Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Acknowledgement
II. About NDPL
III. GRIDS
1) Power Transformers
2) Circuit Breakers
3) Current Transformers
4) Potential Transformers
5) Isolators
6) Lightening Arresters
7) Auto Reclosures
8) Capacitor Bank
9) Busbars
10) Insulators
11) Battery Bank And Charging System
12) Control Panel
13) Scada System
14) Switch Gear
I take the auspicious opportunity to thank Mr. Pillai, under the aegis of whom, I undertook
my summer training. I owe my most sincere gratitude to Mr. Dharmadhikari whose valuable
and consistent guidance enabled me to complete this report. My warm thanks to
Ms.Sameeksha Raina, Mr.Vinay K. and Mr. Anoop Kumar Roy for their encouragement and
efforts throughout. Their kind support and patient guidance have been of great value in this
study.
I am deeply grateful to NDPL which gave me a chance to explore and comprehend the
practical way of working, apart from acquainting me with the importance and scope of
electrical engineering.
With all the knowledge and skills I have acquired during this period, I hope that I will apply
them in a positive way wherever and whenever possible.
I express my thanks to the whole NDPL family for their kind cooperation and congenial
demeanor.
NDPL (North Delhi Power Limited) distributes electricity in the North of Delhi.
The company is a joint venture of Tata Power and Govt. of NCT and came into existence as a result of
the privatization of electricity in Delhi. Tata Power Company acquired 51% stake in NDPL and took
control of the management effective from July 1st, 2002.
The NDPL area of distribution in Delhi has been organized into the following districts of Delhi:
NORTH AREA
City Circle encompassing Moti Nagar (MTN), KeshavPuram (KPM) and Pitampura (PRR) districts.
Town Circle encompassing Civil Lines (CVL), Shakti Nagar (SKN) and Model Town (MDT) districts.
At NDPL, the peak demand (17:00/23:00) is around 1055MW with a daily energy
requirement of 22.4Mu.
NDPL has been the frontrunner in implementing power distribution reforms in the capital
city and is acknowledged for its consumer friendly practices. Since privatization, the AT&C
losses in NDPL areas have shown a record decline. On the power supply front too, NDPL
areas have shown remarkable improvement. The company has embarked upon an ambitious
plan to implement high-tech automated systems for its entire distribution network. Systems
such as SCADA& GIS are the cornerstone of the company's distribution automation project.
To fight the menace of power theft, modern techniques like High Voltage Distribution
(HVDS) System and LT Arial Bunch Conductor have been adopted.
NDPL has to its credit several firsts in Delhi: SCADA controlled Grid Stations, Automatic
Meter Reading, GSM based Street Lighting system, SMS based Fault Management System.
To ensure complete transparency, the company has provided online information on billing
and payment to all its 1 million consumers. This happened in the first year of operations
itself. NDPL believes in providing more value than just electricity and is even rewarding its
consumers for timely payment.
NDPL is the youngest company and the first power utility in India to receive the prestigious CII EXIM
Award for 'Strong Commitment to Excel'. It is also the only distribution utility to receive the ISO 9001,
ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certification.
North
1 CIVIL LINES NEW 33
2 G.T.K. 33
3 GULABI BAGH 33
4 HUDSON LINE 33
5 INDER PURI 33
6 INDRA VIHAR 33
7 PUSA 33
8 PANDAV NAGAR 33
9 ROHTAK ROAD 33
1
0 SARASWATI GARDEN 33
1
1 SHAHZADA BAGH 33
1
2 SHAKTI NAGAR 33
1
3 TRPOLIA 33
1
4 SUDARSHAN PARK 33
1
5 RAMA ROAD 33
1
6 RIWARI LINE 66
1
7 WAZIRABAD 33
1
8 DIFR 33
1
9 PAYAL 33
North Central
1 ASHOK VIHAR 33
2 AZAD PUR 33
3 RAM PURA 33
4 RANI BAGH 33
5 TRI NAGAR 33
6 WAZIR PUR - I 33
7 WAZIR PUR - II 33
8 HAIDER PUR 33
9 SHALIMAR BAGH 33
1
0 MANGOL PURI - II 66
1
1 PITAM PURA - I 66
1
2 PITAM PURA - II 66
1
3 PITAM PURA - III 66
1
4 MANGOL PURI - I 66
1
5 ROHINI - I 66
1
6 ROHINI - II 66
1
7 ROHINI - III 66
1
8 ROHINI - IV 66
1
9 SAHLIMAR BAGH 33
2
0 FACILITY CENTRE 33
North West
1 A.I.R. KHAM PUR 33
2 S.G.T. NAGAR 33
3 BADLI 66
4 DSIDC NARELA 66
5 NARELA A-7 66
6 JAHANGIR PURI 66
7 POOTH KHURD 66
8 ROHINI - 23 66
9 ROHINI - V 66
1
0 ROHINI - VI 66
1
1 RG-22 66
1
2 Bawnan-6 66
1
3 Bawana Clear Water 66
1 DSIDC-II Narela 66
4
1
5 TIGGIPUR 66
1
6 Bawana 7 66
A grid is essentially an interconnected power system that connects neighboring power stations into a
‘power pool’. The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics of the electric supply
(frequency, voltage etc.) is called substation.
Introduction:
In a 33 KV grid station, the incoming 33 KV lines are connected to the incoming buses through a line
isolator, a current transformer and a bus isolator. The 33KV supply reaches the HV side of the power
transformer through another bus, isolator, a circuit breaker, current transformer and a potential
transformer.
The power transformer steps down the voltage level to 11 KV for further distribution purpose. The LV
side of the transformer is connected to the 11KV bus through a CT and a circuit breaker which are
located indoor in a panel. The LV side of the transformer is connected to the panels using underground
cables.
Outgoing 11KV feeders are out of the 11KV buses each one connected to the bus through circuit
breakers, CTs and isolators.
The various incoming and outgoing voltages are measured using PTs.
At G.T. Karnal Road Grid sub station, the incoming feeders from Azadpur and Tripolia supply in
power (33KV) via underground cables. The phase lines are taken out of each cable through a P.G.clamp
and are fed to the HV side of power transformer, rated 20/25 MVA, through isolators, CTs, circuit
breaker and busbar. The PTs and lightening arrestors are connected across the lines.
The stepped down voltage (11KV) from the LV side of the power transformers is connected to the
switchgear room through underground cables. From the switchgear room, the power is fed into the
various outgoing feeders-C.C Colony, Ashok Vihar, Model Town, Arya Bhatt Poly Tech., Satyawati
College, FCI and Gurjwala town.
The d.c. power back up to the grid is supplied through a battery bank room. The control panel room
enables monitoring and remote control of its operation. The grid is SCADA controlled substation.
GRID SUBSTATION
1. POWER TRANSFORMERS
2. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
3. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
5. ISOLATORS
6. LIGHTENING ARRESTERS
7. CAPACITOR BANK
8. BUSBARS
9. INSULATORS
10. BATTERY BANK AND CHARGING SYSTEM
11. CONTROL PANEL
12. SCADA SYSTEM
13. SWITCH GEAR
POWER TRANSFORMER
A power transformer in a grid substation steps down the incoming voltage (66KV or33KV) to 11(KV)
for further distribution. It transfers electric energy via electromagnetic induction, from one circuit to
another, at the same frequency, usually with changed values of current and voltage.
Usually, the HV winding is delta connected while LV winding is star connected. Typical power ratings
for power transformer are 12.5,16,20,25 or 50 MVA.
1. Main Tank It encloses the core and the windings. Structural steel is used for fabrication of
main tank. Size of tank is dependent on its MVA rating.
2. Core The core is made from silicon steel or cold rolled grain oriented (C.R.G.O steel) in the
form of laminations of 0.28-0.30mm in thickness with insulated coating. It may be shell type or
core type.
In core type, there is only one iron path and windings are wound on opposite limb.
In shell type there are two parallel magnetic paths into which flux from the central limb can
divide.
3. Windings Hard drawn Copper of high conductivity in the form of round conductors with
paper/ enamel insulation is used.
4. Solid Insulation Paper, cotton, fiber based board (laminated board and wood/wood laminations)
are used for inter turn and winding to earth insulation.
5. Insulating Oil Oil forms a significant part of the transformer. It acts as a coolant to dissipate the
heat losses in the transformer and, also as an insulating medium. It is obtained by fractional
distillation and subsequent distillation of crude petroleum.
6. Radiators These limit the temperature of oil and winding, by dissipating heat which is
generated due to losses in the Transformer. The different types of cooling may be:
ONAN (oil natural air natural)
ONAF (oil natural air forced)
OFAF (oil forced air forced)
OFWF (oil forced water forced)
7. Conservator This is a cylindrical vessel made of structured steel. It if used for accommodating
the volumetric expansion of oil in the transformer due to increase in pressure. Due to its
cylindrical shape, the area of interface of air and oil is reduced and hence reducing the oxidation
of oil. Its capacity is approximately 5% of the tank capacity and is filled up to one-third of its
volume.
8. OLTC On Load Tap Changer is used to regulate the incoming system voltage while the
transformer is delivering the load. Tap changing is completed within 40-70 milliseconds. This
high speed transfer is obtained by using a bank of energy storing springs. When energy is
released, the tap change is complete. The tap changing is done on the HV side for the two
reasons. Firstly, much lesser current flows on the HV side and secondly, because it is easier to
draw out connections from the HV windings which are wound on the outer portion of the core.
9. Silica Gel Breathers In oil filled transformers, space is required for volumetric expansion of oil
due to change in surrounding temperature and load. Hence oil always comes in contact with air.
Silica gel breather is a dehydrator which prevents entry of moisture from air to insulating oil.
Cobalt Chloride is used as Silica gel in the form of crystals.
10. Bushings It is an insulating structure which provides a central passage for a conductor. These
are meant for bringing out the LV & HV side leads out of transformer tank and enable
connection between transformer windings and phase lines.
I. Porcelain Bushing
II. Condenser Bushing
Generally, there are three bushings on the delta connected HV side while on the star connected
LV side, three bushings are for the phase lines and one for neutral. Each bushing is provided
with arcing horns for protection.
PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS:
11. Buchholz relay It is used in oil immersed transformers to detect the faults such as arcing,
partial discharge, or local overheating, which normally results in generation of gas. The relay is
mounted in the pipe connected between the tank and the conservator tank at an inclination of 3-7
to the horizontal to ensure that all the gases are directed to this relay housing and actuates an
alarm circuit.
In case of occurrence of incipient fault, bubbles if gases are evolved by the heat generated which
rise up and the oil level drops, whereupon, the hollow float tilts, short circuiting the mercury
switch and an alarm device operates.
If however a serious fault has occurred, the gas generated is considerable which causes the gas
surge flap valve to be deflected, thereby closing the mercury contact switch and energizing the
trip coils of the circuit breaker.
12. Oil Surge Relay It gives trip command in case OLTC electric fault. Its functioning is same as of
Buchholz relay. It is mounted in OLTC to OLTC conservator pipelines.
13. Marshalling Box It consists of WTI, OTI and in some transformers cooler fan control system.
14. OTI Oil Temperature Indicator works on the principle of liquid expansion with change in
temperature and consequent change in volume of the liquid, which causes the
expansion/contraction of the bellows and is transmitted through linkage mechanism to the
indicating pointer and switching disc.
15. WTI Winding Temperature Indicator works by image process technique. An operating bellow is
provided with an additional heating element. A CT mounted on the LV side of the tank feeds this
heating current. The operating bellow thus gets an additional movement and indicates the
temperature of the winding.
16. Oil Level Indicator Plain or prismatic glass is generally used as oil level indicator. In large
transformers, magnetic oil gauge (MOG) is used. MOG works on bevel gear system. Oil in
conservator lifts up float and float arm. This rotates the bevel gear system, which through proper
magnetic linkage mechanism operates a mercury switch, wired to an alarm.
17. Pressure relief Valve PRV protects the transformer from excessive pressure which may occur
due to internal fault or other reasons. If a short circuit occurs inside a transformer, the arc
vaporizes the transformer oil and a heavy pressure is built. It is mounted on the top of the tank. It
has stainless steel diaphragm which gets lifted under high pressure conditions, to reduce the
pressure.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer is a device used to step down the current from high values to low
values. It is essentially a step-up transformer, which steps down the current to a known ratio.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
As the primary no of turn is less then secondary so the voltage we get in the secondary is more than
primary. Typical secondary current is 5A or 1A rms.
In case of fault, current of considerable value flows through its secondary and energizes the relay. The
plunger of the relay moves to close the contact of the trip circuit and the the circuit breaker operates.
TYPES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Wound type: It has primary winding of more than 1 full turn on the core
Bar type: Primary winding consists of a bar of suitable size.
Dry type: It does not require any liquid or semi-liquid medium for cooling or insulating.
Oil type: It requires oil for cooling and insulation.
Live tank design: It has its secondary at the top and its housing at live potential.
Dead tank design: It has its secondary at bottom and its housing at earth potential.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A Potential Transformer is a special type of transformer that allows meters to take readings from
electrical service connections with higher voltage (potential) than the meter is normally capable of
handling without at potential transformer. It is essentially a step down transformer.
The rating of the PT used at the grid studied is 20/25MVA, 33KV.
ISOLATORS
Isolators are provided for isolating equipment from buses or live apparatus or for sectionalizing buses or
circuits or for transfer of loads. These devices break the circuit under off-load conditions. The main
purpose of isolator is to ensure protection of the maintenance person under any circumstance. The
isolator is operated only when circuit
Breaker connected to its line breaks.
TYPES OF ISOLATORS:
These are protective devices used to safely ground any surge in line e.g. due to lightening. These
conduct the HV surges on the power system to the ground. Typically, they are connected in parallel with
the equipment to be protected; between the phase and ground for three phase installation.
It essentially consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear arrester. Its one end is connected to the
equipment to be protected and the other to the ground. The length of gap is so set that normal voltages
not enough to cause an arc across the gap but a dangerously high voltage will break down the insulation
and form an arc. The property of non-linear resistor is that its resistance decreases as the voltage or
current increases and vice-versa.
LIGHTENING ARRESTORS
Operation:
• Under normal operation, the LA is off i.e. , the line does not conducts
• On occurrence of over voltage, air insulation across the gap breaks down and arc is formed,
providing low resistance path to the surge to ground. Thus excess charge on the line is
conducted through LA to the ground.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A Circuit Breaker is required to isolate the faulty section of the power system in case of abnormal
conditions. A CB has two contacts: a fixed contact and a moving contact.
Basic Operation:
Under normal conditions, these two contacts remain in closed position.
When the CB is required to isolate the faulty section, the moving contact moves to interrupt the
circuit.
On separation of the contacts, the flow of the current is interrupted resulting in formation of arc
between the contacts.
The contacts are placed in close chamber containing some medium which extinguishes the arc.
Classification:
1) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
2) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
3) Bulk oil Circuit Breaker
4) Vacuum Circuit Breaker
5) SF6 Circuit Breaker
Recover Voltage: Voltage that appears across the terminals of each pole of the CB immediately after
breaking of the circuit is known as recover Voltage.
Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage: It is the rate at which recover voltage rises. It is expressed in Volts
per microseconds.
Breaking Current:
Symmetrical breaking current: It is the rms value of a.c. component of current at the instant of
contact separation
Asymmetrical breaking current: It is expressed as the rms value of the total current (ac + dc)
present at pole at the instant of contact separation.
Breaking Capacity:
Symmetrical breaking Capacity: The value of the Symmetrical breaking current that the CB is
capable of breaking at the stated recovery voltage frequency and under prescribed conditions.
Asymmetrical breaking Capacity: The value of the Symmetrical breaking current that the CB is
capable of breaking at the stated recovery voltage frequency and under prescribed conditions.
Making Capacity:
It is the peak value of the maximum current in the first cycle of current after the circuit is closed by the
circuit breaker.
A vacuum circuit breaker utilizes a vacuum to extinguish arcing when the circuit breaker is opened and
to act as a dielectric to insulate the contacts after the arc is interrupted.
High vacuum has two outstanding properties:
• The highest insulating strength known.
• When an AC circuit is opened by the separation of contacts in a vacuum, interruption
occurs at the first current zero, with a dielectric strength across the contacts building up at a
rate thousands times higher than that obtained with conventional CBs. The contacts are of
butt joints.
A high vacuum gap recovers most of its dielectric strength within 10μs.
.
These properties make the VCBs more efficient, less bulky and cheaper.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
SF6 BREAKERS
The SF6 Gas circuit Breakers are extremely simple and compact in their design owing to the fact that no
gas blast valves are required and the force of contact separation simultaneously drives the puffer piston
which builds up gas pressure according to the contact stroke. It consists of male-female contact joint
comprising two coaxially aligned electrode sections.
The gas breaker assures a high level of performance required for reliable operation of electrical system.
Its reliability increases further by the use of SF6 gas insulating system (GIS) and a single pressure dual
flow gas puffer interrupter.
CAPACITOR BANK
A capacitor bank is used to improve the power factor at which the power is supplied. The power factor
of a system is given as:
P.F. = Useful power/apparent power=KW/KVA
They improve the voltage regulation and/or restore it to an acceptable level for a given load.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
In case of induction motors, magnetizing of the core first occurs in each half cycle of the ac supply, and
then the power is imparted. The magnetizing power is then after returned to the generator. This
magnetizing Reversal Energy is not actually doing any job in the motor, but is still absolutely essential
in the working of the motor. This is called “Reactive Power”.
Capacitor Bank
If suitable capacitors are connected at the terminals of the motor, the Magnetic reversal energy, which
would otherwise been pushed back into the system, could e stored and released i.e. supplied to the load
for magnetizing purpose when needed in the other parts of the electrical cycle. The advantage here being
that he capacitor eliminates the need for feeding reactive energy along power lines and reduce the
burden. In other words, the capacitor behaves as ‘local generator of the reactive power’.
BUSBARS
An ideal busbar is characterized by zero impedance .The materials normally used for bus bars and
connectors are copper and aluminum. Maximum current density in copper bus bars and connections in
direct contact with air should be such that as not to exceed the following operational temperature:
SINGLE BUSBAR:
Suitable for smaller installations, a bus sectionalizer allows the station to be split into two separate parts
and the parts to be disconnected for the maintenance purpose.
DOUBLE BUSBAR:
Provides for possibility of cleaning and maintenance without interrupting supply. Possibility of separate
operation of station sections exists. Busbar sectionalizing increases operation flexibility.
BUS COUPLER
This is a section comprising of circuit breaker, CTs and isolators made to connect the two buses or bus
sections in case of failure in any incomer. This ensures continuity in supply from both the buses.
BATTERY ROOM
The battery room consists of 24 batteries, each of 2V, connected in series, giving the supply of 48V.It is
meant for power back-up in case of supply failure. The following points should be kept in mind for
safety reasons:
1. Room should be well ventilated i.e. provided with an exhaust fan.
2. The flooring should be resistant to acidic corrosion.
3. The room should be free from birds and rodents.
4. The specific gravity of the lead acid should have an optimum value of 1290 m/s2.
The bank is supplied with two chargers. The boost charger is for quick charging at constant current. The
float charger is for steady charging at constant voltage.
BATTERY ROOM BATTERY CHARGER
SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
SCADA is used to monitor, control and alarm plant or regional operating system from a central location.
It essentially has three main elements:
1. RTUs (Remote Telemetry Units)
2. Communication
3. HMI (Human Machine Interface)
It significantly reduces the operating labor cost, while at the same time, it actually improves plant or
regional system performance and reliability.
SCADA ROOM
It is used for remote control and monitoring of the various equipments in the grid yard. The L/R switch
enables selection of local or remote control operation. TNC switch may be set in either Tripped, Neutral
or Closed condition of the circuit breaker. Each relay has a graphic display screen, a trip circuit
supervisor and a dc fail supervisor. For each transformer, the CT brings in current that may be
monitored and is fed into a numeric relay 50/51/50n/51n that works as instantaneous, inverse over-
current, earth fault instantaneous and earth fault overcurrent relay. A differential protection relay is
meant to detect any unbalance in the current in the HV and LV windings. In case of operation of any of
the relays, the Master relay, 86 is operational. The BCU switch enables the interconnection of the grid
with the SCADA control room. All the equipments are operated at 50V dc.
CONTROL PANEL
The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to the
combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical equipment.
Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults
downstream.
The 11KV voltage supply through the underground cables is headed to the switchgear room and is fed to
the various outgoing feeders through circuit breakers, bus coupler, bus riser etc.
SWITCH GEAR ROOM
Based on the size & input voltage rating, transformers may be classified into two
categories:
1. Power Transformers
2. Distribution Transformers
Both power and distribution transformers are used for T&D applications
(transmission & distribution). The difference between power and distribution
transformers refers to:
• Power transformers are typically units from 5 to 500 MVA, with input
voltage above 36 kV.
• Earthing Terminals:
The core laminations assembly is connected to core clamping
frame which is in turn connected to the tank. Two earthing
terminals are provided on the transformer tank. The earthing
terminals should be connected to the earth.
• Lifting lugs
Two lifting lugs of adequate capacity arc provided on top cover
to lift fully assembled transformer filled with oil.
FITTINGS &
• Valves
ACCESSORIES
Every transformer is provided with drain cum filter valve at
bottom of the tank, and valves are fitted with blanking plates
with locking and sealing to stop oil coming out.
• BUSHINGS:
Oil Communicating Type:
Transformer windings are connected to the external circuit
through bushings. The bushings are installed on the cover of the
transformer tank and hence protrude into the tank. These ends
are provided with suitable fasteners to connect the line leads
inside the transformer and external conductors outside it.
• Tank with Corrugated walls
1. The corrugated walls panels are manufactured from
CRCA sheet in thickness ranging between 1.2mm
and 1.5mm.
2. The role of the corrugated panels is to increase the
surface area of the tank which is in contact with the
cooling air.
3. As the panels are welded on transformer tank, keen
attention is required during unloading, handling and
erection to protect from physical damages.
• Foundation:
Foundation should be firm, horizontal and dry.
PARTS OF TRANSFORMERS BEING INSTALLED
AT NARELA 66/11kV GRID
Cooling Fans
OLTC
Prior to energizing the transformer, several pre-commissioning checks are made to ensure that
transformer has not suffered damage during transit, for maintenance purpose and, in future comparison
if the transformer gets mal-functioning.
It is done to measure the reliability of the transformer insulation. The test reveals the condition if
insulation (i.e. degree of dryness of insulation paper), presence of any foreign
containments/moisture in oil and also any gross defect in the transformer.
It is measured as a function of leakage current, which passes through the volume of insulation or
external surface under a constant DC voltage.
Procedure:
IR values are checked with the values in the manufacture’s test certificate and these values. With
every 10ºC drop in temperature, IR values increase by approximately 1.5 times.
Precautions:
• It is ensured that the test specimen is discharged by short-circuiting for a period at least
four times as long as the test voltage was applied.
• In case of hand driven megger, it is rotated at constant speed for 60 seconds.
• Transformer tank is properly grounded.
These are measured at site in order to check for any abnormalities due to loose connections,
broken strands and high contact resistance in tap changers.
The resistance is usually measured either with the bridge techniques, (Kelvin Bridge or Wheat
Stone Bridge), Voltmeter Ammeter Method or a micro Ohmmeter. The resistance is below 1
ohm.
Procedure:
• For star connected winding with neutral brought out, the resistance is measured between
the line and neutral terminal and average of these shall be the tested value.
• For delta connected windings, such as tertiary winding of auto transformer, measurements
is done between pairs of line terminals and resistance per winding shall be winding is
calculated as:
• Resistance per winding=1.5 × Measured Value.
• The winding temperature is noted while recording the resistance.
• The resistance at 75ºC is measured as:
• R 75=R1 (235+75)/ (235+t) for copper.
• R1 is the resistance measured at temperature t.
Acceptance
The Measured values are compared with the factory value a deviation of 5% of the factory value
is acceptable.
Precautions:
• Care is taken to minimize the self inducting effects.
• To reduce the high inductive effect, a sufficiently high current is used to saturate the
core, but should not exceed 15% if the rated current as it would cause heating and thereby
change the resistance.
• Care is taken for accurate measurement of the winding temperature.
Magnetic Balance Test
This test is carried only in three phase transformers to check the imbalance in the magnetic
circuit.
Procedure:
The acceptance criteria are usually when the supply is fed to outer (extreme) phase of a
transformer, the voltage induced in the centre phase shall be 50-90% of the applied voltage.
However, when the centre phase is excited, the voltage induced in the outer phases shall be 30-
70% of the applied voltage.
Precautions:
The test is performed to locate defect in magnetic core structure, shifting of windings, failures in
turn insulation or problems in tap changers.
Procedure:
• The tap position is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals are opened.
• Single phase 415V supply is applied on HV terminals.
• The voltage and current value is measured for each phase on HV terminals.
• The above procedure is repeated for normal and highest tap position.
Acceptance:
• Magnetizing current measured on HV side shall confirm to increasing trend between highest
voltage tap positions to lowest voltage tap position for all phases.
• The set of reading for current measurement for each of the tap position should be equal.
Unequal current shall indicate possible short circuits in the winding.
Precautions:
• This test is done before DC measurement of winding resistance to reduce the effect of
residual magnetism.
• On HV, low range AC ammeter is used.
Procedure:
• The tolerance for turn ratio should be within 0.5% of the declared ratio in the name plate
specification.
• The measured voltage on LV phase shall confirm to increasing trend between highest
voltage tap positions to lowest voltage tap position for all phases
.
Precautions:
Procedure:
Acceptance:
Considering applied voltage constant on HV, the ammeter reading of all three phases should be
within 2-5% variation.
Precautions:
• The secondary terminals of all the CT’s are shorted before starting the test.
• Suitable value of cross section of copper cables is selected such that the current
density should not exceed 2.5 A/sq. mm.
Procedure:
• The terminals 1U, 2U are shorted.
• Three phase supply is applied on 1U, 1V and 1W.
• The voltage between the following terminals is measured and recorded:
1U-1V
1V-1W
1U-1w
1V-2v
1V-2w
1W-2w
1W-2u
Acceptance:
Precautions:
The dielectric dissipation factor of oil is the ratio of the power dissipated in the oil in watts, to the
product of the effective voltage and current in VA, when tested with a sinusoidal field under prescribed
conditions.
This is numerically equivalent to the cosine of the phase angle or sine of the loss angle. It is a
dimensionless quantity.
This angle varies according to the quality of insulation, moisture content, contamination, heterogeneity,
ageing of the material etc. The ratio Ir/Ic is a measure of the dielectric loss in the insulation and is
known as the dielectric loss angle or dissipation factor.
=VIc sin δ
cos δ
= VIc tan δ
=VωVCtan δ
= V²ωC tan δ
Dielectric loss in insulating equipment is thus proportional to tan δ and to the square of voltage. Since
the amount of resistance loss of the insulating material is very small, the angle δ is also very small and
hence tan δ is approximately equal to cosΦ (power factor).
It is one of the most powerful tests to monitor the health of the transformer. It is an indication of the
quality and soundness of the insulation in the bushing.
Procedure:
• The capacitance multiplier dial is set to the short position and the capacitance measuring dials to
their respective “O” position.
• The interference suppressor switches is kept in OFF position.
• The ground terminal of the test is set to low impedance.
• The control unit is connected to the high voltage unit using shielded cables.
• The HV cable is connected to the top terminal of the bushing and the LV cable is connected to the
test tap (strip/central stud) to the C and tan-delta kit through a screen cable and measurements are
recorded.
Acceptance:
Precautions:
• The operator must use all practical safety precautions to prevent contact with energized parts of the
test equipment and related circuits.
• Measurement should be made at low voltage usually below 10 KV.
• Porcelain of the bushings should be cleaned and dried and removal of any dirt /oil with clean dry
cloth should be ensured.
Procedure:
• Measurement is made between all windings connected together and the grounded tank.
• The test set is positioned at least 6 feet away from the test specimen to be tested.
• The capacitance multiplier dial is set to the short position and the capacitance measuring dials to
the respective “O” positions.
• The interference suppressor switches is kept in OFF position.
• The ground terminal of the test is set to low impedance.
• The control unit is connected to the high voltage unit using shielded cables.
• The HV cable is connected to the top terminal of the bushing and the LV cable is connected to the
test tap (strip/central stud) to the C and tan-delta kit through a screen cable and measurements are
recorded
Acceptance:
Precautions:
Monthly Voltage & noise of Checking the tap Ensuring proper tap position
main unit position matches to avoid core loss/noise due to
with voltage over fluxing.
Yearly Gasketed joints Checking for any Bolts are tightened evenly to
leaks. avoid uneven pressure.
DECOMPOSITION OF OIL
FAULT GASES
The cause of fault gases can be divided into three categories; corona or partial discharge, pyrolysis or
thermal heating, and arcing. The major fault gases can be categorized as follows by the type of material
that is involved and the type of fault present:
1. CORONA
a. Oil H2
b. Cellulose H2, CO, CO2
2. PYROLYSIS
a. Oil
Low Temperature CH4 C2 H 6
High Temperature C2H4, H2 (CH4, C2 H 6)
b. Cellulose
Low Temperature CO2 (CO)
High Temperature CO (CO2)
3. ARCING H2, C2 H2 (CH4 C2 H 6,C2H4)
The solubility of the fault gases in mineral oil as well as their temperature dependence are also important
factors for consideration in fault gas analysis.
The main advantage of the DGA technique is that it detects the gases in the oil phase giving the earliest
possible detection of an incipient fault. This advantage alone outweighs any disadvantages of this
technique.
If a transformer has been operating normally for some time and a DGA shows a sudden increase in the
amount of gas, the first thing to do is take a second sample to verify there is a problem.. If the next DGA
shows gases to be more in line with prior DGA’s, the earlier oil sample was contaminated, and there is
no further cause for concern. If the second sample also shows increases in gases, the problem is real.
Rogers ratio method compares quantities of different key gases by dividing one into the other. This
gives a ratio of the amount of one key gas to another. By looking at the Gas Generation Chart we can see
that at certain temperatures, one gas will be generated more than another gas. Rogers’s ratio method uses
four key gas ratios.
CH4/H2
C2H6/CH4
C2H4/ C2 H 6
C2H2/C2H4
These ratios and the resultant fault indications are based on large numbers of DGA’s and transformer
failures and what was discovered after the failures.
Code Definition of Rogers Refined Ratio Method
DIAGNOSIS BY RATIO
CODE
0 0 0 0 Normal
5 0 0 0 Partial discharge
1, 0 0 0 Slight over heating<150º C
2
1, 1 0 0 Slight over heating 150-200ºC
2
0 1 0 0 Slight over heating 200-300ºC
0 0 1 0 General conductor overheating
1 0 1 0 Winding circulating currents
1 0 2 0 Core & Tank circulating current
0 0 0 1 Flash over, no power flow through
0 0 1,2 1,2 Arc, with power flow through
0 0 2 2 Continuous sparking to floating potential
5 0 0 1,2 Partial discharge with tracking
CO2/CO>11 Higher than normal temp. in insulation
GUIDELINE BY ABSOLUTE VALUE
GAS FORMULA NORMAL< <ABNORMAL> INTERPRETATION
Hydrogen H2 150 ppm 1000 ppm Corona, Arcing
Methane CH4 25 80 Sparking
Ethane C2 H 6 10 35 Local over
heating
Ethylene C2H4 20 150 Severe
overheating
Acetylene C2 H2 15 70 Arcing
Carbon CO 500 1000 Severe over
Monoxide heating
Carbon CO2 10000 15000 Severe over
Dioxide heating
Nitrogen N2 1 to 10% NA NA
Oxygen O2 0.2 to 3.5% NA NA
Total 0.03% 0.5 % NA
Combustibles
Applicability:
Ratio methods are only valid if a significant amount of the gases used in the ratio is present. A good rule
is: Never make a decision based only on a ratio if either of the two gases used in a ratio is less than
10 times the amount the gas chromatograph can detect.
GAS LIMITS
Hydrogen (H2) 5 ppm
Methane (CH4) 1 ppm
Acetylene (C2 H2) 1 to 2 ppm
Ethylene (C2H4) 1 ppm
Ethane (C2 H 6) 1 ppm
Carbon monoxide (CO) & Carbon 25 ppm
dioxide(CO2)
Oxygen(O2) & Nitrogen (N2) 50 ppm
To apply Ratio Methods, it helps to subtract gases that were present prior to sudden gas increases. This
takes out gases that have been generated up to this point due to normal aging and from prior problems.
This is especially true for ratios using H2 and the cellulose insulation gases CO & CO2. These are
generated by normal ageing.
IEC599 METHOD
The following table shows the IEC-599 method of gas interpretation where in various limits of the
ratio corresponding to normal ageing and to various types of fault from which diagnosis of the nature
of a fault may be determined.
Presently, the emphasis is given more towards predictive maintenance as the downtime of the power
equipment is unaffordable.
The term ‘preventive maintenance’ describes measures aimed at discovering potential faults or
preventing the faults from developing for smooth operation of the equipment.
• Regular Inspection
• Testing
• Reconditioning wherever necessary.
• Transformer tank, cover and other parts should be inspected periodically for oil leakages,
peeling of paint or rust formation.
• The rusted portion should be properly cleaned and painted.
• Oil leakages should be immediately attended to.
• Clamping bolts on gasketed joints should be tightened properly and if necessary, gaskets to
be replaced.
Preventive Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE REQUIRED
PARTS
Conservator:
• The inside of the conservator should be cleaned
periodically.
• Detachable end plate is provided to facilitate
Conservator & Oil cleaning on all power transformers.
level indicator Oil level indicator:
• Oil indicator glass should be kept clean so that oil
level is clearly visible.
• Broken indictor glass should be replaced
immediately.
• Float should be checked to see that there is no oil
in the float.
Buchholz Relay It should be ensured that isolating valves of buchholz relay are
kept fully open for unhindered oil flow.
Abnormal Replace with spare Disconnect sensor Short WTI CT Replace Fix the new
indication instrument & inform from thermometer terminals instrument, insert the
of supplier for repair of pockets, disconnect before sensor in the
temperatur the instrument. alarm/trip contacts & disconnection. pockets, and
e at CT connection. De-energize reconnect the trip
OTI/WTI Remove the transformer. contacts & CT
instrument. terminals
De- Oven for heating the Dismantle the Re-activate till Refill in the breather
hydrating active agent to 60 ºC. breather & take out _ blue colour
breather the active agent appears.,
active
agent
changes to
pink
colour.
FAULT PREPARATION DISMANTLING SAFETY REPAIR REAASEMBLY
REQUIRED PROCEDURE NOTES PROCESS
_
Low oil in Transformer oil for Unscrew the oil cup Adjust oil level. Refix the oil. Cap.
the de- filling & take it out.
hydrating
breather
Abnormal Spare Bushings. Disconnect the Excess pull on Replace the Refer the manual.
tan delta electrical connection internal bushing
valve of referring the bushing connection
bushings. manual. should be
avoided.
Low High vacuum pump Drain oil from main Refer the Fill fresh oil or Complete oil filling
insulation and filter machine. tank and evacuation manual right quality. & air release.
resistance to one Torr for 24
hrs.
Thermography is the use of an infrared imaging and measurement camera to see and measure thermal
energy emitted from an object.
Thermal, or infrared energy, is light that is not visible because its wavelength is too long to be detected
by human eye. Infrared thermography cameras produce images of invisible infrared or heat radiation and
provide precise non contact temperature measurement capabilities. Nearly everything gets hot before it
fails, making infrared cameras extremely cost effective, valuable diagnostic tools in many diverse
applications.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
As seen from the electromagnetic spectrum, the short wavelength end of the infrared radiation lies at the
limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long wavelength end, it merges with the microwave
radio wavelengths in the millimeter range.
The infrared band is further subdivided into four smaller bands. They include:
However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object
but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected
in the object. The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the
absorption of the atmosphere.
To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a no. of
different radiation sources. This is done online automatically by the camera. The following object
parameters must however be supplied by the camera:
EMISSIVITY
It is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a perfect
blackbody.
Normally, object materials and subject treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from
approximately0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or
painted surface has much higher emissivity. The emissivity of metals is low, while for non metals,
with high emissivity, it tends to decrease with temperature.
DISTANCE
It is the distance between the object and the front lens and the camera.
This parameter is used to compensate for the fact that radiation is being absorbed between the
object and the camera and the fact that transmittance drops with distance.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The camera can also compensate for the fact that transmittance is somewhat dependent on the
relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this, set the relative humidity to the correct value. For
short distances and normal humidity, the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value
of 50%.
THEORY OF THERMOGRAPHY
BLACKBODY RADIATION
A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiations that impinges on it at any
wavelength.
The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics
of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost
exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of
a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of
the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated
reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained
at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.
If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525ºC the source becomes to be
visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the
radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.
Planck’s Law
The spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody is given by the given formula, called as
Planck’s formula
λ max=2898[μm]
T
This is Wien’s formula.
This implies that colour variance from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of the thermal
radiator increases.
Stephan-Boltzmann’s Law
The integration of Planck’s formula from λ=0 to λ =00 , we obtain the total radiant emittance (Wb)
of a blackbody.
Wb=σT4 [Watt/m2]
This is Stephan Boltzmann formula which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
NON-BLACKBODY EMITTERS
There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a black body:
a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be reflected and fraction τ
may be transmitted. All these factors are more or less wavelength dependent.
The sum of these three factors adds up to the whole at any wavelength.
αλ+ρλ+τλ=1 ………..(1)
Another factor, called the emissivity, is required the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a black
body produced by an object at a specific temperature.
The spectral emissivity ελ is equal to the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that
from a black body at the same temperature and radiant.
Mathematically, it is expressed as the ratio of spectral emittance of the object to that of a black
body.
ελ = Wλo
Wλb
There are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance
of each varies with wavelength.
A black body, for which ελ = ε=1.
A gray body, for which ελ = ε<1.
A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength.
.
TRANSFORMER
Rewari Line
20 MVA TR-3
FUNCTIONAL CHECKS
Alarm Trip
Buchholz OK OK
OSR NA OK
PRV NA OK
MOG OK NA
OTI OK OK
WTI OK OK
Insulation Resistance & PI measurement test:
TAP RATIO
POSITION
R Y B
1 6.297 6.298 6.297
2 6.223 6.221 6.221
3 6.151 6.151 6.151
4 6.077 6.076 6.075
5 6.003 6.002 6.001
6 5.925 5.926 6.927
7 5.850 5.853 5.851
8 5.775 5.775 5.577
9 5.702 5.703 5.703
10 5.627 5.626 5.626
11 5.552 5.553 5.552
12 5.478 5.477 5.478
13 5.401 5.402 5.403
14 5.375 5.328 5.326
15 5.252 5.252 5.253
16 5.117 5.178 5.178
17 5.102 5.103 5.102
The Power transformer Rewari Lines TR-3 has been satisfactory examined for all the functional
checks.
The routine tests have been satisfactory performed and the results are acceptable.
It has been observed that OLTC electric operation is getting stuck between taps due to over
travel and operation of limit switch is to be attended.