pseudopotential technique and model
potentials. Fermi surface studies. High magnetic fields. Cyclotron
resonance. High-field magneto-resistance. Open orbits. Magneto-acoustic
oscillations. De-Haas Van Alphen effect.
Books Recommended:
1. R.E.Peierls. The Quantum Theory of Solids (Oxford V.P.).
2. J.M.Ziman, Principles of the Theory of Solids Cambridge U.P.).
3. P.T. Landsberg, Solid State Theory (John-Wiley and Sons).
4. C.Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids (John-Wiley and Sons).
5. W.Jones and N.H.March, Theoretical Solid State Physics (Wiley-
Interscience).
CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS
Band theory of crystalline solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors,
impurity conductivity, Anderson localization, Band theory of non-crystalline
solids, CFO model, Mott and Davis model. Metal-insulator interface, ohmic
contacts, neutral contacts, blocking contacts, MIM contacts Electrical
conduction in MIM systems, ohmic conduction, lonic conduction, space-
change-limited conduction, tunneling conduction, hoping conduction, high
60
field conduction, Richardson-Schottky conduction, Poole-Franked effect,
difference between Schottky and Poole-Frankel Conduction
Books Recommended:
1. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials, 2nd Editions N.F.
Motl & E.A. Dais Clarandon Press, Oxford.
2. D.C. Conduction in thin Insulating Films by D.R. Lamb.
3. Handbook of thin Film Technology Edited by L.I. Massel D.R. Glang Mc
Graw Hill Book Co. New York (1970).
4. Introduction to Solid State Physics Charles Kittel 7th Edition John Wiley
and Sons inc New York ( 1996).
MATERIALS SCIENCE II
Imperfections in crystals. Impurities. Vacancies. Grain boundaries.
Dislocations. Stacking faults. Frenkel and Schottky disorder. Electrons and
holes. Color centres. Mechanical properties of metals. Polymers and
ceramics. Elastic and plastic deformation. Fracture, creep and fatigue
phenomena. Strengthening mechanism. Annealing. Effect of imperfections
on the mechanical properties of materials. Modulation spectroscopy for
optical properties in solids. Modulation teclmiques. Wavelength modulation.
Temperature modulation. Stress modulation. piezo absorption and piezo-
reflectance. Electric field modulation.
Books Recommended:
I. C.S.Barrett. Structure of Metals (McGraw-Hill).
2. A.V.Tobolsky. Properties and Structure of Polymers (John-Wiley and
Sons).
3. F.C.Phillips. An Introduction to Crystallography (John-Wiley and Sons).
4. A.H.Cottrell. Theory of Dislocations in Crystals (Gordon and Breach).
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS

Thin film Physics. Methods of preparation of thin films. Methods of thickness
measurement. Surface studies techniques. Preparation of samples. Low
energy electron diffraction. AUGER ellipsometry. Particle detectors and
techniques of charged particle and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Electron and
ion sources. ,
Books Recommended:
1. R.L.Horovitz and V.A.Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics
(Academic).
2. D.Williams, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic).
3. J.Gibbons, Semi-conductor Electronics (McGraw-Hill).
61
ATOMIC AND ELECTRON PHYSICS II
Negative ions. The structure and spectra. Mechanism for formation of

negative ions. Experimental methods for the study of negative ion formation
and electron detachment. Diffusion of electrons and ions. Diffusion for
various geometries. Ambipolar diffusion and experimental results.
Recombination, its mechanism and theory. Experimental methods of
studying slow electrons gases. Photo-emission and absorption in gases.
General features and theory of photo-ionization. Experimental results.
Surface phenomena. Absorption of gases on the surfaces. The impact of
electrons and heavy particles on surfaces. Surface ionization. Experimental
investigations.
Books Recommended:
1. E. W.McDanial. Collision Phenomena in Ionised Gases (John-Wiley

and Sons).
2. J. B.Hasted, Physics of Atomic collisions (Butterworth).
3. N.F.Mott and H.S.W.Massey. The Theory of Atomic Collisions (Oxford
U.P.).
4. LR.Loeb, Basic Processes of Gaseous Electronics (California V.P).
5. S.C.Brown, Introduction to Electrical Discharges in Gases (John-Wiley
and Sons).
ADVANCED NUCLEAR THEORY II
Hartee Fock self-consistent fields, Bethe-Goldstone equations, Multinucleon

systems and method of second quantization, Hartree Fock potential,
Random phase approximation, Coulomb and nuclear scattering.
Polarization, Differential cross-section for polarized beams in double
scattering experiments. Scattering of spin 1/2 particles.
Books Recommended:
1. deShalit A. and Feshbach H., Theoretical Nuclear Physics Vol.1, John

Wiley (Latest Edition).
2. Roy R.R. and Nigam B.P. Nuclear Physics, John Wiley (Latest Edition).
3. Blatt J.M. and Weisskopf V.G., Theoretical Nuclear Physics, John Wiley
(Latest Edition).
62
PLASMA PHYSICS II
Introduction To Inertial Confinement Fusion (Icl): Basic requirements of ICF.

Laser plasma interaction. Ablation physics. Hydrodynamic compression.
Energy transport.
Nonlinear Plasma Theory: Introduction. Quasilinear theory. Conservation of

particles, momentum and energy. Coherent three waves interaction. Three
waves interaction with random phase. Nonlinear landau damping.
Fluctuation, Correlations And Radiations: Shielding of a moving test

charge. Electric field fluctuations in maxwellian and nonmaxwellian plasmas.
Emission of electrostatic waves. Electromagnetic fluctuations and
radiations. Scattering of incoherent radiation from plasma density
fluctuations. Emission of radiation from a plasma. Blackbody radiation.
Cyclotron radiation. The source theory of radiation from a plasma.
Books Recommended:
I. J.J.Duderstadt & G.A.Mosses. Inertial Confinement Fusion (John-Wiley

and Sons) 1982.
2. M.O.Hagler & M.Kristiansen. An Introduction to Controlled
Thermonuclear Fusion (Lexington) 1977.
3. Akira Hasegawa; Plasma Instabilities and Nonlinear Effects (Spring-
Verlag) 1975.
4. N.A.Krall and AW.Trivelpiece. Principles of Plasma Physics (McGraw-
Hill) 1967.
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -I
• Introduction Computer Programming Using "C++":

i. Introduction to the C++ Language:
Background, Identifiers, Data Types, Variables, Constants,
Coding Constants, Reading and Writing data.
ii. Structures of C++ Language:
Expression, Precedence and Associatively, Evaluating
Expressions, Mixed Type expressions, Statements.
iii. Functions:
Designing Structured Programs, Functions in c++, User defined
Functions, Default parameter Arguments, Standard Library
Functions, Scope.
iv. Selection Making Decisions:
Logical data and operators, To way selection, Multi-way Selection,
More Standard library functions.
v. Repetition:
63
Concept of Loops, Pretest and Post-test Loops, Initialization and
updating, Event Control and C()LlJ1ter Control, Loops in C++, Other
statements related to loops.
vi. Pointers:
Concepts, Pointer variables, accessing variables through
pointers, pointer definition and declaration, Initialization of
pointer variables, pointers and functions, pointers to pointers,
Compatibility, Lvalue and Rvalue, Arrays and pointers, pointer
arithmetic and arrays, passing array to a function,
understanding complicated declarations, Memory Allocation
functions, array of pointers.
vii. Arrays, Strings and structure:
Concepts, using arrays in C++, arrays and functions, Two
dimension arrays, Multi-dimension arrays, String concepts, C++
Strings, Strings 10, an-ays of Strings, String manipulation
functions, Enumerated type structure, Accessing Structure,
complex Structures, array of structures. .
viii. Text and Binary Files:
Concept of a file, File and streams, Standard Library
input/output functions, Formatting input/output. Character
input/output functions, Detecting File errors, Using Binary Files,
Standard Library function for Binary Files. Converting File Type.
• Errors: Introduction to Computer Errors; Typographical Errors; Logical

Errors; Round off Errors; Propagation of Errors from Initial Data;
Truncation Errors.
• Basic Mathematical Operations: Numerical Differentiation; Numerical
Quadrature; Finding Roots; Semiclassical Quantization of Molecular
Vibration.
• Ordinary Differential Equations with Initial Conditions: Simple Methods;
Multistep and Implicit Methods; Rungc-Kl1tta Methods; Stability; Order
and Chaos in TwoDimcl1sional Motions.
Recommended Books:
1. Computer Science a structured Programming approach using C++ By

BehroLlz A. Forouzan and Richard F. Gilberg.
2. Fundamentals of C++ understanding progran1ming and problem
solving by Kenneth A Lambert, Douglas W. Nance.
3. Computational Physics (Fortran Version) by Steven E. Koonin & Bawn
C. Meredith, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990.
4. Computer Application of Numerical Methods by Shan S. Kuo, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company, 1972.
64
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -II
• Boundary Value and Eigenvalue Problems: The Numerov

Algorithm; Direct Integration of Boundary Value Problems; Green's
Function, Solution of Boundary Value Problems; Eigenvalues of the
Wave Equation; Stationary Solution of the One Dimension
Schroedinger Equation.
• Special functions and gaussian quadrature: Special Function,

Gaussian Quadrature, Born and Eikonal Approximation to Quantum
Scattering.
• Matrix Algebra and Simultaneous Equations: Elementary

Operations of Matrices, Matrix Inversion, Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Method, Gauss-Seidel Iterative method, Eigenvalues of a Tri-
Diagonal Matrix, Reduction to Tri-Diagonal Form, Determining
Nuclear Charge Densities. .
• Elliptical Partial Differential Equation: Dissscretization and the

Variational Principle, Iterative Methods for Boundary Value Problems,
Elliptical Equations in Two Dimensions.
• Parabolic Partial Differential Equations: Naive Discretization and

Instabilities, Implicit Schemes and the Inversion of Tri-Diagonal
Matrices, Diffusion and Boundary Value Problems in Two
Dimensions, Iterative Methods for Eigenvalue Problems, The Time-
:Dependent Schoedinger Equation.
• Monte Carlo Methods: The Basic Monte Carlo Strategy, Generating

Random Variables with a Specific Distribution, The Algorithm of Metropolis
et. aI., The Ising Model in Two Dimensions.
Recommended Books:
1 Computer Science a structured Programming approach using C++ By

Behrouz A. Forouzan and Richard F. Gilberg.
2. Fundamentals of C++ understanding programming and problem solving
by Kelmeth A Lambert, Douglas W. Nance.
3. Computational Physics' (Fortran Version) by Steven E. Koonin & Dawn
C. Meredith" , Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990.
4. Computer Application of N_1I11erica1 Methods by Shan S. Kuo,
Publishing Company, 1972.
65
NONLINEAR PHYSICS
Chaos
Qualitative description of the chaotic behavior of mechanical and Physical
Systems; Oscillators (D.D. Pendulum) Duffing, Vander Pol, Rayleigh
Bernard Convection, Lasers Forces Surface Waves, Josephson Junction.
Quantitative Description of Chaos in Mechanical Systems:

Phase Space, Poincare’ section, Spectral analysis of time series, Detailed
analysis of the Driven Damped Pendulum, Sensitivity to initial conditions,
Phase attractors, Diagrams and Poincare’ sections, time series and power
spectra, Basins o(attraction, Bifurcation diagrams.
Understanding of Chaos.
The logistic map, period doubling, periodic windows, Lyapunov exponents,

Entropy, Stretching and folding of the circle map, horseshoe map,
Application to Pendulum, Universality.
Fractals; dimension, Self similarity, Fractals in Nature, Coastline, Mountain

& Clouds.
Books Recommended:
1. Stable and Random Motions in Dynamical Systems, by Nachr Akad
Wiss Gottingen Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
2. Chaos, Dynamics and Fractals- An Algorithmic Approach to
Deterministic Chaos by Joseph L. McCauley, CUP, 1993.
3. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, by R.C. Hilbon, Oxford University
Press, 1994.
4. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, by Martin C. Gutzwiller,
Springer-Verlag, 1990.
FIELD THEORY
Classical field theory, lagrangian mechanics, variational principle, vibrating
stings, classical field theory, Lorentz transformations, Lorentz group,
representations of Lorentz group, classical scalar fields, Klein-Gordon
equation, complex scalar fields, energy-momentum tensor, electromagnetic
field, Maxwell's equations, spinor field, Dirac equation, symmetries and
conservation laws, Noether's theorem, translation invariance.
Quantization of fields, canonical quantization of fields, quantization of scalar

fields, particle interpretation of quantum field theory, normal ordering, non-
Hermitian fields.
66
Interacting Quantum Fields, interacting fields, perturbation theory, time
ordering, S-matrix, cross-section, decay rate of an unstable particle, higher
order perturbation theory, Wick's theorem, second order perturbation theory,
Feynman rules and diagrams renormalization, .mass renormalization,
coupling constant renormalization, field renormalization
APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Neutron Physics: The interaction of neutrons with matter in bulk, thermal
neutrons, cross-section (measurement of total cross-section), diffusion
theory, Fermi age equation.
Nuclear Energy Sources: Nuclear fission as a source of energy, four factor

formula, the chain reacting system, the neutron cycle, critical dimensions of
a thermal nuclear reactor, the calculation of die multiplication constant for a
homogeneous thermal reactor, the heterogeneous thermal reactor, energy
production in stars, thermonuclear reactions, CNO and P-P cycle in
detailed, controlled thermonuclear reactions and fusion reactor, age of
galaxy.
Radioactive Measurement and Tracer Techniques: Energy measurement,
coincidence measurements, time resolution, measurement of nuclear life
times, trace element analysis, mass spectrometry with accelerators.'
Books Recommended:
1. Nuclear Physics by Kaplan, Addison-Wesley Pub Co; 2nd edition,

December 1962.
2. Nuclear Physics by Smith, 1966.
3. Source Book on Atomic Energy by Glasston, 1967.
4. Theoretical Nuclear Physics by Blatt and Weisskopt.
5. Introductory Nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane, 1988.
6. Nuclear Physics by Burcham Longman Higher Education Division (a
Pearson Education company).
7. Nuclear and Particles by Begre, 1980.
ADVANCED FIELD THEORY
Path Integral Quantization, Quantum field theory and functional integration,

path integral quantization, scalar field theory, Green function, S-matrix,
Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmereman reduction, perturbation theory, Wick's
theorem, Feynman rules for phi"4 theory, spectral. representation. .
Renormalization, regularization, BPH renormalization, renormalization

group, Callan-Symanzik equation, asymptotic freedom.
67
Gauge theories, abelian and non-abelian theories, quantization of gauge
theories, gauge fixing and Faddeev-Popov quantization, integration over
_assman variables, Bereziri rules, Feynman rules for Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD), renormalization of QCD.
Books Recommended:
1. Quantum Field Theory by C. Itzykson and J- B. Zuber, M_Graw-Hill,
(1980).
2. Quantum Field Theory by L. H. Ryder Cambridge University Press,
(1999). 3. Quantum Field Theory by M. Kaku, Oxford University Press,
(1993).
4. The Quantum Theory of Fields Vol. L IL by S. Weinberg Cambridge
University Press, (1995).
5. Field Theory:A Modern Primer by P. Ramond Addison-Wesley,
Reading (1990).
6. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, by M. Peskin and D.
Schroeqer Perseus Books, Reading, (1995).
STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Electromagnetic waves and interaction,

Dirac and Klein Gordon density and current, electromagnetic scattering,
charge conjugation and parity invariance, gamma matrix algebra, Compton
scattering, massless Dirac particles, charged and. neutral weak currents,
weak scattering.
Gauge Theory of Electroweak Interaction, Gauge symmetry, non-Abelian

gauge symmetry, weak interactions, electroweak interactions, spontaneous
symmetry breaking, discrete and continuous symmetries, global symmetries
and Goldstone's theorem, local symmetries and Higg's mechanism,
properties of the Higgs boson, ultraviolet divergences, renormalizability,
dimensions of fields and couplings.
Quantum Chromo dynamics Co.1our and properties of SU(3), (SU(3) gauge

symmetry, strong interactions, effective charge and asymptotic freedom,
grand unification.
Books Recommended:
1. Quantum Field Theory by Ryder L H, 2nd Edition, CUP, (1996).
2. Gauge Theories in Particle Physics by Aitchison I J R and Hey A J G,
2nd Edition, Adam Hilger, (1989).
3. Quantum Field Theory by Mandl F and Shaw G, Revised Edition,
68
Wiley, (1993).
4. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory by Peskin M E and Schroeder
D V, Addison
SOIL PHYSICS
1. Physical Aspects of Soils: Soil composition, Clays: their nature &

properties. Classification of clays: their origin occurrence and
significance in soils. Soil structure, Agriculture of soil and the meaning
of soul consistence and soil structure.
2. Physical behaviour of soil-water system: Hydration of clays. Water

and Soil in equilibrium. Energy of Soil-moisture. Movements of water
in soils. Soil moisture stress and plant growth. Effect of soil moisture
on soil condition and development. Methods of measuring and
expressing soil moisture.
3. Soil Air; Air capacity of soils, composition of soil air, Renewal of soil
air. Permeability of soil to air, measuring soil aeration.
4. Soil temperature. Sources and amount of heat, soil temperature

fluctuations, heat capacity of soils, heat conduction and flow in soils,
soil temperature management.
5. Soil Mechanics: Definition and objectives of soil mechanics problems

and their importance.
PRATICALS
1. Measurement of soil moisture by pressure membrane apparatus.

2. Measurement of Viscosity by Viscometer
3. Measurement of modulus of rupture
4. Method of clay identification by electron microscope
5. Measurement of aggregates
6. Determination of the resistance of soil to air flow by mano-meter
7. Soil temperature measurements at standard depths
Books Recommended:
1. Baver, L.D. 1972, Soil Physics, Modern Asia Edition, 7th Printing,
Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, Japan.
2. Rose, C.W. 1966, Agricultural Physics, Pergamen Press Ltd. U.K.
3. Kirkhan I. & Power W.L., 1972. Advanced Soil physics, Wiley
Interscience John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
4. Buckman. H.O. & Brady N.C. 1972. The Nature and Properties of Soils
7th Edition. The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York,
10022 U.S.A.
69
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Introduction, Importance of Energy, World energy demand, Conventional
energy sources, Renewable energy sources; potential, availability and
present status of renewable energy sources, Solar Energy, Physical
principle of the conversion of solar radiation into heat, Flat Plate Collectors,
Concentrating Collectors, Basic Principles and components of Wind Energy
Conversion Systems, Types and performance of Wind Machines, Biomass
Conversion Technologies, Thermal Gasification of Biomass, Alternative
Liquid Fuels, Biogas Generation, Classification of Biogas Plants,
Geothermal Sources, Hydro-Thermal, Geo-Pressure, Petro-Thermal and
Magma Resources, Advantages and Limitations of Geo-Thermal Energy,
Introduction, Global Generation, Growth Rate, Prospects of Nuclear, Safely
and Health Hazards Issues, Global Resources and their Assessment,
Classification, Micro, Mini, Small and Large Resources, Principles of Energy
Conversions, Turbines, Working and Efficiency of from Micro to Small
Power Systems, Environmental Impact.
Books Recommended:
1. Solar Energy Utilization by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers – Delhi (1991).
2. Renewable Energy Sources; John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir,
E&F.N Spon Ltd. London, 1986.
3. A Practical Guide to Solar Electricity, Simon Roberts; Prentice Hall Inc.
USA, 1991.
4. Solar Engineering Technology; Ted. J. Jansen, Radiation; Prentice Hall
Inc. USA, 1985.
5. Wind Power, V. Daniel Hunt, Litton Educational Publishing Inc, 1981.
6. Solar Hydrogen Energy Systems, Ed. T. Ohta, Pergamon Press, 1979.
7. Solar Energy Conversion, Eds., A,E. Dixon and J.D. Leslie, Pergamon
Press, 1979.
8. Biogas, Production and Utilisation, Elizabeth C. Price, Paul N.
Cheremisinoff; Ann Arbor Science, USA, 1981.
9. Biomass, Catalysts and Liquid Fuels; Ian Campbell, Technonic
Publishing Co. Inc, USA, 1983.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. Definitions and units
Introduction, Magnetic poles, Magnetic moments, Intensity of
magnetization, Magnetic dipoles, Magnetic effects of currents, mks
units.
2. Kinds of Magnetism
Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagetism, Ferrimagnetism
70
3. Magnetic Anisotropy
Introduction, Anisotropy in cubic crystals, Anisotropy in hexagonal
crystals, Physical origin of crystal anisotropy, Anisotropy
measurement, Anisotropy constants, polycrytalline materials,
Anisotropy in antiferromagnetics, shape anisotroy, mixed
anisotropies.
4. Magnetostriction and the Effects of Stress

Magnetostriction of single crystals, poly-crystals, origin of
Magnetostriction, effect of stress on Magnetostriction, effect of stress
on magnetization, Applications of magnetostriction,
Magnetoresistance.
5. Domain and Magnetization Process

Introduction, Domain wall structure, Domainwall observation, Domain
observation, Magnetostatic energy and domain structure, single
domain particles, Micromagnetis, Domain wall motion, Hindrance to
wall motion, Residual stress, Magnetization by rotation, magnetization
in low and high fields, shapes of hysteresis loops.
6. Soft and Hard magnetic Materials

Eddy current Losses, special alloys of soft magnets, ferrites,
applictions of soft magnetic materials, AlNiCo, Barium ferrites,
specials alloys of hard magnets, Fe-Nd alloys.
Books Recommended:
1. Introduction to Magnetic Materials, B.D Cullity, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, (1972).
2. Magnetic Ceramics, Raul Valenzuela, Cambridge University Press
(1994).
3. Physical Properties of Materials, M.C Lovel and AJ Avery and M.W
Vernon, (1984).
4. The Physical Principles of Magnetism Allan H. Morrish, John wiley &
Sons Inc (1965).
LASER - II
ADY ANCED LASERS AND TECHNIQUES
1. DEVELOPMENT OF LASER SYSTEMS
Carbon dioxide Laser, Excimer Laser, Nitrogen Laser, Dye Laser,

Ruby Laser, Nd- Y AG & Glass Lasers, Fibre Lasers, Semi-Conductor
Lasers.
71
2. METROLOGICAL AND ATMOSPHERIC APPLICATIONS
Lidar, Types of Lidar, Laser Sources for Lidar, Non-linear Optics,
Design Choices.
3. LASERS IN DEFENCE INDUSTRY
Range finders, Laser Target Marking and Designation.
4. LASER MATERIAL PROCESSING
Laser Cutting, Laser Welding, Laser Drilling, Laser Surface

Treatment.
5. SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
Laser Spectroscopy, Interferrometery, Laser Uranium Enrichment,

Laser Induced Plasma and Fusion.
6. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Medical Laser Systems, Light Interaction with Tissues, Dennatology &

Aesthetic Surgery, General Surgical applications, Neuro-Surgery,
Cancer detection.
7. COMMUNICATION AND FIBRE OPTICS
Introduction to Fibre Optics, Optical Information, Transmission &

Storage Optical Communication, Laser Printing and Optical Disk
Systems Thermal Imaging.
8. PUISED LASER DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE

Laser Ablation, sputtering processes, energy
Books Recommended:
1. Advances in Lasers and applications by D.M. Finlayson & D;B. Sinclair

2000.
2. Lasers Fundamentals by William T. Silfvast, Latest edition.
3. Lasers Principles & Applications by J. Wilson, J.F.B. Hankes, Latest
edition.
4. Introduction to Lasers and their Applications by Shean Callen &
Rhodes, Latest Edition.
5. Laser material processing by William M. Steen, Latest edition.
6. Pulsed Laser Deposition, W.Duglos, Latest edition.
72
ATOMIC, MOLECULAR LASER PHYSICS
Atomic Physic
Introduction:
• Introduction of structure of atom
• Stern Gerach Experiment, Schrodinger equation, Approximate
methods .
The Hydrogen Atom:

• Solution of Schrodinger Equation
• Hydrogen Spectrum
• Einstein's Co-efficients
• Transition Probabilities I; The electric dipole Approximation selection-
rule for 1 and ml
• Hydrogen find Structure
Two-electron system:
• Electrostatic interaction
• Ground and Excited States of Helium
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Periodic system
Central Field Approximation:

• Central Field
• Rartee F ock Method
• Thomas Fermi Potential
• Gross Structure of the Alkalies
Angular Problems in many Electron Atoms

• LS Coupling Approximation I'
• Jj Coupling and other type of Coupling
Interaction with Static External Field:

• Zeeman Effect in LS Coupling
• Quadratic & Stark Effect
• Linear Stark Effect
• Hyperfine Structure
Molecular Structure
• Introduction, Rotational Spectrum of Diatomic molecule, Rotational-
Vibrational Spectra of diatomic molecule
• Franck-Condon Principle,
• Born Oppenheimer Approximation
73
Lasers
• Introduction, Planck's Law, Einstein Coefficients and Stimulated
Emission.
Light Amplification
• Introduction, Pumping Schemes, Monochromaticity, coherence,
Directionality,
• Brightness
• Population Inversion
• Gain Curve for Inhomogeneous Transitions
• Line Narrowing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission
• Three level and Four level Systems
• Resonators
• Time dependent Solutions and Q-switching
• Mode Locking
Types of Lasers
• Gas Lasers
• Solid State Lasers
• Liquid Lasers
• X-rays Lasers
• Free Electron Laser
Geometrical Optics, Fibre Optics and Applications of Lasers.
• Matrix Formulation of Geometric Optics.

• Gaussian Beam
• Febry Perot Interferometer
• Second harmonics Generation and Parametric Oscillation
• Fibre Optic and its role m communication
• Material Processing
• Holography
• Optical Data Storage
• Medical Application
Recommended books are same as for one semester
74
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The committee proposed that short assignment and presentation

would be compulsory for each course.
2. The 4 years Bachelor Degree programme be implemented in all

universities and Post Graduate Colleges from the next academic
year.
3. 50% evaluation should be external and an independent body be

assigned to develop an external evaluation test.
4. The colleges to run the 4 years Bachelor programme should be

allowed to run with the following conditions:
a) They should have minimum 10 subjects faculty members (MS and

Ph.D. holders).
b) BS Teaching lab should have capacity for doing at least 20
experiments.
5. Sufficient fund be provided to equip Library and Laboratory to run this

programme.
6. Annual recurring grant for this new programme be allocated.
7. Refresher courses in various specialized areas of Physics be

arranged for Universities and Post-Graduate College Teachers.
8. The teacher should be trained for semester system i.e. problem

solving, quiz, assignment.
9. HEC should contact the provincial government to allocate fund for up-
gradation in terms of staff and laboratory to affiliated colleges.
10. Until the introduction of 4 year composite bachelor degree

programme in colleges and universities. This programme be split in
two parts. Part-I in colleges and Part-II in universities.
75

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CURRICULUM

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Adviser (Acad/R&D)

Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad

2. Curriculum for BS level 10

3. Curriculum for MS level 53

In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of

In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher

(PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH)

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

COLLECTION OF APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

PREP. OF DRAFT APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

Abbreviations Used: IMPLE. OF BACK TO

2nd Year Cr.h

4th Year Cr.h

Phy-402 Computational Physics 3

Total: 132 Credit Hours

Vector Analysis: Review of Vector in 3 dimensions and fundamental

Particle Dynamics: Dynamics of uniform, circular motion, the banked

Systems Of Particles: Two particle systems and generalization to many

Collisions: Elastic Collisions, Conservation of momentum during collision in

Rotational Dynamics: Relationships between linear & angular variables,

Angular Momentum: Angular Velocity, Conservation of angular

Gravitation: Gravitational effect of a spherical mass distribution, Its

Bulk Properties of Matters. Elastic Properties of Matter, Physical basis of

Special Theory of Relativity. Inertial and non inertial frame, Postulates of

WAVES & OSCILLATIONS 3 Cr.h

Harmonic Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion (SHM), Obtaining and

Waves in Physical Media: Mechanical waves, Travelling waves, Phase

Sound: Beats Phenomenon, Analytical treatment.

Light: Nature of light Visible light (physical characteristics), Light as an

Interference: Coherence of sources, Double slit interference, Analytical

Diffraction: Diffraction at single slit; Intensity in single slit diffraction using

Polarization: Basic definition, Production of polarization by polarizing

Statistical Mechanics: Statistical distribution and mean values, Mean free

Thermodynamics: Review of previous concepts. First law of thermo-

Electric Potential: Potential due to point charge, potential due to collection

D C Circuits: Electric Current, current density J, resistance, resistivity, ρ,

Magnetic Field Effects and Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetic

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-II 3Cr.h

Inductance: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Review of emf,

Alternating Current Circuits: Alternating current, AC current in resistive,

Electro-Magnetic Waves (Maxwell's Equations): Summarizing the

ELECTRONICS & MODERN PHYSICS 3 Cr.h

Electronics: Basic crystal structure, free electron model, energy band in

MODERN PHYSICS 3 Cr.h

Nuclear Reactions: Basic Nuclear reactions, Q-value, Exothermic,

Introduction to Quantum Optics (Laser) and Plasma Physics:

PRACTICALS FOR BS (I and II)

1. Modulus of Rigidity by Static & Dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle,

1. To determine thermal Emf and plot temperature diagram.

1. Measurement of resistance using a Neon flash bulb and condenser

1. Determination of e/m of an electron.

NOTE: Universities may follow their programmes.

1. Giancoli, Douglas, C. Physics for Scientist and Engineers with

MATHEMATICAL METHODS-I 3 Cr.h

Vector Analysis: Review of vectors Algebra, Vector differentiation and

Curvilinear Coordinates and Tensors: Curvilinear coordinate system,

Matrices: Linear vector spaces, Determinants, Matrices, Eigenvalues and

Group Theory: Introduction to groups, Group representation, Invariant

Complex Variables: Functions of a complex variable, Cauchy Riemann