2010-2011 Science 8 Second Quarterly Examination Review Packet & Vocabulary

1. An electrical cord uses both conductors and insulators. Explain. _________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between a closed circuit and an opened circuit? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. With respect to electricity, define the following terms:

Insulators:___________________________________________________________________________

conductors:__________________________________________________________________________

4. Name some metals that are good conductors of electricity. ________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is magnetism? ______________________________________________________________________

6. Every magnet, regardless of its shape, has two _________________________.

7.
The object above is known as a _______________________ magnet

8.
The two magnets shown above will be _________________________to each other because ________________
______________________.

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 With respect to the magnetic poles of a magnet, explain why none of the
magnets in this picture are touching each other. __________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

9.

10. You can always tell that a circuit is parallel because _______________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

11. If one of the bulbs in this circuit is unscrewed, what will happen? _____

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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12. You can always tell that a circuit is series because _______________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

13. If one of the bulbs in this circuit is unscrewed, what will happen? _____
__________________________________________________________________________________________

14.

This illustration is showing a simple electric circuit. Explain the difference

between an open circuit and a closed circuit.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Which energy change occurs during the burning of any substance or fuel? __________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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16. Using words only, Newton’s second law of motion states that ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
. Using the formula only, Newton’s second law of motion states ______________________________________

17. Which process occurs when a solid changes into a gas without going through a liquid phase?
_________________________________________________________________________________________

18. The diagram represents a light ray being reflected from a plane mirror. The angle between the incident ray
and the reflected ray is 70.°.

What is the angle of incidence for this ray? ____________

What is the angle of reflection for this ray? ____________
Which law is being illustrated? ________________________________________________________________

19. The diagram shows two waves traveling in the same medium for the same length of time.

The two waves have different _____________________ but the

same ________________________.

20. An inflated balloon which has been rubbed against a person's hair is touched to a neutral wall and remains
attracted to it. Which diagram best represents the charge distribution on the balloon and the wall?

1. 2. 3. 4.

How do you know? _________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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21.
According to the chart, which source of energy is used more throughout the United States than in New York
State?
__________________

22. A coin resting on a piece of cardboard is placed on a beaker as shown in the diagram. When the cardboard
is rapidly removed, the coin drops into the beaker.

Which of Newton’s laws of motion is represented here? __________

The two properties of the coin which explain its tendency to continue its rest thus leading to its fall are its
weight and its _____________________.

23. Newton’s first law explains and is also known as the law of _________________________.

24. Heat travels through empty space by ______________________, through solids by __________________,
through liquids by _________________, and through gases by ________________________.

25. Which graph shows the heating curve for a substance?

1. 3.

2. 4.

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26. Three people of equal mass climb a mountain using paths A, B, and C shown in the diagram.

Along which path(s) does a person gain the greatest amount of height? ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Along which path(s) does a person gain the greatest amount of gravitational potential energy? ______________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Why is potential energy called the energy of position? ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
27. As any substance melts, its molecules _____________________ heat energy, and move much __________
and further __________________.

28. Which kind of energy is stored within a chemical substance? _________________________

29. What is the boiling point of water? ________ °C or ________ °F or ________ K

30. Heat travels through liquids and gases by circular _________________ _____________________.

31. As shown in the diagram, an inflated balloon released from rest moves horizontally with velocity v.

The velocity of the balloon is caused by _________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________, and this illustrates
Newton’s ______________ law of motion.

32. At which temperature would the molecules of a gas have the greatest average kinetic energy?

1. 10°C Explain why.

2. 110°C
__________________________________________________________________________
3. 501°C
4. 1001°C __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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33.

The picture above shows a triple beam balance. If the tens rider reads 20 g, the hundreds rider reads 0 g, and the
ones rider reads 5.4 g, what mass does this balance read? _________________. What do you do to the mass of
each rider to get your answer? ________________________________________________________________

34. A pebble has a mass of 60 grams and a volume of 15 cm3 (cubic centimeters). Use the density formula, D =
m/v, to calculate the pebble’s density. ________________

35. Gabulous measured a block of wood, as shown in the diagram.

What is the length of the wooden block in millimeters _________________, centimeters _________________?

36. Which metric unit should you use to measure the distance from here to the North Pole? ______________

37. Define each of the following:

1. volume _________________________________________________________________________________
2. mass ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. weight __________________________________________________________________________________
4. density _________________________________________________________________________________

38. The amount of matter in an object is called its ______________________, but the amount of space it
occupies is called its _________________________.

39. The amount of gravitational attract on an object is known as its _____________________.

40. Mass per unit of volume is called ______________________

41. Which are some units of length on the metric ruler? _________________________________________
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42. How many meters high would be about the height of the average doorway? ______________

43. The prefix kilo means ___________________. The prefix hecto means ___________________. The
prefix deka means ___________________. The prefix deci means ___________________. The prefix centi
means ___________________. The prefix milli means ___________________.

44. The metric system is used by scientist all over the world because __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

45. How many dekagrams would be equal to 2.45 decigrams?

Vocabulary words

Acceleration A vector quantity that shows the time-rate of change in the velocity of an object: .

The standard unit of acceleration is meters per second squared: m/s2.

This means to increase the velocity or speed-up.

Amplitude The maximum distance from the rest position in a wave. Amplitude is related to intensity. As
the amplitude of a light wave increases, the light gets brighter. As the amplitude of a sound wave increases, the
sound gets louder.

Average Kinetic Energy The energy of motion of a substance, measured by its temperature.

Boiling Point The temperature at which the phase change from a liquid to a gas occurs. Energy is absorbed.

calorie The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one Celsius degree
(1°C).

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 Celsius (°C) A temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 0° and the boiling point is 100°.

Centripetal Force The force that causes centripetal acceleration, directed toward the center of the path of an
object undergoing uniform circular motion.

The magnitude of centripetal force is directly related to the product of the mass of the object and the

centripetal acceleration, and inversely related to the radius of the circular path: .
The centripetal force is the net force acting on the object, which maintains its constant speed because
there are no tangential forces acting up it.
An object in uniform circular motion is not in equilibrium.

Chemical Bond An attractive force between atoms or ions formed when electrons are shared or transferred
from one atom or ion to another.

Chemical Bonding, Energy Changes

When a chemical bond is formed, energy is released (exothermic).
When a chemical bond is broken, energy is absorbed (endothermic).

cm
Centimeter.

10 millimeters = 1 centimeters.
100 centimeters = 1 meter.

Coal A rock or mineral that formed by the compaction of plant material; it is composed mainly of carbon
and used as a fossil fuel.
Bituminous, or soft coal, is considered a sedimentary rock but not a mineral.
Anthracite, or hard coal, is considered both a metamorphic rock and a mineral.

Combustion
An exothermic chemical reaction; burning.

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 Condensation Point
The temperature at which a gas changes into a liquid.

Conduction (heat)
A method of heat transfer through solids. Heat transfer that is caused by the collision of atoms in solids. The
two containers are connected by the aluminum bar. Heat energy is transferred through the solid bar by the
process of conduction.

Conservation of Momentum
When no net external force acts on a system, the total momentum of the system remains unchanged. When two
internal bodies interact and no external forces are acting on the objects, their total momentum remains
unchanged.

Convection
A method of heat transfer through fluids such as air or water. Warmer air (water) rises and cooler air (water)
sinks creating convection currents. Convection currents are also found in the Earth's mantle.
The diagram shows convection currents in a large beaker of water. The density of the water directly above the
Bunsen burner is lower than the density of the surrounding water. The warm, less dense water is forced to rise
as the more dense water sinks. The result is a convection current that transfers heat within the fluid.

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 Conversion of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy may be changed from one form to another; for example,
chemical energy can be changed into light energy.

Crystallization The formation of crystals.

Density Mass per unit volume; a measure of the packing of the particles of matter. Density is calculated by
the equation:

Electrostatic Force
The force exerted on a charged particle in an electric field. The intensity (strength) of the electric field is
related to the magnitude of the electrostatic force and the charge of the particle: E = F/q.

Energy The ability to do work. Energy can be classified as potential (the energy of position or stored
energy), and kinetic (the energy of motion). Forms of energy include:

light energy - electromagnetic radiation

electric energy - the flow of electrons
heat energy - flow of temperature
mechanical energy - the capacity to do work
chemical energy - stored in chemical bonds
nuclear energy- energy produced by fission or fusion of atomic nuclei

Work can only be done by the transfer of energy from one object or system to another and the same units are
used to measure work and energy. The joule, J, is the standard unit of energy: 1 joule = 1 watt-second.

Fahrenheit A temperature scale based on the freezing point a solution of salt and water (0°F) and the
boiling point of water (212°F).

The temperature in degrees Fahrenheit is widely used on surface weather maps in the United States.

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 Force A push or pull that affects the state of motion of an object.

Unbalanced forces produce an acceleration.

Force is a vector quantity.
Force directly related to the mass of an object and its acceleration: F = ma.

Frequency The number of vibrations occurring per unit of time. Hz, is the standard unit of frequency: 1 Hz
= 1 cycle/second.

Gas A phase of matter that has no definite shape or volume.

A gas takes the shape of its sealed container and completely fills it.

Gravitational Attraction The force that draws any two masses in the universe together.

The gravitational attraction of two objects increases as the distance between them decreases.
The larger the masses of the bodies, the greater the attraction.

Gravitational Field Strength (g)

The force per unit mass that acts upon an object at some point in the gravitational field; also referred to as the
acceleration due to gravity: g = F/m.

For objects near the surface of the Earth, g = 9.8 m/s2.

Gravitational Potential Energy Energy gained by an object when work is done on it by moving it against a
gravitational field. (e.g. lifting it higher up).

The change in gravitational potential energy is directly related to the mass of the object and to the
change in its height: ΔPE = mgΔh, with g = 9.8 m/s2 for objects near the surface of the Earth.

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 Heat The energy that is transferred from a warm body to a cold body because of the temperature difference
between them.

Heats spontaneously flows from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature.

Heat transfer The movement of heat energy from regions of high concentration (source) to regions of low
concentration (sink). The movement of heat energy by the processes of conduction, convection, or radiation.

Heating and Cooling Curve

A graph that shows the even heating of a solid starting below its melting point.
In the graph below:

AB shows the solid increasing in temperature.

BC shows the solid melting (the substance is partly solid and partly liquid). The constant temperature
during this phase change is called the melting point of the solid.
CD shows the liquid increasing in temperature.
DE shows the liquid evaporating (the substance is partly liquid and partly gas). The constant temperature
throughout this phase change is the boiling point of the liquid.
EF shows a gas, increasing in temperature.

Hydroelectric energy The production of electrical energy through the use of moving water.

Water falling over a dam or waterfalls is used to spin turbines inside a large magnetic coil.
The turbine spinning inside a magnetic field produces an electric current.
Since hydroelectric power is renewable and causes little pollution, it is preferable where available.

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 Incident Ray (Wave) A light ray or a wave that strikes a surface.

Inertia The resistance of matter to change in its motion.

Mass is a measure of inertia.

Kinetic Energy The energy of motion, as opposed to potential energy (stored energy).

Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy.

Mass The amount of matter in an object measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). The resistance that an
object offers to a force acting upon it; the ratio of the net force acting on the object to its acceleration: m = F/a.

Melting A phase change from a solid to a liquid.

millimeter (mm) A metric unit of measurement.

1 millimeter = 1,000 micrometers.

1,000 millimeters = 1meter.
1 millimeter = 0.001 meter or 1/1,000 of a meter.

Molecule The smallest part of a compound with properties of that compound; formed by atoms bonded
together in a definite ratio. A compound can be broken down by a chemical change.

Momentum A vector quantity that has the same direction as an object’s velocity; its magnitude is equal to
the product of the object’s mass and speed: p = mv.

motion Movement; a change in place or position.

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 Negative Charge An excess of electrons, such as when ion has more electrons than protons.

Net Charge
The sum of the positive and negative charges in a system. The net charge in a closed system is constant.
Charges may be transferred from one object to another.

Newton's First Law of Motion An object remains at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force (a net force); also called the Law of Inertia.

Newton's Second Law of Motion An unbalanced force (net force) acting on an object causes an
acceleration which is directly related to the magnitude of the force, and which acts in the same direction as the
force: F = ma.

Newton's Third Law of Motion If one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts a force on
the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction; also referred to as action-reaction.

Normal A reference line drawn perpendicular to a surface of interest. Normals are frequently used as a
reference from which angles of incidence, angles of reflection, and angles of refraction are measured.

Nuclear energy [Earth] Energy produced by the nuclei of atoms.

Electricity in some power plants is produced by fission reactions.

The heat from the nuclear reaction is used to boil water and produce steam.
The steam is used to spin turbines inside a large magnetic coil.
The turbine spinning inside a magnetic field produces an electric current.
Nuclear enery is a renewable resource, but nuclear power plants produce hazardous wastes that are
difficult to dispose of.

The photograph shows a nuclear power plant.

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 Periodic Wave
A series of regular (evenly timed) disturbances in a medium.

Phase Change
A physical change from one phase of matter into another, e.g. solid to liquid to gas, or gas to liquid to solid.

A phase changes involves either the absorption or release of heat energy without a change in
temperature.

Phase of Matter, Gas

A phase of matter that has no specific shape and fills the volume of its container.

Gases are the least orderly (most random) of the three phases of matter, with the highest energy level.
The gaseous phase of matter is indicated by the notation "(g)".

Plane Mirror
A flat reflecting surface. When an object is reflected in a plane mirror, the surface of the mirror acts as a line of
symmetry between the oject and its image. The image is erect, virtual (appears to come from behine the
mirror), the same size as the object, but reversed left-to-right.

Positive Charge An excess of protons, such as when ion has fewer electrons than protons.

Potential Energy Stored energy or energy of position, such as the energy stored in a chemical bond;
contrast with kinetic energy (energy of motion).

Power The time-rate of doing work.

Since work and energy are closely related, power is also the time-rate at which energy is used.
Power is a scalar quantity.
The standard unit of power is the watt, which is defined as one joule per second: 1 W = 1 J/s.

There are several ways to calculate power: .

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 Radiation A form of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. Radiation can transfer energy through the
vacuum of space as well as through transparent objects.

Reflected Ray When an incident ray strikes a surface, the light ray that is reflected from it is called the
reflected ray. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

Resistance Opposition to current flow in an electrical conductor.

Resistance is measured as the ratio between potential difference across and the current through a
conductor: R = V/I.
The ohm, Ω, is the standard unit of resistance: 1 Ω = 1 V/A.

Rolling Friction The friction that occurs when one object is rolled over another
.

Solid A phase of matter with a definite shape and volume.

The particles of a solid vibrate but do not change their positions.

Solidification The formation of a crystalline solid. For example, the process by which igneous rocks form
as molten material cools and crystallizes.

Speed

A scalar quantity that represents the magnitude of velocity. It is the time-rate of change in distance: .

Static Electricity Isolated and stationary electrical charges, often produced by friction; as opposed to a
sustained current or flow of electrical charge.

Sublimation
A change from a solid directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
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 Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance; how "hot" or "cold".

Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K).

An increase in temperature usually increases the rate of chemical reactions.

Volume
The amount of space occupied by an object.

Wavelength
The wavelength (λ) of a periodic wave is the distance between two consecutive points in phase. The
wavelength can be measured from one point on a wave to an identical point on the same wave. The speed of a
wave is equal to the product of its frequency and its wavelength: v = f λ.

Work
The product of the force acting on an object and its displacement in the direction of the force: W = Fd.

1. Work is done on an object when a force displaces the object.

2. Work is a scalar quantity, equal to the amount of energy it takes to do that work.

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