Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lead Partner
TuTech Innovation GmbH
Harburger Schlossstr. 6-12
21079 Hamburg, Germany
Contact persons: Prof. Dr. Walter Leal,
Dr. Claudia Schultz, Julia Gottwald
Telephone number: +49 40 76629-6345
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This project is financed by the EU-ASIA PRO ECO II B Post-Tsunami PROGRAMME, an initiative to rehabilitate and
reconstruct areas affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami on 26 December 2004.
1 - 27.10.2006
CONSTRUCTION and DEMOLITION WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY
CONTENTS
2 - 27.10.2006
1 Overview of construction waste management in
Germany
Germany’s high material, energy and labour and waste disposal costs favour the
economics of recovering, reusing and recycling as much C&D waste as possible.
Additionally, strong waste management systems have been long required by laws and
regulations at all levels of government in order to minimise the impact of C&D waste in the
waste stream. More recent versions of these regulations focus on the complete material
cycle, working towards a closed loop substance cycle in construction and demolition,
known as “Kreislaufwirtschaft”. This combination of regulatory pushes from government
and economic pulls from the market have helped Germany establish an effective C&D
waste management infrastructure. Furthermore, waste management and abatement
practices have been integrated into mainstream architectural and engineering education
and practice. Architects and engineers designing and constructing buildings are obliged
to consider the entire life cycle of materials, from production, to removal and reuse or
recycling, of components they install in buildings.
3 - 27.10.2006
1.1 Institutional Framework
In Germany, the primary responsibility for ensuring the proper treatment of C&D waste
is in the hands of local authorities. Meanwhile, the Laender, are responsible for the
implementation and enforcement of regulations meant to achieve C&D waste goals set by
higher levels of government, particularly the Federal government of Germany and the EU.
At the EU level, regulation of Construction and Demolition Waste falls under the
broader category of waste and is integrated into the broader targets set by legislation in
this area of concern. Member states were obligated to adopt the original waste Directive
of 1975 and all further amendments to the law. The Sixth Environment Action Programme
2010 is the most recent of EU initiatives to improve implementation of EU legislation in
member states and is overseen by the European Commission with the European
Environment Agency as a supporting institution. The European Commission itself is
responsible for ensuring the compliance of member states with EU legislation.
At the national level, Germany’s Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and
Nuclear Safety, supported by the Federal Environmental Agency, is responsible for the
development of legislation on C&D waste. The national level of responsibility includes the
provision of technical instructions regarding the disposal of wastes, the setting of targets
and goals and transposition of EU Directives. All federal level legislation overrides
regional and local legislation when conflicts arise.
At the state level, “Laender” are responsible for the implementation of federal
legislation and establishing more specific extensions waste management legislation. They
are responsible for the enforcement of regulations on C&D waste and overseeing the
proper operation of waste treatment and disposal facilities.
At the local level, municipalities are responsible for the administration and issuing of
demolition and construction permits that now occasionally include detailed deconstruction
plans and detailed recycling specifications of the building’s materials. While local
authorities are responsible for arranging the collection, recycling and disposal
infrastructure of household waste, commercial waste such as C&D waste is solely the
responsibility of the waste’s owners. The local authority ensures this responsibility is met
according to federal and state legislation and is responsible for initiating prosecution
against offenders. Any commercial use of the processing, recycling and disposal
infrastructure operated by the municipality is paid for directly by the user.
4 - 27.10.2006
1.2 Regulatory Framework
Germany’s first law on waste disposal was enacted in 1972, establishing a change
from rubbish tips (most of them unregulated and uncontrolled) to centralised, controlled
and regulated landfills.
In 1986 the law for the prevention and disposal of waste was enacted. It outlined
for first time the principles for the transition from disposal to waste management.
According to this law, the first goal must be the prevention of waste and if prevention is not
possible, the composition of waste must be improved in order to permit reuse or recycling.
Generated in 1993, the Technical Instruction for Municipal Waste (DAVA, 1993),
based on the former Law on Prevention and Disposal of Waste of 1986, specifies the
treatment and disposal of waste and deals with waste streams such as domestic waste
and building and demolition waste. The goals of this order are to recycle unavoidable
waste, to reduce the toxicity of waste and to ensure that an environment friendly treatment
or disposal of waste is maintained. It describes that construction and demolition waste
should be collected and prepared for recovery separately at the place of arising. The
responsible municipalities should encourage the utilisation of mobile or semi-mobile
recovery installations. It also contains requirements concerning the disposal of waste.
Fractions which do not meet the requirements set out in the Technical Instruction for
Municipal Waste will not be allowed to be landfilled and will have to be treated further.
In October 1996, the Recycling and Waste Management Act was enacted (Gesetz,
1994). This law set principles for the development of waste management towards a closed
loop economy. It established a new hierarchy for waste treatment where the avoidance of
waste is better than the recycling of waste, but recycling is more preferable to the disposal
of waste. The disposal of waste is only permitted when recycling is much more expensive
or impossible and the waste is unavoidable. This Act established also the responsibility of
the producers for the waste arising from their products.
In order to comply with the objectives of the Act, waste destined for recovery is to be
kept and treated separately. Recovery of waste has priority over disposal to the extent that
recovery is technically possible and economically reasonable (Art. 5 Krw-/AbfG). Art. 7, 23
and 24 KrW-/AbfG authorises the federal government to enact administrative orders and
statutory ordinances, with the aim of enforcing prevention, recovery and to reduce
contamination on wastes. The Recycling and Waste Management Act contains
supplementary subsidiary regulations, which consist of various ordinances and are
shown in table 1.
5 - 27.10.2006
1996
Source: Schultmann (2001)
Ordinances that restructure supervision under waste management law and align it with
EU law
• Ordinance on the Classification of Waste Requiring Special Supervision (Verordnung,
1996a)
• Ordinance on the Classification of Waste for Recovery that Requires Supervision
(Verordnung, 1996b)
• Ordinance on the Furnishing or Proof (Verordnung, 1996c)
• Ordinance on Licensing of Transport (Verordnung, 1996d)
Ordinances that create a basis for further deregulation of supervision
• Ordinance on Waste Management Concepts and Waste Life Cycle Analysis (Verordnung,
1996e)
• Ordinance on Specialised Waste Management Companies (Verordnung, 1996f)
• Directive on the Activities and Approval of Waste Management Partnerships
Though these two drafts have not thus far come into force they spawned a
Voluntary Agreement (FSBW, 1996) signed in 1996 by several industrial organisations.
The Agreement mainly focused on construction and demolition waste management and
set out the goal of achieving the targets laid out in the draft ordinances. Table 2 shows the
measures included in this agreement.
Table 2: measure related with C&D waste from the Voluntary agreement of
1996
Source: Schultmann (2001)
Measures
• Information and advisory services to be made available to construction and
demolition companies
• R&D about avoidance of construction and demolition waste, separation and
sorting of wastes and recovery measures, quality assurance for recycled
materials and promotion of applications for recycled materials.
6 - 27.10.2006
In March 2003, the Waste Wood Ordinance entered into force. The legal
framework of the Ordinance divides waste wood into four categories, according to
pollutant type. Certain material or energetic recycling processes are only admissible for
individual or multiple waste wood categories. Affected parties are responsible for keeping
records and arranging periodic external controls to verify their compliance with these
provisions. Because waste wood can always be recycled, either materially or
energetically, except contaminated waste wood, which must be thermally treated
(incinerated), the dumping of waste wood on landfill sites is prohibited. (BMU, 2003)
Listing of Regulations Significant to Waste Management in Germany
As established by the Recycling and Waste Management Act of 1996, the waste
producer is ultimately responsible for the disposal of any waste they generate. In
Germany however all actors in the building material cycle share responsibility in facilitating
the feasibility of reducing, recovering and recycling of C&D waste.
7 - 27.10.2006
As per § 22 KrW /AbfG construction material manufacturers are responsible for
ensuring that their products are designed in such a way as to reduce wastage (eg:
different lengths of floorboards to reduce cutoffs), facilitate recovery after usage, work
towards making them recyclable and make them environmentally compatible with post
recovery applications.
Building owners, developers and their agents (engineers and architects) are
responsible for integrating a waste management strategy into their construction plan. This
includes the use of recyclable building materials. Despite this being a regulatory
requirement recyclable buildings provide developers and owners with cost advantages as
demolition materials that can not be recycled must be disposed, making them a financial
liability rather than a valuable asset.
Demolition contractors have a special multi role responsibility in the C&D waste
management process. They provide invaluable service to building owners by taking over
responsibility of recovering, treating, processing and marketing a building’s materials. To
accomplish this demolition and recycling contractors must demolish buildings in such a
way that material recovery and recycling is made possible. They are bound to do this both
by legal considerations as set out in the regulatory requirements for C&D waste
management and financial interest. A demolition company is responsible for the
marketing of recovered demolition materials and can earn a significant portion of its
revenues through the sale of recovered and recycled building materials. Part of the
market competitiveness of a demolition company is their ability to offer demolition services
at low or no cost (occasionally they will pay the building owner). The company that can
extract the highest value possible from demolition wastes will be the most competitive and
profitable on the market. This arrangement bodes particularly well for ensuring the
recovery of waste as either the building owner or demolitions contractor face large costs if
recovered C&D waste is contaminated. Not only does the responsible party lose the sale
value of the material but they must also pay for disposal of the contaminated material in a
landfill or incinerator.
8 - 27.10.2006
Working Group on Closed Loop Recycling Management in Construction
www.arge-kwtb.de
The ARGE KWTB was founded in 1995. In 1996, the organisation made a committed
to the government to reduce by 50% the volume of recyclable construction waste
disposed in landfills by 2005. This obligation has been met annually since 1996.
Performance of the C&D waste and recycling industry are reported every two years to
the Federal Ministry of the Environment.
-to avoid construction waste, e.g. by preserving existing building fabric and construction
that has been built for a long useful life.
-to keep construction waste in the economic cycle, e.g. by maintaining nearly
homogeneous division of substances, by recycling methods that allow good future
reutilisation of the material and by the adequate use of recycled construction waste.
- to reduce the disposal of construction waste to the inevitable minimum and to avoid
the disposal of recyclable construction waste.
9 - 27.10.2006
Table 3 shows some measures taken in order to influence the management of
construction and demolition waste in Germany (Symonds, 1999)
Mono landfill (for possible Some, for inert waste and/or soils.
future recovery)
Other environmental or Disposal sites tightly controlled, re-use sites less so.
planning controls Destination of C&DW has to be documented from
1.1.1999. System differs for inert/hazardous wastes.
Taxes (landfill and others) No federal tax or levy. 5 Länder tried to impose
levies on waste incineration and disposal generally
but this power was overturned in the courts. There
are different prices for landfilling according to the
hazardousness of the waste.
10 - 27.10.2006
1.4 Quantification of C&D Waste in Germany
During 2002 and 2003, Germany generated 381.3 and 366.4 million tons (Mt) of
waste respectively. From these amounts, construction and demolition waste (C&DW)
represented 63.2% in 2002 and 61.0% in 2003.
Production
and
M unicipal
P ro ductio n industrial Municipal
waste
and industrial wastes waste
52,772
wastes 46,712 49,622
13.8% Slag fro m
42,218 12.7% 13.5%Slag from
mining (no n mining (non
11.1%
hazardo us hazardous
waste) waste)
45,461
46,689
11.9%
12.7%
Co nstructio n Constructio
and n and
demo litio n demolition
wastes (incl. wastes (incl.
ro ad road
demo litio n demolition
waste)
waste)
240,812
223,389
63.2%
61 0%
Figure 1: Generation of waste in Germany, in Figure 2: Generation of waste in Germany, in
1000t (2002) 1000t (2003)
Source: Destatis (2005) Source: Destatis (2005)
The total generation of C&DW in 2002 was 240.8 Mt (see figure 1). From this
amount, 230.9 Mt (95.9%) were non-hazardous waste and 142.0 Mt (59.0%)
corresponded to excavated material
. In 2003, the total generation of C&DW in Germany was 223.4 Mt (see figure 2).
From this amount, 213.7 Mt (95.7%) were non-hazardous waste and 130.3 Mt (61.0%)
corresponded to excavated material. Deeper analyses of the constitution of C&DW for
2003 are still not available.
11 - 27.10.2006
300.000
250.000
200.000
x 1000t
Recycling
150.000
206.076 Disposal
192.626
100.000
50.000
34.736 30.763
0
2002 2003
12 - 27.10.2006
1.5 Recycling, re-use and disposal of C&D Waste in Germany
Of the total amount of C&D waste generated in 2002, the percentage of recycling
was 85.6%. In 2003 this value reached 86.2% (see figure 4). Table 4 and figures 5 and 6
present the specific treatments applied to C&D waste in 2002 and 2003.
Table 4 and figures 5 and 6 present the specific treatments applied to C&D waste in 2002
and 2003.
Table 4: Amount and treatment of C&D waste in Germany, 2002-2003
Source: Destatis (2005b; 2005c)
Landfilled
Landfilled Incinerated
26.878
30.741 497 Treated
12,0%
12,8% 0,2% 3.388
Incinerated
Treated 1,5%
410
3.585
0,2%
1,5% Thermal
recycling
Thermal 142
recycling 0,1%
162
0,1%
M aterial
recycling M aterial
205.914 recycling
85,5% 192.484
86,2%
Figure 5: Treatment of C&D waste in Germany, in Figure 6: Treatment of C&D waste in Germany, in
1000t (2002) 1000t (2003)
Source: Destatis (2005) Source: Destatis (2005)
13 - 27.10.2006
Table 5: Composition of C&W in Germany (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005)
Origin Amount %
(million tones)
Road demolition waste 16.6 7.8
Building demolition waste 52.1 24.3
Construction site waste 4.3 2.0
Excavated material 140.9 65.9
Total 213.9 100
According to the KWTBau (2005), the 73.0 Mt of generated C&D waste excluding
excavated material, generated 51.1 Mt of recycled material, representing a 70% rate of
recovery.
In the case of building demolition waste, KWTBau (2005) determined that from the
52.1 Mt corresponding to this item, 35.7 Mt were recycled representing a 68.5% recycling-
rate. 7.0 Mt (13.4%) were used in mining installations and 3.8 Mt (7.3%) were directly
used by public authorities. 1.6 Mt (3.1%) were used for landfill construction and 4.0 Mt
were landfilled. (Figure 7)
From the 16.6 Mt of road demolition waste generated in 2002, 14.2 Mt (85.5%)
were recycled (KWTBau, 2005). 1.7 Mt (10.2%) were used by public authorities, 0.3 Mt
(1,9%) were used in mining installations, 0.1 Mt (0.6%) were used in landfill installations
and 0.3 Mt were landfilled. (Figure 8)
Figure 7: Treatment given to building demolition Figure 8: Treatment given to road demolition
Waste (2002) waste (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005) Source: KWTBau (2005)
According to KWTBau (2005), from the 4.3 Mt of construction site waste, 2.3 Mt
(53.5%) were landfilled, 1.2 Mt (27.9%) were recycled and 0.8 Mt (18.6%) were used in
superficial applications. (Figure 9)
14 - 27.10.2006
Excavation material represents the bigger amount of C&D waste generated in
Germany in 2002 with 140.9 Mt. From these amount (see figure 10), 74.4 Mt (52.8%) was
used in mining installations, 35.8 Mt (25.4%) were used by public authorities, 6.1 Mt
(4.3%) were recycled, 3,6 Mt (2.6%) were used in landfills and 21.0 Mt were landfilled.
(KWTBau, 2005)
Figure 9: Treatment given to construction site Figure 10: Treatment given to excavation
waste (2002) material (2002)
Source: KWBau (2005) Source: KWTBau (2005)
Germany’s annual raw construction material demand is far higher than the annual
amount of recycled building material, implying that all recycled C&D material can
potentially be absorbed by the construction industry alone. This is not however the case
and it appears that a major reason is that engineers and architects have not been able to
specify recycled material without assurances that it will perform equivalent to new
materials.
Much progress, however, has been made in this regard, particularly in terms of
setting and verifying engineering standards for recycled building material, particularly for
use in higher value applications. While applications such as road construction are valid
and cost effective for many C&D materials they imply a downcycling aspect, for example,
from structural components such as brick and concrete, to road base crush.
The German Institute for Quality Assurance and Marking operates a certification
program for C&D material allowing recyclers to market their materials with the confidence
that they are suitable for a particular application. Likewise a builder or material specifier
(architect or engineer) may compare new materials with certified recycled materials, and
take better advantage of the cost savings and ecological benefits inherent in recycled
material.
15 - 27.10.2006
Source: Schultmann (2001)
Area of Application Regulation Application
Regulations
Legislative
Framework Timeline:
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o Introduced waste management principles and recycling
- 1993 Technical Instructions for Municipal Waste
o Specified requirements for of treatment, recycling and
disposal of waste
o Set goals to reduce toxicity, enable recycling
- 1996 Recycling and Waste Management Act
o Introduced producer responsibility, closed material cycle
concept, waste treatment hierarchy (avoid, reduce, reuse,
recycle, dispose)
o Increased powers of enforcement
- 2003 Commercial Waste Ordinance
o Makes separation of wastes from commercial enterprise a
legal requirement
- 2003 Waste Wood Ordinance
o Requires the recycling or energetic usage of old wood and
prohibits further landfilling
o Regulates the owners of mature wood (eg: old houses, barns
etc.)
- 2003 Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management
and Ensuring Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal
o
Economic Impact According to the environmental statistics of the year 2002 the volume of
Dimension of construction waste and demolition waste amounted to 213,9 million tons.
waste market or Total German recycling industry:
construction
17 - 27.10.2006
material market 2004 Turnover = 4.94 Billion euro
Employees:
2000 – 13375, 2001 – 18482, 2002 - 15685, 2003 – 15103, 2004 – 17053
(Eurostat 2006)
Origin Amount %
(million tones)
Road demolition waste 16.6 7.8
Building demolition waste 52.1 24.3
Construction site waste 4.3 2.0
Excavated material 140.9 65.9
Total 213.9 100
Recycling/ Reuse 300.000
Ratio
performance% and 250.000
Recycling
150.000
206.076 Disposal
192.626
100.000
50.000
34.736 30.763
0
2002 2003
18 - 27.10.2006
Demolition waste (2002) Road demolition waste (2002)
Main
Technologies C&D materials are processed by a number of means and techniques.
Excavators are flexible multirole tool that is also widely used along with a
wide variety of task specific attachments used to methodically dismantle
buildings and process material onsite. These include:
- Crushing jaws
- Jackhammers
- Saws
- Debris buckets
- Metal shears
Onsite and in plant sorting and processing of C&D waste is a vital step in the
recycling process. This is accomplished both manually and by way of both
mobile and stationary machines:
19 - 27.10.2006
2 Overview of construction waste materials in
Germany
Of Germany’s annual total C&D waste stream, materials resulting directly from
demolition and construction site waste account for only about a quarter of the annual total.
These materials are however, both of higher value and more difficult to recover and
process for reuse. Road demolition waste can often be reused onsite or for other
roadwork but it may also be used to as site recovery backfill in mining, gavel and sand
pits. Such usage is normally reserved for excavation material. The only requirement
before such usage of C&D waste is ensuring the environmental inertness of the material
and treating it if necessary. Recovering and recycling of building specific C&D waste
involves separating materials from each other during or after demolition/deconstruction
and processing each according to their specific properties and potential uses. Statistical
data on the Germany wide material composition of C&D waste is unfortunately not
available. Some regional studies, however, can serve as relevant examples.
Gypsumand
Mixed building and
Mortar Tar free bitumen
demolition waste ,
9.2% mixes, 17.7%
17.7%
Metals Plastics Wood, 2.5%
0.2% 0.6%
,
Concrete
25.5%
Bricks and
Stones Concrete, Brick,
50.2% Steel Metal and Plastics ,
Tile and Ceramic,
0.9% 2.4%
59.1%
Wood
Gypsum
13.4%
contaminated
waste , 0.6%
Figure 11: Composition of building demolition Figure 12: Composition of building demolition
material, Upper-Rhine Region material, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein
In both studies, concrete, bricks and rubble resulting from either or other materials
are the most common material by far. The mixed results of other materials may be due to
the different measuring techniques, samples and regional differences in construction
methods but highlights the requirement for standard classification of materials in order to
avoid confusion among actors in the C&D waste recycling industry.
Germany has adopted the EU’s waste classification system into law and classifies
all types and varieties of C&D wastes as shown below.
20 - 27.10.2006
EU Waste Catalogue (Regulated Waste Listing)
21 - 27.10.2006
The methods for recycling each of these materials is crucial to the economic and
practical feasibility of recovering them in the first place. Wood is widely sought after by
recyclers due to its wide use in energy generation. Germany boasts widespread adoption
of wood based electricity and heat generation from the residential to industrial and utility
scale. Other materials, like metals, have established worldwide markets for recycling
while others, like recovered concrete have limited and often local markets, for example in
road construction.
The following Factsheets describe the unique contexts and properties of each
significant material in the waste stream, as well as the post recycling uses, both real and
potential.
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2.1 Material Fact Sheet CONCRETE
Material CONCRETE
Cement-based products
Foamed concrete
It consists of Portland cement and fine sand in
proportions of about half and half. Foamed concrete is
seldom use in building construction because its
relatively low thermal insulation and low load-bearing
capacity.
The environmental aspects of this concrete are the
same as in situ concrete.
Aerated concrete
Aerated concrete is produced by reacting finely
powdered quartz (about 50 percent by weight) with lime,
gypsum and cement. A yeast constituent such as
aluminium powder is added to a proportion of about 0.1
percent. Aerated concrete is the only commercial pure
mineral block with good structural properties and a high
thermal insulation value. (Ayres, 1999)
Aerated concrete can be considered inert and problem
free as waste. Both prefabricated units and the blocks
can be re-used, depending upon how they were laid and
the mortar used. Crushed aerated concrete can be used
as insulating granules for road building, and also as
aggregate in lime sandstone, different light mortars and
light concretes.
23 - 27.10.2006
with light aggregate are widely available.
Origin
Concrete is the primary material for larger buildings in
foundations, retaining walls, walls, roofs and floor
construction. It is also used as pavement on roads.
a) Pre Fabricated
elements
b) Concrete Block (once
cleaned of mortar and
finishes)
Ways of sorting
Reuse Some concrete components can be reused with little
processing:
c) Pre Fabricated elements
d) Concrete Block (once cleaned of mortar and
finishes)
RECYCLING
The value of in-situ concrete in terms of recycling is low
(Berge, 2000). It can be crushed and ground to
aggregate. The majority of it has to be sorted and used
as fill.
24 - 27.10.2006
dictated by the local availability of lime rock deposits, as
hauling costs are substantial. The purity (i.e. presence
of wood, dirt, other contamination) of the material may
also be an issue.
Aggregate in concrete
Crushed concrete has been proposed for use as
aggregate in the manufacture of new concrete.
According to Townsend (1999), the addition of crushed
concrete fines has been used, but the quality does not
always meet the same results as when using clean sand
and rock aggregate.
Drainage material
Crushed concrete that has been well screened of fine
particles provides similar drainage characteristics as
new rock or gravel. It can be used for drainage
applications in construction. Other possibilities include
septic drain fields and landfill leachate collection
systems. Crushed concrete does raise the pH of water
in contact with it, so care must be taken if this presents
a concern with regard to water quality (i.e. impact on a
surface water or groundwater supply).
Ways of collection
Recovered from concrete demolition sites unprocessed
or preferably, pre crushed by excavator breaker or
mobile crushing machine. Reduced volume of concrete
allows for fewer loads and lower transport costs.
Source:
www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/db/html/RCMW.htm
Jackhammering and crushing in-situ, separation from
25 - 27.10.2006
steel components manually and by crusher and
magnetic separation.
Recycling Process
1. Reduced by crusher and sorted by kernel size
2. Removal of metals by magnet
3. Used concrete as fill material, gravel substitute,
stabilising material
4. Reinforcing steel as scrap for steel production
Technologies
For Example:
Concrete crusher
“RUBBLEMASTER”
“RM60 - The FLEXIBLE
ENTRANCE MODEL the
crane-lift mobile RM60
produces 80 tonnes/h of
granular material from
Roller screens
The Minerals roller screens
are used to separate on-size
particles from the oversize
and undersize fractions.
Wobbler feeders/scalpers
The unique action of a
wobbler feeder provides
feeding and scalping of
materials in a single
machine.
Even wet, sticky materials
can often be handled due to
the specially designed self-
cleaning, non-clogging
elliptical bars.
26 - 27.10.2006
making them ideal for both stationary and portable
applications.
Market/Products
Price per unit (if Example: GOLLAN Recycled Concrete 9,90 €/t
available)
Regulations Landfilling of waste concrete is forbidden in Germany
Reuse is regulated by DIN and LAGA specifications
27 - 27.10.2006
www.ehlert-soehne.de
www.buhck-hamburg.de
www.baureka.de/Leistungsverzeichnis/
www.b-i-m.de/struktur
28 - 27.10.2006
2.2 Material Fact Sheet BRICK
Material BRICK
Origin DIN 106 Standard Bricks
Clay, sand and light mineral materials are wet mixed,
formed, and kiln fired
RECYCLING
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surface material on unpaved roads in rural areas.
RC-Rubble 0/32
Underlayer or Filter layer for foundations
RC-Rubble 32/56
Top layer for path and public space surfaces
RC-Rubble 0/X
Mechanical Soil stabiliser
30 - 27.10.2006
31 - 27.10.2006
2.3 Material Fact Sheet WOOD
RECYCLING
32 - 27.10.2006
Ways of sorting Recovered wood is sorted by
material quality, degree of
contamination, size and type.
Further sorting is carried out
according to intended processing.
Technologies Shredders
Single-Shaft-Shredder
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Powerline
34 - 27.10.2006
Knife system The knife bearers are screwed or welded onto the
rotor depending on requirements. The multi-turn and
regrindable rotor knives, as well as the newly developed stator
knife system guarantee a considerable reduction in wear costs.
A durable hydraulic drive system is available for highly
contaminated feedstock. The electro-mechanical drive with
frequency converter guarantees maximum throughput rates for
clean and pre-treated materials.
Market/Products
Fuel
The most common reuse option for wood
recovered from C&D recycling is for fuel.
Engineered wood
A number of engineered wood products can be produced from
chipped wood material.
These products include fiberboard, oriented strand board, and
particleboard. The wood chips are formed into boards by
various pressing methods and adhesives. No foreign materials
should be present.
Mulch
Chipped wood may be used for mulch in horticultural and
agricultural applications. The wood should be free of foreign
material as much as possible and should contain no treated
35 - 27.10.2006
wood. The reuse possibilities of mulch from recovered C&D
wood typically revolves around aesthetics. Foreign materials
such as nails and plastic greatly limit appeal (MEO, 2004).
Price per unit (if Wood Pellets: €180.20/tonne (2005) (Solar Promotion GmbH)
available)
Regulations AltholzVO
36 - 27.10.2006
2.4 Material Fact Sheet METAL (Steel)
RECYCLING
In 2000, 42 % of German steel was produced from scrap. The
foundry industry produced approximately 5.3 million tonnes of cast
steel in the same year. According to data the German Foundry
Federation this was 88% more scrap utilisation than in the previous
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year. Germany’s foundry industry is highly dependant on scrap
metal.
Ways of collection Metals recovered from C&D waste may be directly removed from a
building already segregated from other materials. Large sections
may be cut or shredded onsite before transport. When collected in
conjunction with other materials such as concrete, brick, wood,
plastic and others metals must be sorted out from other materials at
a central processing site.
Technologies In Germany two different steel production methods are used, each
with different possible levels of scrap steel content.
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Global supply of metal using
scrap (Annual Tonnes)
Blue
Pig Iron
Violet
Electrolytic Iron
Yellow
Scrap
Price per unit (if Steel Scrap Prices (As of 10.10.2002 * in €/t)
available)
West
E2/Sorte 2 New steel scrap ca. € 95,00/t - € 110,00/t
E3/Sorte 3 Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 90,00/t - € 105,00/t
North
E2/Sorte 2 New steel scrap ca. € 95,00/t - € 110,00/t
E3/Sorte 3 Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 95,00/t - € 112,00/t
East
Sorte E3/1 New steel scrap ca. € 64,50/t - € 67,00/t
E3/Sorte 3 Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 72,00/t - € 74,50/t
Southwest
E1/Sorte 1 New steel scrap ca. € 60,50/t - € 61,50/t
E3/Sorte 3 Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 68,50/t - € 71,50/t
South
E1/Sorte 1 New steel scrap ca. € 46,00/t - € 51,00/t
E3/Sorte 3 Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 64,00/t - € 69,00/t
Prices are for material only. All logistics, transport and labour
costs must be covered by the buyer or seller.
Regulations
Long before the entry into law of the Closed Substance Cycle
Waste Management in 1996, the German steel recycling industry
was meeting goals set out in the EU’s Agenda 21 initiative. Today,
documentation, certification and industry wide quality management
systems ensure a high quality of recycled steel material. This
allows for even more steel to be recycled, yielding important cost,
resource and energy savings.
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2.5 Material Fact Sheet METAL (Aluminium)
Ways of collection
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components that can be effectively separated from a mix by
eddy current separation.
Charging
As a rule computer controlled selection and mixing of scrap
types whose chemical composition is as close as possible to
that of the required alloy.
Melting
Various furnace types are available for melting aluminium
scrap. In Germany, scrap for the production of casting alloys is
commonly melted in rotary furnaces under a layer of liquid
melting salt (flux). Producers of wrought alloys prefer open
hearth furnaces in varying designs.
Refining
The alloy production in rotary furnaces is followed by a refining
process. The molten alloy is fed into a holding furnace
(converter) and purified through the addition of refining agents.
Quality control
Every single charge of the furnace is tested in the plants’
laboratories with modern computer controlled analytical
technology equipment and, provided that the result is positive,
receives a certificate.
Casting
The molten aluminium is either cast into ingots or transported in
liquid form to a foundry. The ingots weigh, depending on the
shape of the mould used, between 4 and 25 kg. Liquid
aluminium is filled into pre-heated thermos containers and
transported to the foundries, where the liquid metal is filled into
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holding furnaces and processed immediately.
Homogenising
Heat treatment of extrusion billets in special furnaces in order
to obtain a metal structure which is appropriate for further
processing and to remove residual stress of the casting.
Refiner
Produces casting alloys and deoxidised aluminium from old
and new scrap and supplies them in the shape of ingots and
liquid aluminium.
Remelter
Produces wrought alloys from mainly clean and sorted wrought
alloy scrap and supplies them in the shape of rolling slabs,
extrusion billets or master alloys.
Casting alloys
Casting alloy, standardised or produced according to specific
customer requirements, are supplied in ingot or liquid form to
foundries which cast them into high quality components.
Typical applications are cylinder heads, engine blocks or gear
boxes in automobiles, components and parts in the mechanical
and electrical engineering industries, casings for household
equipment etc.
Wrought alloys
Wrought alloys are predominantly cast directly into extrusion
billets and rolling slabs. Typical wrought alloy products are
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semifabricated items in the form of sheet, foils or profiles, which
are processed into automobile body parts, commercial vehicle
constructions, rail vehicles, doors and windows, packaging, etc.
Deoxidised aluminium
Deoxidised aluminium consists of alloys with a high share of
aluminium (usually exceeding 95 %) in the form of waffle plates
consisting of one or more parts, granules or pellets, which are
used to remove free oxygen from the liquid steel.
Scale
Price per unit (if Varies according to location and material type
available)
Regulations
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2.6 Material Fact Sheet PLASTICS
Material PLASTICS
(Bauteil/Baustoff)
Origin
(Stoffbeschreibung)
RECYCLING Separated collected plastic tubes, roof sheets, floor mats and
plastic windows can be frequently well recycled.
Ways of collection Plastic tubes or rohrreste can to the plastic tube federation e.V.
be transferred, which operates a country wide collecting and
recycling system (www.krv.de).
PVC floor mats are collected country widely by the working group
PVC floor mat recycling (AgPR) and prepared in recycling plants
(www.agpr.de).
PVC roof sheets are collected over the working group for PVC
roof sheet recycling GmbH in a country wide collecting system
with the logistics enterprise Interseroh and spent to recycling
plants (www.dud-ev.de).
Ways of sorting
Recycling Process
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Shredding Shredded Chips (30mm)
The sorted old PVC floor mats are cut up first into chips
measuring at the most 30 millimeters. After a magnetic metal
separation process, a hammer mill releases the chips from
adhering screed and adhesive remainders. Thereupon they are
separated in a sieve jigger from these
reduced impurities. For following fine grinding
the PVC material with liquid nitrogen is cooled
on a temperature of minus 40° C. By the
cooling the PVC chips briefly embrittled and
finely ground into particles with a diameter of
no more than 0.4 millimeters.
Technologies PVC-Roofing
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PVC –Windows, Doors and Shutters
Market While the market for PVC recycling is still limited and largely
driven by regulation, rising energy and material costs are making
it a more attractive means of sourcing raw material for PVC
manufacturing.
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• Vinyl 2010 contains the following guidance actions and
obligations:
• Adherence to the ECVM Charter regarding emission limit
values with the PVCHerstellung;
• Flat for a complete substitution from lead stabilizers to
2015 additionally to the substitution of cadmium
stabilizers, valid since March 2001;
• The utilization of 200.000 tons of "post usage PVC
wastes" in the year 2010. This goal is added to the 1999
decided utilization quantities for "post usage wastes" as
well as for the any utilization of "post usage wastes" in
accordance with the requirements of the conversion of the
European Union guidelines for packaging wastes, old cars
and electrical and electronics old devices for the period
after 1999;
• Utilization of 50% of the detectable available PVC wastes
of window sections, pipes, armatures and roof foils starting
from 2005 as well as of floor coverings starting from 2008;
• A research and a development program for new utilization
and recuperation technologies including the raw material
utilization and the solvent-based technologies;
• The conversion of one with the European federation the
mining industry -, chemistry and energy trade unions
(European mine, Chemical and Energy Workers '
Federation - EMCEF) signed social Charter for the
development of standards for the social dialogue as well
as for training, health protection, security and
environmental protection, including a transmission of
these standards on the European Union entry countries;
• Partnership with the municipalities within the "Association
OF Communes and region for recycling (ACRR)" with the
goal of the promotion of best practices as well as of local
pilot measures in the area of the utilization. Extension of
the European Union contains. A component of the
program is beyond that also a strict monitoring process
regarding its conversion in the form of certified annual
reports.
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2.7 Material Fact Sheet TILES
Material TILES
(Bauteil/Baustoff)
Origin Clay, Sand and Metal oxides are wet formed and kiln
(Stoffbeschreibung) fired
RECYCLING
Ways of collection Onsite
Ways of sorting Seperation of non frost resistant material, Wobbler
feeders, Sifting
Recycling Process Ceramics are crushed, often along with brick and
concrete. The mixtures are then sorted according to
kernel size.
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2.8 Material Fact Sheet EXCAVATION MATERIAL
sonst: Deponie
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building material waste.
Technologies
Sifters, Filtering machines, Magnetic separators
BOMIX ®
Reprepared soil, stable fill material, road construction
fill, and gravel/sand pit backfill
Price per unit (if N/A
available)
Regulations Simple disposal is forbidden
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2.9 Material Fact Sheet ASBESTOS
Material ASBESTOS
Origin Asbestos is the name for a group of naturally
occurring, fibrous minerals. White asbestos
(Chrysotil) and blue asbestos (Krokydolith) were
most frequently used. Since asbestos is
extraordinarily heatproof and very chemically stable,
it was used for the production of various products.
It was applied in two forms.
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contaminated materials and components is
conducted
- If asbestos contamination is present – a
specification of the demolition or
deconstruction process must be provided to
the responsible authorities.
- Before beginning of the demolition and/or
renovation asbestos contaminated materials
are to be removed and disposed according to
the provided procedure.
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directed at cement and concrete production, as
fluxing agent and as secondary raw material for
hydrofluoric acid
Market
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2.10 Material Fact Sheet MIXED CONSTRUCTION WASTE
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Recycling Process Materials recovered from mixed wastes are either
added to their respective material groups and
recycled, sent to an incinerator for energy recovery
or landfilled.
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if Separation of polluting materials can allow for
available) significant savings in disposal costs.
Regulations The Commercial Waste Regulation requires
separation wastes from the building site into
respective groups in order to in order to make high-
quality utilization of the wastes possible. Exceptions
to this requirement are only possible under certain
conditions.
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Overview of construction waste companies in Germany
German demolition and construction waste companies are the vital link in the C&D
waste management chain. They possess the technical knowledge, equipment, training
and organisation vital to an effective recover C&D waste management system.
Furthermore, they play an important role in the construction industry by assuming
responsibility for the dismantling, processing, marketing, sale or disposal of all building
related wastes. They have significant incentives to improve their techniques and the
quality of the material they process because they often also earn a proportion of their
revenue from selling the material they recycle.
The below table lists the average deposit fees and recycling costs for various types of
materials in Germany.
As is evident in the table, while recycling is advantageous for many materials, the
cost of recycling is required as disposal of recyclable C&D waste materials is simply
forbidden by German law. It should also be noted that the ability of a recycler to earn
revenues with the material they receive can affects the cost of recycling to the material
owner. If the material is of higher quality and recovered in a manner that preserves this
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quality a recycler may be able to sell it as a higher valuable material and pass on some of
these earnings to the original material owner in the form of lower recycling costs.
Figure 13: C&D waste treated in construction Figure 14: Use of recycled material from C&D
waste treatment plants in Germany, in 1000t (2002) waste (2002)
Source: Destatis (2004a) Source KWTBau (2005)
From the 51.1 Mt of recycled material, 35.5 Mt (69.4%) were used in road
construction and 9.9 Mt (19.4%) in earth-moving. 4.9 Mt (9.6%) were used for various
purposes like garden, landscape and sport-field construction. 0.8 Mt (1.6%) were used as
concrete aggregate. (Figure 14)
The data of table 8 show that the main amount of the 59.8 Mt entering C&D waste
treatment plants was treated in mobile/semi-mobile plants (55.3%) and the rest in
stationary plants (44.7%). From this value, 57.2 Mt were recycled, representing 96% of the
total C&D waste treated in Germany in 2002. The main recycled products were concrete
from building and road demolition (44%); sand, gravel, crushed stones, plaster, gypsum
and mixed mineral material (20%) and bricks (17%). A summary of the amount of
recovered material in construction waste treatment plants is shown in table 9.
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Table 9: Recovered material treated in C&W treatment plants in Germany, in 1000t (2002)
Source: Destatis (2004b)
Figures 15 to 17 show some examples of mobile, semi-mobile and stationary plants used in Germany.
Figure 15: Mobile Plant Figure 16: Semi-Mobile Plant Figure 17: Stationary Plant
Economics
Germany’s entire recycling market recorded a 2004 turnover of 4.94 billion Euros.
Employment in the industry grew from 13375 employees in 2000 to over 17000 in 2004.
(Eurostat 2006) While some of this economic activity and employment accounts for the
recycling of household and commercial wastes, C&D wastes account for a large portion of
the overall waste mix, implying that a significant portion of these numbers can be
attributed specifically to the C&D recycling industry.
While these statistics are encouraging, they reflect only one side of the economics of
recycling. The Cologne Institute for Economic Research estimates that the use of
secondary raw materials added 3.7 billion to German GDP in 2005 in terms of avoided
material costs. Such savings are particularly significant for materials that are in short
supply or regularly imported.
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3.1 Company Fact Sheet OTTO DÖRNER
General Intro
Main business fields... - Transport
- Recycling
- Waste Management
- waste containers 1 - 35 m3
- collection, treatment, disposal of waste
- collection and disposal of hazardous waste
- consulting
- waste management for commercial properties and
building-sites.
- garbage collection
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Materials
Input: 2004: 190,000 t
Processes
Different processes Construction waste: automatic and manual sorting, screening air
for each material… separators, magnetic separators
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection, Systems and equipment used for construction waste recycling:
sorting,
treatment….
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1 Segregation line with manual sorting of construction waste
- Excavators
- Wheel-loader
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Collection 40 trucks and some trailers with 8-40 tons permissible maximum
weight
25 garbage-trucks with 26 tons permissible maximum weight
Market
Main - building and demolition companies
Customers/Partners - craftsmen
- public-sector companies
- public authorities
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3.2 Company Fact Sheet CV-Abbruch
Number of 25 Employees
employees/ annual Turnover not available
turnover
General Intro
Main business CV Demolition deals with a wide range of construction
fields... components, from windows and doors to the reutilisation of
demolition materials. CV Demolition guarantees professional
disassembly of your building and sorting of materials to be
recycle. The reprocessing and marketing of demolition materials
belongs to a qualified waste management company like CV
Demolition.
Materials
Input:
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Construction waste after the first sorting
Output:
Processes
CV Demolition produces building materials from building debris.
Mobile crushing and screening systems are used in the
processing of material, allowing the recovery of valuable materials
such as rough fine stones as well as road construction material
from materials like brick and concrete.
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection,
sorting, Equipment for construction waste recycling:
treatment….
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Excavator jackhammer Excavator crushing tool
Market
Customers/Partners not available
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3.3 Company Fact Sheet GOLLAN
Type of company Sales and delivery of recycled building materials, Demolition and
Renovation, Waste Processing, Wood Waste Processing,
Excavation Material Processing, Sieving and Shredding
Operation of 2 Class Z1 Landfills.
Materials
Input:
http://www.gollan.de/pdf/Annahmekatalog.pdf
Output: Examples
Sales/Delivery
Concrete-
Aggregate 0-8
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FSS 0 - 45, > 60 % > 2 mm, conforms to
ZTVT-STB 95
STS 0 - 45, > 60 % > 2 mm, conforms to
ZTVT-STB 95
0-8
8 - 16
Backfill 16 - 32
Gravel sieved/unsieved
0/4
Debris 0/32, 30 % > 2 mm (FSS o. L.)
Sand 8 – 45mm
0/2
0/4
washed 0 - 4
washed 0 - 8
Natural stone sieved 0/2 (clean sand)
Processes
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Demolition/Renovation
Recycling
Timber recycling
Debris recycling
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into recyclable, quality, materials.
Sieving/Shredding
With four mobile shredders and two rotary screens Gollan is the
natural choice for shipment of wood waste in northern Germany.
In addition we are able to prepare green wastes from composting
to sieved plant soil.
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection, equipment for construction waste recycling:
sorting,
treatment…. Used machines are also sold via Gollan.
Location in Neustadt/Beusloe
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Market
Customers/Partners
Private and public customers
Fees/Financing
From Simona
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3.4 Company Fact Sheet Ehlert & Söhne
Type of company
Number of
employees/ annual
turnover
General Intro
Main business fields... Demolition and core removal, including asbestos removal and
disposal at all scales.
Materials
Input:
N/A
Output:
N/A
Processes
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Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection, Equipment for construction waste recycling:
sorting, treatment….
Machines
Frontloaders up to 45 Tonnes
Excavators
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3.5 to Mini excavator Fiat Hitachi EX 35
1.5 to Mini excavator Yanmar B 15-3
0.9 to Mini excavator Kubota U 10
0.8 to Mini excavator Kubota U 08
12.0 to Wheeled loader Fiat Hitachi W110
7.5 to Wheeled loader Atlas 72 E
6.0 to Wheeled loader Zeppelin ZL 100
4.5 to Wheeled loader Volvo B 20 L
2.8 to Compact loader Cat 216
1.6 to Compact loader Bobcat M 553
1.1 to Compact loader Bobcat M 463
1.1 to Compact loader Bobcat M 453 (3 Stück)
14.0 to Mobile Crusher Prallmühle RM 80
Auxiliary Tools
Miscellaneous Machines
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Welder Cutting machine
Asbestos cleaning system
Worksite Truck
Market
Customers/Partners
Fees/Financing
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3.5 Company Fact Sheet HME
Hamburg
fon +49_40_736093_56
fax +49_40_736093_66
uhennies@buhck-hamburg.de
http://www.buhck-hamburg.de
Materials
Input:
Beside excavation material and road demolition waste we rimarily deal
with unsorted building debris building site wastes. Approximately
1,100 m3 of these materials are delivered to the HME on a daily basis.
Output:
Contaminating materials are removed from the input yielding a rate of
up to 80% of reusable, new economic good.
Processes
Crushing of building debris and sieving from earth.
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection, Crusher, Earth sieve with maximum size of 200mm
sorting,
treatment….
A first approach years ago involved the simple sorting of materials by
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hand. From this beginning arose the concept of a large scale
mechanical sorting installation, begun in Hamburg as HME in 1986.
Market
Customers/Partners Hamburg region contractors, disposal companies and container
services
Fees/Financing Pricelist
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4 CONCLUSIONS
Germany has a successful and effective construction and demolition waste
management system. The recovery, reuse and recycling of these waste materials
ensures the diversion of what was historically the largest portion of the waste mix.
Simultaneously, the demand for new materials is reduced, conserving domestically
available virgin materials and energy while reducing the need for imports.
50
44,4
45
40 recycling / disposal /
transport
dismantling or demolition
35
30
[EUR/m³]
/m³]
25
Costs [?
20
16,7
13,5 13,3 15,1
15
10 7,9
5 3,5
1,5
0
vgl-dbmhstrw
-5
selective conventional selective conventional selective conventional selective conventional
dismantling demolition dismantling demolition dismantling demolition dismantling demolition
As is evident above, in Germany, the costs for recycling and disposal of demolition
waste range are the same category as the costs for demolition. So it can be advantageous
to dismantle as many building elements as possible if this leads to a decreasing of the
recycling and disposal costs. (Schultmann, 2005) This is especially true if dismantling
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preserves the quality of the recovered materials, making them available for higher value
uses than if they were simply demolished. This may go some length to addressing the
phenomenon of downcycling in the C&D waste management cycle.
A study of 70 recycled C&D waste material sales outlets by the Ruhr University of
Bochum showed that more than 60% of recycled C&D material sold was used in road
construction , particularly as crushed stone base and frost protection. An additional 30%
of material was used in landscaping and earthworks (eg: soil stabilization) while reusable
materials like tiles, fixtures and windows constituted the smallest portion of sales.
Road construction is a notable exception to this norm and is often able to achieve
nearly 100% recycling of materials, sometimes in place and with significant savings in
materials and energy.
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5 Sources
1) BMU. 2003. Waste Legislation News: Ordinances of the Federal Repubic of Germany on
Sustainable Waste Management, May 2003. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety. [online]. Available from:
http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/waste.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2006]
5) Destatis. 2004b. Erhebung über die Aufbereitung und Verwertung von Bauschutt,
Baustellenabfällen, Bodenaushub und Straßenaufbruch - Ergebnisbericht 2002. Statistisches
Bundesamt. Juni, 2004
7) Destatis. 2005b. Aufkommen, Beseitigung und Verwertung von Abfällen im Jahr 2002. Juni,
2005. Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. [online]. Available from:
http://www.destatis.de/download/d/umw/entsorgung2002.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2006]
8) Destatis. 2005c. Aufkommen, Beseitigung und Verwertung von Abfällen im Jahr 2003. Juni,
2005. Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. [online]. Available from:
http://www.destatis.de/download/d/umw/entsorgung2003.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2006]
10) Gesetz. 1994. 28 Gesetz zur Förderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der
umweltverträglichen Beseitigung von Abfällen (Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz - KrW-
/AbfG), 27. September 1994, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 2705-2728.
12) Schnurer, H. 2002. German Waste Legislation and Sustainable Development: Development of
waste legislation in Germany towards a sustainable closed substance cycle. [online]. Available
from: http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/entwicklung_abfallrecht_uk.pdf
[Accessed 15 February 2006]
14) Symonds. 1999. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Practices, and their
Economic Impacts. Report to DGXI European Commission. Final Report, February 1999.
[online]. Available from:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/cdw/cdw_report.htm [Accessed 20
January 2006]
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15) Verordnung. 1996a. Verordnung zur Bestimmung von besonders überwachungsbedürftigen
Abfällen (Bestimmungsverordnung besonders überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle - BestbüAbfV),
10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 1366-1376.
16) Verordnung. 1996b. Verordnung zur Bestimmung von überwachungsbedürftigen Abfällen zur
Verwertung (Bestimmungsverordnung überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle zur Verwertung -
BestüVAbfV), 10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 1377-1381.
21) ZBV. 1992. Zielfestlegungen der Bundesregierung zur Vermeidung, Verringerung oder
Verwertung von Bauschutt, Baustellenabfällen, Bodenaushub und Straßenaufbruch (Entwurf),
Bonn, 1992.
22) ZBV. 1996. Zielfestlegungen der Bundesregierung zur Vermeidung, Verwertung und
Beseitigung von Bauabfällen (Entwurf), Bonn, 1996.
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6 Annex
List of Regulations
- KrW /AbfG – Act promoting closed substance cycle waste management and
ensuring environmentally compatible waste disposal
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