SPACELAB

]
Table o| Contents
A LABORATORY IN SPACE . . 1

SPACELAB 1:
SCIENCE IN ORBIT .......... 2
Goals ....................... 2
Disciplines ................... 3
Astronomy and Solar Physics.. 3
Space Plasma Physics ........ 4
Atmospheric Physics
and Earth Observations ...... 6 _ ,
Life .Sciences ............... 7
Materials Science ........... 7
Science Crew ................. 8 ,._
MISSION DEVELOPMENT ,_
AND MANAGEMENT ....... 10 _
Experiment Selection ......... 10
Scientific Guidance .......... 11
Mission Planning ............. 11
Experiment Hardware
Development ................ 11
Payload Integration .......... 12
Science Crew Training ........ 12 "
On-Orbit Operations .......... 13 ",
Data Return ................. 13
Refurbishment and Reuse ..... 13 _:
SPACELAB 1
INVESTIGATIONS .......... 14
Astronomy and Solar Physics . . 15
Space Plasma Physics ......... 17 !_
Atmospheric Physics ,__-_
and Earth Observations ....... 19 "__._
Life Sciences ................ 21
Materials Science ............ 26 _.
Index of Experiments ......... 30

L BRI1YCDPY
MAY2 6

LIBRARY, NASA

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Spacelab, a multidisciDlinaryfacility developed by the European Space Agency for
use in NASA's Space Shuttle Orbiter, includes exposed instrument pallets and a
pressurized laboratory module where scientistscan work in a shirtsleeve environment.
ALABORATOR
'
/NsPACE
Soon the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) Space Shuttle will carry the European Space
Agency (ESA) Spacelab on its first mission. Thus a dream
will be realized: scientists no longer will be earthbound but,
like astronauts, will be able to go into space to perform
research that cannot be done on Earth. The important first
flight of Spacelab will demonstrate the many capabilities of
this orbiting research center and will open exciting new
opportunities for research in all the sciences,
Spacelab is a cooperative venture of ESA and NASA.
ESA is responsible for funding, developing, and building
Spacelab; some fifty industrial firms in ten European
nations are participating in construction of the flight
hardware. NASA is responsible for the launch and
operational use of Spacelab. The agencies are jointly
sponsoring the Spacelab 1 mission and contributing
investigations for the flight. The Marshall Space Flight
Center in Huntsville, Alabama, is NASA's lead center for
monitoring the development of Spacelab and managing the
first missions,
Spacelab is a versatile modular facility installed in the
Space Shuttle Orbiter and exposed to space when the cargo
bay doors are opened. It consists of an enclosed, pressur-
ized laboratory containing utilities, computers, work
benches, and instrument racks for the conduct of experi-
ments, as well as outside platforms (pallets) where such
equipment as telescopes, antennas, and sensors are
mounted for direct exposure to space. These units may
be used in various combinations, returned to Earth, and
reused on other flights. Spacelab can be outfitted with
several tons of laboratory instruments for studies in
astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and
engineering.
The Spacelab facility is designed for use by scien-
tists who are not necessarily astronauts; men and
women from universities, industries, government
agencies, and research institutes in many nations will
conduct investigations in Spacelab. Never before have
scientists who are not trained astronauts worked in space,
actively conducting research in collaboration with investi-
gators on the ground. In the shirtsleeve environment of the
well-equipped laboratory module, these scientists will enjoy
many of the comforts of a ground-based lab. They can
handle the equipment, react to unexpected experimental
conditions and results, change their plans, and gain
the greatest scientific yield from the mission. The involve-
ment of users in all phases of the mission from planning
through post-flight review, including their presence
onboard the flight, is a distinct advantage for space-age
scientific research.
Spacelab offers a new way of doing science in the
unique environment of space. Because very low gravity,
high vacuum, high-energy radiation, and large volumes of
ionized gases are difficult or impossible to achieve in
laboratories on the ground, some important research
problems can be solved only in space, where these condi-
tions occur naturally. Likewise impossible, except above the
atmosphere, is an unobscured view of the sun, planets, and
stars, and a global view of the Earth itself. In Spacelab,
scientists have both a picture-window view of the universe
and a laboratory for investigations that are expected to
yield many benefits for mankind on Earth.
In many ways, Spacelab encourages advanced scientific
research in space. By sharing accommodations and
instruments, users may conduct a variety of investigations
simultaneously and less expensively than on independent
The laboratorymoduleand one palletwillbe usedfor the
Spacelab1 mission.Otherconfigurations of Spacelabunits
canbe usedfor futuremissions.
Z
missions. With slight modification, existing laboratory
, lgtlM I"
reuse. Valuable data can be returned physically as well as
equipment
transmitted canbeflownonSpacelabandreturnedfor
electronically; photographic film, magnetic Zl[Ng[ IN R_
tapes, test tubes, lab cultures, and material samples will be
handed to scientists on the ground for analysis after the p,
flight. Experiments and instruments may be modified for Jd
reflight on subsequent
advantages Spacelab
and economies missions.
encourage the These practical
accelerated 4i_ (_ t--'tI
growth of scientific knowledge.
With relatively frequent access to the promising
environment of space, scientists can conduct a broad €)_
range of studies that will expand our knowledge and result
in technical applications for use on Earth. As an observa- _ t
tory platform, Spacelab allows us to view the Earth as a
global entity and to peer deeply into space. As a laboratory,
Spacelab enables us to mix chemicals, grow cells, and
examine behavior in an essentially gravity-free setting and
also to experiment directly in the surrounding space
environment. As we use this space-age research center, we
will surely gain new understanding of the complex physical
processes that govern our universe and our lives.

Spacelab 1, the first mission of the S _acelab facility, will be

launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flight
will last a week at an orbital altitude of 250 km (155miles).
The payload for the joint ESA/NASA mission will be
installed in the two-section laboratory module and on one
pallet. Scientists from eleven European nations, Canada,
Japan, and the United States are providing instruments and
experimental procedures for over seventy different investi-
gations in five research areas or disciplines: astronomy and
solar physics, space plasma physics, atmospheric physics
and Earth observations, life sciences, and materials science.

GOALS
The overall goal of the first mission is to verify Spacelab
performance through a variety of scientific experiments.
The investigations selected for the mission will test or
"exercise" the Spacelab hardware, flight and ground
systems, and crew to demonstrate their capabilities for
advanced research in space. However, Spacelab 1 is not
merely a checkout flight or a trial run. Important research
problems that require a laboratory in space are scheduled
for the mission. From the first moments of the flight, we
can expect increased knowledge of space, the sun, the
Instruments requiring direct exposure to space are mounted Earth's environment, biological systems, and chemical and
onU-shapedpallets.
Severalusersshareaccommodations
onthe physicalprocesses.
compact
olatforms. Spacelab1will demonstratenew instrumentsand
methodsfor conductingexperimentsthat aredifficult or
impossible in ground-based laboratories, rockets, or
orbiting satellites. It will carry more equipment than a
conventional satellite, and many of the instruments will be
the largest, most powerful, or most sensitive of their kind
ever to be placed in orbit. This mission is expected to
produce a high yield of new knowledge and to establish a
pool of resources for reuse on future missions. Furthermore,
Spacelab 1will demonstrate the feasibility of cooperative
 $

_ An internationalscientificcommunityisinvolvedindeveloping
the Spacelab1 mission.InvestigatorscomefromvariousEuropean
nations,Canada,Japan,and severalstatesinthe UnitedStates.

research projects in space by scientitsts from different

disciplines and nations.

DISCIPLINES
Spacelab 1 is a multidisciplinarymission; that is, investiga-
tions will be performed in several different fields of scientific
research. While future missions may be dedicated to a
single discipline, Spacelab 1will demonstrate the broad
versatility of the space laboratory. Researchers in many
disciplines face important questions that can be answered
only by experimentation in low gravity outside the Earth's
atmosphere. On this first mission, they have an opportunity
to sample the capabilities of an orbiting facility and to
begin to fill the gaps in our knowledge. The following
survey shows how Spacelab 1 will be used for novel
research in each of these five disciplines.
One group of investigationswill focus on distantstars and galaxies,
Astronomy and Solar Physics seen here through an optical
evenmoredetailsofthese telescope. X-ray
astronomical images will reveal
objects.
While it protects and sustains life on Earth, the atmosphere
is a veil that obscures our vision of the sun and stars, cameras, and other detectors can see the sun and stars with
Electromagnetic radiation in the gamma ray, X-ray, greater clarity than normally possible. With them, we
ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths is largely absorbed in expect to learn more about the life history of our universe
the atmosphere before it can reach the ground. These and our sun.
invisible forms of radiation carry a great deal of informa- Several investigations are designed to observe faint
tion about the sources from which they originate. Only by sources (stars and galaxies) of radiation in the ultraviolet
using special instruments that can see what the human eye and X-ray wavelengths. Both general surveys and detailed
cannot, and by operating them above the atmosphere, can studies of specific astronomical objects will be performed.
we see the universe clearly.
Spacelab 1will carry a group of instruments for investi-
gations developed by scientists in Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, and the United States. These telescopes,
4

k.
The Earth's magnetic environment is filled with electrified gas
(plasma). The magnetosphere extends far beyond the Van Allen
radiationbelts.

Ultraviolet measurements will reveal details of the Space Plasma Physics

composition and chemical processes of stars in the Milky
Way and more remote galaxies, as well as the character-
istics of quasars and the interstellar medium. A new study
of cosmic X-rays will be conducted on Spacelab 1; X-ray
emissions carry information about the temperatures,
energy, and magnetic fields of their sources,
Another group of experiments will measure the sun's
output of energy with state-of-the-art precision. Though the
sun's total irradiance is steady enough to be called the
"solar constant," there is intriguing evidence of _light
variations. Because the sun's radiation is the major source
of heat for the Earth and its atmosphere, it drives atmo-
spheric circulation and affects the weather. Therefore, it is
important to determine the range and variability of the
solar constant. It has been estimated that a tiny variation in
the sun's total radiation (1/2of 1%) would cause dramatic
changes in the Earth's ocean levels, ice caps, and climate.
On Spacelab l, the solar constant will be measured
simultaneously by several different techniques for greatest
accuracy.
With increased access to information in all wavelengths,
we can better understand the nature of our universe, the
mysteries of its creation and evolution, and the production
of energy in the sun. From Spacelab 1we can look deep
into space.
Interplanetary space is not empty. Instead, it is a network
of changing magnetic and electric fields, electromagnetic
radiation, and charged particles whose complex inter-
actions link the sun and the Earth. In addition to heat and
light, the sun emits an electrified gas or plasma -- the solar
wind -- that flows along magnetic paths in space at a
million miles per hour. The Earth is protected from the full
force of solar wind bombardment by the magnetosphere, a
buffer zone of plasma stretching from the atmosphere to
the distant reaches of the planet's magnetic field.
In near-Earth space, the magnetosphere is highly
responsive to changes in the solar wind caused by events on
the sun. Magnetic storms in the magnetosphere trigger the
auroras that sometimes disrupt radio, radar, telecommuni-
cations, power transmission lines, and spacecraft electron-

Another group of instruments will

be aimed at the sun, seen here in
an X-ray image.
 better picture of the structure of our space environment.
5
Passive experiments using special television cameras,
sensors, and optical instruments monitor natural processes
as well as the effects of active experiments.
Space plasma investigations are relevant to our under-
standing of solar-terrestrial linkage and, furthermore, to
many of our earthly concerns. Our weather, climate, and
agriculture, as well as communications, navigation, power
distribution, geological exploration, and spacecraft tech-
nologies are influenced to some degree by the sun. If we
can determine how solar energy physically affects the
Earth's environment, we may be able to predict and
prepare for the practical consequences of solar fluctua-
tions. We may also learn how human activities alter or
pollute our space environment, disrupting such delicate
chemical balances as the ozone layer. Plasma experiments
near Earth may even give insight into the behavior of
magnetic environments around other planets and stars.
Spacelab 1 introduces many new capabilities for the study
Auroras,theghostly NorthernandSouthernLights,
aredramatic of Earth'stotal spaceenvironment.
visibleevidenceof thetremendousenergythatisstored
and
released intheEarth'sspaceenvironment.
ics.Through the magnetosphere,thesunmay exert a
subtleinfluenceon terrestrialweatherand climate.
The physicalprocessesthat link thesun andEarth are
not yet fully understood.Spacelab1offersan extraordinary
chanceto studythe Earth'splasmaenvelopeat closerange,
from within, for the Shuttle'sorbital altitude is in the
ionosphere,the transitionzonebetweenthemagnetosphere
aboveand theatmospherebelow.A variety of coordinated
investigationsdevelopedby scientistsin Austria,France,
Germany,Japan,andthe United Stateswill be performed
on Spacelab1.
Cluesto thesun-Earthrelationshipcanbe discoveredby
close study of physical processes in the nearby plasma
environment. Spacelab 1 scientists will conduct two classes
of plasma experiments -- active and passive -- that use
space itself as a laboratory. Some active experiments fire
beams of charged particles into space and measure the
resultant changes in the environment. Some experiments
create artificial auroras that help to explain how natural
particle beams in the auroras carry energy from the solar
wind and the magnetosphere into the Earth's atmosphere.
Particles injected by active experiments can also be used to
trace patterns of magnetic and electric fields, giving us a

An electron beam emitted from an accelerator gun spiralsaround

an invisible magnetic field line in a NASA plasmachamber. Tests in
laboratories on the ground will prepare the way for beam injection
experiments on Spacelab 1.
$
Atmospheric Physics
and Earth Observations
The atmosphere contains a wealth of information about the
chemistry and physics of the Earth's environment,
Unfortunately, some of these data are inaccessible with
ground-based and suborbital research techniques because
the atmosphere itself absorbs the evidence at high altitudes.
Spacelab, however, offers a vantage point above the
filtering region, and scientists from ESA, Belgium, France,
and the United States have developed a group of
atmospheric investigations for the first mission. Some of
these will be coordinated with astrophysical and space
Soacelab 1 scientistswill use
ordinary lab suoolies to draw and
process blood samples for several
life science investigations.
plasma studies, but their main purpose is to examine in
detailthe composition,temperature,and motion
(dynamics) of atmospheric gases. A related set of instru-
ments takes advantage of Spacelab's flight altitude for
global-scale observations of the Earth's land and water
surfaces.
Many chemical and physical processes in the atmo-
sphere are accompanied by tell-tale emissions of light or
heat, concentrations of certain atoms or molecules, and
fluctuating patterns of wind and electric currents. The
telescopes, scanners, and cameras on Spacelab 1 can survey
these environmental conditions with unprecedented ease
and accuracy, and with practical applications for monitor-
ing pollution and atmospheric changes. Spacelab 1 investi-
gations use the atmosphere as a natural "television screen"
for watching chemical and physical "programs" that are
invisible on the ground.
Used as an Earth-viewing platform for innovative
remote sensing and imaging instruments, Spacelab l can
provide a rich harvest of high-quality photographs of the
Earth's surface. A large-film metric camera will produce
high-resolution photographs for possible use in making
better maps, and a microwave remote sensing facility on
Spacelab 1will provide all-weather radar viewing of the
Earth's surface, regardless of cloud cover. Among the many
practical benefits of these observations from space are
improved surveys of natural resources (timber, minerals,
water) for inventory and management; measurements and
forecasts of snowmelt run-off, ice floes, and ocean waves
and temperatures; and large-scale land use data for regional
planning.
Spacelab 1enables scientists to see and measure
features of the atmosphere that cannot be studied by
conventional methods, and it allows expanded coverage for
Earth observations. The expected result of these investiga-
tions is greater knowledge of the Earth's global environ-
ment, well-documented by transmitted data and a return
cargo of photographic film.

Life Sciences
The broad goals of the medical and biological experiments
on Spacelab 1are to gain knowledge of basic life processes
and to ensure the health, safety, and capable performance
of humans in space. Various biomedical investigations on
Spacelab 1 examine the body's responses and adaptations
to the stress of prolonged weightlessness. Other
experiments in the life sciences discipline use the space
environment to study the normal nature of living organisms
under conditions that cannot be simulated in laboratories
on the ground.
How does the absence of gravity affect human physio-
logy and behavior? Previous space missions produced
evidence of motion sickness, cardiovascular and metabolic
changes, altered muscle tone, and other effects that may
persist for some time after flight. Further understanding of
the causes and effects of such changes may lead to pre-
ventive measures that protect the health and proficiency of
workers in space. Investigation of these physiological
changes may also give new insights into the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of diseases on Earth.
Biomedical investigations developed by American,
British, German, Italian, and Swiss scientists will evaluate
various effects of weightlessness on human physiology and
behavior. Sensors (attached to crewmembers' bodies) and
television cameras will be used to monitor sensation,
orientation, and body motions that may provide clues to
the causes of space motion sickness. A small tape recorder
worn on a belt will collect data on heart (EKG), brain
(EEG), and eye (EOG) functions. Blood samples taken
from the crew before, during, and after flight will be
analyzed for changes in red and white blood cell count,
Infection-fighting white blood cells will be grown in a
culture medium to assess the influence of weightlessness on
their activity. The crew's ability to distinguish between
objects of different mass without the sensory cue of weight
will be tested. The aim of all these investigations is to
understand the mechanisms of tolerance and adaptation.
Another set of experiments will assess the effects of
radiation and weightlessness on other organisms. In
particular, scientists are interested in possible disturbances
of cell growth, development, and organization. New
"mapping" techniques will be used to measure the level of
space radiation that penetrates the walls of Spacelab.
Bacteria and other microbes on Spacelab 1will be exam-
ined after the flight to determine the biological hazards of
_" exposure to ambient ultraviolet and cosmic ray radiation.
Observations of sunflower seedlings and fungi growing
Spacelab will yield new information on plant growth
_" patterns normally influenced by gravity and 24-hour
circadian rhythms. We can expect new answers to such
questions as, how do plants know which way is up, and do
circadian rhythms persist in space?
As humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms inhabit
the biologically hostile space environment, it is crucial that
we understand the effects of weightlessness and radiation
7
on fundamental life processes. The knowledge gained from
life science investigations will contribute to the safe and
efficient use of space as a work environment for humans on
Spacelab and on future missions to retrieve and service
satellites, assemble large space structures, or populate
space stations. Moreover, these investigations into basic life
functions may lead to solutions of biological and medical
problems on Earth. Certainly, research in space will give
us a greater appreciation for the significant influence of
gravity on the anatomy and physiology of living things.
Materials Science
On Earth, gravity influences the processing (mixing,
separating, heating, cooling, welding) of materials (glass,
ceramics, metals, fluids, cells) and may have undesirable
effects on the quality of the products. For example, some
elements do not combine uniformly because heavier
molecules settle to the bottom of a mixture or light
molecules float toward the top. Sedimentation, buoyancy,
and convection or circulation do not occur naturally in the
low-gravity environment of space. Therefore, a number of
investigations on Spacelab 1 will test low-gravity techniques
for processing materials. Scientists expect that higher
quality and purer substances can be produced in space and
that new knowledge of materials processing can be applied
to industrial problems on Earth.
Spacelab 1will be outfitted with an integrated set of
furnaces and other equipment -- the Materials Science
Facility -- that will be shared by investigators from ten
European nations. Most of the scheduled materials science
experiments involve this multiuser facility in pilot studies of
crystal growth, fluid physics, chemistry, and metallurgy.
The advantages of a weightless processing facility are
myriad: solutions mix more uniformly; containers that
restrain or contaminate their contents are unnecessary;
crystals form more perfectly in containerless processing;
CRYSTAL
GROWTH
in
CONTAINERLESS
PROCESSES i
'_
Spacelab1 willcarrya Materials
ScienceFacilityforthestudyof
various
processes thatarenormallyconstrainedbytheEarth'sgravity.
11
CHEMICAL
PROCESSES
SOLIDIFICATION
CASTING
lubricants spread over surfaces more evenly; biological
specimens such as blood cells and hormones can be
separated for analysis more easily; chemicals can be
combined into drugs with greater purity.
Terrestrial applications of improved materials pro-
cessing techniques are equally numerous. The electronics
industry, for example, requires high-quality crystals for use
as semiconductors in microprocessor chips. Glasses of
greater strength and clarity are needed by the optics
industry for uses ranging from camera lenses to lasers.
Industrial applications for better alloys and welds are
countless,
Many needs for materials of highly uniform composi-
tion, free of structural defects and impurities, can be
satisified only by the production of rnaterials in the low-
gravity, high-vacuum environment of space. These mater-
ials either cannot be produced on Earth or they are of
inferior quality. Spacelab 1 provides an opportunity to test
some methods of weightless processing. If these investi-
gations produce improved materials, as expected, we
probably will learn how to improve materials processing on
Earth. Eventually, we may be able to manufacture materials
in space for commercial use on Earth.
SCIENCECREW
The Spacelab 1 mission marks the entry of non-astronaut
personnel, called Payload Specialists, into space, not merely
as passengers but as working members of the crew. These
scientists represent dozens of investigators whose instru-
ments and experiments are onboard. Because they can
handle the apparatus, intervene in the experiments if ,:
necessary,andbringto bear theirown expertise,a much-
enhancedscientificreturn is expectedfrom the mission.
The activeparticipationof careerscientistsas membersof
the crew holdsgreat promisefor the conduct of research
in space.
Spacelab 1 will carry a four-member science crew --
two Mission Specialists and two Payload Specialists. :
Mission Specialists are NASA astronauts who have broad
scientific training. They operate various Orbiter-Spacelab
systems, perform any required activity outside the space-
craft, and support the investigations as needed. Payload
Specialists are fellow scientists representing the inter-
national group of investigators using the mission. They
conduct the bulk of the mission's scientific activities. The
Space Shuttle Orbiter that carries Spacelab 1will be
operated by two other NASA astronauts serving as
commander and pilot.
The Spacelab 1 science crew is in training for the
mission. Dr. Owen Garriott and Dr. Robert Parker are
NASA's Mission Specialists for this first flight. From the _ii
hundreds of scientists who were considered for the position
of Payload Specialist, two Americans and two Europeans
were chosen:
Dr. Michael L. Lampton
(University of California, Berkeley), whose
research interests include space physics, X-ray
and ultraviolet astronomy, and optical and
electronics engineering.
Dr. Byron K. Lichtenberg
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),
who specializes in biomedical engineering.
Dr. Ulf Merbold
(Max-Planck Institute, Stuttgart, Federal Republic
of Germany), a specialist in crystal lattice defects
and low-temperature physics.
Dr. Wubbo Ockels
(University of Groningen, The Netherlands),
who specializes in nuclear physics. il
All Specialists collaborate closely with investigators during
training and throughout the mission. Before launch, with
the recommendation of the investigators, one American
and one European Payload Specialist will be chosen to
accompany the experiments into space. The other two
Payload Specialists will support the mission from a payload
control center on the ground.
!
 $

DR. MICHAEL L. LAMPTON DR. BYRON K. LICHTENBERG

DR. ULF MERBOLD DR. WUBBO OCKELS

DR. OWEN GARRIOTT DR. ROBERT PARKER

l0

MISSION
DEVELOPMENT
AND
MANA6EMENT
The MarshallSpace FlightCenterin Huntsville,Alabama, EXPERIMENTSELECTION
is responsibleforplanning and directingthe entire
Spacelab 1 mission.The center'sMissionManagerand its Spacelab 1 investigationswere selected in a competition
Spacelab PayloadProjectOffice coordinateall activities judgedon the bases of intrinsicscientificmeritand suita-
pertinentto the payloadof scientificinstruments,after bilityforflight on the Shuttle.NASAand ESA issued
initial selection throughthe developmentof Spacelab 1 Announcements of Opportunityinvitingthe worldwide
experimenthardwareand supportequipment, and it scientificcommunity to proposeinvestigations.Interested
conducts crew trainingforthe whole payload.The Mission scientistsrespondedwithover 400 proposals,which were
Manager'sprime goalis to ensurethat the payloadsatisfies evaluated by an independentgroup of experts.NASAand
the researchneeds of the userscientists,utilizesthe
Shuttle-Spacelabcapabilitiesefficiently,and operates well
duringflight.
A prime contributor to the missionmanagement team is
the European organizationSPICE (SpacelabPayload
Integration and Coordination Europe), which manages the
ESA-sponsoredportion of the payload. The Mission
Manager also works closelywith other NASAorganizations
involvedin Shuttle-Spacelabpreparationsand flight

Preparation for the Spacelab 1 missionhas been

accomplishedthrough several years of technicalteamwork
operations. F'_ _
and administrative coordination. The following synopsis
showsthe variousphasesof missiondevelopmentand
management.

Above: Investigatorsmeetperiodicallyto guide the scientific

activitiesof themission.
 II
ible with
ESA thenone another
selected and70with
some Spacelab's that
investigations capabilities.
are compat- -;
• m !!"
SCIENTIFICGUIDANCE
After experiment selection, an Investigator Working Group 3-_ _3.-__
was formed to guide the scientific planning of the Spacelab 1
mission. This committee includes the Principal Investigator,
or chief scientist, for each experiment chosen for flight.
The Mission Scientist from NASA's Marshall Space Flight
Center is chairman of the group and is supported by a
Project Scientist from ESA. The Investigator Working
Group guides the incorporation of the many experiments
into a single payload and helps to select the Payload
Specialists for the mission. Through the efforts of this
committee, the needs of user scientists are coordinated and
communicated to the Mission Manager.

MISSION PLANNING
As the mission develops, Spacelab 1 planners devise the
mission timeline, an around-the-clock schedule of events
during the flight. Each experiment is assigned time slots
during which it is "turned on;' receiving the necessary
power, crew time, and computer support for operation,
Appropriate periods for simultaneous experiments are
identified, as well as times when such targets as a particular
star or land feature are available for observation. Mission
planning produces a precisely coordinated sequence for the
many events that make up the Spacelab 1 investigations.
During flight, these operations are monitored and managed
by the Marshall Center's mission management team from a
payload control center at the Johnson Space Center in
Houston, Texas.
Scientistsand technicians around the world participate in the design
andtestingof Sloacelab1 experimenthardware.
fulfill its research purpose but also to "fit" with other
experiments into the size, weight, and power supply
capabilities of Spacelab. For the sake of economy, existing
equipment is used as much as possible, and much of the
hardware is designed for reuse on future missions. The
Principal Investigators and the Mission Manager stay in
close touch to ensure that experiment and support
hardware are well coordinated and are designed in accord
with the expected environmental conditions of the mission.

EXPERIMENT
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
Construction of the experiment apparatus occurs simul-
taneously in many different places around the world.
Experiment hardware is developed by investigators them-
selves in collaboration with ESA, NASA, and private
industry. Their apparatus must be designed not only to
It
PAYLOAD INTEGRATION
I_a_mmnt For a successful mission, all Spacelab 1 systems and all
Individual pieces of experi-
ment hardwareare checked experimentsmust be assembledproperly so they work

te Kennedy
Space
Center. ponentsinto a well-organizedand functionalpayload.

thoroughly
before
shipment during
properly.
Integration
thePayload
life
or of
"fitting
the
integration
mission.
together"is the
occurs
assembly
in several
of allphases
com-
Initially, the requirements (such as space, electricity,
p=,/Io=ntntqrm_n computer time, crew time) of each experiment are
Equipment isinstalledinto evaluated and a layout is designed. This blueprint assures
racksand/orpallet(s)and that all "occupants" can share Spacelab's accommodations
checked
ensure forcompatibility
that the instrumentsto compatibly.Cablesconnectinginstrumentsto Spacelab's
work together as an power supply,computer,and datasystemarealsolaid out.
assembled
payload. Later,instrumentsare shippedto thelaunchsiteat
Kennedy SpaceCenterfor assemblyof thetotal payload
and installationinto Spacelab.Componentsare attachedto
racksand thepallet,andall circuitsand connections
S_==e_b Int=cr=_ are tested.
periment racks payload
The integrated (ex-
and pallets) Shortly before launch, Spacelab is placed inside the
is installed
in Space/ab and Shuttle Orbiter and all links are checked. Then the loaded
checkedforcompatibility Orbiter is moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building to be
withtheSpace/ab systems, attached to the External Tanks and Solid Rocket Boosters.
Finally,thefully assembledShuttle-Spacelab is movedto
thelaunchpad.

Spacelab is installed in the

SCIENCECREWTRAINING
Shuttle Orbiter andchecked MissionSpecialistsand PayloadSpecialistsfor Spacelab1
for overall systems corr&oati-
bilitytoverifythatthe are professionalswith provenscientifictalentand creden-
Spacelab withitspayload tials. Nevertheless,they musttrain for themission,honing
works harmoniously
Orbiter. with the their skillsto ensurethesuccessof eachinvestigation.
Part of thecrew'straining involvesthebasicskills
necessary for living and working safely onboard the
Shuttle-Spacelab. Medical, emergency, and survivalskills as

Payload Specialists undergo extensive training in

the Spacelab 1 simulatorat Marshall Space
Flight Center.
I well as theinnormal
practiced trainingroutines of living
programs at theinJohnson
a spacecraft are
and Kennedy ,..._
Space Centers.
The major part of training, however, is associated with
the Spacelab 1 investigations and is performed in
laboratories around the world. Detailed operation of
individual experiments is defined by the Principal Invest-
igators, who coach the crewmembers in their own
laboratories. Training in experiment operations is coordin-
ated by NASA and ESA.
Training for the integrated payload occurs at the
Marshall Space Flight Center under the supervision of the o',l-a,,,l_
Mission Manager. In-flight operations are realistically
simulated in the Spacelab 1 mockup there. By the time the
mission actually flies, the Specialists onboard have
thoroughly practiced all operations. If necessary, they are
capable of trouble-shooting and responding to unexpected
opportunities to enhance the research yield of the mission.

ON-ORBIT OPERATIONS
During a Spacelabflight,thehubof activityfor scientists
onthe groundis thePayloadOperationsControl Center
(POCC).This facility islocatedat JohnsonSpaceCenter in
Houston.The Mission Scientist,ESA ProjectScientist,
Mission Manager,twoPayloadSpecialists,and all Principal
Investigators, with their research teams, gather here to
oversee the operation of their experiments. Flight
Operations teams from NASA and ESA support these
activities.
From the payload control center, scientists can
communicate with the Spacelab crew by voice and video;
command and data links enable them to follow the progress
of their experiments. If necessary, they may intervene in the
operations by verbally instructing the crew or by sending
automated commands to the onboard computer that
controls their instruments. Investigators may install their
own special equipment for experiment data processing and
analysis in the center so they can monitor and modify
operations,
All information pertinent to the Spacelab investigations
is received through the payload control center's data
management system, which provides scientists on the
ground with more data than are generally available to the
Payload Specialists. Thus, investigators can assess and
respond to up-to-the-minute information and can be
actively involved in experiment operations hundreds of
miles away in space,
DATA RETURN
During the flight, data are also transmitted to the Spacelab
Data Processing Facility at Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Maryland. This facility separates and organizes
the mass of incoming data by experiment. Thus, investi-
gators may obtain computer tapes, voice recordings, and
Scientists and members of the ground support team will monitor the
Spacelab 1 missionfromconsolesinthe Payload O0erations
Control
Center.
video tapesthatcontaininformationonly about their own
experiments.Furthermore,afterthe Shuttlelands,all
experiment equipment and samples will be returned to the
Principal Investigators. Full analysis of all returned data
may take several years. Information gleaned from the
Spacelab 1 mission undoubtedly will provide the basis for
many future experiments.
REFURBISHMENT AND REUSE
Spacelab and many of the experiment instruments are
designed to be reused on other missions. After Spacelab 1
is dismantled, all hardware will be inspected and, if
necessary, repaired or modified. Some pieces may be
required immediately for other Spacelab missions; others
will remain available as part of an equipment pool that
scientists may draw upon to assemble new experiments
quickly and economically.
The final phase of the Spacelab 1 mission is thus the
initial phase of later missions. Spacelab is a reusable
resource, ready for other crews and other investigations.
Before Spacelab 1, opportunities for the independent
scientist to perform research in space were few and far
between; payload development and flight were long and
prohibitively expensive processes. Now a new era in the
history of science is beginning: scientists can work in space
or send their investigations aloft with relative ease and
economy. The Spacelab 1 mission invites the world to join
the continuing adventure of science in space.
14

SPACELAB
]INVESTI6AT
Spacelab 1 is a laboratory and observatory for over seventy
investigations in five research disciplines. Such an ambi-
tious program of multidisciplinary research is appropriate
for the inauguration of this facility. The first mission
demonstrates the versatility of Spacelab.
What discoveries and results can be expected from the
Spacelab 1 mission? This research opportunity is so novel
that we can hardly predict the full impact of the mission.
Certainly, we will add to our fund of basic scientific
knowledge; some of the investigations will stretch the
frontiers of science with major advances in theory and
measurements. Others will yield a favorable return-on-
investment through major technical advances and practical
applications. Many of the investigations will be modified
and reflown on later missions to capitalize on the achieve-
ments of Spacelab 1. As we conduct science in space, we
expect keener insight into the universe, the Earth,
materials, and life itself.
Various specific results are expected from individual
investigations. The following summaries include the
purpose, importance, and method of each major Spacelab 1
investigation (some of which involve several experiments).
The identification number, sponsor, and Principal
Investigator's name and affiliation are given for each
investigation. Dozens of co-investigators also are parti-
cipating in the science activities of this mission. All
experiments on the pallet are controlled from the module ,!
by the crew or by computers. No extra-vehicular activity is
scheduled for this mission.

r_-r l"n

FAR ULTRAVIOLET
ASTRONOMY USING THE
FAUST TELESCOPE
INS005 (NASA)
C.S. Bowyer,
University of California
at Berkeley, United States
Purpose: Toobserve,withhigher
sensitivitythanpreviouslypossible,
faintultravioletemissionsfrom
vadousastronomical sources,
Importance: Muchremainstobe
learnedaboutthestagesinthe life of
a star.It isthoughtthatagingstars
reachvery hightemperaturesand
emit intensefar-ultravioletradiation,
These emissions cannotbe detected
byground-based astronomers, but
theycanbe detectedbyan ultraviolet
sensorplacedoutsidethe Earth's
atmosphere. Betterknowledgeof
ultTaviolet sourceswillleadto
improvedunderstanding of the life
cycleof starsand galaxiesthroughout
the universe,
Method: The Far UltravioletSpace
Telescope(FAUST)isa compact,
widefieid-of-vlewinstrumentthathas
alreadybeen usedon rocketsfor brief
astronomicalobservations. FAUST
willbe mountedon the palletand
operatedbythe crewfromthe
module.It issensitiveenoughto
detectvery faint ultravioletemissions
that are predictedto existjustpriorto
the deathof a star.Observationsof
galaxiesand quasarsand joint
observations with otherSpacelab1
experiments will also be conducted,
This investigationwilldemonstrate
the effective useon Spaceiabof
existinghardwareat lowcostandthe
suitabilityof Spacelabas a platform
forastronomical studies.It will also
providea wealthof photographicdata
unavailablebeforethis mission,
VERY WIDE FIELD CAMERA
1ES022 (ESA)
G. Court6s,
Laboratoire d'Astroflomle
Spatlale, France
Purpose:To makea general
ultravioletsurveyof thecelestial
spherein a studyof iarge-scale
phenomena,
Importance: Astronomical observ-
ationwith widefield-of-viewinstru-
mentsis relativelynew.This
techniqueisfasterand easierto
interpretthan scanningof many
pointsovera largearea,and itallows
constantcomparison with the sky
backgroundand referencestars,
Wide-anglephotographyiswell-
suitedfor studiesoflarge-scale
ultravioletradiationin zodiacallight,
diffusegalacticlight,interstellar
clouds,and othersources.Ultraviolet
radiationisa signatureof high-
temperaturestars-- beth very young,
massivestarsand agingstarsnearthe
end of theirevolution,
Method: A camera-telescope
mountedin the Spsceiabscientific
airlockbythe crewwilltake wide-
anglepicturesof the skyin ultraviolet
wavelengths.The instrumentwillbe
usedto studythe large-scale
structureof the MilkyWayand the
remnantsof largeexplosions that
occurredeonsagonearthesun.
Thesefeaturesshouldbe especially
noticeablethroughwide-angle
photography,
J
/
/
SPECTROSCOPY IN
X-RAY ASTRONOMY
1ES023 (ESA)
R. Andresen,
ESA/European Space Research
and Technology Centre,
The Netherlands
Purpose: Tostudy detailedfeatures
ofcosmicX-raysourcesand their
variationsin time.
Importance: Rockets,balloons,and
satelliteshaveopenednew
"windows"for observingthe universe.
Observationsfromabovethe
atmosphere, whichabsorbsmost
wavelengths and limitsourviewof
thecosmos,havecauseda revolution
in as_n0my in the lastfew years.We
can nowseethatviolent,high-energy
processes arethe normratherthan
theexceptioninthe lifecycleofstars
and galaxies.Theseexplosiveevents
emitX-rays.In orderto understand
the processes thatdominatestellar
evolution,we mustleamtoobserve
and interpretthese X-rayemissions.
CosmicX-rayspectroscopy isa
promisingnewfieldofastronomical
research.
Method: The detectorsystemfor this
experimentisa gasscintillation
proportionalcounter.X-raysfroman
astrophysical target(e.g.,a pulsar,
supernovaremnant,orclusterof
galaxies)are receivedandtheir
characteristics recordedby the way
they exciteXenongaswithinthe
instrument.Thesedatacan be analyzed
to determine the energy of each X-ray
event.Resultsare expectedto provide
newinsightsintovery highenergy
eventsin ourgalaxyand elsewherein
the universe.Instrumentationislocated
onthe pallet,and dataare storedon
magnetictapeaftertransmission to the
ground.The crewstarts,stops,and
checksoperations.

ACTIVE CAVITY RADIOMETER
1NA008 (NASA)
R.C. Willson,
Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
United States
Purpo_: Tomeasurethetotalsolar
irradiance("solarconstant")andits
variationthroughtimewith state-of-
the-artaccuracyand precision.
Importance: Thesun'soptical
radiationisthe primarydrivingforce
for the circulationofthe Earth's
atmosphereand the formationof
weathersystems. Smellvariationsin
thesun'stotal radiantoutputwould
havesignificanteffectsonthe
weatherand climateof the Earth.It is
thereforeimportantto determinethe
magnitudeof possiblevariationsin
thesun'stotal outputof energy.
Method: The totalsolarirmdiance
fromtar ultravioletthroughtar
infraredwavelengthswillbe
measuredwith threeheatdetectors
(pyrheliometera) mountedon the
pelletand controlledautomatically,
The heatingeffectof solarirradlance
willbe determinedbycomparisontoa
knownheatingvalueto obtainan
accuratemeasurementofthe solar
constant,
SOLAR SPECTRUM FROM
170-3200 NANOMETERS
(170032,000 Angstroms)
1ES016 (ESA)
G. Thuilller,
Service d'A_wonomledu Centre
National de la Recherche
Sdentiflque, France
Purpose:To measurethe energy
outputin the ultravioletto infrared
rangeof the solarspectrum.
Importance: It isimportantto know
whichwavelengthrangesof thesolar
spectrumare involvedin the
variabilityof the solarconstant,
Variabilitybelow300 nm(3000_)
influencestheozonelayerand
equilibrium of the Earth'supper
atmosphere, w_ilevariabilityabove
700 nm(7000 _ ) affectswatervapor
and carbondioxideabsorptionat
loweraltitudes.Accuratemeasure-
mentsofthe spectraldistribution and
variationof thesolarconstantare
importanttothestudyof solar
physics,planetaryatmospheres,and
climatology,
Method: Three pallet-mounted
doublemonochromators (for
ultraviolet,visible,and infrared
spectralranges)willbe usedas a
detectingand countingsystem,
Inflightcalibrationbythecrewwill
contributetothe accuracyand
precisionofthe measurements,
Periodicreflightswillpermitmeasure-
mentsovera longertime scalethana
singlemissionandwillbeessential
fordetectionof long-termvariations.
Spacelab1 marksthefirsttime that
spectraland totalirradiancehave
beenmeasuredsimultaneously from
the samespacecraft.
I
j_! jt
MEASUREMENT OF THE
SOLAR CONSTANT
1ES021 (ESA)
D. Crommelynck,
Institut Royal M6t_mrologique
de Belgique, Belgium
Purpose: Tomeasurethe absolute
valueof the solarconstantwith
improvedaccuracyandtodetectand
measureshort-termvariations.
Importance: The solarconstantis
thetotalradiantenergyofthe sun
receivedat the Earth.Theabsolute
valueof the solarconstantisa critical
term indeterminationsoftheEarth's
absorption and reflectionof radiation
(our"radiationbudget")and in the
energybalanceequationgovaming
atmospheric circulation(thus,weather
and climate).Moreaccuratemeasure-
mentsofthevalueof the solar
constant,whichcanbe madeonly
fromoutsidetheatmosphere,are
needed.
Method: A high-resolution absolute
pyrheliometer(radiancesensor)will
measurethe solarconstantdirectly
fromthe pallet.Datawillbe compared
with measurements fromthe other
twoSpacelab1 solarexperimentsas
well aswith datagatheredsince1960
to resolvediscrepancies. Reflightsof
the instrumentare proposedtodetect
and measurelong-termvariations.This
investigation islargelycontrolledby
the onboardcomputer.

SPACE EXPERIMENTS WITH
PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
(SEPAC)
1NS002 (NASA)
T. Obayashi,
Institute of Space and
Aslxonautical Sciences, Japan
Purpose:To performactiveand
interactiveperturbation exbefimentsin
theEarth'sionosphere and
magnetosphere.
Importance: The Earth'senvelopeof
magneticfieldsand chargedparticles
actsasa giganticelectricalgenerator,
producingand depositing energy in the
atmosphere,whereit isreleasedin the
auroras.To understandthesecomplex
physicalprocesses,itis necessaryto
disturbthe spaceenvironment
artificiallyand watchtheresultant
effectsandinteractions. It ispossibleto
usespaceitselfas a vastlaboratoryfor
activeexperimentson rnagnatospheric
processes and solar-terrestrial
linkage,
Theseexperimentsalsogive insight
intosimilarphysicalprocesses occurring
inother magneticenvironments
elsewherein theuniverse(pulssrs,
X-raystars,radiogalaxies,planetary
environments, and solarflares),
Method: High-intensityelectronand
ionbeamsand neutralgascloudswill
be firedfromacceleratorsintothe
spaceenvironmentto illuminatethe
invisiblestructureand dynamicsof the
Earth'senvelopeof magnetized
plasma.Particlebeaminjectionscreate
small-scaleartificialaurorasfor studies
of the natural auroral process. These
beamsalso tracemagneticfieldlines
along whichenergytravelsintothe
atmosphere.A variety ofdetectingand
measuringinstruments fromSEPAC
and othercomplementaryinvestiga-
tionswillmonitorthe beaminjection
experiments.Mostofthe SEPAC
equipmentislocatedonthe palletand
controlledby scientistsin the
laboratorymodule.
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION
PHOTOMETRIC IMAGING
1NS003 (NASA)
S.B. Mende,
Lockheed Palo Alto Research
Laboratories, United States
Purpose: Toobservefaintoptical
emissions associatedwithnaturaland
artificiallyinducedphenomenain the
upperatmosphere.
Importance: Manyatmospheric
processes and constituentsproduce
faintopticalemissions thatcanbe used
as "tracers"for electricfields,high-
altitudewinds,and otherdynamic
phenomena.V'mwed fromabove,the
atmosphereisnature'stelevision
screen;patternsof lightemittedthere
carryinformation aboutnaturaland
artificiallyinducedactivityin the
environment,
Method: A low-light-leveltelevision
and photometermountedonthe pallet
willbe usedto produceimagesof faint
atmosphericemissions. The shapeand
sizeofthe imagescan be analyzedto
"diagnose"the effectsofactive
experiments(toidentifybeaminter-
actionswith the ionosphere,for
example).Theseinstrumentsalso will
be usedto investigatenatural
phenomena,suchas ionmotionin the
ionosphere.Thisinvestigationislargely
controlledby the onboardcomputer,
17
Jj //
PHENOMENA INDUCED BY
CHARGED PARTICLE BEAMS
1ES020 (ESA)
C. Beghin,
Centre National de la
Recherche Sr,lentiflque, France
Purpose: Tostudytheeffectsof
chargedparticlebeaminjectionsinto
the Earth'supperatmosphere.
Importance: Whena beamof fast,
electricallychargedparticlespasses
throughan ionizedgas(plasma),
severalphysicalprocesses are
triggeredinthe gas.Naturalbeam-
plasmainteractions occurin theauroral
zoneof the ionosphere,in the mag-
netosphere,andelsewhereinthe
universe.Beam-plasmainteractions
alsocanbe createdartificiallyby
exbedmentsthatusetheEarth's
plasmaenvironmentitselfasa lsbom-
tory.Theseactiveexberimentsmay
leadtoa betterunderstandingof the
Earth'senvironment and basicplasma
physics.
Method: Moderate-intensityparticle
beamswillbe firedintothe space
plasmaaroundtheC)rbiter.The "active
package"of instrumentson thepallet
containselectronand ionaccelerators
and somediagnosticinstruments. The
"passivepackage"willbe deployedin
the scientificaidockbythecrewfor
measurementsofthe surrounding
plasma.Coordination of thisexperi-
mentand severalotherinvestigations is
plannedinorder toevaluatevarious
beaminjectioninstrumentsand
techniques for continued use on
Spaceiabmissions. Thecrewassistsin
the operationof this investigation.
LOW ENERGY ELECTRON FLUX
AND ITS REACTION TO ACTIVE
EXPERIMENTATION ON
SPACELAB
1ES019A (ESA)
K. Wilhelm,
Max PlanokInstitut for Aeronomle,
Federal Republic of Germany
Purpose:To useartificiallyaccelerated
electronsastracerparticlesforelectric
fieldsparalieltothe Earth'smagnetic
field,
Importance: Aurorasoccurwhen
particles(chieflyelectrons),guided
along magneticfield lines,collidewith
theupperatmosphere.Theseparticles
maybe influencedbyelectricfields
parallelto the magneticfield.Improved
understanding of thestructureand
electricalfeaturesof the Earth's
environmentisessentialfor a better
understandingof thecomplex
processes thatoccurthere,
Method: Inconjunctionwiththe
electronbeamexperiments, this
investigationwilldetectthe presence
of electron"echoes"producedwhen
electronsfiredupwardalonga field line
are reflectedbya parallelelectricfield,
Measurementsofthe energyand
transittimeof theechoesgiveinforma-
tionaboutthe fieldstrengthand
locationOftheelectricpotentialbarrier,
The pallet-mounted detectoralsowill
be usedto monitorspacecraftcharging
relatedtooperationofthe electron
acceiemtors.Thecrewwill activatethe
investigationand makeadjustmentsas
required.
DC MAGNETIC FIELD
VECTOR MEASUREMENT
1ESOIgB (ESA)
R. 8chmklt,
Space Research Institute of the
AustrianAcademy of 8olenoes,
Austria
Purpose: Todeterminethe magnetic
fieldaroundthe Orbiterduringthe
Spaceiab1 mission,
Importal1_): In theEarth'smagnetic
field,the motionofelectricallycharged
particles,suchasthosefiredoutby
beamaccelerators, hasthree compo-
nents:gyrationaroundthemagnetic
fieldline,bouncebetweennorthand
southmirrorpoints,and driftaround
the Earth.SeveralSpecelab1 investi-
gationsof particlesrequireaccurate
measurements ofthe strengthand
directionof the localmagneticfield,
Method: The instru}nent isa magnetic
field sensoron the pallet;,it includes
three magnetometers, eachmeasuring
one componentof particle motionin
the magneticfield. The experimentwill
functionthroughoutthe missionfor
longduration,largeareamappingof
magneticfieldstrength.Calculated
magneticfielddatawill be availablefor
otherexperiments,
ISOTOPIC STACK --
MEASUREMENT OF HEAVY
COSMIC RAY ISOTOPES
1E8024 (ESA)
R. Beaujean,
Institut fOrReine und Angewandte
Kemphysic der UnivmitM_ Kiei,
Federal Republio of Germany
Purpo6e: Tomeasureheavycosmic
raynucleiwitha nuclearchargeof3
or more.
Importance: Thereismuchto ieam
aboutthe acceiemtion,energy,and
chemicalcomposition ofcosmicrays
thatpenetratethe Earth'smagneto-
spherefromsolarand galacticsources.
Of specialinterestfor understanding
particlemovementinthe solarsystem
areheaw (partiallyionized)nuclei.
Theselowenergyparticlescanbe
detectedonlyoutsidetheatmosphere.
Theymaycarrysignificantinformation
abouttheir originsand theirtransporta-
tionthroughspace.
Method: The detector,a stackof
plasticsheetsbehinda thinshield,will
beexposedon the pallet.Heavyions
stoppingin or passingthroughthe
sheetsleavelatenttracksthatcan be
revealedbychemicalprocessingon
thegroundafterthemission.Analysis
ofthetrackswillyieldinformation
aboutthe nuclearchargeand massof
the ions,and thusabouttheirchemical
composition,energy spectrum,source,
and acceleration.The detectorswill
remainsensitivethroughoutthe
mission.
AtmosphericPhysicsand Earth Observations
AN IMAGING SPECTROMETRIC
OBSERVATORY
1N8001 (NASA)
M.R. Torr,
Utah State University,
United States
Purpose: Tomeesuretheairglow
spectrumin wavelengthsrangingfrom
extremeultravioletto infrared.
Importmtce: Ultraviolet, visiblelight,
and infraredemissionsareassociated
with manyprocesses thatoccurin the
Earth'senvironment.Theseemissions
constitutetheatmospheric airglow,
whichcontains8 wealthof information
aboutthecomposition andstateof the
atmosphereandionosphere.These
data are largelyinaccessiblefromthe
ground,but the Shuttle'sorbitalaltitude
isidealfor theacquisition ofcomplete
spectralmeasurements oftheairglow,
Thisinvestigation willgive newinsight
intothevariedreactionsand energy
transferprocesses thatoccurinthe
Earth'senvironment,
Method: The ImagingSpectrometric
Observatory, locatedon thepallet,
consistsoffive spectrometers for
imagingtheopticalsignaturesof
processesin the magnetosphere,
ionosphere,andatmosphere.The
instrument can be usedto studythe'
effectsof theSpacePlasmaPhysics
activeexperimentsnearSpacelabor
the featurQsof remoterregions.Itcan
lookhighaboveorbitalaltitudeto
regionsof incomingsolarandmagneto-
sphericenergy,and it canlookdown
intotheatmospheretowardauroras
and the feet of magneticfieldlines.The
instrumentisa high-speed,broad-
rangesensorof naturaland artificial
opticaleffects,whichcan be usedasan
observatoryforstudiesnot onlyofthe
terrestrialenvironmentbut also of
variousastronomical sourcesof
emissions,
:...
/
,m
GRILLE SPECTROMETER
1E8013 (ESA)
M. Ackerman,
Institut D'Aeronomle
Spatiale de Belgique, Belgium
A. Girard,
Office National d'Etudes et de
R_ Aerospatlales, France
Purpose: Tostudy,on a globalscale,
theatmospherebetween15and
150km(g and93 miles)altitude,
Importance: Atmospheric datafrom
balloon,aimraft,and rocketstudiesare
very localized.High-altitude satellite
observations covera largerviewing
areabutproducelow-resolution
spectraldata.FromSpacelab,it is
possible to makehigh-reaolution
observationsoverwideareasandto
obtaina meredetailed,morecompre-
hensivepictureof the Earth's8tmo-
sphere.Of specialinterestaretrace
gases(carbondioxide,watervapor,
ozone,and a hostof otherminor
constituents) thatare involvedin
atmosphericphotochemical processes,
Wedo notcurrentlyhave accurate
measurements of theirdensityat these
altitudes,
Method: The techniqueof infrared
spectroscopy willbe usedto examine
the atmosphere alongtheEarth's
horizonor limb.Lightcomingfromthe
sunthroughthe limbor fromthe
atmosphereitselfwillbe receivedbya
telescopeand transmitted intothe
spectrometer, wherethe characteristic
spectralsignatureof eachatmospheric
constituentwill be produced.The
instrumentis locatedon the palletand
isprogrammed througha micro-
processor thatallowsinteraction
betweenthe scientists onbeardand the
ground-based investigators.This
investigation isexpectedtocollect
merehigh-qualitydata,in a much
shortertime,thancanbe collectedby
20 high-altitude balloonflights.
WAVE8 IN THE
OH EMI881VE LAYER
1E8014 (ESA)
M. Hers6,
S_ d_A(m)nomiedu Centre
Netional de la Recherche
$clentiflque, France
Purpose:To photographa layerof the
highatmosphereinorderto examine
cloud-likestructures thathavebeen
observedthere.
Importance: Near-infrared photo-
graphsof the nightskyshowlarge
cloud-likestructures st the85-krn
(53-mile)level.The originof these
formsand thedynamicsof this region
arenotyet understood;they maybe
relatedto gravitywavesor winds inthe
upperatmosphere. The only
atmospheric constituent at thisaltitude
thatemitslightin the near-infrared
wavelengthsisan oxygen-hydrogen
compound,OH. Studyof OHemissions
mayrevealthe size,movement,
evolution,and otherfeaturesof these
mysterious structures. FromSpacelab,
it ispossibleto view largerareasofthe
OH layer forlongertimesand with
greaterclaritythanbyrocketor
ground-based methods.
Method: The simplestwayto gather
data here istotake picturesand return
thefilmto Earthfor processing.A
modified16 millimetermoviecamera
onthe palletwilltake approximately
2000 photographs.Fromtheseimages,
thestructures,and possiblechangesin
them,can be measuredand mapped.
Dataalsowillbe comparedwithinfor-
mationobtainedin otherexperiments
for a betterunderstandingof mixing
and movingprocessesin the
atmosphere.
AtmosphericPhysicsand Earth Observations
INVESTIGATION ON
ATMOSPHERIC H & D THROUGH
MEASUREMENT OF THEIR
LYMAN<t EMISSION
1ESOl7 (ESA)
J.L. Bertaux,
Service d'A6ronomle du Centre
National de la Recherche
Sclentiflque, France
Purpose: To studyvadoussourcesof
Lyman-Gemission inthe atmosphere, in
interplanetaryspace,and possiblyin
the galacticmedium,
Importance: "Lyman-(_"designates
radiationof a particularwavelength
(in the ultravioletrange)thatisemitted
duringa specifictransition stateofa
hydrogenatom.Lyman-G radiationisa
characteristic productof the interaction
of sunlightand hydrogen(H) in the
upperatmosphere.Thisradiation
masksLymanKxemissions fromother
sourcesin the atmosphere,in inter-
planetaryspace,and in thegalaxy,
Method: The instrument isa spectre-
photometerwith twoabsorptioncells,
one filledwith hydrogen,the otherwith
the isotopedeuterium(D), "heavy"or
enrichedhydrogen.Allequipmentis
locatedon the pallet.Sinceemissions
fromatmospherichydrogenhave
alreadybeen studiedwall,thisback-
ground"noise"willbe absorbedbythe
instrumentso othersourcesof Lyman-(1
radiation,chieflydeuterium,canbe
observed.Deuteriumisan interesting
indicatorofatmospheric turbulence,
Thedistributionof deuteriumbetween
90 and 250 km (56-155 miles) will be
measuredand mapped,and other
atmosphericand astronomical sources
willalso be observed.The anticipated
resultisa betterunderstanding of
isotopeenrichmentprocessesin
planetaryatmospheres, whichplayan
importantpartin theoriesof the origin
ofthe solarsystem.
METRIC CAMERA EXPERIMENT
1EA033 (ESA)
M. Reynolds,
ESA Headquarters, France,
for Federal Republic of Germany
Purpose: Totestthe mappingcapabil-
itiesofhigh-resolutionphotography
fromspace,
Importance: In thepast100years,
only35%of thelandareaof the world
hasbeen mappedadequatelyby
conventional procedures.
Current
techniquesforcompilingand revising
mapsaretoo slowto provideup-to-date
topographic and thematicmapsneeded
forglobalnaturalresourceplanning.A
possibleremedyisthe useof anaerial
surveycamerasystemat orbitalalti-
tude. Mappingfromspacemayallow
completemappingof the remaining
65%oftheglobein the nearfuture,
Method: A large-filmmappingcamera
willbe mountedat theopticalwindow
in the Spacelabmodule.The metric
camerasystemincludesthe camera
bodywithopticsand exposuremeter,
filmmagazines(24 cm wideaerialfilm),
filters,and a remotecontrolunit.The
experimentwillbe monitoredand
controlledon a day-to-daybasisfrom
the payloadcontrolcenter viaan
onbcardmicroprocessor. The crewwill
installthe cameraat thewindowand
willchangefilmmagazinesand filters
as necessary,
SpacelabI providesthe firstoppor-
tunitytotake photosupto 58° north
and southlatitudeand returnthemto
Earth. The resolution of these photo-
graphsisexpectedtobe an orderof
magnitudehigherthanimagesnow
availablefromEarth-observation
satellites.
MICROWAVE REMOTE
SENSING EXPERIMENT
1EA034 (ESA)
G. Dietede,
ESA Headquarters, France,
for Federal Republic of Germany
Purpose: Todevelopanall-weather
microwaveremotesensingsystem.
Importance: Uninterruptedremote
sensingand imagingofthe Earth'sland
andoceansurfacescanbe performed
withmicrowaveradar,regardless of
cloudcoveror rain.Agricultural,
fishing,andshippingconcernscan
benefitfromcontinuous monitoringof
crops,naturalresources,seawaves,
seatemperatures,icebergs,and ice
floes.
Method: The microwaveradarfacility
operatesinbothactiveand passive
modesto transmitmicrowaveenergyto
targetson Earth,todetectback-
scatteredradarsignals,and todetect
themicrowavebrightness(tempera-
ture)ofthe targets.Operationis largely
automatic,butthe experimentcan be
controlledbya PayloadSpecialistor an
investigator on the ground.Anantenna
andrelatedequipmentare locatedon
the pallet;,the associated computerand
subsystems are insidethe Spacelab
module.Dataareprocessedonboard
andtransmittedto thegroundfor
storageand analysis.Thisexperimentis
animportantprecursorto a planned
Europeanspaceplatformfor
microwaveremotesensingof the Earth.
LifeSciences
[l:•
RADIATIONENVIRONMENT
MAPPING
: t
:
1N8006 (NASA)
E.V. Benton,
University of San Francisco,
United States
Purpose: To measure the cosmic
radiation inside Spaceisb.
Importance: Some radiation from the
space environment penetrates the
protective shielding on spacecraft,
Information about the nature of cosmic
radiation inside Speceiab is vital to the
protection of people working them.
Such data are also necessary for
protecting experiments that may be
affected by exposure to radiation,
Method: Dosimeters (radiation detect-
ors) and stacks of plasticdetector film
will be mounted in varioos places
inside Spacelab. The sampling sites will
represent a wide range of spacecraft
shielding. Penetrating neutrons,
protons,and particles with high charge
and energy leave tracks in the detector
materials that can be developed by
processing after the flight. These tracks
ca.rw information about the nature of
radiation inside the Spaceiab module;
the measurements will be used to
determine the potential radiation risk to
humansand expedmenta. The crew will
have no duties in this investigation,
ADVANCEDBIOSTACK
EXPERIMENT
1ES027(ESA)
H. BiJcker,
Institut fOr Flugmedizin/Abteilung
fOr Biophysik,
Federal Republic of Germany
Puq)ose: To determine the radiobio-
logicalimportance of cosmic radiation
particlesof high charge and high
energy,
Importance: Further information is
needed to assessthe hazard of cosmic
radiationto humansand experiments in
space and to establishguidelines for
their protection. We also need to
understand the effects of single
particleson biological matter,
Method: The experimental packages
are biostacks, layers of different
biological matter sandwiched between
different types of detectors. Biostacks
will be exposed to cosmic radiation at
several locations inside the module and
on the pallet. Characteristictracks of
particles in the detector material will be
correlated with injury of the biological
matter. Improved methods of Iocaliza-
tion and biologicalevaluation will be
used to interpret these data.
....
MICROORGANISMSAND
BIOMOLECULES IN HARD
SPACEENVIRONMENT
1E8029 (ESA)
G. Homeck,
Institut fOr FIugmedizin/Abteilung
fOr Biophysik,
Federal Republic of Germany
Purpose: To rneasumthe influence of
the space environment on various
biological specimens.
Importance: Exposure to the vacuum
and high-energy radiation in space may
influence living matter at the cellular,
subcelluiar, and molecular levels.
Growth disturbances, membrane
damage, and structural changes in
enzymes and proteins are possible
consequences of prolonged exposure
in space. Precise information about the
effects of space on living matter is
expectad to hasten the solution of
several problems in space biology and
basic research.
Method: More than 300 samples of
test materials (microorganismsand
biomolecules, packed in four
containers) located on the pallet will be
exposed to the space vacuum and to
variouswavelengths and intensities of
solar ultraviolet radiation. The speci-
mens will be evaluated after the flight
and compared with findings from
simulation experiments on the ground.
Life Sciences
VESTIBULAR EXPERIMENT8
1N8102 (NASA)
L.R. Young,
MassachusettsInstitute of
Technology, United States
Purpose:To studythecausesof space
motionsicknessandto studysensory-
motoradaptation to weightlessness,
Importance: The gravity-sensitive
vestibularorganinthe innerear is
responsible for ourabilityto sense
changesinthe spetFIand directionof
bodilymovement,even whenoureyes
areclosed.We useinformation from
the vestibularapparatustowalk,
maintainan uprightposture,and see as
we move.Thevestibularsystemalso
causesthe symptoms of motion
sickness.In space,thisorganwillnot
givethe usualinformationto thebrain
aboutthebody'sorientationand
movement.Thebrainmustadaptto
weightlessness bygreaterrelianceon
othersensorycues.
Method: Severalexperimentswill
investigatetheeffectsof weightless-
heSSon the vestibular apparatus,man's
sensitivityto movement,vestibular
controlofeye movements, and man's
susceptibilityto motionsickness,
Equipmentincludesa bodyrestraint
system,cameras,tape recorders,and
otherdevicesfor visualstimulation and
recording.Thecrewwill serveas
subjectsinseveraltestsof eye move-
mentsand bodilysensations. Expected
resultsare improvedunderstandingof
vestibularfunction,motionsickness,
andadaptationtothe lossofa major
channelof sensoryinformation.
VESTIBULO-SPINAL
REFLEX MECHANISMS
1N8104 (NASA)
M.F. Reschke,
NASA/Johnson Space Center,
United States
Purpose: Toobservechangesin spinal
reflexesand postureduringsustained
weightlessness.
Importance: The vestibular and otolith
organsofthe innerear areassociated
with nervesand musclesthatgovern
thebody'sposture.Changesin postural
reflexesthatsuggestadaptationto
weightlessness have beenobserved
duringand afterspaceflight. Obeerva-
tionsof theseresponsesthrough
longerperiodsof weightlessness are
necessaryfor assessing the abilityof a
crewto functioneffectivelyinspace.
Method: Thecrewwillparticipatein
severalexperimentsto recordneuro-
muscularreflexesassociated with the
vestibular-otolith
system.In the virtual
absenceof gravity,accelerationforces
(whichstimulatethevestibular-otolith
organs)willbe simulatedwithelastic
cordsin a "hopand drop"technique,
The subject'sphysiologicalresponses
to thisstimulationwillbe monitored,
recorded,andanalyzed,
EFFECTS OF RECTILINEAR
ACCELERATIONS,
OPTOKINETIC, AND CALORIC
STIMULATIONS IN SPACE
1E8201 (ESA)
R. yon Baumgarten,
Johannes Gutenberg Universit_t,
Federal Republic of Germany
Purpose: To investigatethevestibular
functionsofthe idnerear, particularly
theotolithorganswhichnormallyhelp
to maintainuprightposture.
Importance: Manyastronautshave
experiencedmotionsicknessduring
theirfirstfewdaysin space.Recent
studiessuggestthatspacesickness
maybe causedbya malfunctionof the
innerear'sgravity-sensitiveotolith
organsin theabsenceof gravity.
Improvedunderstandingofthe vesti-
bularfunctionswouldbenefitboth
medicalscienceand the space
program.
Method: The vestibularsystemwillbe
stimulatedbyveryweaklinearacceler-
ationsappliedto a "floating"crew-
member.A specialbodyrestraint
systemwill preventhimfromtouching
thewallsof Spacelab.Foroptical
stimulation,the subjectwillweara
helmetcontainingvisualstimulation
and recordingdevices.Alleye move-
mentsand postureswillbe transmitted
to the payloadcontrolcenter.
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED
WEIGHTLESSNESS ON THE
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
OF HUMANS
1N8105 (NASA)
E.W. Vou, Jr.,
University of Illinois, United States
Purpose: Todeterminethe effectof
weightlessness on thebody'simmune
responseor abilityto resistdisease.
Impertanc_: Practically, it isimportant
toestablishthe immunological capabil-
ity of humansinspaceto protecttheir
healthand productivity duringa
mission.Forbasicscience,it is
desirableto understandthe interrela-
tionshipsofvariouscomponentsin the
immuneresponse.Underthe stressof
weightlessness, thesecomponentsmay
not respondequally,
Method: Bloodsampleswillbe
obtainedfromcrewmembers at desig-
hatedtimesbefore,dudng,and after
flight.Thesespecimenswill be
analyzedforchangesinantibody
levels.Severaltestshavebeen
developedtoanalyzethetotal antibody
con_entof thesamples,as wellas
specificantibodyactivities,to reveal
whetherweightlessness isa stress
factoron theimmuneresponse,
THE INFLUENCE OF SPACE
FLIGHT ON ERYTHROKINETICS
IN MAN
1NS103 (NASA)
C. Leach,
NASA/Johnson Space Center,
United States
Purpose: Tomeasurechangesin
the circulatingredbloodcellmass
(erythrokinetics)of peopleexposedto
weightlessness.
Importance: A consistent findingfrom
recentspaceflightsisa reductionin
thecirculatingredbloodcell massthat
beginsearlyin a mission.Theexact
mechanismand progressof this
changein bloodcountisnotyet
understood.Furtherinformationis
necessaryforassessments of human
capabilityforshortand longspace
missions,
Method: Bloodsampleswill be
collectedfromcmwmembersbefore,
during,andafter flight.Sampleswillbe
analyzedto determinewhetherthereis
a significantchangein red bloodcell
massand plasmavolumeduringinitial
exposureto weightlessness and
whetherredbloodcell production is
inhibitedinspace.Thesedatawill aid
the searchforthe mechanism that
causestemporary"spaceflightanemia"
MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL
VENOUS PRESSURE AND
DETERMINATION OF
HORMONES IN BLOOD SERUM
DURING WEIGHTLESSNESS
1E8026 and 1E8032 (ESA)
K. Kirsch,
Physiologile_es Institut der
Frelen Universit_,
Federal Republic of Germany
Purpose:To collectdataonchangesin
thedistributionofbodyfluidsend in the
balanceof waterand minerals.
Importance: Astronauts on previous
missionshave experienceda shiftof
bodyfluidsfromthe legsintothechest
and head.They havealsoundergone
somechangesin fluid and mineral
metabolism.The causesand physio-
logicalmechanisms of thesechanges
are notwell understood.Data on
centralvenouspressureand hormones
inthe bloodserumshouldbe usefulfor
understandingfluidcirculationand
metabolismin weightlessness, and
perhapsalsoin healthand diseaseon
Earth.
Method: The PayloadSpecialists will
take turnsmeesudngcentralvenous
pressurein anarm vein,usingsterile
needle-straingaugeassemblies. They
willalsodrawbloodsamplesfor
hormoneanalysisonthe ground.These
procedureswillbe performedon each
mannearthe beginning,middle,and
end of the mission.
LifeSciences
/'i ) '
MASS DISCRIMINATION
DURING WEIGHTLESSNESS
1ES025(ESA)
H. Ross,
University of SUding,
United Kingdom
Purpose: To compare the perception
of massin space with the perception of
weight on Earth.
Importance: This experiment
concerns the nature of information
(both physicaland sensorycues) that
we use to judge massand weight. It
also concerns the rate of human
adaptation to changes in gravity,
Method: The apparatus for a mess
discrimination test includes 24 smell
steel balls (of equal size but variable
mess) and some test cards. Each
Specialist will follow a set procedure of
selecting pairs of balls, judging which
ball in the pair feels heavier, and
recording his answer.The 20-minute
test will be conducted before and after
the flight (when all objects have their
normal weight) as well as during the
flight. Performance in weightlessness
and on the ground will be compared to
determine the difference in massthat
can be discriminated correctly and to
measure the rates of adaptation to
weightlessness and readaptation to
gravity,
\ !
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
BALLISTOCARDIOGRAPHY IN
WEIGHTLESSNESS
1ES028 (ESA)
A. Sceno,
University of Rome, Italy
Purpose: To record a three-dimen-
sional balUstocardiogramunder a
unique condition (the test subject is
floating in weightlessness)and to
compare it with tracings recorded on
the same subject on the ground,
Importance: Just as a pistolrecoils
when it fires, the human body reacts to
each heartbeat with little movements.
Ballistocardiography isa method of
recording these periodic motionsas a
series of waves. Ballistocardiograms
are useful indicators of cardiovascular
performance, which is of interest in
cardiac surgery, sports medicine, and
aerospace medicine. Three-dirnen-
sional recordings are very difficult
under the influence of gravity on Earth.
Method: For the experiment, a
crewmember will wear a backpack
fitted with mini-accelerometers and an
EKG (electrocardiogram) lead connect-
ed to a miniature tape recorder. He will
perform a sedes of breathing and
physical exercises while the instru-
ments record bodily accelerations and
vibrationsassociatedwith heart
activity, respiratory movements, and
voluntary motions of his limbs.Compar-
ison of these data with tests of the
same subject on the ground may be
useful for assessing cardiovascular
adaptation to weightlessness.
PERSONALMINIATURE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL
TAPERECORDER
1ES030 (ESA)
H. Green,
Clinical Research Centre,
United Kingdom
Purpose: To collect physiologicaldata
on normal man in an abnormal environ-
ment as a basisfor future studies.
Importance: In the past, personnel
exposed to prolonged weightlessness
were a select group of astronauts. Now
the people who will go into space in
Spacelab are more representative of
the general population in age, physical
fitness, and previous stress exposure.
Nothing isknown yet about the
physiological reaction of this"normal"
population to the stress of space flight.
Such information might influence crew
selection and activities planned for a
mission.
Method: A standard battery-powered
medical recorder will be worn on the
Specialist'sbelt and connected to
electrodes attached to other parts of
his body. Brain (EEG), heart (EKG), and
eye (EOG) functions will he recorded
continuously. Of special interest is
physiological activity during sleep and
during ascent into and descent from
orbit. Important information about
physiological changes and adaptation
to weightlessnesswill be gleaned from
the tapes.
 O " ' e_
_.-
:. _ 4
EFFECT OF WEIGHTLESSNESS
ON LYMPHOCYTE
PROMFERATION
1ES031 (ESA)
A. Cogoli,
EidgenSssischeTechnische
Hochschule, 8witzedmKI
Purpose: Tostudytheeffectof weight-
lessnesson lymphocyteactivation,
Importance: Lymphocytes constitute
about30%of thewhitecellsinhuman
bloodand are importantin maintaining
immunityagainstinfection.Lympho-
cytesreactto foreignsubstances
(antigens)by multiplying and producing
antibodies.Spaceflightapparently
affectsthiscellularreactivity,but the
detailsare notyet understood,
Changesin the body'simmune
responsewouldbe importantona long
missioninspace,
Method: Humanlymphocytesin a
culturemediumwillbe storedinan
incubatorin thelab module.Crew-
memberswilladd varioussubstances
by syringestosomeofthe culturesand
then willstowthesamplesina freezer,
Postflightanalysiswill determinethe
responseofeachcultureto the added
substanceand will evaluatetheeffect
of weightlessness on lymphocyte
stimulation.The transitionfrom resting
statustostimulatedlymphocyteisa
goodindicatorof immuneresponse
andcell differentiation,
#
PRELIMINARY CHARACTIERIZA-
TION OF PERSISTING
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS DURING
SPACEFLIGHT: NEUROSPORA
AS A MODEL SYSTEM
1NS007 (NASA)
F.M. SuIzman,
State University of New York
at Blnghamton, United States
Purpose: Tocomparethegrowthof
plantsculturedin Spacelaband onthe
groundto testwhethercircadian
rhythmspersistin space,
Importance: Manyphysiological
functionsare notconstantdudnga
24-hourdaybutvary in regularcycles
(circadianrhythms)as iftimedbya
biologicalclock.Thistimekeeping
mechanismmaybe internaland
unaffectedbychangesin the environ-
ment,or it mayrespondto subtle
environmental cues,suchas changes
in atmosphericpressureor electro-
magneticradiation.Spacelab1 offers
anexcellentopportunityfora pilot
studytotest the latterhypothesisand
determinewhethercircadianrhythms
persistoutsidethe Earth's
environment,
Method: A funguswith a characteristic
circadianrhythmof growthwillbe
grownin culturesin Spacelabandon
the ground.Thecrewwillinjectthe
fungusintoa nutrient-filledgrowthtube
to startthe experiment.Bothsamples
willbe keptinconstantdarkness,and
theirgrowthpatternswillbe compared
afterthemission.Thisexperimentisa
precursorofcircadianrhythmstudies
plannedforfutureSpacelabmissions,
and itwill contributeto ourunder-
standingof themysteriousbiological
clockthatgovemslivingthingson
Earth.
NUTATION OF HELIANTHUS
ANNUUS IN A MICROGRAVITY
ENVIRONMENT
1NS101 (NASA)
A.H. Brown,
University of Pennsylvania,
United States
Purpose:To observethe growth
movementsofplantsin verylowgravity.
Importance: On Earth,growingplant
partsmove intinyspiralpattems
(nutations)thatcan be influencedby
gravity.The natureand causeof these
growthmovementsarenot yet under-
stoodfully,buttheymaybe a key tothe
puzzlingquestion,"Howdo plants
knowwhichwayisup?"Thatis,howdo
plantssensegravityand acceleration
force,processthe information, and
translateit intoa growthresponse?
Researchin theabsenceof gravityis
necessaryfor a betterunderstandingof
plantgrowthand physiology.
Method: The nutationof dwarfsun-
flowerseedlingsin differentstagesof
developmentwillbe measuredthrough
time lapsevideotaperecordings.To
avoidcomplications causedbythe
plants'responseto light,infrared
illumination and an infraredsensitive
camerawillbe used.Thecrewwilltend
the plantsand selectthe seedlingsfor
eachphotosession.Afterthemission,
thetapeswillbe analyzedto identify
and measurenutation.Resultswillhelp
toexplainwhethernutationisgravity-
drivenmovementor an independent
behavioralproperty.
 ......... MATERIALS SCIENCE
_;.-_'E--"_ • "_..... DOUBLE RACK FACILITY
_ 3oo.so, .... 1E8300 (ESA)
V. Huth

"--'- _ e : "' Y. Maim_ac,

' m Centre d Energle Atomique, France

Unlvendtyof Naples, Italy

, _# i Purpose: To performin extremelylow
l, t l ',_. .;_i i i • gravitya widevadetyof pilotmaterials
LNapolitano,

1 ' _ i' fluidphysics,and metallurgy.

,,,, ,,,,, ,, Importance: Materialsprocessingis
! bothan artand a science.Progressin
manyfieldsdependsuponthe avail-
L abilityof bettermaterials.Improved
materialsere requiredto meetnew
needssuchas miniatudzstion or use
• _ _ 41]rb underextremetemperaturesend
_IP'* 4_...... J_b pressures. Threeenvironmental
: = - _ _ -- conditions-- temperature,pressure,
........ _ andgravity-- controlmaterialsproc-
-- essingon Earth;onlygravity,whichis
oftena disturbance, cannotbe reduced.
•/ I Spaceleboffersan excellentopportun-
...... _ ity to investigatetheadvantagesof
I. 'i a microgravityenvironmentfor
• _ _ materialsprocessing.
Method: The SpacelabI sciencecrew
willperformmorethan30 different
experimentsfor 29 investigators from8
Europeancountries.Mostofthese
expedmentawillbe performedin
sharedfacilitiescalledthe"Materials
•[ .....C) _ ScienceDoubleReck."A fewexped-
-' mentsrequirespecialequipmentthat
will notbe integratedintothe multiuser
facility.The MaterialsScienceDouble
J Rackincludesseveralfurnacesand
processchambersto be usedina
"---- varietyof studies:

,dr._,,:, _ Isothermal Heating Facility:

ofmetalsandcomposites, and prepara-
€ _ii_
• _ " _F. Ji Solidification
tionof new orstudies,
diffusion,
improvedglasses casting
and
ceramics.
• Gradient Heating Facility: Crystal
"*" growth,unidirectionalsolidification
of
alloys.
Mirror Heating Fadlity: Crystal
growthusingthe melt zoneor traveling
• =J,aj_ej_l_,lllF _ solventmethods.
Fluid PhysicsModule: Fluid
[ = phenomenaandfluidphysics.

i A diverseprogramof materials
L processingisscheduledfor the
! SPacelab1 mission.Theseexperiments
willtestequipmentandtechniquesfor

_- , ..........
Ii '":
i.__., ........
 27
METALLIC EMULSIONS AiPb

Experiments Using 1ES309

P.D.Caton, ExperimentsUsing
the Isothermal F.Imer Research
Institute
Ltd., the LowTemperature
Heating Fumace U.ited Kingdom GradientFurnace
BUBBLE REINFORCED
MATERIALS
SOLIDIFICATION OF 1ES311 UNIDIRECTIONAL
SOLIDIFICATION OF AI-Zn
IMMISCIBLE ALLOYS P. Gondi, EMULSIONS
1E8301 Institutode Fisica della Universit_l, 1ES316
H. Ahlbom, Italy
UniversitM Hamburg, C. Potard
Germany Centre d'Energle Atomique
NUCLEATION BEHAVIOR Centre d'Etudes Nucl_mlres,
OF Ag-Ge France
SOLIDIFICATION OF 1ES312
TECHNICAL ALLOYS Y. Malm6Jac,
1ES302 Centre d'Energle Atumklue UNIDIRECTIONAL
D. Poofschke, Centre d'Etudes NucJ_dres, SOLIDIFICATION OF
F. Krupp GmbH, France AI-AI2Cu,Ag-Ge EUTECTICS
Germany 1E8317
Y. Malm6Jac
SOLIDIFICATION OF NEAR Centre d'Energle Atomique
SKIN TECHNOLOGY MONOTECTIC ZnPb ALLOYS Centre d'Etudes Nuch[mlres,
1E8303 1E8313 France
H. Swenger, H. Fischmeister,
Maschinenfabdk MontanuniversitM Leoben,
AugslxJrg-NOmbergAG, Austria GROWTH OF LEAD TELLURIDE
Germany 1E8318
H.Rodot,
DENDRITE GROWTH CNRS Laboratoire
VACUUM BRAZING AND MICROSEGREGATION d'mMolhermklue,
1E8304 1ES314 France
W. Sch6nherr, H. Freddksson,
Bundesanst_ for MatedalprWung, The Royal Institute of Technology,
Germany Sweden UNIDIRECTIONAL
SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTICS
(InSb-NISb)
VACUUM BRAZING COMPOSITES WITH SHORT 1E8319
1ES305 FIBERS AND PARTICLES K.L. MWler,
R. 8Uckler, 1E8315 Universitiit Edangen,
University of Vienna, A. Deruyttere, Germany
Austria Universit6 Catholklue de Leuven,
Belgium THERMODIFFUSION
EMULSIONS AND IN TIN ALLOYS
DISPERSION ALLOYS UNIDIRECTIONAL 1ES320
1ES306 SOLIDIFICATION OF CAST IRON Y. Maln_Jac,
H. AMbom, 1ES325 Centre d'Energle Atumique
for Battelle-lnsUtut e.V., T. Luyandljk, Centre d'Etudes Nuclqlalres,
Laboratodum voor Metaalkunde, France
Germany The Netherlands

REACTION KINETICS IN GLASS

1E8307
H.G. Frischat,
Teclmische Hochschule,
Germany
 FLOATING ZONE STABILITY
IN ZERO GRAVITY
Experiments Using ExperimentsUsing 1ES331
the Mirror Furnace the FluidPhysics i.DaRiva,
Module Ciud,_ Universitarla,
Spain

INTERFACIAL INSTABILITY
ZONE CRYSTALLIZATION O6CILLATION DAMPING AND CAPILLARY HYSTERESIS
OF SILICON OF A LIQUID 1ES339
1ES321 IN NATURAL LEVITATION J.M. Haynes,
R. Nitsche, 1ES326 University of Bristol,
KristallographischesInstitut H. Rodot, United Kingdom
der Universitlit Frolburg, CNRS Laboratoire
Germany d'a_rothermique,
France

TRAVELLING
GROWTH SOLVENT
OF CdTe KINETICS OF SPREADING Single Experiments
1ES322 OFLIQUIDS
ONSOLIDS UsingSpecial
H. J_ger, 1ES327
Battelle Institut e.V., J,M. ,aynes, Equipment
Germany University of Bristol,
United Kingdom

TRAVELLING HEATER METHOD CRYSTAL GROWTH

OF III--V COMPOUNDS (InSb) FREE CONVECTION OF PROTEINS
1ES323 IN LOW GRAVITY 1ES334
K.W. Benz, 1ES328 W. Littke,
Universit_t Stuttgart, L.G. Napolitano, Chemisches Laboratorlum
Germany Universit_ degli Studi, der Universitiit Frolburg,
Italy Germany

CRYSTALLIZATION OF
SILICON SPHERES CAPILLARY SURFACES SELF-DIFFUSION
1ES324 IN LOW GRAVITY AND INTERDIFFUSION
Dr. K61ker, 1ES329 IN LIQUID METALS
Consortium_r Elektrochemische J.F. Padday, 1ES335
Industrie GmbH, Kodak Umited, Dr. Kraalz,
Germany United Kingdom Technische Universit_t,
Germany

COUPLED MOTION OF
LIQUID-SOLID SYSTEMS ADHESION OF METALS
IN NEAR ZERO GRAVITY UHV CHAMBER
1ES330 1ES340
J.P.B. Vreeburg, G. Ghersini,
National Aerospace Centro Informazioni
Laboratory N LR, Studi Esperienze,
The Netherlands Italy

TRIBOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS
IN ZERO-GRAVITY
1NT011(NASA)
C.H.T.Pan,
Columbia University, United States
A.F. Whitaker and R.L Gause,
NASA/Marshall Space Right
Center, United States
Purpose: To observe wetting and
spreading phenomena and fluid
distribution pattems without the inter-
ference of gravity,
Importance: Tribology,the study of
interacting surfaces in motion,
concerns friction, wear, and their
control by lubrication. Spreading and
wetting of an oil over surfaces occur in
all lubricationsystems.Often the long-
term distribution and movement of the
lubricant determine the useful life of a
machine. Lubrication phenomena
cannot be observed accurately on
Earth because gravity overwhelms the
other forces involved. Data collected in
space will have both scientific and
engineering significance, advancing
our knowledge of fluid behavior and,
perhaps, leading to new designsfor
fluid handling hardware and bearings,
Method: Two types of experiments will
be conducted by the crew and their
progress will be photographed: wetting
and spreading of lubricantson station-
ary surfaces,and movement of fluid
films in a'bearing mechanism. All
equipment will be located in a drawer
inside the Spacelab module.
CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM
SOLUTION UNDER
MICROGRAVITYCONDITIONS
1ES322/333(ESA)
K.F. Nielsen,
Technical University of Denmark,
Denmark
A. Authler,
Universit_ Pierre et Marie Curie,
France
Purpose: To grow crystals by several
procedures and to analyze the effects
of weightlessness on crystal growth,
Importance: There are many technical
applications, particularly in electronics,
for improved crystals.Crystal formation
on Earth is adversely affected by
gravity-induced convection in the
chemical solutions or melts; resultant
crystals are often flawed in structure
and composition. It is expected that
crystalsof high perfection can be
grown in the virtually gravity-free
environment of Spacelab, where
convection is minimized.
Method: Crystalsof variouschemical
compounds will be grown in the
Spacelab module. Several crystal
growth processeswill be tried. Distor-
tion of crystalline structure by convec-
tion is expected to be negligible.
¼.1.¢._-19,
CRYSTAL GROWTH OF
MERCURY IODIDE BY PHYSICAL
VAPORTRANSPORT
1ES338 (ESA)
C. Belouet,
Laboratoire d'Eiectronique et de
Physique Applklude, France
Purpose: To grow crystalsby several
proceduresand to analyze the effects
of weightlessnesson crystal growth.
Importance: There are many technical
applications,particularly in electronics,
for
on improved crystals.Crystal
Earth is adversely affectedformation
by
gravity-induced convection in the
chemical solutionsor melts;resultant
crystalsare often flawed in structure
and compostion.
of higherItperfection
isexpected
crystals canthat
be
grown in the virtually gravity-free
environment of Spacelab, where
convection is minimized.
Method: Crystalsof variouschemical
compounds will be grown in the
Spacelsb module. Several crystal
growth processeswill be tried. Distor-
tion of crystalline structure by convec-
tion isexpected to be negligible.
ASTRONOMY ATMOSPHERICPHYSIC8 Microorganismsand Biomolecules
AND SOLARPHYSICS AND EARTHOBSERVATIONS in Hard$pane Environment
1E8029
ActiveCavityRadiometer Gdh Spectrometer
1NA008 1E8013 Nutationof HeUanthusAnnuus
in a MicrogravityEnvironment
FarUltravioletAslronmny • ImagingSpectrometricObservatory 1N$101
Usingthe FAUSTTelescope 1NS001
1N8005 PersonalMiniatureElectro-
Investigatk_onAbnospher_H&D physiologk:al
TapeRecorder
Measurement throughMeasurementof their 1E8030
of theSolar Constant Lyman-_Emission
1E8021 1E8017 PreliminaryCharactodzation
of PendstingCiroMianflhythnm
SolarSpectrum MetricCameraExperiment dudngSpaceflight:Neurospora
from170-3200Nanometors 1EA033 asa ModelSystem
(1700-32,000Angstroms) 1N8007
1E$016 MicrowaveRemote
SensingExperiment RadiationEnvironmentMapping
Spectroscopy
in X-RayAstronomy 1EA034 1N8006
1E8023
Wavesin theOH EmissiveLayer Three-DimensionalBallisto-
VeryWide I=ieklCamera 1E8014 cai_liography
in Weightlessness
1E8022 1E8028
LIFE SCIENCES
SPACEPI.ASMAPHYSICS VeslibularExperiments
AdvancedBicstackExperiment 1NS102
Emission 1ES027
PhotomeidcImaging Veslibulo-Spinsi
1N8003 Effectsof Prolonged ReflexMechanisms
Weightlessness on theHumorsi 1NS104
DC MngnelicField ImmuneResponseof Humans
VectorMeamJrement 1NS105 MATERIALSSCIENCE
1ESOI9B
Effectsof Rectilinear CrystalGrowthof MercuryIodide
IsotopicStack-- Measurement AooolerslionLOptokine_:, and by PhysicalVaporTransport
of HeavyCosmicRay Isotopes Csioric $timulationsin Space 1E$338
1ES024 1ES201
CrystalGrowthhorn Solution
LowEnergyElectronFluxand its Effectsof WeighUasaneas underMicrogravityConditions
Reactionto Active on LymphocyteProliferation 1ES332/333
Experimentationon 8pacolab 1E8031
1ES019A MaterialsScience
The Influenceof SpaceFlight DoubleRackFacility
PhenomenaInducedby on ErythrokineticsIn Man (29 experiments)
ChargedParticleBeams 1N8103 1ES300
1E8020
MassDiasrimination TribologicaiExperiments
SpaceExperiments DudngWeightlessness in Zero-Gravity
withParticleAccelerators(SEPAC) 1E8025 1NT011
1NS002
Measurementof CentralVenous
Pressureand Determination
of
Hormonesin BloodSerum
DuringW_ghtleasneas
1E8026 & 1E8032
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3 1176 00508 i197 I
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