Stainless Steel

GIFT 672
Lecture 4

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Classification of stainless steels

1. Ferritic stainless steels

2. Austenitic stainless steels
3. Martensitic stainless steels
4. Duplex stainless steels
5. Precipitation-hardened stainless steels

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Microstructure of stainless steels

Review of the properties of alloying elements in stainless steels

Chromium: Corrosion protection, ferrite stabilizer, carbide former (M23C6), nitride former (Cr2N)

Nickel: austenite stabilizer, toughness improving element in ferrite-martensite

Manganese: always present in steels (1-2% in stainless steels), austenite stabilizer, sulfide former
(MnS), increases N-solubility in austenite

Silicon: always present in steels (0.3-0.6% in stainless steels, de-oxidation of steel), improves heat
resistance (4-5%)

Molybdenum: improves corrosion resistance, high temperature strength

Nb, Ti, V: MC carbide forming elements

Al, Ti, Cu: promote precipitation hardening by Ni3Ti, Ni3Al, or Cu precipitates

C: solid solution strengthening, austenite stabilizer, critical in martensitic grades

N: solid solution strengthening, austenite stabilizer, increases corrosion resistance

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Classification of stainless steels

Schaeffler diagram: stainless steel grades composition ranges

Austenitic steels

Duplex steels

Martensitic steels

Ferritic steels

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Classification of stainless steels according to AISI and UNS
(AISI: American Iron and Steel Institute)
(UNS: Universal Numbering System)

1. Type 400: Ferritic stainless steels

2. Type 300: Austenitic stainless steels
3. Type 200: Austenitic stainless steels with Mn
4. Type 400: Martensitic stainless steels
5. UNS: Duplex stainless steels
6. UNS: Precipitation-hardened stainless steels

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AISI stainless steel classification scheme.

AISI: American Iron and Steel Type Number Commonly used Type AISI 300 grades and type numbers

Type 200: Cr-Ni/Mn(N) austenitic

Type 300: Cr-Ni austenitic 302: 18Cr-8Ni

303: free-machining 18Cr-8Ni, with min 0.07% Se, P or S
304: 18Cr-10Ni (C<0.08%)
316: Mo-additions
321: Ti-additions
347: Nb-additions

Type 400: Cr ferritic 409: ferritic stainless steel

Cr-C martensitic 437: ferritic stainless steel
410: martensitic stainless steel

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Classification of stainless steels according to AISI and UNS
Most Important Types of Stainless Steels
Improved general corrosion resistance

12% Cr 17%Cr

Improved intergranular corrosion resistance

410 434 430
0% Ni <0.08% C

409 430Ti

316L 301 <0.03% C

316Ti 304L or
321
<0.08%C, with
347
9% Ni
Ti/Nb additions
316 301

304
<0.08% C
0% Mo 2% Mo 0% Mo
Improved pitting corrosion resistance

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Classification of stainless steels according to EN
(EN: European EN Classification)

1. Ferritic stainless steels

2. Austenitic stainless steels
3. Austenitic stainless steels with Mn
4. Martensitic stainless steels
5. Duplex stainless steels
6. Precipitation-hardened stainless steels

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EN10088 stainless steel classification scheme.

EN Numbering system Common use of type numbers

Steels: General notation:
1.XXXX
XNNNLLL…N-N-N…
Stainless steels:
X: the prefix “X” refers to an alloyed steel with
1.4XXX
more than 5% in weight of any element.
Ferritic and martensitic grades:
NNN: Mass-%C times 100
1.40XX: <2.5%Ni, no Mo, Ti, Nb
1.41XX: <2.5%Ni, with Mo, no Ti, Nb
LLL… : Main elements
Austenitic and duplex grades:
N-N-N… : Mass-% of the element
1.43XX: >2.5%Ni, no Mo, Ti, Nb
1.44XX: >2.5%Ni, with Mo, no Ti, Nb
Examples:
1.45XX: with additions of Ti or Nb
X2CrTi12
X10CrNi18-8
X2CrNiMoN17-13-5
X2CrNiMoN22-5-3

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Example classification scheme.

Composition C Cr Ni Ti Si Mn

AISI 321 0.06% 18% 9.5% 0.4% 0.3% 1.2%

x100

X6CrNiTi18-11
EN 10088 Steel 1. 4 541
Stainless steel
Special Ti additions
40
0% F
32
Austenite
Ni-equivalent

24

Microstructure 16
A+M
100% F
8 Martensite
F+M Ferrite
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Cr-equivalent

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