Energy

Potential energy - gravitational, chemical, nuclear energy.

1st law of Thermo Dynamics cannot create or detroy energy.

Low quality energy is useless most of time we use only the high quality
energy and most energy is lost through heat and such.

Energy Efficiency

•1st law efficiency: looks at quantity of energy, not quality

1st law efficiency = (energy deliered to goal/total energy delivered) *

100

•low 1st law efficiency: means a little of energy used goes twoards goal.

Calculating efficiency

•Incandescent light bulb delivers 1 unit of light energy for each 20 unit of
energy delivered to bulb. (1/20)*100= 5%

5% of the energy used goes twoards its purprose - lighting the bulb.
Where does the rest go? LT Heat.

Human body 20%-25% Fluorescent light: 20% Car engine: 20% -25%

Second Law Efficiency - Looks at quality of energy, not quantity.

•2nd law efficiency = (minimum work needed/actual work used)*100

•LOW 2nd law efficiency: Using High quality energy for task to do low
quality work.

•Electric space heating uses High quality electricity to produce low quality
heat.

•Minimum work needed to heat house = 1 unit use electricity with 10 units
work potential

2nd law efficiency =(1/10)*100 = 10%

Fossil Fuel

•Global primary energy supply 80% is from 3 fossil fuels. All the other
energy for renewable contributes for less than 1%.

•Coal remains of swamp plants.

 •Oil remains of planktons

•Natural gas: remains of swmap plants/plankton Remains altered by

temperature and pressure. Chemical energy from hundreds of millions
of yrs ago.

•Chemical bonds in fossil fuels have potential chemical energy.

Coal

•old days coal seams mined by hand now mining process mechanized.

Underground mining dangers

•fires: coal dust, flammable gases ignite lamps for light (old days), sparks
from machinery.

•Centralia, PA: Eastern Pennsylvania coal region

1962 - Trash fire in mine pit spreads to coal seam. Fire spreads through old
coal mines. It did

not stop burning for over 20 plus years.

1984 - 1991 - Residents bought out, evacuated.

•gases: cause explosions, toxic when inhaled methane, CO, low oxygen,
smoke

"Canary in a coal mine." (when birds die in the mine shaft means it is
time for the miner to get out)

Mine Flooding

•quecreek mining miracle 9 miners survived after 3 days being trapped in

mine by water.

Cave In

•Cave ins: "five miners were rescued from the Rochesters and Pittsburgh
Coal company Kent Number 2 mine, located in McIntyre. They were
trapped in for 18 hours, 250 feet underground and four miles back
inside the entrance. Rescue crews tunneled through a ream of coal to
reach the men. A 70 foot fall of slate and rock temporarily imprisoned
 them. None of the men were injured. The president of the coal
company said he believed the crash was caused by the collapse of
timbers in the entry where the men were working."

Black Lung

•The damages from the coal causes the cells in the lung to die. The cells
turn black after it dies.

Strip Mining

•used when coal's near the surface

•Safer & less labor intensive than underground minging.

•Removed "overburden" of rock, then mine from above.

•Mine reclamation regulation by federal government. overburden

replaced, topsoil added and seeded to re vegetate the site. Vegetation
prevents erosion benefits wildlife. Not all reclamations done properly.
(many company mine a site till it's empty then declares bankruptcy.)

•Acidic mine drainage - drainage patterns altered. The water interacts with
pyrite, pollutants, and rust. LONG LASTING EFFECTS!!!!!

Oil Refining: Separte hydrocarbons in oil by heating separting the oil at

different temperature you can make things such as gas, napatha, gasoline,
kerosene, lubricate oil, heavy oil ect....

Oil - uses - gasoline, heating oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, plastics.

Natural Gas

•composition: methane (50-90%), Ethane, propane, butane.

•Refining: ethane, propane, butane liquefied, removed (LPG - liquefied

petroleum gas)

Methane dried (H20 vapor removed), odor added

Extracting Natural Gas

•often associated with oil and coal deposits

•reserves = 200 years

•"Transitional fossil fuel" as oil gets to expensive natural gas use will raise
until whatever renewable energy comes to replace oil next.
 •Can only be transported through pipelines it cannot be stored.

Natural Gas uses

•vehicles, space heating, water heating.

Portland Transportation film

•Oregon was the first state to mandate each city to identify a boundary to
perserve farm and farm uses.

•Sustainable urban living.

•They used the city highway fund to build a railline where people can
leave their cars at home.

•Vehicle miles driven by Portland residents are decreasing instead of

increasing like most metropolitan areas.

• Portland Aerial Tram, is an aerial cableway used to connect the South

Waterfront district with Oregon Health and Science University on
Marquam Hill above. The cableway is two-thirds of one mile (1 km)
long and was opened to the public in January 2007.

•Has reduced about 14% in reduced emission. Bicycling is up 250%