STATE OF MATTER

1.what is matter?

Definition of matter is as anything that has mass and occupies volume. Typically, matter

includes atoms and other particles which have mass. 

2.Define homogeneous mixture…

A substance or material that contains only one kind of compound or one element can be defined

as homogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more compounds that are visually
indistinguishable from each other.
Definition of Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout. For
example, a teaspoonful of table salt stirred into a glass of water will form a homogeneous mixture. A teaspoonful
of sand in water will form a mixture but it won't be homogeneous.

. A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform. Air is a

homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other
substances. Salt, sugar, and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous
mixtures. A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a
solution.

3.Define heterogeneous mixture..

A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition can easily be identified, as
there are two or more phases present.  A mixture that does not have uniform composition and properties
throughout.

Definition:any combination of substances that does nothave uniform composition and pro
perties; amixture of physically distinct substances withdifferent properties

4.how did you distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous?

#A homogeneous mixture is a substance that is uniform in composition. Solutions are examples of
homogeneous mixtures. 

A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is easily identified, as there are
two or more phases present. Suspensions are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

#"to put it simply, a mixture is Homogeneous if you cannot see the different phases of that
substance while a Heterogeneous mixture means that you can determine the substances present
in that certain mixture.For example: Solutions in the form of an orange juice is homogeneous
because you cannot distinguish where the orange powder is. The powder dissolved and
combined with water."

Homogenous: the particles are evenly distributed the particles will not separate over time
does not diffract light called a solution

Heterogeneous: the particles are NOT evenly distributed Suspensions will separate over time (oil &
water) Colloids are stable hereogeneous mixtures that will NOT separate over time
(milk: casein & whey) Diffracts light

Homo is same and hetero is different.

  
 5.there are 3 state of matter…

Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and

the Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior
gas liquid solid
assumes the shape and assumes the shape of retains a
volume of its the part of the container fixed
container  which it occupies  volume and
particles can move particles can move/slide shape 
past one another past one another rigid -
particles
locked into
place
compressible  not easily compressible  not easily
lots of free space little free space between compressibl
between particles particles e 
little free
space
between
particles
flows easily  flows easily  does not
particles can move particles can move/slide flow easily 
past one another past one another rigid -
particles
cannot
move/slide
past one
another
6.could you explain what is liquid,molten and aquoes?

Liquid:

Molten:

Aquose:

1.what are the physical characteristic of gas?

1. Gases consists of large numbers of tiny particles

- gases volume is 1000 times that of a liquid or solid

- most volume is empty space ; compressible

2. The particles of a gas are in constant motion, moving rapidly in straight lines in all
directions, and thus possess kinetic energy.

3. The collisions between particles of a gas and between particles and container walls are
elastic collisions.

Elastic collision - is one in which there is no net loss of kinetic energy.

- Kinetic energy is transferred between 2 particles during collisions total kinetic energy
remains constant at constant temp. and pressure.

4. There are no forces of attraction or repulsion between the particles of a gas.

5. The average kinetic energy of the particles of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temp. of a gas.

- The kinetic energy of a particle is given as

(formula)

6.expand to fill their containers.(volume of gas=volume of container)

7.are highly compressible.(P<V)

8.have extremely low densities.(much empty space)

9.form homogeneous mixtures with each other.(diffusion)

10.no definite shape or no definite volume.

11.low density

12.exhibits diffusion and effusion.

2.SI unit of gas pressure?

1 atm=101.3 kPa=760 mm of Hg=760 torr

3.4 gases Law-Boyles,Charles,Avogadro,Amonton

Boyle's Law shows that, at constant temperature, the product of an ideal gas's pressure and volume
is always constant.

Where P is the pressure (Pa), V the volume (dm3) of a gas, and k1 (measured in joules) is the
constant from this equation—it is not the same as the constants from the other equations below.

Charles Law for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the absolute
temperature (in kelvins).

Where T is the absolute temperature of the gas (in kelvins) and k2 (in m3·K−1) is the constant
produced.

Avogadro Law

Avogadro's Law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is proportional to the amount
of moles (or molecules) present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which
atSTP is 22.4 dm3 (or liters).

Where n is equal to the number of moles of gas (the number of molecules divided by Avogadro's
Number).

Amonton’s Law states that in an ideal gas, when volume and number of moles are held constant,
the pressure and temperature of a gas are directly related.

P ∝ T

Or, in another form:

P1 / T1 = P2 / T2

4.What is Ideal Gas Equation?

where p is the absolute pressure of the gas; V is the volume; n is the amount of substance; R is

the Regnault constant, better known as universal gas constant; and T is the absolute
temperature.

In SI units, p is measured in pascals; V in cubic metres; n in moles; and T in kelvin. R has the

value 8.314472 J·K−1·mol−1 in SI units[4]).
5.What is the state function of Ideal Gas Equation?

PV = NRT 
where : P is the pressure of the system 
V is the volume of the system 
N is the number of moles of the gas 
R is the gas constant (8.314jk-1mol-1) 
T is the temperature of the system

6.gas stoichiometry..

Graham’s laws

 Diffusion - The rate at which two gases mix. 

 Effusion - The rate at which a gas escapes through a pinhole into a vacuum. 

Graham's Law of Diffusion

o The rate at which gases diffuse is inversely proportional to the
square root of their densities.

o Since volumes of different gases contain the same number of

particles (see Avogadro's Hypothesis), the number of moles per liter
at a given T and P is constant.  Therefore, the density of a gas is
directly proportional to its molar mass (MM).

Graham's Law of Effusion

o The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square
root of either the density or the molar mass of the gas.
 The time required for 25-mL samples 
of different gasses to diffuse through a  
pinhole into a vacuum.

Deviation from Ideal Gas Law Behavior

 Two problems with the Kinetic Molecular Theory of

"Ideal" Gases
1. Gas particles are much smaller than the distance between particles,
therefore the volume of a gas is mostly empty space and the volume
of the gas molecules themselves is negligible.
2. There is no force of attraction between gas particles or between the
particles and the walls of the container.

 "Real" Gases: van der Waals Equation

 a: Constant to correct for intermolecular attractive

forces
 b: Constant to correct for volume of individual gas
molecules
 P: Pressure - Atmospheres (atm), torr, mmHg
 V: Volume - Liters (L)
 n: Amount of gas - moles (mol)
 T: Temperature - Kelvin (K)
 R: Ideal gas constant = 0.0820057 L-atm/mol-K = 62.3243 L-torr/mol-K =
62.3243 L-mmHg/mol-K
 Van der Waals Constants
for Common Gases
Compound     a (L2-atm/mol2)    b (L/mol)
He 0.03412 0.02370
Ne 0.2107 0.01709
H2 0.2444 0.02661
Ar 1.345 0.03219
O2 1.360 0.03803
N2 1.390 0.03913
CO 1.485 0.03985
CH4 2.253 0.04278
CO2 3.592 0.04267
NH3 4.170 0.03707

 Deviations are greater if :

1. Intermolecular attractive forces (IMF) of gas molecules are greater.
2. Mass (and subsequently volume) of gas molecules is greater.

  Conditions are "Ideal" at:            Conditions are "Real"

at:
High Temperature                         Low Temperature
Low Pressure                             High Pressure

WHY?
 At High T, the gas molecules have a higher average kinetic energy (KE avg)
which overcomes the IMF.
 At Low P, the gas molecules are spread further apart and can therefore avoid
IMF.

 P of a real gas < P of an ideal gas because the actual paths of gas molecules
are curved (not straight) due to the IMF.
 V of a real gas > V of an ideal gas because V of gas molecules is significant
when P is high.  Ideal Gas Equation assumes that the individual gas
molecules have no volume.

Kinetic molecular theory of gas