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N A S A CONTRACTOR -"
NASA CR-11
REPORT e..1

LOAN COPY: RETURN TO

AFWL (WLIL-2)
KIRTLAND AFB, N. ME>(

LUNAR ORBITER IV
Photographic Mission Summary

Prepared by
THE BOEING COMPANY
Seattle, Wash.
for Langley Research Center

NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND
SPACE
ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON,
D. C. JUNE 1968
First Detailed Viewof Orientale Basin
Photo taken byNASA-Boeing Lunar OrbiterIV, May 25,1967,
05:33:34 GMT, from an altitude of 2,721 kilometers.
 LUNAR ORBITER IV

Photographic Mission Summary

Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of

informationexchange.Responsibilityfor the contents
resides in the author or organization that prepared it.

Issued by Originator as Boeing Document No. D2- 100754- 1 (Vol. 1)

Prepared under Contract No. NAS 1-3800 by

THE BOEING COMPANY
Seattle, Wash.

for Langley Research Center

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
~ ~

For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
-
Springfield, Virginia 22151 CFSTI price $3.00
 Contents Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 5

1.1 Program Description ........................................................ 5
1.2Program Management ....................................................... 5
1.3 Program Objectives ......................................................... 6
1.3.1 Mission IV Objectives .................................................. 7
1.4Mission Design ............................................................. 8
1.5FlightVehicleDescription ................................................... 11
2.0 LAUNCHPREPARATION AND OPERATIONS .................................. 19
2.1LaunchVehiclePreparation ................................................. 19
2.2 SpacecraftPreparation ....................................................... 21
2.3LaunchCountdown ......................................................... 21
2.4 LaunchPhase ............................................................... 22
2.4.1 LaunchVehiclePerformance ........................................... 22
2.4.1.1 Atlas Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1.2AgenaPerformance ............................................. 24
2.4.1.3SpacecraftPerformance ......................................... 24
2.5DataAcquisition ........................................................... 25
3.0MISSIONOPERATIONS ....................................................... 31
3.1MissionProfile .............................................................. 31
3.2SpacecraftPerformance ...................................................... 34
3.2.1PhotoSubsystemPerformance .......................................... 35
3.2.2 PowerSubsystemPerformance ......................................... 37
3.2.3CommunicationsSubsystemPerformance ................................ 40
3.2.4 AttitudeControlSubsystemPerformance ................................ 42
3.2.5VelocityControl SubsystemPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.6 Structures,Mechanisms. and Integration Elements Performance .......... 47
3.3 OperationalPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3.1SpacecraftControl ..................................................... 50
3.3.2 Flight PathControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4 GroundSystemsPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.1SpaceFlightOperationsFacility ........................................ 58
3.4.2 DeepSpaceStations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.3 GroundCommunicationsSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4.4PhotoProcessing ...................................................... 59
3.4.5LangleyPhotoDataAssessmentFacility ................................ 60
4.0 MISSION DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 Photographic Data .......................................................... 63
4.1.1 Mission Photography ................................................... 64
4.1.2 PhotoCoverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 Environmental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.2.1 Radiation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.2.2 Micrometeoroid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.3 Tracking Data ............................................................... 116
4.3.1 DSIF Tracking Data System ............................................ 116
4.3.2 Deep Space Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4 Performance Telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.0 MISSIONEVALUATION ....................................................... 119

...
111
 Figures
I Page

1-1 LunarOrbiterProjectOrganization ........................................... 6

1-2 PhotoOrbitSequence of Events .............................................. 9
1-3 Orientation ........................................................
Footprint 10
1-4PhotoMission Sequence of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1-5 LunarOrbiterSpacecraft ..................................................... 14
1-6 LunarOrbiter Block Diagram ................................................. 15
1-7 PhotographicDataAcquisition.Reconstruction.andAssembly .................. 16
1-8 Launchvehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2-1LaunchOperationsFlowChart ............................................... 20
2-2 MasterCountdownTimeSequence ........................................... 22
2-3 EarthTrackfor May 4. 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3-1 Lunar Orbiter IV Flight Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3-2 PhotoSubsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3-3 Video Signal Waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3-4 PowerSubsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3-5 Solar Array Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3-6 CommunicationsSubsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3-7 Attitude Control Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3-8 Velocity and Reaction Control Subsystem ...................................... 46
3-9 Thermal Paint Coupon Solar Absorptance Coefficients .......................... 49
3- 10 Pre-Midcourse Encounter Parameters ......................................... 53
3-11 Perilune Altitude History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3-12 Orbit Inclination History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3-13 Argument of Perilune History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3- 14 Ascending Node Longitude History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4-1 Pre-ExposedReseau Mark Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4-2 Field of Viewfor PerilunePhotography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4-3 PerilunePhotographyPointingOrientation .................................... 67
4-4 PhotoZones A and B TelephotoFootprints .................................... 69
4-5 PhotoZonesCandDTelephotoFootprints .................................... 71
4-6PhotoZone S TelephotoFootprints(SouthPolar) ............................... 73
4-7Photo Zone N TelephotoFootprints(NorthPolar) ............................... 74
4-8 North LatitudeZoneRecoveryPhotoFootprints ................................ 75
4-9SouthLatitudeZoneRecoveryPhotoFootprints ............................... 76
4-10 GeometricalParameters of Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4-11SlantRangevsFrameletWidth(Telephoto Lens) ............................... 80
4-12 through -41 Selected Lunar Photographs (Wide Angle and Telephoto) . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 1.113
4-42RadiationDosageHistory .................................................... 114
4-43MicrometeoroidImpacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

iv
 Tables
Page

1-1 May LaunchWindowSummary ............................................... 8

1-2 ExposureIndex .............................................................. 13

2-1LaunchVehiclePreparationSummary ......................................... 19
2-2AscentTrajectory EventTimes ................................................ 23
2-3AFETRElectronicTrackingCoverage ......................................... 27
2-4 AFETRTelemetryCoverage ................................................. 28

3-1 Trajectory Change Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... ...... 34

3-2 Spacecraft Load Currents ...................... ........................ ...... 39
3-3 Maneuver Summary ........................... ........................ ...... 44
3-4 Thruster Operations .......................... ........................ ...... 46
3-5 Velocity Control Engine Performance Summary . ........................ ...... 47
3-6 Summary of Encounter Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ ...... 54
3-7 Lunar Orbit Parameter Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ ...... 55
3-8 . .e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................
Transmission Mode D o w ~ ~ t i m ...... 59
3-9 Measured GRE Film Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ ...... 60

4-1SpacecraftFilmRadiationDosage ............................................. 64
4-2 Photo ZoneIdentification .................................................... 68
4-3PhotoSupportingData ....................................................... 77
4-4 DSN TelemetrySummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Illustrations

Frontispiece: First DetailedView of Orientale Basin

Wide-Angle Frame 161 .Site IV29B ................................................. vi

Wide-Angle Frame 152 .Site IV27N ................................................ 4
Wide-Angle Frame 118 . Site IV22S ................................................. 18
Wide-Angle Frame 9 . Site IV6A .................................................... 30
Wide-Angle Frame 109 . Site IV2OC ................................................. 62
Wide-Angle Frame 183 . Site IV32D ................................................ 118

V
Wide-Angle Frame 161, Site IV29B
Centered at62.5" W, 14.3"S;
includes Grimaldi, Kepler, Gassendi, and
Schick&.

vi
 LUNAR ORBITER I V
PHOTOGRAPHIC MISSION SUMMARY
The fourth of five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft was
successfully launched from Launch Complex 13
at the Air Force Eastern Test Range by an Atlas-
Agena launch vehicle at 22:25 GMT on May 4,
1967. Trackingdata from theCape Kennedy
and Grand Bahama tracking stations were used
to control and guide the launch vehicle during
Atlas powered flight. The Agena-spacecraft
combinationwasboostedto theproper coast
ellipse by the Atlas booster prior to separation.
Final
maneuvering andacceleration to the
velocity required to maintain the 100-nautical-
mile-altitude Earth orbit was controlled by the
preseton-boardAgenacomputer.Inaddition,
1
the Agena computer determined the maneuver
and engine-burn period required to inject the
spacecraft on the cislunar trajectory 20 minutes
after launch. Tracking data from the downrange
stationsandtheJohannesburg,South Africa
station were usedto monitor theboost trajectory.
Antenna and solar panel deployment sequences
and Sun acquisitionwereinitiated b y stored
commandsshortlyafterspacecraftseparation
and before acquisition by the Deep Space Net-
work trackingstations.Events of significance
during the cislunar trajectory were the star m a p
and Cmopus acquisition sequences completed
about 10 hours after launch, and the single mid- 36. Priority readout covereda11 of the significant
course correction. A relatively large midcourse lunar photos prior to the occurrence of the film
maneuver (60.85 meters-per-second velocity advanceproblem.Final r e d o u t w a s initiated
change) was required because
the
mission in Orbit 41 on May 29 and completed during
objectives and characteristics were extensively Orbit 48 on June 1. Finulreitdoutwastermi-
modified after the booster guidance system had nated when all of the desired photos had been
been programmed.The booster guidance system read out by either priority final
or mode.
was programmed to steer toward ;I lunar injec-
tion point that would result in an orbit inclined Examination of the photos obtained showed that
at 21 degrees with the equator and hitving its the coverage of the nearside, from the norm;tl
descending node at about 70-degree AM illumi- perilune and recoveryal,olunephotogr;tphy,
nation. The midcoursemaneuvershiftedthe provided visibility of the lunar surface ;It least
aim point to enable an 85-degree inclined orbit 1O times better than that ol)htinal)le from current
with the ascending node within the AM photo- Earth-bused observations.Perilune
photog-
graphic
illumination
band.
The trajectory .raphy, which in-ovided pole-to-l)ole coverage of
change from this maneuverindicatedthatthe the nearsideeveryotherorhit, was taken its
second maneuver providedfor wits not recluired. single-frame exposures from altitudes of approxi-
Lunar injection occurred 89.7 hours after Iitunch mately2,600kilometersnear theequator to
withavelocitychange of 659.6 metersper about 3,600 kilometers for the pol;tr regions.
second.Initialparameters of thelunar orb‘it Resolution c~tpitbility of the telephoto perilune
from which all photography was accomplished photography varied from about 60 to 90 meters,
were:
apolune, 6,114 kilometers;perilune, depending on the slant range to the surface and
2,706 kilometers; period, 721 minutes; and orbit the locationwithin theframe format. These
inclination, 85.48 degrees. photos provided the first detailed data on nu-
merous areas of scientific interest in all areas
of thevisiblesurface.Inaddition,thefirst
Active photography was initiated on Orbit 6 at detailed information on the spectacular Orientale
1546 GMTon May 11. During the 30 successive basin at the western limb was obtained. Within
photo orbits (15 days), 199 dual-frame exposures the limits of the 6,100-kilometer photographic
altitude
and
acceptable
illumination,the
were taken. With minor exceptions, two or three
apolune
photography provided
additional
axis maneuvers were made for each photograph.
information of the farside to be added to the
Eighty-six percent of theseexposureswere
data fromthe first three missions.
used to provide nearly complete coverage (over
99%) of the nearside of the Moon. Some of the
early photos were degraded b y light fogging of Two micrometeoroid impacts were recorded by
the film from a combination of condensation on the detectors mounted on the periphery of the
the lens and stray light leakage, which resulted engine deck but no apparent effect was indi-
from an operational decision to leave
the cated in the performance data. The spacecraft
camerathermaldooropenafterexperiencing was also subjected to it large, low-energy plasma
difficulties with its operation early in the flight. cloud from aseries of major Sunflareson
Later in the flight, theapolunephotography May 23. There was no apparent film degradation
sequence was modified to rephotograph these from the radiation encountered.
areas. The readoutadvanceirregularitiesthat
wereencounteredduringthemissionwere All mission objectives were accomplished. This
attributed to intermittent signals from the photo mission represents the first attempt to perform
subsystem logic
controlcircuitry;
however, an orbital photographic mappingsurvey from
slightchangesinoperatingprocedureswere orbit of a celestial body other than Earth. The
implemented and all but the last seven expo- photo data obtained was used to redefine many
sureswereprocessedbeforethe“Bimatcut” of the planned sites for Mission V to optimize
command was executed on May 26 during Orbit and maximize the scientific data requirements.

2
Wide-Angle Frame 152, Site IV27N
Centered at32.9"W, 71.9" N;
includes Mare Imbrium, Sinus Iridum, Pluto,
north-northwest limb, and farside areas.

4
 1.0 Introduction
The Lunar Orbiter program was formalized by
Contract NAS1-3800 on May 7, 1964, as one of
the lunar and planetary programs directed by
the NASA headquarters Office of Space Sciences
and Applications. The program is managed b y
the LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton, Vir-
ginia, with T h e Boeing Company as the prime
contractor. Lunar Orbiteris the third in a succes-
sion of unmanned missions to photograph the
Moon and to provide lunar en1 .lmn~entaldata
tosupportthe Apollo mannedlunarlanding
mission.
1.1 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
The primary task of the Lunar Orbiter program
was to obtain, from lunar orbit, detailed photo-
graphicinformation of various lunarareas, to
assess their suitabilityas landing sites for
Apollo
andSurveyorspacecraft,and to improveour
knowledge of the Moon. This task was essen-
tially completed during the first three flights.
The remainingtwospacecraftarenow to be
used to contribute directly to the solution of the
problem of understanding theMoon as an entity.
Site-search missions of potential areas in south-
ernandnorthernlatitudebandswithinthe
established Apollo zone of interest (+5" latitude
and k45" longitude)wereexamined b y the
Lunar Orbiter I and I1 missions, respectively.
Twelve of these sites were rephotographedb y a
comprehensive integration of vertical, oblique,
and forward wide-angle stereo and convergent
telephotostereo
photography b y the
site-
confirmation mission of Lunar Orbiter 111. Eight
candidate sites for early Apollo missions were
selected from the data obtained by these three
missions. Threesiteswill be chosen b y the
Apollo program from this set of eight candidates
for thefirst Apollo landingontheMoon.In
addition, secondary-site photography provided
extensive coverage of the farside of the Moon
and many areas of scientific interest on the near-
side of the Moon.
Lunar Orbiter IV's contribution to the scientific
knowledge was to perform a broad systematic
photographicsurvey of thelunarsurface fea-
5
turesataresolutionsignificantlybetterthan
that obtainablefrom Earth. The coverage 11'1' ttern
included both the near and far sides of the Moon.
It is intended that Lunar Orbiter V's primary
mission objective will be orbital photography of
selected scientifically interesting areas on the
nearand far sides of the Moon, andsupple-
mental photography of candidate Apollo sites.
1.2 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Successfulaccomplishment of LunarOrbiter
program objectives requires the integrated and
cc Iperative efforts of governmentagencies,
private contractors, numeroussubcontractors,
and the worldwide data collection system of the
NASA Deep Space Network (DSN). The func-
tional relationship and responsibilities of these
organizations are showni n Figure 1-1.
As the prime contractor, Boeing is responsible
to the Lunar OrbiterProject Office of the NASA-
Langley Research Center for the overall project
management and implementation of the com-
plete operating system. Boeing is also responsi-
ble for the establishment - with and through
the NASA-Langley Research Center - of effec-
tive working relationships with all participating
government agencies.
The NASA Lewis Research Center supports the
Lunar Orbiter program by providing the Atlas-
Agenalaunchvehicleandassociatedservices
that are necessary to: (1)ensure compatibility of
thespacecraftwith the launchvehicle;and
( 2 ) launchandboostthespacecraftintothe
proper cislunartrajectory.
The Air ForceEasternTestRange(AFETR)
providesfacilities,
equipment,
andsupport
required to test,checkout,assemble,launch,
and track the spacecraft and launch vehicle. The
AFETR also controls the Atlas launch vehicle
trajectory and monitors Agena performance
through cislunar injection, separation, and retro-
fire to ensureorbitalseparation.Appropriate
instrumentation facilities, communications, and
data recorders are provided at downrange and
instrumentation ships to ensure the availability
 of data for boost trajectory control, acquisition by 1.3 PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
theDeepSpaceStationtrackingradars,and The prime project objectiveof the Lunar Orbiter
postmission analysis. mission is to secure topographic data regarding
the lunar surface for the purpose of extending
The Deep Space Network (DSN)is managed by ourscientificknowledge,andselectingand
theJet PropulsionLaboratory.Thisnetwork, confirming landing sites for Apollo. To accom-
consisting of the SpaceFlight
Operations plish theobjective,
high-resolution
photo-
Facility (SFOF)andtheDeepSpaceStations
graphicdatacoveringspecifiedareasonthe
(DSS), provides two-way communications with lunarsurfaceandmoderate-resolutionphoto-
the spacecraft, data collection, and data process- graphicdatacoverage of extensiveareasare
ing. Facilities are provided for operational con- necessary.
trol which interface with Lunar Orbiter mission-
peculiar equipment. Support is also provided in
terms of personnel, equipment cahbration, and Other objectives are to secure information con-
housekeeping services. cerningthesizeandshape of the Moon, the
properties of itsgravitationalfield,andlunar
GoddardSpaceFlightCenter is theagency environmental data.
responsible for the worldwide network of com-
municationlinesnecessarytoensureprompt
distribution of information between the several Selection of thephotosites foreachLunar
trackingstationsand theSpaceFlightOpera- Orbiter mission is based on Apollo constraints
tionsFacilityduringthemissionandmission andpreferences as modified to reflect the
training periods. knowledge gained by preceding missions.

I PROGRAM
DIRECTION I
NASA Headquarters

NASALangleyResearchCenter

NETWORK CONTRACT COMMUNICATIONS

MANAGEMENT OPERATION
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
NASA
The NASA b e i n g Co. Goddard
Jet Propulsion
Eatern Test Lunar Orbiter
LewisResearch
Center Praject Laboratory Space Flight
Center

I- , ,-, EasfmanKodak
&I
NASA, being, JPL

Figure 1-1: Lunar Orbiter Project Organization

6
 "
Landing sites are desired at a number of loca- Primary:
tionstofulfilltheexplorationandscientific To performa broadsystematicphoto-
objectives of the Apollo program and to provide graphic surveyof lunar surface features in
an adequate launch window. The topography of order to increase the scientific knowledge
an Apollo landing module (LM) landing and the of their nature, origin, and processes, and
approachterrainmust be reasonablylevelto to serve as a basis for selecting sites for
allowsatisfactory LM landingradarperform- more detailed scientific study by subse-
ance. The surfaceresolutionrequirement to quent
orbital
and
landing
missions.
enable the selection of suitable sites for Apollo
landings is approximately1 meter. Secondary:
0 To provide trajectory information which
The selenodetic and environmental mission data will improve the definition of the lunar
objectivesrequirenospecialinstrumentation. gravitational field.
Tracking data obtained throughout the mission To provide measurements of the micro-
produce the basic data required to satisfy the meteoroid and radiation flux in the lunar
selenodeticobjectives. Micrometeoroidde- environment for spacecraftperformance
tectors mounted on the periphery of the space- analysis.
craft and radiation detectors mounted internally
monitor the lunar environmental data on each Toprovide a spacecraftwhichcanbe
flightfortransmissiontothegroundstations. trackedbytheMSFNstations for the
purpose of exercising and evaluating the
Completion of the initial primary photographic tracking
network and Apollo Orbit
objectives in the first three missions provided Determination Program."
opportunity for expanding programobjectives
for the remaining two flights. The basic goals of The objectivesandgroundrules for Lunar
thelunarexplorationprogram, as outlinedin Orbiter IV stipulatedthatmissiondesignin-
the 1963 report of thePresident'sScientific clude the following:
Advisory Committee, were reviewed to define
additionalphotographicrequirements for the Contiguous coverageof at least80% of the
LunarOrbiter program.Additionalobjectives lunar nearside at resolutions between 50
thatweredefined to broadenthescientific and 100 meters.
knowledge required to understand the Moon as Contiguous coverage of as much of the
an entity are: rest of the Moon as possible at the best
resolution obtainable.
Surveyingtheentirelunarsurfaceat a
resolutionsignificantlybetterthanthat Read out all photos in priority readoutbut
obtainable from Earth. have planning available for a final read-
out if required.
Examining in detail various surface geo-
Conduct the photo mission from the orbit
logical
processes
identified from this
established at lunar injection.
survey.
Satisfyall photosubsystemconstraints
The photographic results of such a broad survey and
capabilities
established for prior
would be useful not only for identifying interest- missions.
ing targets for the next mission, but would stand
for many years as the prime source of data on Perilune photographic coverage requirements:
lunar surface features for planning later explora-
tion of the Moon. 0 Illumination band from 10 to 30 degrees
from. the lunar terminator.
1.3.1 Mission IV Objectives 0 Consecutiveseries of fourexposures
Specific objectives for Mission IV were defined paralleltoilluminationbandoneach
by NASA as follows: orbit.

7
 0 On alternate orbits, photograph the lunar Midcourse maneuver to alter the injection
North and South Poles,
respectively. aiming point from launch vehicle target-
ing to facilitate injection into near-polar
0 Extend coverage beyond90”W longitude orbit.
if time and attitude control system nitro-
gen gas are available. Initiallunarorbitapolunealtitude of
6,290kilometers, perilune
altitude of
Apolune photographic coverage is restricted b y 2,520 kilometers, and orbit period of 12
the general illunlination of the Moon and be- hours.
cause the area directly under the spacecraft is in
shadow. Within the limitations imposed by the A planechange of approximately 11
relative position of the cameraaxis and theSun’s degrees at lunar injection to achieve the
rays, the canlera optical axis will be tilted toward required near-polar orbit.
the Sun to place the telephoto footprint in the Orbit
inclination of approxinlately 85
lightedarea.Wherethis is notpossible,the degrees at the lunar equator.
wide-anglecoverage willcontain thelighted
Ascending-nodephotography on near-
part and the telephoto coverage n1ay be of the
shadow area. side for Canopus acquisition.
Argument of perilune on lunar equator
1.4 MISSION DESIGN for equal north-south resolution.
The LunarOrbiterspacecraft was designed
around its photo subsystem to ensure the maxi- Posigrade orbit for visibility of injection.
mum probability of success of the photographic
mission. Similarly,themissiondesign maxi- Trajectory and orbit data used
for mission design
mized the probability of quality photography b y werebasedoncomputationsusing Clarke’s
placing the spacecraft over the mission target(s) model of the Moon with Earth effects. The data
i n the proper attitude, altitude, and within the usedweretheoutput of computer programs
established lighting limitations. Launch vehicle, covering the following phases:
spacecraft, and photographic considerations
were integrated into the design effort to opti- 0 Translunar Search Program;
mize the trajectory and sequence of events to 0 TranslunarOrbitDescription Program;
satisfy mission photographic objectives.
LLIIIU Orbit Description
Program.
Selection of the trajectory was based on condi-
tions that mustbe satisfied, suchas: Table 1-1 tabulates launch window characteris-
tics for the May launch periods. The nominal
0 Transit time (Earth to Moon) of approxi- sequence of eventspresented in the mission
mately 90 hours. eventsequenceandtimeline analysiswas
~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~

Table 1-1: Launch Window Summary

Launch Date Launch

Window
(GMT) Launch Azimuth (deg)
(GMT) Start End Duration End Start

May 4-5,1967 20:57 00: 10 3 hr 13 min 90.0 114.0

5-6 ” 20:58 00:22 3 ” 24 ” 90.6 114.0

6-7 ” 21:03 00:39 3 ” 36 ” 91.7 114.0

7-8 ” 21:oo 01:05 4” 5” 91.5 114.0

8
 "

based on a launch time approximately 1.6 hours 0 Startreadoutnosoonerthan 18 minutes

into the first launch window. after earthrise or gap between DSIF view
The trajectoriesrequired toaccomplish the periods to ensure spacecraft acquisition and
photographicobjectivesduringtheselaunch photo subsystem video adjustments;
periods were documented in the form of:
0 Interval of 18 minutesbetweenend of
processingand start of readout to allow
0 Targetingspecifications for thebooster TWTA warmup and video adjustments;
agencyfor a 21-degreeorbitinclination
mission; 0 Interval of 5 minutes between end of read-
out and start of processing to turn off read-
0 Tabulated trajectory data; out and activate processor;
0 Tracking
and
telemetry
coverage
plan; 0 After . initiating
photography,
process
at
least two frames every 4.8 hours to reduce
0 Mission error analysis; Bimat dryout;
0 Alternate mission studies. 0 Read out all photos in priority readout.

The set of orbit parameters that provided the Optimizingtheserequirementsresulted in a

required coverage of the photo sites determined series of photographic sequences that repeated
the sequence and timing of events to obtain the every secondorbit.Figure 1-2 shows these-
desired
photo
coverage.Other factors that quence of events for every orbit except as indi-
affectedphotosubsystemsequencesincluded cated for thepolarphotographs. Thecircled
such
operational
or
spacecraft
performance photograph letters are coded in the same man-
limitations as: ner as the footprint locations in Figure1-3.

1 Ih

(Door O p e n O n Apolune
Even Orbits) 6290 krn

- D i r e c t i o n of
Spacecraft Travel

-
Legend
Process Two Frames
W Read Out Two Frames
W Perilune Photography
0 Apolune Photography

3h 4hOrbits) (Even

Figure 1-2: Photo Orbit Sequence of Events

 West
Figure 1-3: Footprint Orientation
Telephotocoverage of perilunephotography
with respect to the illumination band and orbit
track are shown in Figure 1-3. Photos A through
D were taken on each orbit while the N photo
was taken only on odd orbits and the S photo
was takenonevenorbits.Successiveorbits
provided a minimumsideoverlap of 15% to
allow for camera pointing errors and orbit un-
certainties.Nearsidephotography - from 90"
E to 90" W longitude - required 29 successive
10
East
photo orbits (with five single-frame sequences
on all orbits except the initial photo pass, which
containedfive four-frame sequences) tocover
99% of frontsurface. The staticresolution of
these photos met or exceeded themission speci-
fication of 100 meters. Provisions were also in-
corporated in the mission design to extend
perilune photography from 90 to 120" W longi-
tude if desired and within the available nitro-
gen gas supplywith no reduction inresolu-
tion,orsinglephotoscould be takenatthe
equator of each orbit providing 460-meter reso-
lution between +45" latitude b y the wide-angle
camera. An operationaldecision was required
during the mission to select one of these west-
ern
limboptions
or
to
terminate
perilune
photography at approximately 90" W longitude.
Apolune photography was based on the cover-
ageobtained by thewide-anglelenssystem.
Nearside illumination requirements placed the
terminator at approximately 120" W longitude solarpanels.Figure
on thefirstphotoorbit.Therefore,thearea
between 90 and 120" W longitude wasnot
illuminated for apolune photography. As peri-
lune
photography progressed,the
apolune
coverage proceeded from 120" W to 90" E longi-
tude.
Static
resolution of farside
apolune
photography was about1,200to1,600meters.
The nominal planned sequence of photographic
events from injection into lunar orbit to comple-
tion of filmprocessing andthe "Bimatcut"
command (Orbit 38) is shown in Figure1-4. The
ordinatecoverstheperiod of onecomplete
orbit(12hours,6seconds)andtheabscissa
covers successive orbits during the photographic withstand
phase of the mission. Time progresses from the
bottom to top; the time at the top of any orbit is tion to its structural functions. Three-axis stabil-
identical to the bottom of the next orbit. The bar ization is provided by using the Sun and Can-
chartsatthetoprepresenttheapproximate
viewingperiods of thethreeprimaryDeep
Space Stations. There were two periods(cover-
ingthreeandeightsuccessiveorbits,respec-
tively, as shown) when the spacecraft was not occulted b y the Moon.
visible from Earth. The figure also shows where
the photos were taken with respect to time from
orbit perilune as well as the time allotted for
film processingand priority readout.
Photography of the nearside of the Moon (90" E
and 90" W longitude) was to be accomplished
between Orbits 6 and 34. Table 1-2 identifies
the spacecraftexposurestakenoneachlunar
orbit. Thetablefurtheridentifiesthephoto
areascovered b y generalarea. The nearside
sequence contains a four-frame sequence taken
on each orbit. Photos are centered on approxi-
mate +14 and +42" latitudes. The polar photos
arecenteredatapproximately +72" latitude.
1.5 FLIGHT VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
The Lunar Orbiter spacecraft is accelerated to
injectionvelocityandplacedon thecislunar
trajectory by the Atlas-Agena launchvehicle.
SpacecraftDescription - The 380-kilogram
(853-pound)LunarOrbiterspacecraftis 2.08
meters (6.83 feet) high, spans 5.21 meters (17.1
feet) from the tip of the rotatable high-gain dish
antenna to thetip of the low-gainantenna,
and measures 3.76 meters (12.4 feet) across the
1-5 showsthespacecraft
intheflightconfigurationwithallelements
fullydeployed(the mylar thermalbarrieris
not shown). Major components are attached to
the largest of three deck structures which are
interconnected by tubulara truss
network.
Thermalcontrolismaintainedbycontrolling
emission of internal energy and absorption of
solar energy through the use of a special paint
and mirrorscoveringthebottomside of the
deck structure. The entire spacecraft periphery
abovethelargeequipment-mountingdeck is
coveredwithahighlyreflectivealuminum-
coated mylar shroud,providing an adiabatic
thermal barrier. The tank deck is designed to
radiant
energy from the velocity
control engine to minimize heat losses in addi-
opus as spatial references, and by a three-axis
inertial system when the vehicle is required to
operate off celestialreferences,during man-
euvers, or whentheSunand/orCanopusare
The spacecraftsubsystems(asshowninthe
block diagram of Figure 1-6) have been tailored
aroundahighlyversatile"photo laboratory"
containingtwocameras,a film supply, film
processor, a processing web supply, an optical
electronicreadoutsystem,animage motion
compensation system (to prevent image smear
induced by spacecraft velocity), and the control
electronicsnecessary to program thephoto-
graphic sequences and other operations within
the photo subsystem. Operational flexibility of
thisphotosubsystemincludesthecapability
to adjust key system parameters (e.g., number
of frames per sequence, time interval between
11
 ORB11 PERIOD

12 HOURS. b SECONDS

PERILUNE PHOTOS

SINGLE FRAME EXPOSURE

I FOUR FPAME SEOUENCL

NOLUNE PHOTOS
8 F l l M S E I EXPOSURE
0 F l l M ADVANCE F R M E S

t EARIH O C C U L I A l l O N

APOLUNE]
I I l l 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 I l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
6 10 16 20 26 30 436
6 40 60 66

12
 Table 1-2: Exposure Index

SIC
Orbit Exposure South North
"~
~ ~

Farside
Film Set
No. No. Polar Temp. Equat. Equat. Temp. Polar
-

6 5 - 25 5-8 9- 12 13-16' 17-20 2 1-24 25

7 26 - 31 26' 27 28 20 30x 31
8 32 - 37 32 33 34 35 36 37
9 38 - 43 38 39 40 41 42 43
10 44 - 51 44 45 46 47 48 50 49,5 1
11 52 - 57 52 53 54 .55 56 57
12 58 - 63 58 59 60 61 62 63
13 64 - 69 64 65 66 67 68 60
14 70 - 75 70 71 72 73 74 75
15 76 - 81 76 77 78 79 80 81
16 82 - 87 82 83 84 85 86 87
17 88 - 93 88 89 90 91 92 93
18 94 - 99 94 Y5 96 $17 518 99
19 100 - 105 100 101 102 103 104 1OS
20 106 - 111 106 107 108 109 110 111
21 112 - 117 112 113 114 115 116 117
22 118 - 123 118 119 120 121 122 123
23 124 - 129 124 125 126 127 128 129
24 130 - 135 130 131 132 133 131 13.5
25 136 - 141 136 137 138 139 140 141
26 142 - 147 142 143 144 145 146-147
27 148 - 153 148 149 150 151 152 153
28 154 - 159 154 155 156 157 158 159
29 160 - 165 160 161 162 163 164 165*
30 166 - 171 166 167 168 169 170 171+x
31 172 - 178 172 173 174 175 176 177*,178+
32 179 - 185 179 180 181 182 183 184+,185+
33 186 - 192 186 187 188 181-1 190 191*,192*
34 193 - 197 193 194 195 196 197

Recovery photographs:
* Northern latitudes Door did not open
+ Southern latitudes x Site notphotographed

13
 ONTROL ENGINE

MICROMETEOROID

PLATE TEMPERATURE
(WITHIN PHOTO
SUBSYSTEM) FL%<oSUBSYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE (LOWER)

OXIDIZER TANK

TEMPERATURE MODULE 2

NOTE: SHOWN WITH THERMALBARRIERREMOVED

Figure 1-5: Lunar Orbiter Spacecraft

14
 RADIATION MICROMETEOROID
LUNAR
SURFACE CANOPUS SUN SUNLIGHT
r““”“““”““
I I IMPACT I IMAGE I I I

I
I
I

I
REPLY
COMMANDS

TIME
A
- +r% ~-~----
1 “ -

ATTITUDE
1- -
SQUIB
v
POWER
1 1
I
4 CONTROL
SUBSYSTEM

+
I
I
1 1’ CRAB &ERROR
SUBSYSTEM
J
I
I REQUEST TIME A “ 7r 1r 4 I
VIDEO
PHOTO
I
DATA
SUBSYSTEM I
I
I
4
COMMANDS A.
4 I
” ” ) “ ” 4
POWER I
4 I TELEMETRY I I
I
v v I
VELOCITY STRUCTURE 6 I
I CONTROL
SUBSYSTEM
MECHANISMS
SUBSYSTEM
I
I
““““““““.-I
SPACECRAFT

Figure 1-6: Lunar Orbiter Block Diagram

frames,shutterspeed,line-scantubefocus) communication to vary the stored sequences

b y remote control from the ground. or introduce real-time commands. The select-
ed programmerdesign is a digital data pro-
The influence of constraints and requirements cessing system containing register, precision
peculiar tosuccessfuloperationinlunarorbit clock, and comparators, to permit combining
are apparentin the specific design selected. 65 spacecraft control functions into program-
mingsequencesbestsuited to spacecraft
0 A three-axisstabilizedvehicleandcontrol operations required during any phase of the
systemwereselected to accommodate the mission.
precise
pointingaccuracies
required for
photography and for accurate spacecraft The communications
system
high-gain
velocity-vector corrections during midcourse, antenna was providedwitha & 360-degree
lunar orbit injection, and orbit-transfer man- rotationcapabilityaboutthe boom axis to
euvers. accommodatepointingerrorsintroduced by
the Moon’s rotation about the Earth.
0 The spacecraft is occulted by the Moon dur-
ing each orbit, with predictable loss of com- 0 Tworadiationdetectorswereprovided to
munication from Earth. Since spacecraft oper- indicatetheradiationdosagelevelsinthe
ationsmustcontinuebehindthe Moon, an criticalunexposedfilmstorageareas.One
on-boardcommandsystemwitha128-word detectormeasuredtheexposure“seen” by
memorywasprovidedtosupport up to 16 the unexposed film remaining in the shielded
hours of automatic operation. It can be inter- supply spool. The second detector measured
ruptedatvirtuallyanytimeduringradio theintegratedradiationexposureseen by

15
 undeveloped film in the camera storage loop- graphicMissionSummary - Final Relm-ts,
er. The data from these detectors allow the respectively. Certain other changes peculiar to
selection of alternatemissionplansinthe Mission IV toaccommodatespacecraftobjec-
event of solar flare activity. tives are listed below.

The overall operation of taking the lunar pic- 0 Power subsystem charge controller maximum
tures, processing the film, and reading out and chargingcurrent was changed from 2.85to
transmitting thephotovideodatawithinthe 1.05amperesbecause of continuouspolar
spacecraftisshowninschematicformin orbit
illuminationand to reduce
thermal
Figure 1-7. Inaddition,thephotoreconstruc- problems.
tionprocessattheDeepSpaceStations;the 0 Maximum allowablenitrogenstorage tank
35-mm GRE film copying process at Eastman pressure was increased from 3,850 to 4,100
Kodak, Rochester, New York; and the manual psi to provide the increased maneuver capa-
reassemblyby NASA and Army Map Service bility necessary for the photo mapping mis-
are also shown. sion maneuver requirements.

A detailed description of the spacecraft is pro- Installedopticalsolarreflectors on 20% of

vided in NASA Report CR 782, Lunar Orbiter Z theequipmentmountingdeck as anaid to
PhotographicMissionSummary - FinalRe- spacecraft thermal control.
port. Changes incorporated on Lunar Orbiters 0 Installeddifferentthermalcoatingcoupons
I1 and I11 are defined in NASA Reports CR 883 and monitoring telemetry sensors to continue
and CR (*) - Lunar Orbiters ZZ und ZZZ Photo- the thermal paint degradation studies.

-.
-.
>
..
I
I .
I .
,. -
* - Edge Doto

70-mm Negative

.~"""""""""r."""~L.II"."""""- "

EASTMAN KODAK

ACQUISITION ;
-
NASA Langley
AMS
SPACECRAFT

RECONSTRUCTION
Process Manual Reassembly

thmodvlatOr

RECEIVER

Kinescope Camero

vidw T a p
Iecadcr To N M A
I

Figure 1-7: Photographic Data Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Assembly

* To be published.
16
Launch Vehicle - The Atlas-Agenacombina-
tionis a two-and-a-half-stage vehicle asillus-
trated in Figure1-8.

Twointerconnectedsubsystemsareused for TANK -4Ill

Atlas guidance and control - the flight control
(autopilot) and radio guidance subsystems. Basic
SECTION

AGENA
I (/I
units of theflightcontrolsubsystemarethe
flight programmer, gyro package, servo control
AFT SECTION
I$- PRIMA CORD
SEPARATION RING
electronics, and hydraulic controller. The main
groundelements of theradioguidance sub-
LOpBOILOFF ADAPTER (TYPICAL)
system arethe monopulseX-band position radar,
continuous-wave X-band doppler radar (usedto FORWARD ( L o p )
measure velocity), and a Burroughs computer. BULKHEAD
The airborneunit is aGeneralElectric Mod
III-G guidance package which includes a rate
beacon, pulse command beacon, and decoder.
The radio guidance subsystem interfaces with
the flight control (autopilot) subsystem to com-
plete the entire guidance and control loop. All
engines of the SLV-3 Atlas areignitedand
stabilized priorto launch commitment.
. . .I

The upper stage, anAgena spacebooster,in-

cludes the spacecraft adapter and is adapted for
use in the Lunar Orbiter mission by inclusion
of optional and “program-peculiar” equipment.
Trajectory and guidance control is maintained
b y a preset on-board computer. The Agena en-
gine is ignitedtwice: firstto acceleratethe 8-1 EQUIPMENT POD
Agena-LunarOrbitercombinationtotheve- *D; ;
locity required to achieve a circular Earth orbit,
and second to accelerate the spacecraft to the FUEL
requiredinjectionvelocity for thecislunar (RP-I)
trajectory. TANK-
ANTIVORTEX
PLATE ___
The Agena Type V telemetry system includes
an E-slot VHF antenna, a 10-watt transmitter, VERNIER
ENGINE
/ AFT BULKHEAD
and individual voltage-controlled oscillators for
IRIG standard channels 5 through 18 and chan- BOOSTER
nel F. Channels 12 and 13 are used to transmit SKIRT
FAIRING
spacecraftvibrationaldataduringthelaunch
phase. Channel F contains the complete space- SUSTAINER ENGINE
craft telemetrybitstreamduring the launch
BOOST
phase. ENGIN

Figure 1-8: Launch Vehicle

Wide-Angle Frame 118, Site IV22S
Centered at5.4"W, 72.0"s;
includes Clarius, Moretus, southern limb, and farside areas.

18
 .-..
.. .- .._. . ... . . ..

2.0 Launch Preparation and,Operations

LunarOrbiter IV missionpreparationstarted
with arrival of the spacecraft at ETR, where it Table 2-1: Launch Vehicle Preparation
was assembled, tested, and readied for launch. Summary
The Atlas-Agenaboost vehicleEvent and the Lunar Date
Orbiterspacecrafteachreceivedquality 3-1-67 Agenaarrivedat
AFETR
acceptancetestsattheindividual contractor’s
plantspriortodeliveryto the AFETR.Early 3-2-67 Atlas arrivedat
AFETR
planning included disseminationof information 3-13-67Atlas erectedon Pad 13
to the launch agencyfor proper programming of 3-30-67Boosterflight acceptancecom-
the Atlas-Agena system for the projected launch posite test (B-FACT) conducted
days. Activities at AFETR of the Atlas, Agena,
and Lunar Orbiter spacecraft were integratedSO 4-6-67 Fueland LOX tankingtest
that all systems were properly checked out to 4-19-67Booster adaptermated to Atlas
support the scheduled launch date. Lunar
4-25-67 Second B-FACT conducted
illuminationrequirements,Earth-Moon geom-
etry, and Sun-Moon relationships required that 4-28-67
Atlas-Agena mated
these plansbe geared to use the available launch
windows.
Control of the launch was delegated to the 2.1.1 Atlas SLV-3
Lewis Research Center, supported by the down-
0 During the booster final acceptance composite
range stations and appropriate instrumentation
test (B-FACT) onApril 25,1967, priorto open-
ships located in theAtlantic and Indian Oceans.
ing the main fuel valve at zero time, the sus-
Upon acquisition of the spacecraft by the Deep
tainer’s fuel duct pressure was noted to be at
Space Network tracking stations, control of the
approximately the same pressure as the fuel
LunarOrbitermission was passed from the
tank; hence, the sustainer fuel prevalve was
AFETR to the Space Flight Operations Facility
replaced.Furthertestingdisclosedthatthe
at Pasadena, California.
fuel start tank vent check valve was leaking
The following sections summarize the activities atarate of 2080 standard cubic inches per
andperformancepriortoacquisitionbythe minute. The check valve was also replaced.
Deep Space Network. During propellant utilization (PU) calibration
2.1 LAUNCH VEHICLE PREPARATION
tests, the P U valve travelled full open. Sub-
The Lunar Orbiter IV launch vehicle consisted sequent testsdisclosedthatthecurrent to
of the Atlas SLV-3, Serial Number 5804, and the the P U servo valve WAS erratic and high. The

Agena-D, Serial Number 6633, boosters. Signifi- Rocketdynehydrauliccontrolpackage was

cantprelauncheventsinlaunchvehicle pre- replaced.
paration are shown in Table 2-1. The following were replaced because of er-
raticoutputduringsystemtests:separation
Upon arrival at AFETR, each vehicle was pre- bottle pressure transducer, the booster con-
pared for launch as summarized in Figure 2-1, trolpneumaticregulator,andthesustainer
whichshowsthetestandcheckoutfunctions pneumatic regulator.
0 On March 27, 1967, the sustainer pitch feed-
performedinbuildup of theintegratedflight
vehicle. backvoltageindicatedanenginehard-over
condition. The engine would not respond to
During normaltest andcheckoutprocedures, command. Investigation resulted in replace-
the following problems were encountered and ment of the sustainer pitch actuator.
corrected as indicated. 0 Whenthestagingdiscrete was insertedat
A briefdiscussion of the out-of-the-ordinary T +130 during testing on April 10, the B pro-
tasks performed and problems encountered dur- grammerfailedtoinitiateBECOandwas
ing testingfollows. replaced.

19
 ATLAS

I RECEIVING A N DI N S E C T I O N
2 . PR0PELL;NT UTILIZATION SYSTEhl
ATLAS
CHECKOUT ANDCALIBRATION
RECT VEHICLE
3. PROGRLMME~EVALUATION
P I . PROPtiLSION SYSTEM LEAK h F U N C T I O N A L ATLAS
4 G Y 9 C TEST
CK ENGINE A L I G N M E N T
2 . PROPELLANT UTILIZATION SYSTEW\ LEAK C K
3 . TELEMETRY SYSTEM LOCKHOUSE COM.PAT- I . COMPLEXMECHANICAL
AGENA IBlLlTY A N D F U N C T I O N A L TESTS PRE:SUNT OPERATIONS
4 . RELEASE SEQUENCE TEST 2 . PROPULSIONPRECOUNT
5 . M I S S I L E ELECTRICAL BLOCKHOUSE OPERATIONS
3. AIRBORNEHYDRLULIC
I , IECEIVINC- 6 INSPECTION
2 VEHICLE Bus ESISTANCE CHECK
COMPATIBILITY TEST
6 . RANGE SAFETY C O M t 4 A N D SYSTEM - PRECOUNTOPERATIONS

1
CHECKOUT 4 . ALlTOPlLOI PRECOUNT
3. H O R I Z O N SENSOR A L I G N M E N T
A N D HEAD PRESSURE TEST
7 . M O D EI l l G BLOCKHOUSE 6 AIRBORNE I- OPERdTlONS 1
GUIDANCECK 5 . AIRBOPNE RF TELEMETRY
4 . BEACON S Y S T E M V A L I D A T I O N TEST
E . GUIGANCE C O W N D TEST PRECOUNTOPERATIONS
5 . VEHICLE INSTRUMENTATIONCALIB 6 . COMPLEX ELECTRICAL
P. AUTOPILOT SQUIB CIRCUITRY C K
6 . DESTQUCT SYSTEM TEST PRECOUNTOPERLTIONS
0. INTEGRATEDLAUNCHCONTROL TEST
7 . TELEMETRY SYSTEM, VALIDATION
I BOOSTER T A N K I N G TEST 7 . BATTERY INSTALLLTION
E. GCIDANCE SYSTEM V A L I D A T I O N 12. BOOSTER FLIGHTACCEPTANCECOMPOSITE 6 CHECKS
A N D F I N A L ADJ.
TEST
0. GUIDANCE FLIGHT CONTROL
15. M4TE BOOSTER ADAPTER ATLAS/AGE N A /
SYSTEM PREFLIGHT CHECKS
la. PROPULSION SYSTEM LEAK AND SPACECRAFT
I
AGENA
F U N C T I O N A L TESTS A N D ENGINE
SERVICING
I I , VEHICLE WEIGHTDETERMINATION I . M A T I N G PROCEDURE
1
1
2 . WROTECHNICINSTALLATION I . SYSTEM
PROPELLANT
CHECKS
AIESSLRE

TRANSPORTER
3. PROPULSION SYSTEM PRESSURE TEST A N D
INSECTION
4 . ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AGECOMPATIBILITT
:OMBINED VEHICLE RF
NTERFERENCE TEST
2 . .JOINT FLIGHTACCEPTANCE
Ic”, 2 . BATTERY C H A R G I N G
3. DESTRUCT SYSTEM
VALIDATION
LAVNCH
”-+ C O U N T D O W N
4 . FUSISTOR C O N T I N U I T YA N D
SPACECRAFT 5 . GUIDANCE S \ r S T E M . AGE COMPATIBILITY TESTS RESISTANCE CHECKS +
6. TELEMETER h BEACON RF F U N C T I O N A L TESTS 5 . WRO FIT A N D INSTALL.
CHECKS
I . ilECElVlNG ANDINSPECTION
2. SUBSYSTEM V A L I D A T I O N CHECKS 6
COMBINED SYSTEMS R U N
3. E P U I P M E N TI N S T A L U T I O N S
SPACECRAFT
1 SPACECRAFT I

TI
1. ENCAPSULATED S / C M A T I N G A I K E D L M
4 . MATE S C d ADAPTER, INSTALL
2 . SPACECRAFI AGECOMPATIBILITT TESTS
THERMAL BARRIER A N D SHROUD (BLOCKHOUSECOMPATIBILITYCHECKS)
RF R E A D O U PRECOWT OPERLTIONS
I

I . RECEIVING,INSPECTION 6 AIRWBSH
2 . SUBSYSTEM TESTS 6 OFTICALALIGNMENT
3 . SYSTEN.S 6 VERIFICATION TESTS LAUNCH COMREX TESTS

MISSILE ASSEMBLY
BUILDING TESTS -
Figure 2-1: Launch Operations Flow Chart
0 The telemetry transmitting set was replaced
due to a noisy composite signal.
2.1.2 Agena
The Agena-D,Serial Number 6633, arrived at
ETR onMarch 1,1967(thislater-than-usual
arrival was caused by late replacement of the
modified propellant isolation valves). The fol-
lowingproblemswereencounteredand cor-
rected during prelaunch testing.
During receiving inspection, a damaged fuel
ventquick-disconnect was discoveredand
replaced.
0 The Agena telemetrytransmitter was re-
placed after tests proved the transmitter fre-
quency was low.
0 The velocitymeterandcounterwerere-
placed just before launch countdown dueto a
shortvelocity meter countdown and the in-
ability to load the counter with consistency.
Confidencetesting was accomplishedearly
in the count.
0 As a confidence measure, the turbine pump
ballbearings (fuel andoxidizeronly)were
replaced with bearingshavingradialclear-
ance on the high side of specifications. Also,
the pumpoil was changed to MIL D oil.
The severalflightacceptancetestsperformed
were conducted withno flight vehicle problems.
2.2 SPACECRAFT PREPARATION
LunarOrbiterSpacecraft7arrivedatCape
KennedyonNovember21,1966, to serve as
backup forMission 111. The spacecraft was
tested at Hangar “S” and at the explosive safe
area. After the February launch of Mission 111,
Spacecraft 7 was placed in storage until needed
for Mission IV.
Spacecraft 3 arrived at Cape Kennedy on March
10, 1967,for use as a backup unitfor Mission IV.
On March 23, 1967, Spacecraft 7 was removed
fromstorageandretestedinaccordancewith
preflight
test
requirements
documentation.
Modifications were made to the spacecraft due
to thesubstantiallydifferenttype of mission
which was to be flown on MissionIV.
21
No significant discrepancies were disclosed b y
the retests.
On April 13, the spacecraft was moved to the
explosive safe area for final testing, installation
of ordnance, loading of the photo subsystem,
fueling, and final weight and balance checks.
Due to a fuel overflow during fuel loading, it
was necessary to offload the fuel and refuel the
spacecraft.Finalweightandbalancechecks
confirmed that the proper amount of fuel was
aboard.
On April25, theencapsulatedspacecraft was
moved to a Merritt Island launch area storage
facility to await arrival of the Agena on the pad.
At this time, Spacecraft 3 was brought to the
ESA for final testing and fueling. A leaking fill
and test valve was discovered and changed on
on this backup spacecraft. Encapsulation of this
spacecraft provided the capability, if necessary,
of exchanging spacecraft
andsupporting a
launch dateof May 5,1967.
2.3 LAUNCH COUNTDOWN
Followingmatchmate of Spacecraft 7 to the
AgenaonApril29,tests wereconducted to
verify impedanceandinterfacecompatibility.
Thejoint
flight
acceptance composite
test
(J-FACT) took placeon May 1,1967 without
spacecraft
participation. No launchvehicle
problems occurred during J-FACT.
On May 2, 1967, the spacecraft simulated launch
was conducted in accordance with the planned
time sequences, without launch vehicle partici-
pation. A l l spacecraftsystemsfunctioned
normally.
On May 4, 1967, the launch countdown started
at T-530 minutes. No deviations occurred to the
planned countdown. During the planned hold
atT-60, thetimebetween Agenaspacecraft
separationandsolarpaneldeployment was
increased from 1 minute 20 seconds to 2 min-
utes to ensure there would be no contact be-
tween the Agena and the deploying solar panels.
A simplified countdown sequencefor the space-
craft and supporting functions is shown in
Figure 2-2.
 I -

Em ty Camera Loopers -
SA InternalPower
DSlF Transmitter Off -
-
S/C Memory Load -
VCS Test
TWTA O n
Photo Test
ACS Test
Prelaunch Routine -
MDE on Channel "F" T/M

TIME - MINUTES
Figure 2-2: Master Countdown Time Sequence

Liftoff occurred on scheduleat22:25:00.571 Start the secondary timer commands of the

GMT under favorable weather conditions. launch vehicle.

Agena objectives were to:

2.4 LAUNCH PHASE
The launchphasecoversperformance of the
Lunar Orbiter D flight vehicle from liftoff
throughspacecraftseparationfromtheAgena
and subsequent acquisition of the spacecraft by
the Deep Space Network.
2.4.1 Launch Vehicle Performance
Analysis of vehicle performance, trajectory, and
guidance data indicated that all launch vehicle
objectives
were
satisfactorily
accomplished.
Atlas objectives wereto:
Placetheupperstageintheproper
ellipse as defined by the trajectory and guid-
ance equations;
Initiate upper-stage separation;
0 Start theAgena primary timer;
Relay the jettison spacecraft shroud command; monitored in the thrust section, indicated cool-
Inject the spacecraft into a lunar-coincident
transfer
trajectory withinprescribed
orbit
dispersions;
0 Perform Agena attitude and retro maneuvers
after
separationto
ensure
noninterference
with spacecraft performance.
All of these objectives were accomplished and
the launch vehicle performance was well within
the prescribed parameters.
Table 2-2 provides a summary of planned and
actual significant events during the ascent trajec-
coast tory. All times are referenced to the liftoff time
of 22:25:00.571 GMT, May 4,1967.
2.4.1.1 Atlas Performance
All Atlas SLV-3 (Serial Number 5804) systems
performed satisfactorily and a satisfactory ascent
trajectory was attained. Ambient temperatures,

22
 Table 2-2: Ascent Trajectory Event Times
". ~~

Programmed Measured
Time Event
(+Sec) (+Sec)
~

Liftoff
Motion 2-in. 0.0 22:25:00.571 GMT

128.9Booster cutoff

ne Sustainer cutoff 288.2 289.4

rimary Start 292.2 292.1

VECO - gyros,
uncage jettison H/S fairings
308.3 310.1

ction Nose shroud

SLV-3 - Agena separation 315.0 312.5

sequence
backup
Separation 338.1 338.2

rate - 120
Initiate pitch
deg/min 345.0 345.2

Transfer to -3.21 deg/min pitch rate;

Pitch H/S to IRP 350.2 350.2

rol Arm engine 365.0 365.2

ignition First-burn (90% PC) 366.3 366.4

First-burn cutoff (V/M cutoff switch) 518.2 518.7

Transfer
-4.20 to
rate pitch
deg/min 542.2542.2

Horizon sensors to 0.21-degree bias

position 544.8 545.2

Second-burn ignition (90% PC) 1761.24

Second-burn cutoff 1848.66

Agena-spacecraft separation 2013.03

23
ing trends indicative of cryogenic leakage after
73 seconds of booster operation. This leakage
did not affect the thrust output of the booster.
Vehicleaccelerationreachedpeakvalues of
6.2g ; t r d 3 . l g at booster and srlstainer engine
cutoff, res1)ectively. Telemetered data m c l per-
formance calculations indicated
that 1,lSY
pounds of licluid oxygen m d 776 ponnds of f11e1
remained at sustainer engine cutoff. This w;is
equivalent to 6.1 seconds of :dditiond engine
burn time.
Launchvehicle st;tbilit!, was maint;li~~r.tl
thro~lghor~t a l l phases of Atlas 1)oweredflight
b y the Atlas flightcontrolsystem. .A11 st;Iging
m d sepanttiotl ollerations ; t n d resI)orlsc. t o
grli(lmnce steering and discrete coInIn;mds ~ v c r t '
satisfactory. The transients and oscil1;~tiolls
associ;~tetl with the stagillg seclr~ellce \\\'ere
norrn;kl. Resicl~lal a n g : l l l a r rates m d c1ispl;tc.e-
ments were essentially zero at vernier engine
cutoff (VECO). Postflight evaluation of g r o u ~ ~ t l
; t r d tele~neteredvelliclel)or~le (1;tta indic;~ted
that both the Llod III-A ground station m ~ the d
Mod 1114; airl)orne-g:llidallceecluipnlent 1)er-
forrned satisf;~ctorily.Thelannchvehicle uus
ac-cluirecl ;is 1)lanned and good track was main-
tained in both the track and ratesubsystems
until larrnchplrrs 374.1 seconds ( u ~ l I)eJ,oncl l
Atlas-Agena separation) when the
received
signalstrength was atthenoiselevel.Range
ratenoiseduringthesllstainer-vernierphase
of flight was less than 0.7 foot per second (peak
to peak)whilethe Interal ratenoise k1ver;lged
0.014 foot per second.

The following coast ellipse and insertion para-

metersat VECO + 2 secondswereobtained
from the guidance-system data.
Semi-major axis 14,512,065 feet
Semi-minor axis 12,707,853 feet
Velocity magnitude 18,518 feetpersecond
Velocity to be gained +0.45 foot persecond
Filtered yawvelocity +0.83 foot persecond
Filtered altitude rate
minus desired
altitude
rate +2.39
second
per
feet

2.4.1.2 Agena Performance

Agena D (Serial Number 6633) performed satis-
factorily subsequenttoseparation from the

24
 " .. .. .. .

thatantennadeploymentoccurred 1 minute, LunarOrbitertelemetrydatawererecorded

57.5 secondsafterspacecraftseparation.Solar
panels were deployed by stored program com-
mandandfunctioningproperly 25.8 seconds
later.
2.5 DATA ACQUISITION
The Earth track of the Lunar 0rbiter.IV mission
is shown in Figure 2-3. Significant events and
planned coverage of the AFETR facilities are
shown on this trajectory plot.
via Channel F of the Agena link and also via
the spacecraft telemetry system. Prior to space-
craftseparation,spacecrafttransmissions
(2298.3 MHz) were made with the antenna in
the stowed position.
Weather conditions during the launch operation
were favorable. Theupperwindshearswere
within acceptable limits.At liftoff, the following
surface conditions were recorded.

The AFETR preliminary test report showed the Temperature 77°F

data coverage presented in the following tables. Relative humidity 71%
A list of electronic tracking coverage from all Visibility 10 miles
stations is contained in Table 2-3, together with Dew point 66°F
thetype of trackingoperationemployed for Surface winds 15knots at 130°,gusting
each period. Telemetry data recording is sum- to 21 knots
marized in Table 2-4 b y recording station and Clouds Clear
telemetry frequency. Pressure (sealevel) 30.070 inches of mercury

25
 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
to
0
10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

50 50

280 350
340
330
320
310
300
290 0 10 20 4030 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 1 0 140
130
120

Figure 2-3: Earth Track for May 4, 1967

 Table 2-3: AFETR Electronic Tracking Coverage
Period of Coverage
Radar be4 Mode of
Location
No. Operation*
From To
~ ~~

Radar
Station 0 PatrickAFB 0.18 14 308 AB
308 35 1 AS
35 1 473 AB
Station 1 Cape Kenned! 1.1 0 114 IR
114 126 AS
1.2 0 2 TV
2 116 IR
116 126 AS
1.16 8 62 AS
62 265 AB
Station19 Kennedy 19.18 13 78 AS
Space Center 78 300 AB
300 370 AS
370 380 AB
Station 3 Grand Baham; 3.16 80 465 AB
3.18 92 438 AB
Station7GrandTurk 7.18 200 626 AB
Station91 Antigua 91.18 380 760 AB
Station12Ascension 12.18 1,197 1,560 AB
Station 13 Pretoria, Afric; 13.16 1,861 2,593 AB
RIS Uniform T-11-C 2,065 2,630 AB
2,842 2,854 AB
4,190 4,583 AB
Special Instrumentation
Station 1 Tel ELSSE 12 110 F
4 449
13 110 F
4 459
14 110 P
4 433
* Modes of Operation:
AB = Automatic Beacon Track IR = Infrared Track
AS = Automatic Skin Track TV = Television
F = FlightLine P = Program

27
 Table 2-4: AFETR Telemetry Coverage
Period of Coverage
Link
Location (sed
(MHz)
From To
Station 1 Tel I1 CapeKennedy 244.3 Agena -420 48 1
249.9 Atlas -420 476
2,298.3 Lunar Orbiter -420 270

Station 1 Tel IV CapeKennedy 244.3 -420 49 1

249.9 -420 49 1
2,298.3 -420 23 1
2,298.3 312 467

Station 3 Grand
Bahama 244.3 40 522
249.9 40 522
2,298.3 105 532

Eleuthera
4 Station 249.9 90 535

Antigua
91
Station 244.3 324 787
2,298.3 365 760

12
Station Ascension 244.3 1,173 1,660
2,298.3 1,178 1,470

Station 13 Pretoria, Africa 244.3 1,780 2,800

2,298.3 1,856 2,035
2,298.3 2,074 2,645

Mobile Range Instrumentation

Facilities

RIS Lima 244.3 696 1,141

RIS Whiskey 2,298.3 1,482 1,889

244.3 1,476 2,003

RIS Uniform 244.3 1,985 4,100

2,298.3 - No Lock

RIS Yankee 244.3 2,065 5,330

2,298.3 2,077 3,407
2,298.3 3,440 5,330

28
Wide-Angle Frame 9, Site IV6A
Centered at97.2"E,42.4"s;
includes Mare Smythii, southeastern limb, and farside areas.

30
 3.0 Mission Operations

Operationandcontrol of LunarOrbiter IV Figure 3-1 provides a pictorial summary of the

requiredtheintegratedservices of a large
number of specialistsstationedat the Space
Flight Operations Facility (SFOF) in Pasadena,
California,aswell as at the worldwide Deep
Space Stations. The Langley Research Center
exercisedmanagementcontrol of the mission
throughthe
missiondirector.
Twoprimary
deputies were employed: the first, the launch
operationsdirectorlocatedatCapeKennedy;
the second, the space flight operations director
located at the SFOF in Pasadena.
Launch vehicle and spacecraft performance after photostakenwereprocessed,thelunarsur-
liftoff was monitoredin thelaunchmission
control center at ETR b y the mission director.
Telemetry data was used by the launch team
and was relayedinrealtime to theSFOF
throughtheCapeKennedyDeepSpace Sta- during the powered portion of the flight neces-
tion. Thisdissemination of spacecraftperfor-
mance data to the launch and operations teams
enabled efficient and orderly transfer of con- quired to make it fully operational and oriented
trol fromCape Kennedy to the SFOF.
Flight control of the mission was centralized at
the SFOF for the remainder of the mission. All
commands to thespacecraftwerecoordinated
by the spacecraft performance analysis and com- 49minutesafterlaunch.Initialperformance
mand (SPAC) and flight path analysis and com-
mand (FPAC) team of subsystemspecialists
andsubmitted to thespaceflightoperations
director for approval prior to being transmitted
to the DSIF sitefor retransmission to the space-
craft.
Operational performance of the spacecraft and
theworldwidecommand, control,
and data
recovery systems is presented in the following
sections.
3.1 MISSION PROFILE
The Lunar Orbiter IV space vehicle (as previ-
ouslydefined) was successfullylaunchedat
22:25:00.571 GMT on May 4,1967 from Launch
Complex 13 at AFETR. Liftoff occurred at the
scheduled time midway in the launch window
for May 4, at the flight azimuth of 100.8 degrees LunarOrbiter IV photographicmapping mis-
identified with Launch Plan 4H.
28-dayphotographiclunarmappingmission
of Lunar Orbiter IV. The timing of events from
countdown initiation through spacecraft acqui-
sitionby the Woomera DeepSpaceStation
are given with respect to the liftoff time. T h e
remaining mission functions are referenced to
Greenwich Mean Time. A small inset diagram
illustratesthesequence of photographicand
attitude control functions repeated on each of
the 29 photo orbits. With the exception of re-
photographing specific nearside areasfrom apo-
luneandcuttingthe Bimat beforeall of the
facemappingmissionwasconductedas
planned.
Also shown in Figure 3-1 are the major events
sarytoinject the spacecraftonthecislunar
trajectory. The majorspacecraftfunctionsre-
to the celestial references to achieve and main-
tain the desired lunar orbit are shown.
The Lunar Orbiter IV spacecraft was acquired
by the Woomera, Australia Deep Space Station
telemetrydataverifiedthatthespacecraftan-
tennaandsolarpaneldeploymentsequences
hadbeenaccomplished.TheSunacquisition
sequence was completed 58 minutes after
launch. A first attempt to produce a star map and
acquireCanopus 6 hours, 50 minutesafter
launch was unsuccessful due to the presence of
lightreflections.Approximately2hourslater
a successful star map was produced and Can-
opus was acquired at 8:26 GMT May on 5.
A relatively large midcourse maneuver ( A V of
60.85meterspersecond) was required,even
though the Agenainjectionwaswellwithin
designtolerances.Thiswasrequiredbecause
the launch vehicle programmingwas completed
for a mission similar to Lunar Orbiter 111 (21-
degreeinclination)priortodefinitionofthe
sion
(85-degree inclination). Themaneuver

31
 h =HOURS
I -MINUltS
-5tCONDS
.
I

GMI GlEENWlCH M A N 11M

Figure 3-1: Lunar Orbiter IV Flight Profile

iy
wits initiated at 16:4S CLMT(18 hours, 20 m i n -
utes after launch) and- successfully completecl
with S2.3 seconds of engine operation.This
mitneltverrotated t h e injectionpoint, i n the
plane of the X i o o n , from a 2l-degree tlesccnd-
ing-node orbit to an 8.5-degree ascending-nocle
orl>it. Eventhough kt large ~nitlcor~rse 111a11-
euver wits necessary, the results were well with-
in design tolerances m d the second mmeuver
was not required.

During Orbits 3 and 5 , the Goldstone test f i l m

ill thespacecraftwasreadout and recorded
duringtwo-stationvisibility 1)eriods to verify
photosulxystemoperation. The firstphotos
were takenon Orhit 6 andconsisted of five
four-frame secluences in slow node (nominal X
secondsbetween
exposures)
covering the
south polar, mid-latitudes, and ec1witori;ll areas.
The multiple exposures were recltlired to move
thefilm-leadersplicethrollghthe l h t o sub-
system in LI reasonable period of time. All re-
mainingnearside(perilune)photoswere ex-
posed as five single-frameexposures on each
orbit,includingalternateorbitphotos of the
north and south polar regions.

Failure of the spacecraft carnerit thermal door

toopen for thethirdphotosequenceduring
Orbit 6 and the first photo during Orbit7 neces-
sitated changes in operational photo commmd
sequences to ensure continued photography. To
compensate for cameralenscoolingandpre-
vent
moisturecondensationon
the
camera
windows and lenses, the spacecraftwas oriented Final readout was initiated 0 1 1 Orbit 41 and com-
so thattheobliquesun rays could warm the pleted on Orbit 48 on J u n e 1. During this period,
windows. This maneuver also resulted in light readout proceeded from Telephoto Frame 196
leakage past the baffles producing light fogging to Frame 107 its determined b y operations di-
of the exposed but unprocessed film, and local rectives, since this wits the last frame not read
degradationinthelunarphotographs,which out during priority readout. Readoutwas contin-
was not detected until the photos were read out. uous except for stops at station handover and

33
occasional spurious“readoutlooperfull”and
“empty”signals.Finalreadoutwastermin-
ated when all desired photos had been recov-
ered.TheexposuresreadoutduringMission
IV priority and final readout provided coverage
of approximately 99% of the nearside. The high-
latitudephotographsincludedsomecircum-
polar farside areas not previously photographed,
as shown in Figures 4-23and 4-24.
Micrometeoroid hits were recorded on May 12
and 18 with no detectable effect or damage to
othersystems.Duringtheearlycislunar tra-
jectory, the spacecraft passed through the equa-
torial plane of the inner Van Allen belt, where
the highest radiation intensity exists. In addi-
tion, it passed through a magnetic storm in the
outerelectronbelt.Thecassettedetector re-
corded a total of 5.50 rads exposure during this
period. Solarflareswerereported on May 23
and 25. As a result, the camera looper radiation
detector increased from 3 to 66 rads. The maxi-
mum rate of change was 6 rads per hour. These
radiationlevelsproducednofoggingon the
exposed and unprocessed film and no degrada-
tion in the photo data was detected.
3.2 SPACECRAFT PERFORMANCE
Lunar Orbiter IV performance has been evalu-
ated with respect to program and specific mis-
sionobjectivesandalso as influenced by un-
usual operational modes induced by flight prob-
lems and methods adapted to continue the mis-
sion. Accordingly, the performance of each sub-
system is discussed in the following paragraphs
and containsa brief functional description.
Toplacethephotosubsystem in theproper
location and attitude at the right time to obtain
the desired photographs, the Lunar Orbiterwas
required to:
Change the injection point, in the plane of the
Moon, from a21-degreedescending-node
orbit to an 85-degree ascending-node orbit by
the midcourse maneuver.
0 Be injectedintoaselectedorbitaboutthe
Moon, whose size, shape, and center of gravity
and mass are not precisely known.
Conductthephotographicmission from a
near-polar initial orbit.
0 Continue to operatein an unknownradia-
tion environment and in an unknown density
of micrometeoroids over an extended period.
Accomplish a precise two- or three- axis at-
titude maneuver prior to photographing each
specified location and actuate the camera at
precisely the commanded time.
0 Provide the tracking and doppler signals re-
quired to determine the orbit parameters and
compute the photographic mission maneuvers.
Failure to satisfy any of these conditions could
jeopardizesuccessfulaccomplishmentofthe
Lunar Orbiter mission. How well Lunar Orbiter
IV accomplished these critical tasks is shown in
Table 3-1 and is indicative of thecontrol ac-
curacy accomplished by the attitude and veloci-
ty control subsystems.

Table 3-1: Trajectory Change Summary

Velocity Change
Desired (meters per sec) Actual
Function Trajectory Desired Actual Trajectory
” ”

Cislunar Aim B-T 710 km 60.85 60.84 Aim B-T 726 km

Midcourse Point B-R 9754 km Point €5-R 9808 km

Lunar Orbit Perilune 2700.8 km 659.62 659.62 Perilune 2706.3 km

Injection Apolune 6110.9 km Apolune 6110.9 km
Inclination 85.47 deg Inclination 85.48 deg
Period 720 min Period
721 min
I I

34
 FILM

p-
3.2.1 Photo Subsystem Performance TAKEUP A,ND

I Photo subsystem performance wassatisfactory

fortwo thirds of theactivephoto-takingportion
of the mission. Earlyinthemission,faulty
‘STORAGE

/ LOOPER
TAKEUP

door operation caused the cameras be to exposed COMPOSITE

VIDEO TO
toabnormaltemperatureandlightingcondi- COMMUNI-
CATIONS SCANNER
tions which produced local degradation on the SUBSYSTEM
spacecraftfilm.Latein the mission,intermit-
i tentinternalsignalsinterruptedthenormal
readoutperiods and improperly initiated film
PROCESSOR
AND DRYER
processing.Alternateoperationalandcontrol
I sequenceswere
developedand
appropriate
i commands transmitted offset
to these
effects
and continue the photography readout.The film
handlingirregularityrequiredtheexecution
of “Bimat cut” shortly before the planned time.
The photo mission was concluded when all of
the exposed and processed spacecraft film had
been read out and recorded. There was no de-
tectable fogging of the spacecraft film from the
solar flare activity encountered near the end of
I mission.
the

~ TheLunar
Orbiter
photo
subsystem simultan-
eously exposes two pictures at a time, processes
film, and converts the information contained on
the film to an electrical signal for transmission
to Earth.Thecompletesystem,shownsche-
matically inFigure 3-2, iscontained in a
I pressurized
temperature-controlled
container.
Figure 3-2: Photo Subsystem
The camerasystemfeatures a dual-lens(tele-
photo and wide-angle) optical system that simul-
taneouslyproduces two images on the 7o-mm An auxiliary sensingsystem,whichoperates
SO-243 film. Both lenses operate at afixed aper- through the telephoto lens, samples the lunar-
ture of f/5.6 with controllable shutter speeds of terrainimageanddeterminesavelocity-to-
0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 second. A 0.21 neutral-den- height (VIH) ratio. Thisoutputcontrolsthe
sity filter is added to the 80-mm (wide angle) linear movement of each camera platen to com-
lens tonearly
equalizelight
transmission pensate forimagemotionatthefilmplane
characteristics of the two lens systems. (IMC). The V/H ratio also controls the spacing
of shutter operations to provide the commanded
A double-curtained focal-plane shutter is used overlap. Camera exposure time for each frame
with the telephoto lens and a between-the-lens is exposed on the film in binary code by 20 tim-
shutter is used with the
wide-angle lens. ing lights.V/H was not used on Mission IV.
Volume limitations withinthe photo system con-
I tainer
necessitatedthe
use of mirror
a in
the The latent-image (exposed) filmis developed,
opticalpath of the 610-mm lens.Thismirror fixed, and driedby the processor-dryer. Process-
caused reversal of all telephoto images on the ing is accomplished by temporarily laminating
I spacecraftfilm(alongthelongaxisof the 610- the emulsion side of the Bimat film against the
~ mm lensformat)withrespect to thewide-angle SO-243 film emulsion as the film travels around
system. the processor drum.

35
Photographic data are convertedby the readout
system into an electrical form that can be trans-
mitted to thegroundreceivingstation.Scan-
ning the film with a 6.5-micron-diameter high-
intensity beam of light produces variations in
transmitted light intensity proportional to the
changes in film density.A photo-multiplier tube
converts these variations to an analog electrical
voltage, andthereadoutsystemelectronics
adds timing and synchronization pulses, form-
ing the composite video signal shown in Figure
3-3. Thus, it is possible to transmit continuous
variations in film tone or density rather than
discrete steps associated with a digital system.
The electrical signals are fed to a video ampli-
fier and passedto the modulation selector; trans-
mission is via a traveling-wave-tube amplifier
(TWTA) and high-gain antenna.
BLANKING
SIGNAL
-
90 p SEC.
L
7
WHITELEVEL
7
FIDUCIAL MARK
BLACKLEVEL(REF.)
SEC. 1105 P SEC.
25 P SEC.
sYNCH’
PULSE L 1 SCAN
LINE
1250 P SEC.
(F) PEAKWHITEdMPLlTUDE
(G)SYNCH. PULSE
Figure 3-3: Video Signal Waveform
Evaluation of the mission photos showed that
performance of the camera and processor was
normalfor theenvironmentalconditionsim-
posedduringthephotomission.Completion
of thebroadsystematicphotographicsurvey
of the lunar surface required employment of the
photo subsystem intwo modes, which exceeded
the design or planned operational employment.
These were the photography of all sites, sub-
sequent to the firstphotoorbitsequence,
single-frame sequences with the longaxis of the
telephotoframeparalleltothedirection
motion, andtherequirementtoreadoutall
photos in the priority readout mode. T h e single-
frame
exposures wereall
satisfactorily
per-
formed except for one wide-angle photo. Ex-
ceptwheretheplanned priorityreadoutse-
quences were interrupted by operational prob-
lems,thepriorityreadoutrequirement was
accomplished.
Unlike previous missions, the photo subsystem
was exposed to environmental conditions early
in the mission which exceeded the design and
operational limits and caused some local deg-
the radation of the photos. Operational
control
procedures, developed to counteract the effects
of leavingthecamerathermaldooropen,
produced adverse effects on the exposed space-
craftfilm. To offset the cooling effect of the
open camera thermal door, the spacecraft was
oriented to direct sufficient heat into the photo
subsystem to maintainthelensandwindow
temperaturesabove the dew point.Thiscon-
trol concept allowed light to penetrate the light
baffle system, between the camera lenses and
the photo subsystem shell, and fog the exposed
butunprocessedfilminthecameralooper.
Upon review of the first readoutof film at Gold-
stone (concurrently at SFOF), the film fogging
problem was recognized;by
changing
the
spacecraft pitch attitude, the light through the
bafflesystemwaseliminated.However,con-
4 densation was formed on the camera window
due to reduced temperature. The camera ther-
mal door was partially closed and the condensa-
tion was completely evaporated by Orbit 13. Ex-
cellentphotographs
were obtained for the
remainder of the mission.
T h e “readoutlooper full” signalterminates
readout and initiates film processinga s a safety
feature under normal circumstances. After suc-
cessive premature uncommanded readout ter-
minations and processing periods, the process-
ing-readoutsequence was reduced from two-
frameincrements to a single-frameduration.
In addition,thereadoutelectronicsmemory
wasconfiguredduringreadouttore-initiate
the readout command just prior to the comple-
i
as tion of eachoptical-mechanicalscannercycle
during readout. This procedure allowed read-
of out to continue until Orbit 30, May 23. During
evaluation of thisproblemandsubsequent
implementation of satisfactory control proced-
ures, two wide-angle and the intervening tele-
photoexposurewerenotscannedinpriority
readout.
BeginninginOrbit 26, intermittentproblems
related to thespurious“readoutlooperfull”
signal
were encountered.
Thesewereun-
commanded initiation of film processing, failure
to stop processing with the normal stop com-
mand,abnormaloperation of filmtakeup
through the readout looper, and failure of the
readout electronics to come on when command-
ed. These abnormal processing operations were
initially
controlled
by
commanding “solar
eclipse on,” which placed the photo subsystem
in a completestandbymodeandprohibited
any processing. By processing all exposed film
in the camera storage looper, the processor can
also be inhibited while at the same time permit- testing of similarencodersfailed
ting photo readout to continue. This latter pro-
cedure was implemented during Orbit 31 until
Bimat was cut. The photo-taking portion of the
mission was terminated shortly before the plan- ances.
ned time, when the film takeup motor which
was inhibitedbythefaultysignalsfailedto
emptythereadoutlooper. “Bimat cut” was
initiated so thatthe“Bimatclear”indication
wouldoccurbeforethereadoutlooper was
full. (This was required so final readout couldbe
performed.) During the next 2.5 days, several es-
peciallydevelopedprocedureswereused to
graduallyadvance the 12 frames of the pro-
cessed film throughthereadoutsystemin
preparation for initiating final readout.
Finalreadout,beginningwithTelephoto Ex-
posure 196, was initiated on May 29. The read-
out continued in an essentially normal manner
and was considered complete after reading out
Wide-Angle Frame 107 becausetheremain-
ingexposureswereobtainedduringpriority
readout. During the mission, there were a total
of 153 readout periods, of which two were the
Goldstonetestfilmand 123 occurredduring
priority readout.
Analysis of the photo subsystem performance
data during the readout and processing abnor-
malities indicated that the operation was con-
sistent with a faulty indication from the readout
looper encoder, resulting in a spurious “full,”
“
empty,” or “partial full” signal. Further evalu-
ation showed that one segmgnt of a four-seg-
ment shaftpositionencoderisthecommon
returnforeach of theabovesignals.Circuit
and logicanalysisfurthershowedthatthese
indicated conditions would occur with an inter-
mittent open in this return circuit. Since this
segment is conductive, by
brush
contact,
throughoutthe360-degreeshaftrotation,an
intermittentseparation of brushcontactwith
the common return segment is the most prob-
able cause of the abnormality. Thus, a simul-
taneous indication of the three conditions of
the looper could exist and the performance of
the photo system would be dependent on the
actualmode of operation.Additionalground
to produce
the
failure
modesevidenced in
flight.
In
addition, the contact resistance measurements
obtained were within established design toler-
Althoughproblemswereencounteredduring
the mission, changes in operational procedures
enabled the recovery of all significant photos
taken and processed.
3.2.2 Power Subsystem Performance
Unlike previous missions, the power subsystem
solar panels were exposed to the Sun during the
entiremission.Batterypowerwasrequired
only prior to solar panel deployment and during
the midcourse and injection maneuvers. At all
otherperiods,electricalpower was supplied
directly from thesolar array. Performance of
the subsystem wassatisfactoryinallrespects
during the entire mission.
All electrical power required and used by the
spacecraft is generated bythe solar cells mount-
ed on thefoursolarpanels.Solarenergyis
convertedinto
electrical
energyto
supply
spacecraft loads, power subsystem losses, and
charge the hermetically sealed nickel-cadmium
battery. The subsystem is shown schematically
in Figure 3-4. Excess electrical energy is dis- supplying 12.91 amps at 30.72 volts. The array
sipated through heat dissipation elements. The temperatureatthistime wasapproximately
shunt regulator also limits the outputof the solar 80"F, andthebattery was chargingat1.025
array to a maximum of 31 volts. Auxiliary reg- amps.
ulatorsprovidecloselyregulated 20-voltd.c.
outputs for thetemperaturesensorsandthe During. the midcourse maneuver, initiated 18
telemetry converter. Charge controller electron- hours, 8 minutesafterlaunch,thespacecraft
ics protectthebattery fromovervoltage and was pitched 67.6 degrees off the sunline. This
overtemperatureconditionsbyregulatingthe spacecraft orientation required the use of bat-
chargingcurrent.
The12-ampere-hourbat- tery power to meet the electrical load demands
tery(packagedintwo10-cellmodules) pro- for a period of 13 minutes. For the remainderof
vides electrical power at all times when there the cislunar phase, the solar panels were normal
is insufficient outputfrom the solararray. to theSunwithanoutput of 12.85ampsat
30.56 volts. Of this power, 107 watts were re-
quired by the spacecraft and about 250watts
were dissipated by the shunt regulator.
"
"
"
"
"
""
"
1
1
1

I
- -
CONTROLLER
CHARGE
T
I
I
SUBSYSTEM
* LOADS Thelunarinjectionmaneuver was initiated
I about88.7hoursafterlaunchandrequireda
I ELECTRONICS I 96.1-degreepitchmaneuver.Thirty-onemin-
I
I
t :
I

I
SQUIB
LOADS uteslatertheSun was reacquired.
power was required to meettheelectrical
Battery
I
I demands for22 minutesduringthisperiod.
I The total discharge capacity was estimated
as 1.93 ampere-hours for a 14.9% battery depth
of discharge. For the remainder of the mission,
thespacecraftelectrical loads weresupplied
directly from the solar array.
I I
I' SINGLE POINT STRUCTURE G R O U N D

Thechargecontrollercircuitry was modified

Figure 3-4: Power Subsystem for Lunar Orbiter IV to limit the charging cur-
rent to1.05amps ratherthanthe2.85amps
used for previous missions. This reduction was
Each of thefoursolarpanelshas 2,714 indi- basedonthemissionand trajectory design
vidual solar cells mounted in a 12.25-square-foot containingnoSunoccultationperiods. As a
area. The N-on-P silicon solar cells on each solar result,thepermissible off-Sun angle was in-
panelareconnectedintofivediode-isolated creasedbecausethespacecraft load demands
circuits.Individualcircuitsareconnectedin were decreased and reduced the heat input to
series-parallel combinations. the equipment mounting deck. Representative
loadsforvariousspacecraftoperatingmodes
The spacecraftbatteryprovidedallelectrical are shownin Table 3-2.
demands from 6 minutes prior to launch until
Sun
acquisition
approximately 36
minutes Solar array degradation parameters during the
after launch. Solar panel deployment and Sun photo mission are shown in Figure 3-5. The de-
acquisitionoccurredduringperiod
a when creaseinthesolarintensity is apredictable
performance telemetry was not recorded; it was functionbased onthe
Sun-Moon spatialge-
estimated,however,thatthebattery wasdis- ometry. The change in degradation prior to the
charged approximately 3.2 ampere-hours for a solar event was comparable with the results of
24.6% depth of discharge. At 50 minutes after previousmissions. Of interest is the apparent
launch,whenspacecrafttelemetrydata was recovery and improvement in the array output
acquired,thesolararray was deployedand beginning about 2 days after the solar event. The

38
 Table 3-2: Spacecraft Load Currents
T Photo Heaters Smcecraft Loads (Amps)
Operational
Mode Inhibited
Solar Solar
Eclipse Oi Eclipse Off l"
MIN NOM
T" MAX

Cislunar X 3.43 3.62 3.75

Cislunar X 3.75 4.25 4.55

TWTA On X 5.23 5.29 5.41

Engine Burn X 7.64 8.53 8.71

Photo Standby + TWTA X 5.11 5.90 6.86

Processing + TWTA X 5.17 6.80 7.52

Readout X 6.38 6.74 6.80

"
-
Days GMT
-
130 135 140 145 150 155
+3 "_"""" "_ Orbits """"""

2 10 20 30- 40 50

+2

+1
?End of Photographic
I Mission
c
I
c I
0
2
P)
0
n

-1
Solar Intensity

-2

-3

"

Figure 3-5: Solar Array Degradation

39
cause of thisphenomenon is notunderstood,
butdoesrepresentanareawherefurtherin-
vestigation is indicated.

3.2.3 Communications Subsystem Performance

Although thecommunicationssubsystem was
operateddifferently ,during ,Mission IV, the
performance was satisfactory in a l l phases. The
traveling-wave-tubeamplifier was turned on
for 90% of the time in lunar orbit and was left
ontosupportMannedSpaceFlightNetwork
tests during the extended mission. The ground
transmissionfrecluency wits offset (about 330
H z ) to produceminimuminterferencewith
Lunar OrbitersI1 and 111.

The LunarOrbitercomm~lnications s!,stem is

anS-bandsystemcapable of transmittingtel-
emetryandvideodata, cloppler andranging
information, and receiving and decoding coln-
mand messages and interrogittions. Major com-
ponents of the commrlnicatiol~
subsystem,

CQMMAUD
r----1"
I TRANSPONDER LOW-GAIN

RECEIVER +DUPLEXER

SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE

RDMS MULTIPLEXER MODULATION

MEASUREMENTS
ANTENNA
CONTROL
POSITION
CONTROLLER
-
Figure 3-6: Communications Subsystem

40

mand decoding, appropriate signals are trans-
mitted to the spacecraft to shift the stored com-
mand into the flight programmer for execution
at the proper time. The command decoder also
contains the unique binary addressof the space-
craft.
The PCMmultiplexerencoderisthecentral
devicethatputsperformancetelemetrydata
into the desired format for transmission.Sev-
enty-seven inputsare
sequentially
sampled
atonesampleperframe,andonechannelis
sampled at eight times per frame in the analog
section. The output of these 85 datasamples
is converted from analog to digital form. The
multiplexer also
combines the 20-bit
flight
programmerwords, the 133 one-bitdiscretes,
and the four-bitspacecraftidentificationcode
into nine-bit parallel output words.
The modulation selector mixes the photo video
information andthe50-bit-per-second perfor- least 20.5 db of gain within +5 degrees of the
mancetelemetryinformation for input to the mtenna axis. The radiated output is right-hand
transponder for transmission. The selector re-
ceives control signals from the flight program-
mer to operate in one of the following modes.
Data
Mode Tyve An_tell~~~E-llll~loyedMoon, and Earth.
1 Ranging and performanceLowGain
telemetry
Photo
video
High
Gain
and
2
performance telemetry
3 Performancetelemetry
LowGain
(A Mode 4 exists which is implemented b y
selectingthe normal Mode2modulationbut
exercising theMode 3 transmissionmethod
whennovideoinputdataareavailable.The
selection of this particular mode increases the
available power inthe downlink carrier.)
Thetelemetrysystemsamplestheoutput of commanded off 77 minutes after launch.
sensorswithin
the
various
spacecraft
sub-
systems.Normaltelemetrydatachannelsin-
clude such information astemperatures,pres-
sures, voltages, currents, and error signals. Spe- command, and ranging and/or tracking modes
cial instrumentationincludes20micrometeor-
oiddetectorslocatedonthetank deck peri- turned on 15 times and used for 516 hours dur-
phery. Radiation dosagemeasurement,inthe
.~ . . .. .
form of two scintillationcounterdosimeters
and the associatedlogic,aremounted in the
photo subsystemarea.
The traveling-wave-tube amplifier (TWTA) con-
sists of a traveling-wave tube, a bandpass filter,
and the required power supplies. This equip-
ment, used only to transmit the wide-band video
data and telemetry (Mode 2) during photo read-
out, has a minimum power output of 10 watts.
Allof the necessarycontrols and sequencing
for warmup of the traveling-wave tube are self-
contained.
The spacecraft employs two antennas, a high-
gain antenna that providesa strongly directional
patternand a low-gain antennathat is omni-
directional. The low-gain antenna is a biconical-
discone slot-fed antenna mounted at the end of
an 82-inchboom. The high-gain antenna is a
36-inchparabolic
reflector
that
provides
at
circularly polarized. The antenna dish ismount-
ed on a boom and is rotatable in 1-degree in-
crements about the boom axis to permit adjust-
ments for varying relative positions of the Sun,
The Deep SpaceStation
at
Johannesburg,
Africa (DSS-51)firstacquiredthespacecraft
transmissions 32 minutesafter launch ata signal
strength of -130.0 dbm,usingtheacquisition
aid antenna. (This was 4.6 minutes before the
spacecraft antenna deployment.) Two-way lock
wasnot established due to trackingslewrate
constraintsimposedonthegroundantenna
drive system, and track was lost after 8.5 min-
utes. The Woolnera Deep Space Station (DSS-
41)acquiredthespacecraftapproximately45
minutes after launchwith a signalstrength
of -135 dbm. Two-way lock was established 3.5
minutes later and solidtrack was maintained for
about 7.5 hours. Communications Mode 4 was
Overallperformance of the communications
subsystem in the high-power,low-power,
was satisfactory. The high-powermode was
ingthe 28-daymission.Duringthecislunar
41
phase,thegroundtransmitterfrequencywas
variedtodeterminethebest lock frequency
so that the static phase error was effectively 0
degree. This information was used during the
mission to reaccpire two-way lock. Otherwise,
a predetermined offset (330 to 400 Hz) ground
transmitting frequency was used to provide a
minimum of interferencebetweenLunarOr-
biter IV and the other orbiting spacecraft. This
technique worked satisfactorily throughout the
mission.
At the completion of the photographic mission,
the TWTA was left in the “on” condition. This
decision was based on the secondary mission
objective to supportthemannedspaceflight
network stations and evaluation of the Apollo
orbitdeterminationprogram,andtoprovide
the maximum life of this strong signal by re-
ducingthe on-off switchingcycles,thereby
reducing the thermal stresses in the component
elements.
3.2.4 Attitude Control Subsystem Performance
Significant
differences
orbit
in parameters
(includingcontinuoussolarillumination)and
mission photorequirementswithrespectto
previous missions resulted in major changes in
spacecraftoperationalemployment,maneuver
requirements, and environmental control. The
586 maneuvers performed, as compared to the
previous mission range of 284 to 383, are indica-
tive of theincreasedcomplexityand activity
associated with the mapping mission. Although
somedifficultiesoccurredduringthephoto
mission,theireffectonoverallmissionper-
formance was minimizedb y appropriate changes
in real-time operational procedures. Subsystem
performance was generally satisfactory in sup-
porting all mission objectives.
Execution of all spacecraft events and maneuv-
ersiscontrolledbyorthroughtheattitude
control subsystem, Figure3-7, to precisely posi-
tion the spacecraft for picture taking, velocity
changes, or orbit transfers.
The basic operating modes are:
Celestial Hold - The basic references in this
mode are the Sun and Canopus; the gyro sys-
temsoperate as ratesensors.Thismode was
42
planned for useduring normal cruiseopera-
tions and as the initial conditions for all com-
mandedattitudechanges.(Inpractice,Cano-
pus was used as a reference only and the roll
axis was maintained in inertial hold.)
InertialHold - Thebasicreferencesinthis
mode are the three gyros operating as attitude-
angle sensors. This mode was used during all
attitude and velocity change maneuvers.
ManeuverMode - Inthismodethespace-
craft acquiresthecommandedangularrate
about a single axis. The remainingtwo gyros
are held in the “inertial hold” mode.
Engine On, Inertial Hold - This mode is simi-
lar to the previouslydefined“inertialhold”
mode except that the pitch and yaw error sig-
nals during the velocity change are also used to
control the engine actuators.
Limit Cycling - The spacecraft is commanded
tomaintainapositionwithin k0.2 degree for
all photographic and velocitycontrol maneuv-
ers
orwhenevercommanded. (The normal
deadband is &2 degrees.)
Control Assembly - The onboard digital pro-
grammerdirectsthespacecraftactivitiesby
eitherstored-programcommandorreal-time
command. The unitprovidesspacecrafttime,
performscomputationsandcomparisons,and
controls 120 spacecraft functions through real-
time, stored, and automaticprogram modes. The
information stored in the 128-word memory is
completely accessible at all times through ap-
propriate programming instructions.
The inertial reference unit maintains the space-
craft attitude. Three gyros provide appropriate
rate or angular deviation information to main-
tainproperattitudeandpositioncontrol. A
linearaccelerometerprovides velocity change
information in increments of 0.1 foot per second
to the flight programmer during m y firing of the
velocity control engine.
Sun sensors are located in five positions about
the spacecraft to providesphericalcoverage
and ensure Sun acquisition and lock-on and the
resulting alignment of the solar panels. Error craft is rotated about the roll axis can be used
signals are generated whenever angular devia- to satisfy this function.
tion from the spacecraft-sunline exists. A celes-
tial referenceline for the spacecraftroll axis The closed-loop electronics provides the switch-
is established b y identifying the celestial body ing and electronic controls for the reaction con-
thatthestartrackeracquires, locks on,and trol thrustersandpositioning of the velocity
tracks. Under normal conditions the star, Cano- control
engineactuators.
Attitudemaneuver
pus,isused forthispurpose;however,any andcontrolaremaintainedbythecontrolled
known celestial body of suitable brightness and ejection of nitrogen gas throughthe cold-gas
within the tracker’s field of view as the space- thrustersmountedon theperiphery of the

43
engine deck. During a velocity control maneuv-
er, gimbaling of the velocity control engine is
used to maintain stable orientation of the space-
craft.
Multi-axis spacecraft maneuvers were required
to perform thetwovelocitymaneuversand
orient the spacecraft for the photo sequences.
Three-axismaneuverswereexecutedpriorto
the first and after the last exposureof each orbit.
All otherperiluneandapolunelunarphotos
were taken after two-axis maneuvers. During the
perilune photo sequence, the initial three-axis
maneuver was performed from acelestial ref-
erenceattitude.Eachsubsequentmaneuver
was made as a change from the previous posi-
tion of the celestial references. During the 27-
daymission,586single-axismaneuverswere
executedtosupportalloperationalfunctions.
The 85-degree (near polar) orbit employed for
Mission IV resulted in thespacecraftbeing
illuminated by the Sun for the entire mission.
Therefore,it WAS necessary to dissipatemore
heat from the spacecraft by thermal pitch-off
maneuvers. Table 3-3 identifies the maneuvers
performed for each function. During themission
therewerea total of 83 Sunacquisitions, of
which 81 wereaccomplishedinthenarrow
deadband attitude control mode.
Continuous solar illumination also significantly
reduced the use of the Canopus tracker, which
operated in the open-loop mode to determine
the roll attitude. Once or twice during each 12-
hour orbit, the tracker was turned on and the
spacecraft positioned so that the star Canopus
was within the field of view. The error signal
obtained from this sequence was used b y the
subsystemanalyst to accuratelyestablishthe
roll position.Betweenupdatemaneuversthe
roll attitude was determined b y applyingthe
measuredspacecraftdriftrates.Duringsome
operatingperiodsthetrackerlocked on glint.
(Postmission tests
showed some
wires
and
mounting screws on the power dissip.1' t'1011 re-
sistor panel on the low-gain antenna boom and

Table 3-3: Maneuver Summary

Planned Actual

Function Total Roll Pitch Total

Velocity Change 8 4 4 0 8

Photography 466 202 209 93 504

Attitude Update 30 13 0 1 14

Thermal Pitch-Off 27 0 41 41

Star Map and Other 3 7 10 2 19

Total 534 226 264 586

Narrow Deadband 225 582

Wide Deadband 1 4

Total 226 264 586

44
..

the solar panel stowing brackets were reflect-
ing light into the star tracker light baffle system
field of view, causing the sensors tolock on the
glint light.) The trackerwasoperated for a
total of 28 hours m d 46 minutesduring the
photomission, including 113 on-off cycles, of
which 22 were the result of locking on glint.
Although the tracker was not used in the closed-
loopmode to control the roll position of the
spacecraft, the error signal data obtained pro-
vided this equivalent information via telemetry
to the control center subsystem analyst to the
same degree of accuracy. There was nodifficul-
ty in commandingaccurateorientation of the
spacecraft to support photography. For a period
of nearly 60 hours, beginning on May 27, the
bright-object sensor was closed when the space-
craft was pitched off the Sun-40 degrees.
All commands received from the command de-
coder were properly acted upon by the flight
programmer. Theseincluded 3,666 real-time
commands and 3,445 stored program com-
mands. The repetitive
execution of stored-
program routines increased this total b y approx-
imately 20,000 individual commands. The total
clock error during the mission was +0.96 sec-
ond, which reflects a drift rate of 1.505 milli-
seconds per hour.
puts, and vehicle dynamics were accomplished.
There were several instances where the teleme-
try perforlnancedataindicatedtheplus-pitch
thruster was on, but the pitch error signal did
not decrease from the -0.2-degree limit. At all
other times, thruster operation and pitch error
signalswere normal.Investigationof theab-
normality,which did noteffect overallper-
formance of the mission, indicates that an in-
termittent failure of the one-shot-multivibrator
circuitryoutputpulse (11 _+Imilliseconds)
occurred.
Thethrusterdriver is triggered b y an “OR”
gate signal from eithertheoutput of an 11-
millisecond one-shot multivibrator through the
threshold detector or directly from the threshold
detectorwhentheoutputsignalexceeds 2
volts for a period greater than 11 milliseconds.
It was concluded that the thruster driver was
being triggered b y an error signal of less than
3-1nillisecond duration (minimumtime to
energize thruster solenoid to allow nitrogen gas
flow). Additional tests were conducted on sub-
sequent flight spacecraftto verify proper opera-
tionofthecircuits.Over19,000individual
thrusteroperationswere
performedduring
the photographic mission. The estimated break-
down is shown in Table 3-4.

The low and stable gyrodriftrates of the in- Sun sensor operation w a s satisfactory through-
ertialreferenceunitcontributedtothelower outthe mission. Initid acquisition was corn-
than expected gas usage rate, even though long pletedwhentelelnetrydata from Woonlera
periodswere spent in the *().%degree limit tracking was obtained. The capability of switch-
cyclecontrol mode. Gyro drift rates measured ing betweenfineandcoarsesensingmodes
on May 8 were found tobe: significantlyadded to spacecraftattitude con-
trol capabilityand
minimized nitrogen gas
Roll -0.045 degree per hour usageduring off-Sunoperations.
Additional
0 Pitch -0.11 degree per hour data was obtainedonthe shiftin Sunsensor
0 Yaw +0.02 degree per hour error output signals b y the presence of moon-
light.
Calculated roll positions,basedon extrapola-
tion of the measured drift rates over periods up 3.2.5 Velocity Control Subsystem Performance
to 7 2 hours, were within1 degree of the position A larger midcourse maneuver velocity change
established by the star tracker error signals. was required on this mission because the lunar
injection point and type of orbit required was
Performance of the closed-loop electronics changed after premission targeting of the launch
was satisfactory during flight. Proper switching vehicle. Velocitycontrol subsystem perform-
functions to support the
flightprogrammer anceandoperation was excellentduring the
output commands to the inertial reference unit, two propulsion maneuvers(midcourse and
Sun sensors, Canopus star tracker, sensor out- orbit injection) performed.

45

t
 ~~ ~

Table 3-4: Thruster Operations

Limit Cycle

Total

The velocitycontrol subsystemprovidesthe

velocity changecapabilityrequiredformid-
coursecorrection,lunarorbitinjection,and
orbitadjustmentasrequired.Thespacecraft
includes a 100-pound-thrust, gimbaled, liquid-
0
,e
NITROGEN

fuel rocket engine. The propulsion system uses FIllfR,NITROGEN

REGUlAlOR
aradiation-cooledbipropellantliquid rocket SQUIB V I L V E ,
PRESSURE. NZ
SHUTOFF
engine that employs nitrogen tetroxide (N204)
as the oxidizer and Aerozine-50 50-50 (a mixture
VALVf, TANK CHECK,
byweight of hydrazineandunsymmetrical N I T R O G E N (2)

dimethylhydrazine, UDMH) a s thefuel.The

propellantsareexpelled from the tanks b y
pressurizednitrogenactingagainst teflon ex-
pulsionbladders. The propellantsarehyper-
golic and no ignition systemis required.

Theengine is mounted on two-axis gimbals

with electrical-x~~echar~ical actuatorsproviding
thrust directional control during engine opera-
tions. A central nitrogen storage tank provides
K l U A l O R . THRUSTJ
VECTOR C O M R O L
fi
ENGINE. ROCKET
LIQUID PROPFLlbNT
L
""_",
w d Q &_"__&+I
__-__ J
I
1
I
1
1
1
L
""",

THRUSTER, REACTION CONTROL

J

(throughseparateregulators)the gas required

to expel: (1) thepropellantsinthe velocity Figure 3-8: Velocity and Reaction
controlsystem and (2) the gas for the attitude Control Subsystem
control thrusters. The nominal gas pressure for twoengine-burnperiodswereevaluatedand
Mission IV was increased from 3,500 to 4,000 the velocity control engine performance results
psi to provide for the additional maneuvers of are summarized in Table 3-5.
thephoto mission. Figure 3-8 identifiessub-
systemcomponentsandshowshowtheyare The two engine burn periods imparted a total
connected. The specified propellant load pro- spacecraftvelocitychange of 720.46 of the
videsanominalvelocitychangecapability of calculated 1,008.4 _+ 43 ~neters-per-secondtotit1
1,017 meters per second at an oxidizer-to-fuel capability.
Enginevalvetemperatures
were
ratio of 2.0 and a propellant expulsion efficiency between 69 and 73°F during the injection burn
of 98%. period.
Approximately 54
minutes Lifter the
maneuver, the temperature reached amaximum
Flightperformancedataobtainedduringthe of 104.8 degrees.

46

....
 ~~ ~. . - - -

Table 3-5: Velocity Control Engine Performance Summary

Burn Velocity Specific Thrust
Time Change
(seconds)
(pounds)
(seconds)
per(meters
second) ~~~~

Midcourse
Predicted 60.85 276
53.8k1.6 98
Actual 60.84 52.7 276 100

Injection
Predicted 276 659.62 100 501.4k8.5
Actual
501.7 659.62 276 100

Gimbalactuatorpositionchangesduring the that protects the propellant tanks during engine

two engine burn periods varied between -0.20 operation.
and +0.07 degree in pitch and -0.03 to +0.20
degree in yaw. These changes reflect the motion Prior to the deployment, the low- and high-gain
of the spacecraft center of gravity as the propel- antennasarepositionedandlockedalongthe
lants were consumed. Propellant heaters were edges of these three decks.The four solar panels
activated four times for a total operating time of aremounteddirectlyundertheequipment
244 minutes. mounting deck and in the stowed position are
compactly folded
into
the
spacebelowit.
3.2.6 Structures, Mechanisms, and Integration Electricallyfiredsquibs unlock theantennas
Elements Performance and the solar panels at the appropriate time to
All components comprisingthe
structure, permitthem to be deployedintotheflight
thermalcontrol,wiring,andmechanisms - attitude.
except for the camera thermal door - operated
Spacecraft
thermal
control was passively
properly during the mission.The mirrors mount-
maintained. An isolating thermal barrier, highly
ed on the equipment nlounting deck for this
reflective on boththeinterior and exterior
mission produced the
desiredreduction in
surfaces,
encloses the spacecraft structure,
spacecraft temperA t ures.
except for the Sun-oriented equipment mount-
T h e Lunar Orbiter spacecraft structure includes ing deck and the insulated heat shield on the
three decks and their supporting structure. The engine deck. The objective was to maintain the
equipment mounting deck includes a structural average
spacecraft temperature
withinthe
ring around the perimeter of a stiffened plate. thermal barrier within the range of 35 to 85°F.
Mounted on this deck are the photo subsystem The equipment mounting deck exterior surface
and the majority of thespacecraftelectrical was painted with a zinc-oxide-pigment, silicone-
components. based paint selectedto achieve the desired heat
balance. This paint has the properties of high
The tank deck is a machined ring, v-shaped in emissivity in the infrared region and low absorp-
. cross section, closed out with a flat sheet. Fuel, tion at the wavelengths that contain mostof the
oxidizer, and nitrogen tanks are mounted on this Sun’s emitted heat. Twenty percent of the equip-
deck. The 20 micrometeoroiddetectorsare ment mounting deck surface was covered with
located on the peripheryof the ring. The engine mirrors in a geometric pattern (to reflect solar
deck is a beam-stiffened plate that supports the energy and thereby reduce the thermal heat dis-
velocity control engine, its control actuators, the sipation problem); the remaining surf.was ace
ex-
reactioncontrol thrusters, and the heat shield posed to the Sun.

47
 A camera thermal door protects the photo sub- missionelapsedtimeandalsoconvertedto
system lenses from heat loss and direct sunlight equivalent full Sun exposure hours.
except during photographic periods. Immediate-
ly priortoeachphotographicsequence,the On onephoto sequence in Orbit 6 and in Orbit 7,
door is opened to permit photography. the camera thermal door failed to open when
commanded, resulting in the failure to photo-
Antenna deployment, solar panel deployment, graph two sites. A series of real-time commands
and actuation of the nitrogenisolation squib andproceduresweredevelopedduringthe
valve sequences were initiated after spacecraft mission to control the door opening operation,
separation b y stored program commands. These whichweresuccessful in support of mission
sequenceswereverified as completedbythe photography and photosubsystem thernxd
first telemetry frame of data received from the balance.
Woomera tracking station.
Postmission analysis of the fhilure indicated that
Except for the period ofthe midcourse maneuver,the most probable cause was the motor, with the
the spacecraft was aligned with the Sun during inner pawls(steppingpawls) h;mging up on
the entire cislunartrajectory. Spacecraft temper- the inner pawl retainer ring. A review of draw-
aturesremained within
design
limits,thus ings for manufacture and assembly of the motor
confirming the
effectiveness of the mirrors shows a possible tolerance buildup that could
mounted on theequipmentmountingdeck. permit 0.01 inch interference between the inner
Data from the remainder of the mission showed pawl andtheinner pawl retaining ring. The
that the solar absorptivity of the painted areas investigation further indicated th;it such motors
was similar to previous missions. The combina- having a small number of operating cycles were
tion of 20% mirrors and 80% paintedsurface susceptible to thisfailuremode. After arel-
resulted in a one-thirdimprovement in the atively few additional cycles, this typea1'1off ure
effectiveabsorptivity of themountingdeck did not recur. Tests were also run to determine
surface. Beginning in Orbit 3 (33 hoursafter whether the
adversethermal
environment
lunar orbit injection)the spacecraft was pitched couldhavewarpedthedoor,thusproducing
off the sunline orientationfor spacecraft temper- the intermittent failure. There w:ls no indication
aturecontrol. Pitch-off (up to 44 degrees) of any such effect over the temper, A t ure ranges
maneuverswereperiodicallyrequiredforthe tested.
remainder of the mission because of the lack
3.3 OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE
of anyspacecraftcoolingperiods duringSun
Operationandcontrol of theLunarOrbiter
occultation. These pitch-off maneuvers main-
IV spacecraftrequiredtheintegratedservices
tainedthespacecrafttemperatureswithinthe
of alargenumber of specialistsstationedat
operating limits in thismoreseverethermal
the Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF) in
environn1ent.
Pasadena,California, as well a s attheworld-
wideDeepSpaceStations(DSS). Missionad-
Fourtypes of thermalpaintcouponswere
visors and other specialists were assigned from
mounted on Lunar Orbiter IV to obtain absorp-
theLunarOrbiter ProjectOffice, supporting
tivity data. The paint samples were:
governmentagencies,JetPropulsion labor:^-
tory, the Deep Space Stations, and The Boeing
S-13G coatingover a basecoating of
Compmy.
B-1OS6;
S-13C: white p i n t only;
The LangleyRese:~rchCenterexercised ma11-
Hughes Surveyor inorganic white;
agement control of the missionthrough the
B-1060 white paint.
mission director.Twoprimarydeputieswere
employed: the
first,
the
launch
operations
The solarabsorptancecoefficient of eachpaintdirectorlocatedatCapeKennedy; the second,
s:umple was calculated from spacecrafttelemetrythespaceflightoperationsdirector locilted
data and is shown in Figure 3-9 plotted against at the SFOF. Once the countdown started, the

48
 Equivalent "Ful I-Sun" Hours
100 300 500 700 900 1100
0.40 I I I I I I I I I I I

0.35

0.30

0.25

&
B1056 w i t h S13G overcoat
0.20
(based on LO II & Ill)
B 1056 with S 13G overcoat
S13G

0.15

0.1c
I Note: E
IR
= constant = 0.865
I
A I

1200200 1000 400

800 600 1400
Mission Time (hours)
Figure 3-9: Thermal Paint Coupon Solar Absorptance Coefficients

launch operations director directed the progress down were made b y the mission director, based
of thecountdownonthelaunchpad,while 011 recommendations from the launchopera-
thespaceflightoperationsdirectordirectedtionsdirectorand/orthespaceflightopera-
thecountdown of theDeepSpaceNetwork.tionsdirector.
Fromthetimethatthesecountdownswere
synchronized, all decisions(otherthanEastern After
liftoff, launchvehicleandspacecraft
Test Rangesafetyfactors) regardingthecount-performance wasmonitoredinthelaunch mis-
 sion control center atETR by the mission direc- in a repetitive cycle occurring every two orbits,
tor. Telemetry data were used b y the launch and planning programmer core maps to cover
team and were relayed in real time the
to SFOF a complete 12-hour orbit. Except for the unex-
* through the Cape Kennedy DSS. Dissemination pected photo degradation resulting from control
of spacecraftperformanceandtrackingdata proceduresinitiatedafterthecamerathermal
to thelaunchteamandtheoperationsteam doorfailuretoopenandtheintermittent
enabled efficient and orderly transferof control abnormaloperation of thephotosubsystem
from Cape Kennedyto the SFOF. readoutlooperencoder,thepreplanned
sequence of events was followed. To recover
After the spacecraft was acquired b y the Deep the photo data degraded a s a resultof the camera
Space Network (DSN),flightcontrol was as- door abnormalities, severalphotos were planned
sumed b y the space flight operations director. and taken of these areas when they were prop-
Thereafter,themissiondirectormoved from erly illuminated, near the end of the mission,
ETR to the SFOF and continued control of the from near apolune.
mission.Control of spacecraftoperations was
delegated to the space flight operations director. 3.3.1 Spacecraft Control
The flightoperationsteam was dividedinto
Control of themission was centralized at the threeteams(designatedred,white,andblue)
SFOF for the remainderof the mission. All com- to provide 24-hour coverage of mission opera-
mands to thespacecraftwerecoordinatedby tions atthespaceflightoperations facility.
thespacecraftperformanceanalysisand com- Overlap was scheduled to allow detailed coordi-
mand (SPAC) and flight path analysis and com- nation betweenthe oncoming and offgoing
mand(FPAC)team of subsystemspecialists systemanalysts. The operations team
was
andsubmittedtothespaceflightoperations essentiallyunchanged for Mission IV. Space-
director for approval prior to being transmitted craft controlwasmaintainedthroughoutthe
totheDeepSpaceInstrumentationFacility mission bythegeneration,transmission,and
(DSIF) site for retransmission to the spacecraft. verification of commands and the transmission
As a backup capability, each prime DSIF was of executed tonesfrom the Earth-based facilities.
supplied with a contingency capability (includ- A total of 7,111 commands was generated and,
ing
predeterminedcommands and
process with the exception of threeinstances, was
tapes) to permit local assumption of the basic properly executed.
nlissioncontrolfunctionintheevent of
communications failures. On-line interpretation Lunar Orbiter IV’s mission requirement necessi-
of efforts of all major operationalareas was tatedmoreextensivepremissionplanning to
accomplished by the assistant
spaceflight provide adequate assurance of accomplishing
operations director on a 24-hour basis. the
objective.Severalnewoperationaland
progran-r~ning procedures were incorporated to
Mission IV was the mostcomplex mission to superimpose the changes caused b y spacecraft
date in that the mission profile required opera- anomalies on the already complicated mission.
tion beyondtheinitial program requirements The 12-hoi1r orbitperiodmadeitpossibleto
and,withfewexceptions,each of the over plan the programmer core maps to include one
200 photo exposures required individualtwo- or complete orbit. The combination of a 12-hour
three-axis spacecraft maneuvers.Inaddition, orbit and 8-hour shifts resulted in each of two
the priority readoutmode was to be used to command programmer teams attending prelimi-
recover all significant photo data prior to Bimat nary and final comm:u~d conferences, and the
cut. Additional environmental control problems command sequences for one of the two orbits
were generated b y the lack of Sun occult at’I o n eachday.Thisleftthethird team available
periods to cool the spacecraft. programmer
for updates,
nonstandard
sequences,and
general
functions. As the
Detailed
premissionplanningand mission mission progressed, this
capability
became
design enabled scheduling photo requirements increasingly important.

50
There were three incidents late in the mission period of time,thecondensationevaporated
in which command programming resulted in the and goodphotographswereobtained for the
spacecraftinitiatingincorrectsequences. remainder of the mission. A plan was developed
These were the initiation of a photo processing and successfully implemented for rephoto-
rather than the attitude update sequence, pre- graphingtheareascoveredbythedegraded
mature termination of a photo maneuver b y a photographs near the end of the mission when
real-time command, and comparison of a com- the illumination was acceptable.
manded photo time with the time of the next
photo. Corrective action was employed to Photoprocessing and film handling problems
initiate the proper sequence by real-time com- were encountered during the latter portion of
mandsandbyshiftingthelocation of subse- the mission. An extensiveseries of command
quent photographs to includetheareasnot sequencesweredevelopedandimplemented
photographed. to re-establish control of thesefunctions so
thatthemissioncould be completed.Except
Failure of thecamerathermaldoor to open for theprocessingproblemwhichrequired
b y stored program commandnecessitateda Bimat cut shortly before the planned time, the
change incontrol procedureswhich, in turn, alternateprocedureswereeffectivein recov-
producedundesirableresultsrequiringaddi- ering all of the desired photographic data
tional actions. When it was found that the door obtained during themission. During this period,
could not be opened reliably b y either stored the most tedious task was to advance all of the
program orreal-timecommands,adecision processed film through the system to t h e r e d o u t
was made to leave it open. To prevent condensa- gate i n the presenceof a “readout looper empty”
tion in the photo subsystem windows,the signal. The procedure developed was to inch
spacecraft was oriented so thatsolarenergy the film along for readout and takeup for
would be used to maintain the window tempera- approximately 12 frames until unprocessed film
ture above the dew point. This procedure placed was indicated at the readout position.
directilluminationonthephotosubsystem
light baffles and resulted in lightfoggingthe Although several
abnormal situationswere
exposed but unprocessedfilm during the period encountered during the mission, the problems
between photography and processing. This was wereevaluatedandcorrectiveactioninitiated
corrected b y elimination of thedirectsolar suchthataminimumeffect was felt on the
illumination on thewindow,butresulted in qnalityandquantity of datarecovered. On
condensation the
on
window.
Photograph severidoccasions theearlyevaluation of the
quality was degraded b y the flare introduced performance data indicated that the photo
intotheimage.Thislatter effect was verified missionmight be prematurely terminated.
by some special light-leak
tests conducted However, b y using the inherent flexibility of
during the flight on an available photo subsys- the flight
programmer, the
alternate control
tem retained at Cape Kennedy. Resultsof these modes and procedures restored the interrupted
tests were forwarded to Spacecraft Control for functionaloperation,thuspermittingthe
inform at’Ion. mission to be satisfactorily completed.The
overall photo mission was completed, with few
Throughaseries of testsconducted with the minor exceptions, as outlined in the premission
flightspacecraft,it was determinedthatthe plmsandthe photographicobjectiveswere
cameradoorcould be partially closedand accomplished.
openedinresponsetoaseries of individual
commands. The controlprocedure was then 3.3.2 Flight Path Control
modified to close the camera thermal door by The LunarOrbiter trajectorywas controlled
stepping pulses
to
maintain the
window during the boost phase and illjection into
temperatures above the dew point. This proce- cislunarorbit by a combination of the Atlas
dure was effectiveincontrollingthetemper- guidance and control system at AFETR and the
ature and eliminating the light leakage. Over a on-boardAgenacomputers. After acquisition

51
b yt h e Deep SpaceStationatWoomera,
Australia,trajectorycontrolwas assumedand
maintained by the space flight operations facili-
ty inPasadena,California.Duringthefirst
hours of the missionfollowinginjection,
Deep Space
Network performedorbit
determination calculations to ensure DSS acqui-
sition. Guidanceand
trajectory
control
calculations for controlling mission trajectories
were performed b y t hLe u n aOr r b i t e r
Operations group.
Lunar Orbiter flight path control is the responsi- the midcourse maneuver magnitude and time of
bility of the flight path analysis and command
(FPAC) team located at the space flight opera- selected midcourse execution time, the FPAC
tionsfacility (SFOF) in Pasadena,California.
Flight path control b y the FPAC team entails
execution of the following functions.
0 TrackingDataAnalysis - Assessment of
tracking data (doppler and range) and prep- craft in view of bothMadridandGoldstone
aration of DSS tracking predictions.
0 Orbit Determination - Editing of raw
trackingdataand determination of the
trajectory thatbest fits the trackingdata.
0 Flight Path Control - Determination of
corrective or
planned~naneuvers based
on orbit determination results and nominal
flight plan requirements.
FPAC activities
during the
mission
were
divided into the following phases.
0 Injection through midcourse;
Midcourse through deboost;
Lunar orbit.
Each of these phases is discussed in the follow-
ing sections.
Injection through Midcourse - Unlikeprevi-
ous missions, the midcourse guidance maneuver of a change in the type of mission to be flown
was requiredtorotatetheinjectionpoint, in after thelaunchvehicle
the plane of t h e Moon, from a 21-degree
descending-node orbit to an 85-degree ascend-
ing-node orbit. This function was wcomplished
by:
Calculation of the optimalorbitinjection
point;
0 Selection of thecislunar trajectory that
skltisfied the injection constraints;
0 Determination of the required midcourse
maneuver.
DSS-51, Johannesburg,South Africa, acquired
the spacecraft 1.5 minutes prior to spacecraft-
Agenaseparation. T h e trackingperiodlasted
only 8 minutesbecause of a groundantenna
6tracking speed limitation. As noted previously,
theDSS-41 (Woomera, Australia) acquired the
spacecraftinone-way lock 45 minutesafter
launchand was acquired intwo-way lock 3.5
minuteslater.FPACcontrol was transferred
from the DSNto theLunarOrbiter Project
FPACpersonnel 2.75 hoursafterlaunch. A
trajectory data arc
length of 10 hours; 5
minutes was usedtosupportthedecisionon
execution. By varying the arrival time for a
software programs automatically optimized the
deboostandmidcourse A V. Onthebasis of
thesecomputations,themidcoursemaneuver
was set for 16:45 GMT M a y 5, with the spwe-
tracking 21stt’1011s.
The midcourse maneuver consisted of a 78.34-
degree roll, a 67.26-degree pitch, and 1-t velocity
change of 60.85 meters per second (engine burn
time 53.8 seconds). This mmeuverwas selected
from 12 possibletwo-axis maneuvers based on:
0 Maintaining Sun lock a s long as possible;
0 Minimizing total angular rotation;
DSS line-of-sight vector not passing through
an antenna null.
Figure 3-10 shows theencounterparmneters
for the booster targeted aiming point, the com-
puted pre-midcourse encounter point, and the
desired midcourse aiming point. The large shift
in theencounteraimingpoint was theresult
boosttrajectoryhad
b e e n p r o g r a m ~ n e d i n t o t h e c o ~ n p u t e r . The
booster was programmed to inject the spacecraft
into a cislunartrajectory to support a pho-
tographic mission similar to Mission 111. Thus,
rather than delay the launch date, the decision
was n d e , based on computer studies, that the
midcoorse maneuver cor1ld produce the
requiredchangewith no degrLtdution of
the overallvelocity changesrequired for the
rest of the mission. The predicted doppler shift
for the midcourse mmeuver was 366 H z and
the wtual valuewas 359.9 k0.5 H .

52
 Design Aim Point 8,
Midcourse Aim Point

Figure 3-10: Pre-Midcourse Encounter Parameters

Midcotme through Deboost - T h e firstorbit missions b y the dispersion in predicting “time

determination results were available for evalu-
ation approxilnately 5 hours after the midcourse
maneuverexecution.Althoughalargemid-
course maneuver was executed,theresults
showedthat a 1.2meter-per-secondvelocity
c h a n g ew o u l db er e q u i r e d b y a second
midcoursemaneuver.Sincethischange
below the
minimum engine burn period,
and the error could be compensated for during
the injection maneuver, a decision was made
that the second midcourse correction would not
be performed.
Some difficulties were encountered on previous
of closestapproach.”Newprocedureswere
implemented during thismission that included:
0 Solving for thestate vectoronly using
the doppler and ranging data.
Solving for the state vector, Earth gravita-
tional constraint, and station locations using
was an aprioricovariance matrix and doppler
data only.
These new procedures were effective in obtain-
ing compatible results and a smalldispersion
in predictions of “time of closest approtwh.”
Mission IV data dispersion was near 10 seconds
while Missions I1 and I11 were 40 a n d 30

53
seconds,respectively. A summary of t h e This maneuver was selected from 12 possible
encounter parameters computed
during
the two-axis maneuvers based on the same general
cislunar trajectory is shown in Table3-6. criteria employed for the midcourse maneuver
correction.
Finaldesign of thedeboostmaneuver was
basedon 57 hours of rangingand two-way A series of flyby maneuvers was also designed
doppler data. Thedesignpredictionswere to be used in the event of avelocitycontrol
comparedwiththeorbitdeterminationresult enginefailure.Aseries of photosalongthe
using the last 10 hours of tracking data (best lunar terminator were to be taken at 12- to 15-
estimate) prior to the deboost maneuver, which minute intervals. Successful completion of the
showed that B-g was within 3.5 km, B-T was injectionmaneuvercausedtheseplansto be
within 2 km, and the time of closest approach cancelled.
was within 2.6 seconds. The designphilosophy
was to guide the spacecraft from itsapproach Lunar Orbit Phase - The 85-degree orbit
trajectory into an elliptical orbit satisfying the inclinationeliminated
the
Earth
occultation
followingparametersin theorderindicated. period immediately after the deboost maneuver
as experienced in previous missions. The first
0 Longitude of ascending node; orbitdeterminationcalculation was based on
0 Perilune radius; nearly 2 hours of trackingdata from the first
0 Orbit inclination; orbit. Tablee3-7 compares the orbit parameters
0 Apolune radius; used in the design with the first and best esti-
0 Argument of perilune. mates obtainedfrom tracking data.

The LangleyResearch Center lunar model of
November 11, 1966, WAS used in calculating the
deboost maneuver.
Engine ignition for the deboost maneuver was
scheduled to occur at 15:08:46.7 GMT on May 8.
The spacecraft maneuver commanded to inject
the spacecraft into the elliptical lunar orbitwas:
0 Sunline roll -29.47 degrees
0 Pitch
-96.13 degrees
0 A V 659.62 meters per second
0 Estimated burn time 501.9 seconds
~~~
For the remainder of the mission, A data arc of
oneorbit(12hours)providednear-optimum
results. To avoid apolune and perilune and to
provide complete coverage of all photo sites for
subsequent analysis, the data arc epochs were
placed at a true anomaly of about 245 degrees.
All orbit determination computations converged
rapidly a s a probable result of the high apolune
and perilune altitudes, which made the effects
of the lunargravitational field very small.
Perilune photography required computation of
spacecraft
maneuversbased on a celestial
~~ ~ ~

Table 3-6: Summary of Encounter Parameters

Midcourse Best
Elements
Design Estimate
-_
B-T km 723.2 725.5

"

B-R km 9,807.5 9,811.1

Time of Closest Approach

(seconds after 15:36 GMT,
May 8) 1.1 3.8

54
 ~ ~~
~~ ~~

Table 3-7: Lunar Orbit Parameter Summary

Deboost First OD Best
Orbital Element
Design Estimate Estimate

(km) AltitudePerilune 2700.7 2706.2 2706.3

(km) Altitude
Apolune 6110.8 6110.8 6114.3

(degrees) Inclination 85.48

85.48 85.48

Ascending Node Longitude

(degrees) 131.0 131.0 131.0

Argument of Perilune
(degrees) 1.49 1.17 1.17

orientation for the firstexposureinanorbit.
Subsequent spacecraft maneuverswere com-
puted as anadditionalmaneuverincrement
from the previous orientation. Apolune photog-
raphymaneuverswerebasedonacelestial
reference orientation. During the photographic
mission, 161 different photo maneuvers requir-
ing 383 single-axis spacecraft maneuvers were
determinedandexecuted. An additional six
photo
maneuversrequiring 15 single-axis
maneuvers were designed, but not performed,
at the timeof Bimat cut in Orbit 36.
Photo maneuvers were designed on the concept
that perilune photos for successive orbits were
takenatspecificlatitudes(k72.0,k42.5,+14,
-14.5 degrees).Thelongitudecoordinate was
specified as a differential from the orbit trace
for thespecifiedlatitudes.Thesedifferential
longitudes were updated periodically to main-
tain the most favorable illumination.
Duringthemission,anoperationaldecision
was made to rephotograph areas between 50 and
90" E longitudebecausetheperilunephotos
of this area were degraded by window fogging
and light streaking. As the mission progressed,
this area rotated into view for apolune photog-
raphy and was properlyilluminated.Photos
were taken at +34" latitude on five successive
orbits,beginningonOrbit29torecoverthe
desiredphotodata,butwithadecreasein
static resolution.
Orbit Phase Kepler Elements - Lunar Orbiter
IV orbit characteristics are presented i n Figures
3-11 through3-14,timehistories of perilune
altitude, orbit inclination, argumentof perilune,
andascending-nodelongitude.Toshowthe
long-termeffects, eachparametercoversthe
period from injection into lunar orbit on May 8
to the end of the photo mission 48 orbits later
on June 1, 1967.
3.4 GROUND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
The LunarOrbitergroundsystemprovided
the facilities and equipment requiredto receive,
record, and transmitdataandcommands be-
tweenthespaceflightoperations facility and
the spacecraft. In addition,all facilities necessary
to sustain mission operations were provided b y
acomplexconsisting of threeprimarydeep
space stations (DSS), the space flight 'I oper' t'1011s
facility (SFOF), andthegroundcommunica-
tions system (GCS) which provided voice and
databetweenall locations. Separatefacilities
wereprovidedatEastman Kodak, Rochester,
New York, andat LangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton, Virginia, to process, copy, and eval-
uate the photos and data obtained.
All of these facilities providedtherequired
supportduringthephotographicmission and
only
minor
irregularities
were
encountered.
Each area is separately discussed in the follow-
ing sections.

55
 0

May 1967 -June+

127
134
132
130 148 1144
146 3 142
6 140
138 150 152 154
GMT GMT
Figure 3-11: Perilune Altitude History
88.0 I
I
87.0 - I
I
h
VI I
E86.0 -1 oooooo
0
0
u)
a oo OO 0
lo 0
2. 0
0 0
00 OO
0

.-+~ 8 5 . 0I .a
0
- ~ go ~ ~ o o o ~ o ooooooo

.- - 1IZ2
0
C

784.0
-c 12
.-83.0 lo;
I 0

-1
I2
82.0 -I%
I"

8 26 24
81 .O
I
I'
22 8 20 1018
I
12
16 14
I I I I I I I I I

30
I

1 3
I

5
t" May 1967 -June4
144
142
140 128
138136
134
132
130 146 148 150 152 154
GMT GMT
Figure 3-12: Orbit Inclination History

56
 I- May 1967- .- ~

- I -
- J u n e 4
1'28134
132
130 1 3 6142
140
138 144 154
152
146 150
148
GMT GMT
Figure 3-13: Argument of Perilune History

110 0

100 0

-
h

al
EIs)
80
0

0
0
22. 60
a,
73 0

[
3
+
'E, 40 300
C 0
0
-I

G0 20 0 280
Z 0
0
Is)
.E 0 '260 0
a 0
s
2 340 0
I

0
c: 320
0

300
10 12
20 14
18 16 22 24 26 28
May 1967

128 130134 132 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150
GMT GMT

Figure 3-14: Ascending Node Longitude History

57
 3.4.1 Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF) high orbit inclination and high-altitude photog-
The space flight operations facility provided theraphy. Inaddition,changeswererequired to
mission control center, as well as the facilities compute the
nonstandard photo
maneuver
toprocess and display data to support opera- sequences to conserve the
attitude
control
tional
missioncontrol. Theentire system nitrogen gas. Minorchangesweremadein
performed very well. computation routines to facilitate the determina-
tion of photo supporting data predictions. All
The telemetry processing station and the internal of thesechangeswereverifiedduringpre-
communications system
provided
telemetry mission training exercisesandoperated
and tracking data from the high-speed data line satisfactorily throughout the mission.
and teletype lines for use by the SFOF com-
putersandthesubsystemanalysts inthe The 14SPACprograms were executed a total
operationsareas.Thecentralcomputing com- of 2,735 times, of which 2,652 were successfully
plexconsists of threecomputerstrings,each completed. Of the 83 failures to execute,32
of which contains an
IBM7094 computer were attributed to input errors and the remain-
coupled to an IBM 7044 input-output processor ing 51 contained software and hardware errors.
through anIBM1301disk filememoryanda
direct
dataconnection. All threecomputer Addition of closed-circuit T V monitors of select-
strings were used to support Mission IV for the ed100-word-per-minuteprintersandchanges
periods indicated. A dual Mode 2 configuration in theinternalcommunicationsnetworkwere
was used to support all critical phases of the provided forthismission.Thisincreasein
mission. visibility
enabled the
assistant
spaceflight
operationsdirectors to follow the mission
ComputerStringTotalHoursMode2(Hours) performance ingreater detail and more effec-
tively respondto the mission anomalies.
X String 613 96
3.4.2 Deep Space Stations (DSS)
Y 94
String 211 The Deep SpaceStations(Goldstone,Califor-
nia; Woomera,Australia; andMadrid,Spain)
W String 28 10 supportedtheLunarOrbiter IV missionby:

Receivingandprocessingtelemetryand
video datafrom the spacecraft;
200 852 Total Transmitting commands to the spacecraft;
0 Communicating and transmitting both raw
During the first 6 hours, the DSN was respon- and processed data to higher user facilities.
sible for both orbit and data quality determina-
tion.For theentiremission,theDSN was Real-timetrackingandtelemetrydatawere
responsible for the history of data quality formatted for transmission to the SFOF via the
and analysis. Jet Propulsion Laboratory person- groundcommunications system.
Video data
nel performed the first orbit determination after were recorded on video magnetic tapes and, b y
cislunarinjection. Theorbit was determined mission-dependent equipment, on 35-111111 film.
within the allowable time and showed a nomi- All physical material, such as processed films,
nal injection that was subsequently verified by video tapes, logs, and other reports, were sent
later orbit determination computations. to the appropriate destinations via air transpor-
tation. All comn1itments weremetandthe
Changesweremadeinthe SPAC computer incidence of error was low.
programs to expand the capabilityof the thermal
program status reporting and plotting. Numerous To avoid communication interference between
changesweremadeintheFPACcomputer the three spacecraft orbiting the Moon, a pro-
programsforMission IV toaccommodatethe cedure for multiple spacecraft oper at’1011 was

58

0.01
0.52 1.79
Special procedures were developecl to compen-
sate for theslightimagedistortioncaused b!.
scan line tilt and image degrxlation caused b!.
windowfogging and flare i n thespacecraft.
To compensate for the mechanical or electrical
tilt of the spacecraftoptical-mechanical scan-
ner, the kinetube of e;~chGHE \vas rotated
slightly. An effort was also n1acle to increase the
amount of photo data recovered from the early
photos which were degrxled during the camera
thermal door control problem period. One GRE
at each site was set up b y normd procedures
while the gain on the second GRE at each site
was adjusted to give maximum recovery of data
in the overexposed and light-struck areas. This
procedureincreasedthedatarecovered from
these degraded photos.
3.4.3 Ground Communications System (GCS)
Ground communications between the DSS and
the SFOF consist of one high-speed-data line
(HSDL), three full duplex teletype (TTY) lines,
andone voicelink.Communicationlinesto
overseas sites are routed through the Goddard
SpaceFlightCenteratGreenbelt,Maryland.
Performancetelemetrydata was normally
transmitted via the HSDL whilethetracking
59
Tahle
- -- .- 3-8:
- -.
Transmission Mode Downtime (Percent)
~~ ~
HSDL TTY Voice
DSS-12 0.10 0.02
DSS-4 1 2.44 0.3‘) 0.19
DSS-62 0.34
~
There was one HSDL outage ;it DSS-12 which
lasted for 2 nlinutes. The outage periodfor DSS-
41 ranged from 2 to 27 minlltes. At DSS-62 there
were four occasions ( a total of 16 minutes) when
theHSDL and 1,ackrll) TTY lineswereboth
down.OtherHSDLotltagesranged fromless
than 10 minutes to ;1 Inaximunl of 65 mintltes.
3.4.4 Photo Processing
Photo 1)rocessing :it Eastman Kod;lk included
printingnegative ;mc1 1)ositive transparencies
by successive-genen~tion contact printing from
the original (:HE 35-111111 transparencies. There
were no machine-reasselllbled 0.5- by 14.5-inch
subframes made for thismission. A11 reassem-
bled photos were macle from n1anldlyre-
assembled GRE film by the Army Map Service
and NASA Langley Research Center.
GRE 35-mm filmwas printed on Type 5234
Eastman Fine-Grain Duplicating Film. Process-
ing goals were to have a density (D) of 0.50 to
reproduce on the copy at value of 2.00 and :I
density of 2.00 to reproduce at it value of 0:5O
(where a density of 0.50 corresponds to white
and 2.00 corresponds to black). The inverse
of densities is the normal result of the film
transparency copy process in which white areas
on the original produce blick areas on the copy.
 These densities were within & 0.10 density of based on a nominal two-frame readout period
thereceivedD-maximumandwithin & 0.05 which produced about400 feet of GRE film.
density of the received D-minimum.
3.4.5 Langley Photo Data Assessment Facility
Density measurements were made on the GRE The primaryfunctionsaccomplishedatthe
film processed from the sites and actually used Photo Data Assessment Facility at Langley Re-
tomake the GRE copies. Measurements were search Center wereto make:
made of the test bar pattern in the edge data
format pre-exposed on the spacecraft film prior A duplicate copyof the original video tape;
to flight.Results of thesemeasurementsare An analog tape copy containing only the video
shown in Table 3-9, where D max and D min data;
are
the maximum and minimum densities, One GREfilm for each analog tape;
respectively. Two additional GREfilms as priority per-
mitted;
0 Compensation for image distortion by employ-
A processingandpriorityschedule was de- ing line scan tube tilt capability.
veloped for the 35-mm film to satisfy the urgent
requirements forfilm copieswithinthedaily A total of 263 video tapes was received during
outputcapacity (30,000 feetperday) of the the mission. These tapes were usedto produce:
assignedfacilities.During the finalreadout
period, the copying schedule was modified to 1,555 rolls of 35-mm GRE film;
process thelong-readout-period(up to 830 307 analog tape duplicates (manyin multiple
feet) film rolls. Previous mission processing was copies).

~ ~~

Table 3-9: Measured GRE Film Density

Average Average
Station GRE 20 20
D Max D Min
~ ~

0.10 Goldstone1.96 03 0.08 0.48

0.12 1.96 04 0.08 0.49

Woomera 05 2.00 0.04

0.10 0.44

0.04 06 0.431.95 0.06

Madrid 1.97 0.06 07 0.45 0.08

2.04 0.08 08 0.50 0.10

0.06
Average 0.46
Overall 0.09 1.98

60
Wide-Angle Frame 109, Site IVBOC
Centered at3.5"W, 14.O"N;
includes Archimedes, Copernicus,Palus Putredinus, and
Appenine Mountains.

62
 4.0 Mission Data
An objective of each Lunar Orbiter mission has graded by light fogging or flare from camera
been to providefourtypes of data - photo- window condensation while
developing
an
graphic,
lunar
environmental, tracking, and effective procedure of controlling the camera
performance. The photographic data varied with thermal door and the photo subsystem window
thespecificmission as definedinthe NASA temperatures. To recover the maximum amount
specifications and requirements. These objec- of this last data, the photo sequences near the
tives were fulfilled by the data obtained during end of the mission were revisedto rephotograph
the 28-day photographic mission. the area from near apolune with an accompany-
ing reduction in resolution. T h e combination of
One hundred sixty-five of the total of 199 dual- perilunenearsideandapolunenearside(re-
frame exposures were made to provide approxi- covery) photographs provided more than 99%
mately 99% areal coverage of the visible sideof coverage of the visible half of the lunarsurface.
the Moon. The remaining exposures were used
for film set and farside photographs. The photo-Perilune photography was taken at four latitude
graphs obtained provide information and detail positions(+42.5, -42.5, +14, and -14.5 de-
at least 10 times better than Earth-based obser- grees)oneach of 30consecutiveorbits. The
vation. The photomosaics obtainedwill be telephoto photographs taken from 42.5" latitude
employed for years as the basic lunar terrain weretakenfromaltitudes of 2,880 tb 3,000
reference. kilometers and included the surface area from
about26 to 60" latitude. A typicaltelephoto
The secondary objective of providing a space- photograph included an area about 275 x 1,100
craft to be tracked by the Manned Space Flight kilometers(302,500squarekilometers).Simi-
Network (MSFN) to evaluate the Apollo Orbit larly, the 14-degree-latitudetelephotophoto-
Determinationprogramwill be accomplished graphs weretakenfromaltitudes of 2,680to
during the extendedmission. Each type of data 2,740 kilometersandcoveredan area 250 x
is discussed, in turn, in the following sections. 1,010 kilometers (252,500 squarekilometers).

4.1 PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA Perilunephotographyalsoincludedcoverage

A total of 398 telephoto and wide-angle photo-
graphs (199 dual exposures) was taken during
thisbroadsystematiclunarmappingmission
essentially as p l a n n e d . S e v e n t e e n of t h e s e
photos were not developed because "Bimat cut"
was commanded earlier than planned. Mission
planning providedfor periods of processing and
readout so that virtually all of the photos were
read out in the priority mode. As a result of devi-
ations to this plan, to resolve the camera thermal
door operation and film handling problems, the
planned final readout period was extended to
recover the significant data missed in priority
readout. Some of the early photographs skipped
in priority readout were deleted from further
consideration in the final readout because they
contained overlapping data (Orbit 6 photographs)
or were severely degraded by light fogging.
Photographs taken during Orbits 7 through 10
(Exposures 27 through 51) were severely de-
of the North and South Polar regions taken on
alternate orbits. These photos were taken from
+
- 72" latitude from altitudes between 3,340 and
3,610 kilometers. Each of the photos covered a
1
latitude band from 50 to 90 degrees.Surface
coverage of a typical telephoto photograph was
330 x 1,300 kilometers (429,000 square kilo-
meters).
Apolune photography was planned to increase
the farside coverage obtained on the previous
three missions and to satisfy photo subsystem
operational constraints. Lunar photographs were
takenoneveryfourthorbitfromanaltitude
range of 6,108 to 6,149 kilometers. During the
interveningthreeorbits,film-setphotographs
were taken with the camera thermal door closed.
Degradation of the originalphotographtaken
between 60 and 90"E longitude, caused by light
leak and condensation on the camera window,
was minimized by a minor change in the photo

63 I

I_
plan.Apolune andfilm-setphotography was Table 4-1: Spacecraft Film Radiation Dosage
modified to take pictures of the northern and
southern latitude bands from near apolune be- Frame Total Dose (rads)
ginning in Orbit 29. Even though these photo-
graphs were takenfrom nearly twice the altitude 4-170 6.25
of perilune photography, the resolution of the
photographs was considerably better than Earth- 171 7.25
based photographs of the same areas.
172-176 8
Data from the photo subsystem of Lunar Orbiter
IV showed that a line-scan tube tilt of 0.78 de- 177-178 13
greeexisted. A procedure WAS developedat
Langley to compensate for thisconditionby 179-183 23
developing electronic circuitry for use with the
FR-900 tape playback system, which measured 184-185 45
the tilt of each scan line and applied the meas-
ured correction to the next scan line. 186-190 49
Film handling control logic abnormalities were 191 30
encountered on several occasions during prior-
ity readout and ultimately required transmission 192-194 20
of the “Bimat cut” command earlier than
planned. These abnormalities resulted in short- 195-196 10
eningthereadoutperiodsandother film ad-
vance problems beginning with the readout of
Wide-Angle Exposure108.Severalalternate -0.86

Ji
control procedures were developed that moved
all of the developed film through the readout . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .
. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
process prior to the initiation of final readout.
These procedures were operationally effective .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .
and there were no short or interrupted re. ad out . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .
periods during final readout. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ..
. . .- . .
The photo subsystem was exposed to radiation 0.015
during transit through the Van Allen belt and
during a solar flare on May 23. Table 4-1 shows
the total radiation dose received by the space-
craft film prior to processing. During exposure 0.100
the maximum rate of change was 5.7 rads per Dimensions i n M i l l i m e t e r s
hour. Examination of the gray scales in the pre- Figure 4-1: Pre-Exposed Reseau Mark
exposed edge data pattern showed no evidence Characteristics
of change in the white level densityon the GRE
film, thusconfirmingthat the radiation level distortions
introduced
after
imaging
bythe
encountered didnot fogthe film. camera lens.

To aid in evaluating Mission I\! photos, reseau 4.1.1 Mission Photography

marks illustrated in Figure 4-1 were pre-exposed
on the spacecraft film at the same time a s the
edge data. The fixed orientation, which is the
same pattern employed on Mission 111, can help
thephotoanalystdetectandcompensate for
Analysis and assessment of mission photography
was based onvisualexamination of second-
generation GRE positivetransparenciesand
paper prints made from manually reassembled
GRE film using a 10 to 30X zoom macroscope.

64
A sampling technique was employed for exam- temperate,polar,andrecoveryphotos. The
ination of selected photos within each zone. precession of the Moon in a 12-hour periodwas
close to the surface track displacement on suc-
Lunar orbital photography was made particularly cessive orbits, which made it possible to use a
difficult by uncertainties in knowledge of the given set of spacecraft maneuvers as a design
Moon’s surfacecharacteristicsanditsphoto- reference for several orbits. Reference maneu-
metricfunction,both of whichare critical to vers changes were designedfor use on Orbits6 ,
photography. T h e Moon has unique reflectance 14, 24,32, and 35. Figure4-3illustratesthe
characteristicsunlikeanyencounteredinter- relationship of orbit track,spacecraftposition
restrial photography. The wide range of reflec- at time of perilune photography, and loc.a t’ ion
tance can and did produce photographic images camera aiming point (principal point).
inadjacentareashavingadensityrangethat
exceeded the capability of the spacecraft readout The relative position of the Sun and Moon at
system (thus
obliterating
detail
inareas of the time of apolune photography was such that
densityextremes)whileexhibitingexcellent the area of the Moon directly under the space-
detail in thesurroundingareas.Experience craft was beyond the terminator. This required
gainedduringpreviousmissions was used to tilting the camera axis approximately 7 degrees
refine the selection of photographic parameters so that the telephoto exposure footprint would
needed to determinetherequiredexposure contain the illuminated lunarsurface.
settings.

Other photographic problems were encountered With theexception of thosephotos degraded

on Mission IV a s a direct result of the type of
mission performed. The relatively high photo-
graphicaltitudeandnear-polarorbitresulted
in each photo covering a wide range of surface
and reflective characteristics. Exposure control
was selected using the predicted spacecraftfilm
densities computed by the Photo Quality Pre-
diction (QUAL) program.Factorsincluded in
thiscomputationincludedsurfacealbedo il-
lumination geometry and radiation levels. Many
areas werephotographed for thefirsttime;
therefore, the albedo charts provided b y the U.S.
GeologicalSurvey were revised based on the
experience gained on previousmissions. Several
photographs were exposed to provide detailed
information of aspecificfeaturewithinthe
photograph at the possible expense of less de-
sirable exposure of the surrounding areas. All
of the wide-anglephotographscoveranarea
that extends beyond the terminator at one
extreme to severeoverexposuretowardthe
bright limb at the other. Figure 4-2 shows the
viewangles of thewide-angleandtelephoto
lens for thenominalphotographicaltitude of
2800 km.
Near-vertical photography was possible for the
equatorial bands, whereas camera axis tilt was
required to obtain desired coverage of t h e
b y the effects of the camera thermal door and
thermal control, mission photography was con-
sidered to be very good. Emphasis was placed
onevaluation of nearside telephoto exposures
because they provided the majority of the data
obtained to support the primary objective. Lunar
surface resolution of the telephoto photographs
range from 60, 65, and 75 meters for the equa-
torial, temperate, and polar zones, respectively.
I n general, the resolution of a l l norn~alphotos
evaluated was near nominal and the wide-angle
photos appeared to have slightly better resolu-
tion performancethanthetelephotolens in
terms of scan-linesspanningthesmallestob-
jects visible.
Processing marks which result from the inter-
mittent processing schedule employed during
the mission were evident i n many of the wide-
angle photos. The resulting local degrad.A t‘Ion
was expected because operational control pro-
ceduresrequiredplacingthese effects in the
wide-angle rather than the telephoto exposure.
Othercharacteristicprocessingdefectswere
present invaryingdegrees on thespacecraft
film.Althoughtests and investigationshave
been made, they have failed to reproduce the
“lace” or “bubble” effect observed on all flights;
a complete explanation has not been found.

65
 Spacecraft

Altitude 2800 krn

Maximum
Viewing Angle

I738 km t

Lunar Radius
I
Wide Ang le
A

10.4'
Telephoto
*
Y

Figure 4-2: Field of View for Perilune Photography

66

.".. ..-. , ,
 eastern and western limbs and the polar regions
being of particular interest. The photo of the
Orientale basin at the western limb - the de-
tails of which had never before been known -
is of great scientific value.

Mission IV photography provided farside cover-

agethatcan be combinedwiththecoverage
of Orbiters I,11, and I11 to give a totalof approxi-
mately 60% of the farside surface. The resolu-
tion capability of this farside coverage is better
than that obtainabIe of the nearside from Earth.

Although telephotostereocoverage wasnot

included in mission planning, an evaluation of
the photo shows that limited telephoto stereo
coveragewasobtained. The side overlap and
orientation of the zone A, D, and polar region
photosprovidedthelimitedstereocoverage
with complete coverage at latitudes greater than
45 degrees, thus providing additional informa-
tion of theareaswherevisibility from Earth-
based observations beginsto degrade.

4.1.2 Photo Coverage

The primary objective of Lunar Orbiter IV was
to conduct a broad systematic survey
of the lunar
surface. Therefore,
the
discussion of photo
coveragehas been arrangedtosupport the
generalmappingconcepts.Onehundredand
ninety-two exposures were taken and processed
during themission as follows:

0 Nearside perilune 158 frames

0 Nearside apolune 7 frames
@ Point from which picture i s taken Farside apolune 9 frames
X Point at which camera i s aimed
Film set (blank) 18 frames
Figure 4-3: Perilune Photography A direct comparison of the coordinates of the
Pointing Orientation photoswithexistinglunarchartscannot be
made over the entire visible surface. Matching
of individual photos with the most recent lunar
Nearside telephoto photography provided areal charts indicates varying degrees of agreement.
coverage of virtually the entire visible half of Some contributing factors are: the photo orbit
thelunarsurfacewithresolutioncapability did not pass directly over all sites, variations in
about 10 timesbetterthanthedataobtained lunarsurfaceelevations,uncertaintiesinthe
from Earth-based observations. Feature match- mathematical model of the Moon, and uncertain-
ing of thephotoproduced mosaics covering ties in spacecraft attitude based on accumulative
nearly the entire photo zone. In addition, the effect of photo maneuvers without intervening
photosprovidedthe first essentiallyvertical celestial reorientation. In addition, a secondary
view of the entire nearside of the Moon, with the objective of theLunarOrbiter programis to

67
 obtain tracking data from which to refine the Table 4-2:
mathematical model of the Moon. To compute Photo ZoneIdentification
the photo supporting data and predicted photo (Lunar OrbiterIV)
locations, thebest
available
estimates for
theseparametersmust be usedintheorbit Nominal
Latitude of
determinationroutines.Therefore,somedis- Symbol
Principal Point Zone
crepancies can be expected in coordination of ~~ ~ ~

thecomputedphoto location withthemaps

A 42.5"s South temperate
made from Earth-based observations.Other
errors in locating the photos stem from space-
B 14.5"s South equatorial
craft attitude variations within the kO.2-degree
control deadband and the lunar surface eleva-
C 14.O"N North equatorial
tion changes. It must also be remembered that
considerable effort is requiredtotransferthe
D 42.5"N North temperate
data from the unrectified, nonorthographic pro-
jection photographs to the Mercator projection
S 72.0"s South polar
maps. Ingeneral,thelunarfeaturematching
between the photos and lunar charts indicates
N 72.O"N North polar
that the predicted photo locations are generally
consistent with the chart "reliability diagram."
F 0" Film set (Including
Continued analysis andcomparison of photos
farside and blanks)
obtained from eachphotomissionwillresult
in more accurately defining the lunar surface,
G 33.8"N North latitudes
andreducingthepositioningerrorinsubse-
(recovery)
quent lunar charts. In addition, the capability
of discerning surface features or formation detail
H 33.8"s latitudes
South
from Earth-based observations falls off rapidly
(recovery)
as the limbs and polar regions are approached.
Prior to the Lunar Orbiter and Ranger photos,
lunarmapping efforts weregenerallyconcen- ernlatitudeareasobtained b y the recovery
trated within +lo degrees of the equator with photography of Orbits29, 31, 32,and 33. It
limitedanddecreasing effort inthe
other must be noted that the grid reference has been
regions. rotated by 70 degrees to provide the best display
of the data.
Photo site designations for Mission IV are de-
fined in Table 4-2. The complete site identifi- Table
4-3
summarizes major photographic
cation also includesthephotoorbitnumber parameters of Mission IV photography and
(i.e., 8A is the south temperate photo taken in providessignificantsupportingdata for each
Orbit 8). For Orbit 6 only, a 1, 2, 3,or 4 follows zone. Theorbitshavebeengroupedineach
the zonesymbol letter,whichrepresentsthe band to include all the photos taken with the
exposurenumber in the four-frame sequence samedesignreferencespacecraftmaneuvers.
taken at each of the first five sites. Figures 4-4 Geometric parameters of photography are
and 4-5 show the nesting of photostaken on illustratedinFigure 4-10. The angle of inci-
successive orbits for Zones A and B, and C and dence is defined as the angle between theSun's
D, respectively, b y spacecraftframenumber. rays and the normal to the lunar surface. The
Figures 4-6 and 4-7 present the corresponding phase angle is the angle between the camera
information for the polarregions. Also shown axis and the Sun's rays. The angle and altitude
in the figures are those exposures that were seri- ranges are for the first and last frames of the
ouslydegraded b y condensation andlight group,respectively. The angle "alpha" is de-
streaking.Figures 4-8 and 4-9 show the nesting fined as the angle between theprojection of the
of the apolune photosof the northern and south- surface normal and the cameraaxis, measured in

68
 I .
... . .

"I

Figure 4-4: Photo Zones A and B Telephoto Footprints

fj!?
' I
10
 .. ..

..

Figure 4-5: Photo Zones C and D Telephoto Footprints

 EAST

Figure 4-6: Photo Zone S Telephoto Footprints (South Polar)

Figure 4-7: Photo Zone N Telephoto Footprints (North Polar)
 . ... -

West East

South
Figure 4-8: North Latitude Zone Recovery Photo Footprints

thephaseangle(camera-Sun-principalpoint)
plane. The slant distance is defined as the dis-
tancebetweenthecameraandtheprincipal
ground point (the intersection of the projected
camera axis and the lunar surface). Tilt angle is
defined as the true angle between the camera
axis and the localverticalthrough the space-
craft. Tilt azimuth is the clockwise angle from
lunar north to principal ground point measured
from the vertical projection of the spacecraft on
the lunar surface. Since the photos were taken
from relatively high altitudes including the em-
ployment of cross-axis cameratilt,thelunar
surfacescalefactorchangesthroughoutthe
photo. The relationshipbetweenthedistance
coveredonthelunarsurface for atelephoto
framelet is givenb y the expression
*km = 0.004164 X h(km)
wherehrepresentsthestraightlinedistance
from the spacecraft camera to the pointof inter-
est on the lunar surface. Correspondingly, the
wide-angle photo relationshipis
= 0.03175 h(km)
*(krn)

75
 North

West Eust

South

Figure 4-9: South Latitude Zone Recovery Photo Footprints

Figure 4-11 showsthisrelationship for the alti- of the section selected. Each photograph con-
tudeandslantrangedistancesapplicable to tainsan appropriatedescriptivecaption.
Mission IV telephoto photograghy.
The following photographs,
Figures 4-12 Figures 4-13 and 4-14 show wide-angle photo-
through 4-41, are representative of Mission IV graphs of thesamelatitudebandsbuttaken
photography. Samples were selected from each three orbits apart, and show the amount of the
of the four frontal zones, two polar zones, and Moon’s precessionduringtheintervening 36-
the recovery photographs. In general, the wide- hourperiod.Figures 4-1.5 through 4-18 are
angle photograph and a section of the corres- wide-angle photographsof successive frames of
pondingtelephotophotographareshown. A Zones A, B, C, and D taken on Orbit 31. The
brokenlineoutlinesthecompletetelephoto arealcoverage is nearthewesternlimband
frame while the solid line indicates the coverageshows nearly pole to pole coverage.

76
-
hota Photo
- Spacecraft
hutte
Table 4-3: Photo Supporting Data

Coordinates of Coverage
~~

7Spacecraft Phase
Alpha
Angle of
ipeed Angle ncidence
-
,one

.A
Orbits

6-13
"
Exposure No.

9-12,26,33,38,
-SeC

0.02
NW
38.9%
NE
94.9"E 121.8"E
SE sw
61.3"E
Altitude
Em
Slant Range
km
2987-2980 3015-3010
- - - G&
deg
76.5-77.8
del3
-12
deg
54.8-65.5 5
Lzimuth
dep
96
45.52.59.64 27.3"s 1 22.25 1 55.95 I 61.35 2977-2971 3007-3001 78.1-79.1 -12 55.8-66.7 5 96
1423 71.76.83.88.95 0.02 27.1"W I 41.9"E I 70.3"E I 4.1W 2971-2974 3000-3004 79.4-80.7 -13 37.0-68.1 5 97
1100, 107,112,119,124 3006-3019 81.0-82.5 -13 58.5-69.9 5 96
24-31 131,136,142,148 0.04 3027-3038 83.0-84.4 -13 70.3-71.6 5 95
155,160,167,172 30263040 83.5-86.2 .9- -13 14.4-73.4 5 96
32-34 180,186,194 0.04 3037-3031 s.7-87.5 -13 73.8-74.6 5 96

B 613 13-16,27:34,39 0.02 37.8"E

92.5"E
96.1"E
40.3"E
2746-2743 27462743 63.4-64.9 -1 62.9-64.1 0 NA
46.5860.65. 0.01' 4.2"N
2.O"N 30.9"s 31.75 2741-2733 2741-2733 65.4-66.8 -1 64.6-66.0 0 NA
14-23 72,77,84,89,96 0.02 28.3%'
39.6"E
43.5"E
25.5"W
2731-2720 2731-2720 67.3-69.1 -1 66.5-68.3 0 NA
101,108,113,120,122 0.04. 31.0"s
2.5"N
2.O"N 31.55 27'19-2715 2719-2715 69.5-71.4 -1 68.8-70.7 0 NA
24-31 130.137,143,149 0.04 81.2%' 26.6"W22.5"W 7 9 . W 27162720 27162720 72.0-73.6 -1 71.2-72.8 0 NA
156,161~168F173' 0.02. 2.1"N I 2.TN 30.65 I 1 31.45 2720-2722 273-2722 74.1-75.7 -1 73.3-74.9 0 NA
32-34 181,187f195 0.04 101.1"W I 79.5W1 75.9%' I 98.9%'2722-2719 2722-2719 76.2-77.3 4 75.4-76.4 0 NA
0.02. 2.1"N 2.TN 30.85 31.5"s

C 6-13 17-20.28.35.40, 1.02 39.9"E %&E 91.9"E

36.9"E
2737-2738 2738-2740 59.4-60.7 3 62.3-60.3 1 277
47,54;"6c 66 1.01" 3.2"s
31.6"N
31.3"N 2736-2729
2.5% 2738-2730 61.2-62.7 3 64.4-65.9 1 27'6
14-23 73,78,85,90.97 3.02 26.5"w 42.YE 38.7"E 29.0W 2724-2709 2726-2711 63.3-65.2 3 66.4-68.5 1 274
1102,109, 114,121,126 30.1"N
31.O"N 2.15
3.33 2697-2680 2699-2681 65.7-67.1 3 68.9-70.4 1 274
24-31 133,138f144,150' 3.04 78.8"W
23.5"W
27.5"W 82.0W 2671-2668 2673-2669 68.0-69.4 3 71.2-72.6 1 275
157,162,169,174 1.02. 31.I"N 2667-2671
1.9"s
30.O"N
2.7% 2668-2673 69.8-71.3 3 73.0-74.5 1 277
32-34 182,188,196 1.02 98.7W 76.0"W 80.4"W
101.8%'
2672-2673 2674-2675 71.8-72.8 3 75.0-76.0 1 277'
2.05
2.85
29.95
31.05

D 613 21-24,29,36,41 0.02 54.4"E I 119.3"E 1 96.2"E I 39.6"E

2977-2981 2980-2983 67.1-67.9 4 63.3-64.6 1 95
48,55,62,67 61.5"N 1 58.2"N I 23.4"N 1 26.O"N 2983-2975 68.3-69.5 -3 65.0-66.2 1 95
14-23 74,79,86,91,98
103,110,115,122~127
0.02
0.04'
l2.8"W I 63.6"E 1 42.6"E 1 26.4W 2970-2937
2926-2886
69.5-71.5
71.9-73.2
-3
-3
66.5-68-2
68.5-69.8
1
1
96
95
24-31 134,139,145,151 0.04 2878-2866 73.5-74.2 -3 70.1-70.8 1 95
158,163,170,175 2865-2872 74.5-75.4 -3 71.1-71.9 1 95
32-34 183,189" 0.04 2874-2878 75.7-76.1 -3 72.3-72.6 1 96

-
Shu r Speed change
0.02'
- - --
 Table 4-3:(Continued)
- Spacecraft
-
hutter Coordinates of Coverage I Spacecraft T
--
Phase
Alpha Angle of
-
Till
xis
lota Photo Speed I Angle Incidence zin~utk
-
me

S
Orbits

6,8,10, 12
Exposure No.

5-8,32:44,58
sec
0.04
NW NE SE siv I hlPm
'tude

1522-3.505
- - deg
den
18.1-89.1
deg

-7 31.0-81.5
des
105
0.02,
, 16.18.20.22 70,82,94,106,118 0.04 i512-3571 19.7-90.i -9 50.9-81.5 104

24,28,30 130': 154.166 0.04 1596-3653 11.5-94.2 10, -14 79.8-83.5 104
0.02.
32.34 179,193* 0.02 1615-3553 14.1-94.: 11 ex-1f 2.8-81.0 106
0.04.

N 7,s. 11,13 30,42,56:68 0.04 M25-3493 16.1-77.1 -9, -3 89.0-79.9 98 &z 26

0.02*
i, 17.19,21,23 ;0,92,104,116~
128 0.04 477- 3367 18.2-79.: 1 '9.2-80.2 NA
0.02*
25,27,29,31 140,152~164,176' 0.04 3353-3344 30.1-80.5 -1 '9.1-79.2 NA
0.02.
33 190 0.04 3372 81.1 -3 78.4 105

F 6.10 25.50 0.04 5167-6124 115.2 17&8 32 & 123 91

14.18.22 75,99,123 0.04 6125-6149 115.2& -2 & - I ( 13.7-104. 275

111.0

26 146,147 0.04 6146-6147 109.0 0 108.9 SA

G 29.3 1 165,177 0.04 i147&5725 109.2& -34 4.6 & 73. 279
108.1

33 191,192 0.04 5735 107.2 -34 73.0 279

I
H 30.31 178 0.04 5918 112.1 -25 87.6 264

32 184.185 0.04 5989 113.1 -32 81.7 262

-
1.
 __ .. " - .
_.. . .

\
\ \
\
\
\
\
\\
/ ' \
LSun Azimuth

LPrincipat
Ground Point

* fro+
P

Horizontal Velocity

Altitude Rate

Figure 4-10: Geometrical Parameters of Photography

79
 h
E
2.
aJ
0)
c
2 4
2O 4000
-
ln

3500

3000

2500

Framelet Width (krn)

Figure 4-11: Slant Range vs Framelet Width (Telephoto Lens)

Figures 4-19 and 4-20 showthesideoverlap of assembled b y NASA Langley from thetele-
telephoto photographson
successive
orbits
photo
photographs of northern and
southern
forequatorial(Zone C ) photographs. T h e verti-regionsgreaterthan 30" latitude.Theremain-
cal overlap of successivetelephotophotographs ing photographs(Figures 4-25 through 4-41)
is illustrated
in
Figures 4-21 and 4-22. wereselected
to
illustrate
lunar
features
and
areas of scientific interest photographed during
Figures 4-23 and 4-24 showphoto mosaics the
mission.

80
Schroter's Valley.

Figure 4-12: Portion of Telephoto Frame 158, Site IV28D

81
Centered near Mare Vaporum,
at 3.1°E, 14.O"N.

Figure 4-13: Wide-Angle Frame 102, Site IV19C

82
Centered near Copernicus and Eratothenes,
at 16.7"W, 14.O"N.

Figure 4-14: Wide-Angle Frame 121, Site W22C

83
 limb,
Centered near Southwestern
at 67.8"W, 42.3"s.

Figure 4-15: Wide-Angle Frame 172, Site IV31A

84
Centered southwestof Grimaldi;
Orientale Basinat left center.

Figure 4-16: Wide-Angle Frame 173, SiteIV31B

85
Centered at 75.9"W, 14.1"N;
Orientale Basin at bottom.

Figure 4-17: Wide-Angle Frame 174, Site IV3lC

 ..
.....

Northwestern Limb;
centered at 67.8"W, 42.6"N.

Figure 4-18: Wide-Angle Frame 175, Site IV3lD

87
Copernicus and Eastern Appenine Mountains;
4-20.
taken on orbit after Figure

Figure 4-19: Portion of Telephoto Frame 121, Site IV22C

88
Centered near Eratosthenes and Appenine Mountains;
4-19.
side overlap with Figure

Figure 4-20: Portion of Telephoto Frame 114, Site IV2lC

89
Southeast quadrant of Orientale Basin withouter rim;
vertical overlap with Figure4-22.

Figure 4-21: South Portion of Telephoto Frame 187, Site 1V33B

Southeast quadrantof center of Orientale Basin.

Figure 4-22: North Portion of Telephoto Frame 186, Site IV33A

91
 4

Figure 423:
Photo Mosaic ofHigh Northern Latitudes
!
.. . . . .
 !
I

Figure 4-24:
Photo Mosaic ofHigh Southern Latitudes

95
Rupes Recta.

Figure 4-25: Portion of Telephoto Frame 113, Site IVSOB

97
Centered at74.4"W, 42.5"N;
outlined areasof complete telephoto coverageand
portion shown i n Figure 4-27.

Figure 4-26: Wide-Angle Frame 183, Site IV32D

 Northwest limb area outlined Figure
in 4-26.

Figure 4-27: Portion of Telephoto Frame 183, Site IV32D

1-19

t
Centered at 2.8"W, 42.5"N.

Figure 4-28: Wide-Angle Frame 115, Site IV21D

100
Alpine Valley.

Figure 4-29: Portion of Telephoto Frame 115, Site IV2lD

101
Centered at 49.6"W, 14.O"N.

Figure 4-30: Wide-Angle Frame150, Site IV27C

102
_
.: .

Aristarchus and Schroters valley.

Figure 4-31: Portion of Telephoto Frame 150, Site IV27C

103
Centered at 56.1°W, 14.1"N.

Figure 4-32: Wide-Angle Frame 157, Site IV28C

104
Marius Hills.

Figure 4-33: Portion of Telephoto Frame 157,Site IV28C

105
Centered at 69.2"W,14.7"N.

Figure 4-34: Wide-Angle Frame 169, Site IV30C

106
Includes craterK r a f t .

Figure 4-35: Portion of Telephoto Frame 169, Site IVSOC

107
Centered at 89.0°W, 14.3"s.

Figure 4-36: Wide-Angle Frame 187, Site IV33B

108
 Northeast quadrant of Orientale Basin.

Figure 4-37: Portion of Telephoto Frame 187, Site IV33B

109

(h
Centered at14.1°W,42.4"s.

Figure 4-38: Wide-Angle Frame 124, Site IV23A

110
Crater Tycho.

Figure 4-39: Portion of Telephoto Frame 124, Site IV23A

Recovery photo of Mare Smythii.

Figure 4-40: Portion of TeIephoto Frame 165, Site IV29G

112
Recovery photo of Mare Crisium.
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA The radiationdosimetermeasurementsystem
Two types of telemetry instrumentation were (RDMS) functioned normallythroughoutthe
installedon the LunarOrbiter IV spacecraft mission and provided data on the Earth's trapped
to monitor the lunar environmental conditions. radiation belts as well as the radiation environ-
Two radiation dosimeters were mounted adja- ment encountered in transit to the Moon and
cent to the photo subsystem. Twenty individual inorbits aboutthe Moon. Radiationdataob-
micrometeoroid detectors were circumferential- tainedduringthe photographicmission are
ly mounted on the tank deck. shown in Figure4-41.

4.2.1 Radiation Data
Dosimeter1,locatednearthefilmcassette,
had a sensitivity of 0.25 rad per count, with a
capacity of 0 to 255counts.Dosimeter2, lo-
cated near the camera looper, had a sensitivity
of 0.50 rad per count and a similar capacity of
0 to 255 counts; it was turned on after passing
through the Van Allen belts. Due to the inher-
ent shielding of the spacecraft, the photo sub-
systemstructure,and the 2-grams-per-square-
centimeteraluminumshieldingprovidedby
the film supply cassette, it was estimated that
solar flares of magnitude 2 or less would have
negligibleeffect
onthe
undeveloped film.
Flares of magnitude 3 or greater would produce
considerable fog on the film.
Data from Dosimeter 1 indicated the film cas-
sette was exposed to a total of 5.5 rads during
thetransitthroughtheouter Van Allen belt.
Calculations indicate that this dosage resulted
from low-energy electron
bremsstrahlung.
Increasing activity of solarcycle 20, as well
as the occurrence of a large magnetic disturb-
ance during the launch period, apparently re-
sultedinelectronenhancement of theouter
belt.
On May 21 (Day 141), increasing solar activity
culminated in a Class 3+ optical flare at 20"N
32"E at 19:45 GMT. There was no increase in
radiation
dosage detected from thisevent.
Flare activity continued and a series of major

20.0 100

15.0 70

.,
h

i; h
v -0"0
10.0 50 &
ni N
W Jt
-l
W W
3 t;
5a 3
5.0 25 5n

0
Doys
GMT
Figure 4-42: Radiation Dosage History

114
flares were detected at 18:09 GMT on May 23 4.2.2 Micrometeoroid Data
(Day 143). There was noindication of any Two micrometeoroid hits were recorded during
high-energy protons reaching the Lunar Orbiter the photo mission of Lunar OrbiterIV. Discrete
spacecraft; however, a large low-energy plasma channel state changes were recorded at:
cloud produced a dosage change (at the camera Detector 17 01:57:1.2 GMT, May 12
looper) from 1.5 to 55.5 rads over a 41-hour
Detector 5 Between 22:24: 16.8 GMT, May 18,
period. The maximum change rate during this
and 0:04:53.2 GMT, May 19
increase was nearly 5.7 rads per hour. Two days
later, a normal solar cosmic-ray event was de- There was nodetectable effectonspacecraft
tected b y bothdetectors. This increasedthe performance at these impacts. The actual time
total dosage at the camera looper to 65.5 rads of impact on Detector 5 is not known because
and 7.75 rads at the film cassette. During the thestatechangeoccurredduring a period of
remaining periods the normal increase attributedloss of dataassociatedwithEarthoccultation
to background of galactic cosmic ray dose and andreacquisition of the spacecraft and good
dosimeter noisewas recorded. telemetry data.

Postmission evaluation of film densities showed Figure 4-43shows the position of the space-
no visibledegradation from the radiation ex- craft in orbit and the relative Sun-Moon-Earth
posure levels encountered. orientationatthetime of impact. The figure

DM I 5 Uppel
D M l b Lower
Spacecraft Attitude

Roll =

Detector 17 Only

Sun Earth

Figure 4-43: Micrometeoroid Impacts

115
 also shows the relative positionof the detectors
on thespacecraft.
4.3 TRACKING DATA
LunarOrbiter IV continued to providelunar
tracking data to augment the data obtained on
the first three missions. The orbit parameters
of the85-degreeinclination withrelatively
high apoluneandperilunealtitude provided
new data for defining the lunar model coeffi-
cientand, in particular,dataon the Moon’s
oblateness. At theend of the photo mission
June 1, over 783 station hours of doppler track-
ing data had been recorded. Over 79 hours of
rangingdata and 15 stationtimecorrelation
checks were also obtained. All of this data has
beenfurnished to NASA and will be further
evaluated to refine the mathematical model of
the Moon. The following discussions are pertin-
ent to the quality of the tracking data obtained
and the performanceaccuracy of the tracking
=$ system.
-i1 4.3.1 DSIF Tracking Data System
Lunar Orbiter IV was one of three spacecraft
orbiting the Moon and operating on the same
frequency. To reliably track and communicate
with Lunar Orbiter IV, and avoid commanding
the other spacecraft, an offset track synchroniza-
tion frequency was employed based on the best
lock frequency of the transponder. In general,
the offset value was 330 Hz. During initial
implementation of this procedure, the tracking
stationslockedonto thesidebandsinstead of
the main carrier. Minor refinements were made
in the operational tuning sequencesto eliminate
the problem. Better than 98% of the datare-
ceived was classified as good.
Ranging data was taken during the cislunar tra-
jectory and the initial lunar orbits priorto taking
the first photos. There was no ranging data ob-
tained during photo taking and readout in ac-
cordance with an operational decision.
The ODPL prediction program performed with-
out difficulty and maintained a high degree of
accuracy. The station acquisition function was
somewhat simplified by the lack of Earth occul-
tation periods.
116
Tracking Data Validation - The tracking data
validation function was accomplished by back-
feeding the tracking data to the Goldstone com-
puter facility for processing by the Tracking
Data Monitoring Program (TDM). Thisprogram
comparedthereceiveddata againsta set of
predictions
andcomputedthe
residuals. It
also calculated the standard deviation of the last
fivedatapoints andprovided an estimate of
datanoise. Program outputsweretransmitted
to the SFOF by teletype and printed in tabular
form. The program outputswerealsoplotted
on the Milgo 30 X 30 plotter through the IBM
7044 plotroutine.Duringthecislunarphase,
the TDM generatedits own predicted quantities
by usinganinternal trajectory subprogram.
The internal trajectory subprogram of the TDM
does not compute predictionsfor the lunar orbit
phase. Inthisphase,theJPLpredictionsare
used and the residuals increased, which reflects
inaccuracies of the lunar model in the predic-
tion program. No deviationsin the rf carrier
were observed during Mission IV. Noiseesti-
mates of theTDMremained fairly accurate,
indicating the overall good quality of the data.
An increaseinthe noise was observedwhen
thespacecraft was trackedclose to the Sun’s
disk.Spacecraftvelocitychanges werealso
monitored through the tracking data and showed
good agreement with the otherdata.
Overall performance of the data validation sys-
tem was very smooth and trouble-free.Track-
ing data quality reports were made consistently
throughout theactive mission.
4.3.2 Deep Space Network
Trackingdata
were
recorded at
theDeep
Space Stations and the Space Flight Operations
Facility to satisfy requirements for the seleno-
graphicdata. The Deep Space Station record-
ing was a five-level teletype paper tape. During
the mission, the tracking data were transmitted
to the SFOF via normal teletype messages. At
the Space Flight Operations Facility, teletype
data were received by communications terminal
equipment and passed to the raw-data table on
the 1301 disk by the IBM 7044 I/.Oprocessor.
These data were processed by the TTYX pro-
gram to separate the telemetry data and tracking
 the tracking raw-data file on disk. The tracking
4.4 PERFORMANCE TELEMETRY
dataprocessor (TDP) program generatedthe Spacecraftperformance telemetry
data was
master tracking data table on the 1301 disk by obtained by three different methods. Priorto
smoothing and sorting the data from the track- spacecraft separation, the data was transmitted
ing raw-data file by Deep Space Station identifi- via assignedsubcarriers of theVHF Agena
cation. The output of this program was also re-
telemetrylink.
Thisdata was recorded at
corded on magnetic tape and identified as the
AFETR and, after
real-time
demodulation,
trackingdata deliverable to NASA.An orbit
transferred to DSS-71 (CapeKennedy) for re-
data generator routine extracted selected master transmission to the SFOF computers. In addi-
data file trackingdata,smoothedit,sorted it
tion, the AFETR stations recorded the S-band
according to time, and inserted it in the orbit
signal directly from the spacecraft. After separa-
determination program inputfile. Upon com-
tion, the performance data was received direct-
mand from theFPACarea,orbitparameters
ly from the spacecraft by the Deep Space Sta-
were computed or predicted - based upon se-
tions and reformatted for transmission to the
lecteddata from theorbitdetermination pro- SFOF. In all cases, the data was available for
gram inputfileandtheorbitdetermination the subsystem analysts to continuously monitor
program - and inserted into the data display theoperationalstatus of allspacecraftsubsys-
for subsequent displayby the user. tems and environmental conditions.
Mission supportbythe DSN began 6 hours
The raw trackingdatapapertapesrecorded at prior to liftoff on May 4, 1967, on a 24-hour-
eachDeep SpaceStation andtheoutput of thecoveragebasis, andterminated with thecon-
trackingdataprocessor attheSpaceFlight clusion of photoreadoutonJune 1, 1967. Table
Operations Facility, recorded on magnetic tape, 4-4 summarizes the data recorded by the DSN
were collected and delivered to NASA for fol- during the mission.

Table 4-4: DSN Telemetry Summary

Space Deep Total Station Percent

Frames
Telemeter
~ - Passes Recovered
Recorded
Transmitted

Goldstone
1,432 2 16

Woomera 16,25316 17,329 93.8

Madrid 2 16 1,423 20,421 95.3

Total 60,184 57,726 95.8

 . .

Wide-Angle Frame 183,Site IV32D

Centered at74.4"W,42.5"N;
includes Repsold, Pythagoras, northwest limb, and farside areas.

118
r

5.0 Mission Evaluation

LunarOrbiter IV providedphotographscon-sivechanges inthelunarorbitparameters
taining an enormous amount of data and scien- necessitated by the redefinition of the mission
tific information about the nearsiae of the Moon objectives.
which will stand for many years as the primary
0 Provided data from which to determine the
source of dataonlunarsurfacefeatures for
scientificanalysis and planning later explora- lunarmathematicalmodelcoefficients for an
tions of the Moon. 85-degree
orbit
inclinationwith
particular
emphasis on oblateness characteristics.
Significant
accomplishments of the mission
0 Provided photo data by which the photo sites
include, but are
not limitedto:
for Lunar Orbiter V mission were relocated to
increase the scientific data obtainable. ..
Provided the first photographic mapping mis-
sion of a celestial body, other than Earth, from
Mission IV was a completely different type of
an orbiting spacecraft.
mission thanOrbiters I, 11, and I11 in that it
was devoted entirely to providing data that will
0 Providedphotographiccoverage(over 99%) increasethe scientificknowledge required to
of the nearside of the Moon at resolutionsat understand the Moon as an entity. The planned
least 10 times better than Earth-based observa- photo mission was completeddespitesome
tions. operational difficulties with the spacecraft sub-
system. Mission operationalprocedures were
0 Provided the first detailed near-vertical photo- revised to accomplish this.
Attitude
control
graphs and visibility of the polar regions and flexibility and accuracy were again demon-
limb areas. strated by orienting the long axis of the tele-
photocoverageapproximatelyparallel to the
direction of flight instead of nearly perpendicu-
Provided the first vertical photos of the spec-
lar ason previous missions. Although spacecraft
taculargeologicformations of theOrientale
subsystemanomalieswereencountered,the
basin atthe westernlimb.
subsystemand mission planninganalysts de-
velopedalternatecommandsandprocedures
Successfully alteredthecislunar trajectory, thatpermittedthe mission to continueand
by the midcourse maneuver, to produce exten- achieve all the desired objectives.

NASA-Langley, 1968 - 31 CR-1054 119

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