GRAMMAR

UNIT ONE
FRIENDS
 QUESTIONS FORMS

i. SIMPLE ii. PROGRESSIVE iii. PERFECT iv. PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE
Question + Question + am/is/are Has/have + person + Has/have + person +
Do/Does + Person (Person) + verb present past participle + been + present
PRESENT + [VERB] + participle + Complement Complement + ? participle +
Complement + ? +? Complement + ?
Did + person + Question + was/were + Had + person + Had been + person +
PAST [VERB] + person + present past participle + present participle +
Complement + ? participle + Complement + ? Complement + ?
Complement + ?
EXAMPLES

i. SIMPLE PRESENT
Do pigs like milk?
When does class begin tomorrow?
When do we board the plane?
Do you speak English?
When does the train usually leave?

ii. PRESENT PROGRESSIE

Is he sitting or standing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?
Are you working on any special projects at work?
Aren't you teaching at the university now?
Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

iii. PRESENT PERFECT

Have you seen that movie many times?
Have you read the book yet?
Has there ever been a war in the United States?
Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
How long have you worked for this company?

iv. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Have you been waiting here for two hours?
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
Have you been exercising lately?

EXAMPLES
 I. SIMPLE PAST
Did you call Debbie?
Did you have dinner last night?
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
How long did you wait for them?
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

II. PAST PROGRESSIVE

Were you studying when she called?
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
What were you doing when you broke your leg?
Were you listening while he was talking?
What were you doing while you were waiting?

III. PAST PERFECT

Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?

IV. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

Adverbs of frequency usually come before/after the main verb, but before/after
the verb “to be”. The tell us how often something happens.

EXAMPLES
 We never smoke.
I usually get up at noon because I got to bed very late every night.
I always brush my teeth.
I often play tennis on Sundays.
Sometimes I just sit and ponder the meaning of life.

VOCABULARY

 Right away
 It off
 Uncommon
 Close friends
 Argued
 Ways
 Apart
 Very well together
 Ups and dons
 There for me
UNIT TWO
GRAMMAR

ADRENALIN
HAVE

VERB IN PAST
HAS PARTICIPLE

HAVE

PRESENT PERFECT We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an
unspecified time before now.

AFIRMATIVE

PERSON
I

+
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

NEGATIVE
 PERSON
I

+ +
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
INTERROGATIVE

PERSON
I

+ + + +?
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU HAVE
SHORT ANSWERS THEY VERB IN PAST

+ +
NOT PARTICIPLE
HAS

EXAMPLES
HAVE
AFF. She has written five letters.
NEG. She hasn´t written five letters.
INT. Has she written five letters?
Yes, she has
No, she hasn´t
AFF. I have lost my key.
NEG. I haven´t lost my key.
VERB IN
INT. Have I lost my key?
HAVE PAST COMPLEMENT
Yes, I have PARTICIPLE
HAS
No, I haven´t

SIMPLE PAST Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at
a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific
time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
YES HAVE
AFIRMATIVE
NO HAVEN´T

+
NEGATIVE

+ +
INTERROGATIVE

SHORT ANSWERS
+ + WAS
+?
VERB IN PAST
WERE

EXAMPLES
+ +WAS
AFF. He visited his parents every weekend.
NEG. He didn´t visit his parents every weekend.
INT. Did he visist hisDID NOTevery weekend.
parents VERB
Yes, he did.
No, he didn´t.
AFF. I was in London last year.
NEG. I didn´t was in London last year.
INT. Did I was in London last year.
Yes, I did.
DID No, I didn´t. VERB
PAST PROGRESSIVE Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past
was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember
this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

AFIRMATIVE
YES DID
PERSON
NO DIDN´T

+
 I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WAS WE VERB IN
WERE YOU PRESENT COMPLEMENT
PARTICIPLE
THEY

NEGATIVE

PERSON
I

+ +
YOU
HE
SHEYES WAS/WERE
WASN´T/WEREN´T
IT NO
WE
YOU
THEY
VERB IN PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
INTERROGATIVE

PERSON WERE
I

+ + + +?
YOU
HE
SHE
IT WAS
WE
YOU
WERE VERB IN PRESENT
THEY
NOT PARTICIPLE
SHORT ANSWERS WAS

+
WERE

+
EXAMPLES

AFF. Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.

NEG. Peter was not reading a book yesterday evening.
INT. Was Peter reading a book yesterday evening?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn´t.
AFF. Last day at midnight, we were watching movies.
NEG. Last day at midnight, we weren´t watching movies.
INT. Were we watching movies, last day at midnight?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren´t.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE STRUCTURES

Use the comparative and superlative form to compare and contrast different
objects in English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects.

New York is more exciting than Seattle.

Use the superlative form when speaking about three or more objects to show which
object is 'the most' of some quality.

New York is the most exciting city in the USA.

Detailed Explanations of the Comparative and Superlative Forms:

For the comparative form:

One syllable adjectives -> adj + er

Adjectives ending in y -> adj + ier
Multisyllable adjectives -> more + adjective

For the superlative form:

One syllable adjectives -> the + adj + est

Adjectives ending in y -> the + adj + iest
Multisyllable adjectives -> the most + adjective
EXAMPLES

I am convinced that my poodle is more smarter than your dachshund.

Laurel and Hardy are the most funniest slapstick comedians in film history.
I am convinced that my poodle is smarter than your dachshund.
 Tom told Frank that being a writer was harder than being a shoe salesman
Sue said, “My father is the least immature man I know.”

 Badminton  Skydiving  Track

 Baseball  Snowboarding  Volleyball
 Basketball  Ping pong  Windsurfing
 Boxing  Rock climbing  The ocean
 Bungee jumping  Running  A wetsuit
 Cycling  Sailing  A harness
 Fishing  Scuba diving  A kite
 Golf  Skating  A board
 Horseback riding  Skiing  Mountains
 Ice hockey  Soccer  Waterproof clothes
 Judo  Surfing  Climbing
 Karate  Swimming  Cliffs
 Kite surfing  Tennis  Ropes

VOCABULARY
GRAMMAR

UNIT THREE
RELATIONSHIPS

DYNAMIC AND STATIVE MEANINGS

Dynamic verbs

There are many types of dynamic verbs, but

most of them describe activities or events which can
begin and finish. Here are some examples:
Dynamic Verb Type Examples

She plays tennis every Friday.

play activity
She's playing tennis right now.

The snow melts every spring.

melt process
The snow is melting right now.
 When one boxer hits another, brain damage can
result. (This suggests only ONE punch.)
hit momentary action
When one boxer is hitting another, brain damage can
result. (This suggests MANY repeated punches.)

Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the
simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the
continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had
been playing).
Stative verbs
Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or
unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer
to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships
between things). Here are some examples:
Stative Verb Type Examples

hate perception I hate chocolate.

believe perception She believes in UFOs.

contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda.

own relation Yong owns three motorbikes.

Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive)

forms; you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an
action, so it is always in the simple form.
Example
Here some common stative and dynamic verbs. The lists may help you to
understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative and what types are
commonly dynamic.
Stative Verbs Dynamic Verbs

love eat
hate drink
like go
see type
hear read
sound write
think (meaning "have an opinion") listen
mind (meaning "care about") speak
GRAMMAR

recognize watch
seem say
have
HAVE(meaning "own") grow
prefer work
doubt sleep
HAS consist of cook VERB - ING
BEEN
mean talk

HAVE
PRESENT PERFECT: SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that
something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two
weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect
Continuous.
HAVE

HAS BEEN NOT VERB - ING

AFIRMATIVE

PERSON
I

+
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
+
THEY

NEGATIVE

PERSON
I

+ + +
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
 INTERROGATIVE

PERSON

+ + + +?
I
YOU
VOCABULARY HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

EXAMPLE

AFF. I have been writing letters for four hours.

NEG. I haven´t been writing letters for four hours.
HAVE
INT. Have I been writing letters for four hours?
AFF. My sister has been going out with the same guy since college.
NEG. My sister hasn´t been going out with the same guy since college.
INT. Has My sister been going out with the same guy since college?
AFF. We have been trying to live a normal life.
NEG. We haven´t been trying to live a normal life.
INT. Have We been trying to live a normal life?
AFF. I have been learning English for three years.
HAVE NEG. I haven´t been learning English for three years. VERB - ING
HAS BEEN
INT. Have I been learning English for three years?

 Aunt  Daughter
 Boyfriend  Ex-
 Child  Father
 Cousin  Girlfriend
 Grand
 Great-
 Half-
 Husband
 -in-law
 Mother
 Nephew
 Niece
 Only
 Parent
 Partner
 Second
 Single
 Sister
 Son
 Step
 Uncle
 Wife
 Dating
 Dreams
 Love
 Propose
 Relationships
 Sight
 Split up
PARTY
UNIT FOUR
GRAMMAR

PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning

different from the original verb.

INTRANSITIVE (no objet)

Go off
Come back
Stay in

TRANSITIVE (takes an object)

1. Separable
Put sth on
Take sth off
Wear sth out
2. Not separable
Get over sth
Head for sth
Look into sth

EXAMPLE
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night.
He ran away when he was 15. I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem.
I looked up the number in the phone book.
I made up the story.

FUTURE FORMS

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often
express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too
 abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both
"will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

+ will + verb
EXAMPLES

You will help him later.

Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

+ am/is/are + going to + verb

EXAMPLES

You are going to meet Jane tonight.

Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that
something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that
something is not happening now.

+ am/is/are + Verb present participle

EXAMPLES

AFF. You are watching TV.

INT. Are you watching TV?
NEG. You are not watching TV.
They are not watching television.
What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?
Is he sitting or standing?
ANYBODY, SOMEBODY… ETC.

Some of the English indefinite pronouns are: anyone, nobody, everybody.

Appoint persons or objects so indeterminate when no specific interest to the
person.

EXAMPLES

Everyone went to the party.

The service was bad, but no one complained.
Somebody tripped and everyone started laughing.
I don't know anybody in this city.
Everything was ready for the wedding.
He thinks that nothing is impossible.
VOCABULARY

 Anticipate excitedly  Money

 Organize  Progress
 Continue at the same speed  Some decorating
 Destroy with fire  Some exercise
 Explode  Some research
 Organize  Some skiing
 Participate  Something clear
 Put special clothes on  Sure
 Recover  The ironing
 Start  Your homework
 A comment  Costume
 A decision  Guest
 A job  Invitation
 A mistake  Atmosphere
 A noise  Mingle
 A profit  Greet
 A suggestion  Host
 An excuse  Dustpan
 Arrangements
EDIBLE
UNIT FIVE
VOCABULARY

NOUNS AND QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS

A COUNTABLE NOUN IS a type of noun that can be:

 presented in both the singular form and the plural form
 represented by a number, such as two cats, five books

Rules For Using Singular Rules For Using Plural

Countable Nouns Countable Nouns
1. A determiner must be used before 1.A determiner is optional before
noun(or adverb if adjectives are used, noun(or adverb if adjectives are used.
such as a, the, this, one, ours, his etc.
2. The article "a" or :an" can be used. 2. The articles "a" or "an" can't be used.
3.Only the number one can be used 3. Any number bigger then two can be
to state the amount. used to state an amount.
4. Possessive adjectives my be used 4.Possessive adjectives my be used such
such as my, his, our etc. as his, our, etc.
5. Quantifiers can be used, such as some,
5. Quantifiers can't be used.
any, many, a lot etc.
6. A demonstrative adjectives can be 6. A demonstrative adjectives can be
used such as this, those etc. used such as this, those etc.

 Examples of Countable Nouns:     

Nouns In The Nouns In The Nouns Represented By A

Nouns
Singular Form Plural Form Number
There are six dogs in the
dog The dog is big. The dogs are big.
room.
There are three tall boys in
boy The boy is tall. The boys are tall.
my class.
All the cars at There are six cars parked on
car Our car is green.
work are white. my street.
The windows are
window The window is big. The room has three window.
clean.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ARE:
Nouns that can not be represented in the singular form or the plural form, such
as water, air, coffee, tea are some examples of nouns that can only be
represented in the singular form.
Nouns that can not be represented by a number are called uncountable nouns. It is not
possible to say I need 4 air, or 6 sugar.
Uncountable nouns are nouns that can not be counted. Examples of uncountable nouns
are: water, air, grass, paint, oil etc.
Rules for Using Uncountable Nouns:
Uncountable nouns only used in the singular tense.
A or an can not be used with uncountable nouns. "The" can be used with uncountable
nouns.
Certain quantifiers can be used with uncountable nouns, such as some, any, much, a lot
are some examples of the quantifiers that can be used with uncountable nouns.
Quaintly of uncountable nouns is expressed by the expression "a. ....of......". (Examples: a
bag of sugar, a bottle of oil).

HOW MANY / HOW MUCH

We use "How many" for questions using countable or plural objects

Example: How many books do you have?

We use "How much" for questions using a non-countable or singular object

Example: How much juice is left?
We use "How much" for questions asking about ONE object
Example: How much does the book cost?
Most plurals are formed by adding "-s" to the noun or object
Example: book -s = books. Some of the more important exceptions include: man - men, child -
children, person - people, woman – women.

USED TO / WOULD

USED TO

It is better not to use "used to" in questions or negative forms; however,

this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and
create negative sentences using Simple Past.

"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped
in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not
usually done now.
 + used to + VERB
EXAMPLES

Jerry used to study English.

Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer.
I used to start work at 9 o'clock.
Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian.
WOULD

Would is a modal verb and like all others of its kind is followed by the
infinitive without 'to' (Note: we consider that the modal verb 'ought to' is a single
item, as the word 'ought' does not exist without the word 'to')

EXAMPLES

Would you please open the window?

Would you like orange juice for breakfast?

 Cereal
 Grapes
 Keys
 Mustard
 Raspberry jelly
 Rice
 Seeds
 Soup
VOCABULARY  Spaghetti
 Tea
 Tissues
 Tools
 Cooked
 Draft
 Frozen
 Heavy
 Mild
 Sweet


UNIT SIX
Weak
 White
 Apples
 Canned anchovies
 Crème caramel
 Curry
 Dark chocolate
 Cookies
 Fresh bread
 Fried eggs
 Meat which is over-cooked
 Milk chocolate
 Pizza
 Plain white rice
 Raw carrots
 Salted peanuts
 Seafood
 Strong coffee
 Your mother´s cooking
VOCABULARY

TIME

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

Prepositio
Use Examples
n

in months in July; in September

in Year in 1985; in 1999

Seasons in summer; in the summer of 69

 in the morning; in the afternoon; in the
part of the day
evening

Duration in a minute; in two weeks

part of the day at night

time of day at 6 o'clock; at midnight

at
celebrations at Christmas; at Easter

fixed phrases at the same time

days of the week on Sunday; on Friday

Date on the 25th of December*

on on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on

special holidays
my birthday

on the morning of September the

a special part of a day
11th*

after later than sth. after school

how far sth. happened (in the

ago 6 years ago
past)

before earlier than sth. before Christmas

between time that separates two points between Monday and Friday

by not later than a special time by Thursday

through the whole of a period

during during the holidays
of time

for period of time for three weeks

from ... to from Monday to Wednesday

from... two points form a period from Monday till Wednesday
till/until from Monday until Wednesday

past time of the day 23 minutes past 6 (6:23)

since point of time since Monday

till tomorrow
till/until no later than a special time
until tomorrow

to time of the day 23 minutes to 6 (5:37)

up to not more than a special time up to 6 hours a day

within during a period of time within a day

MODAL VERB STRUCTURES

MUST

Use Examples

force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.

possibility You must be tired.

advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

MUST NOT/MAY NOT

Use Examples

You mustn't work on dad's computer.

prohibition
You may not work on dad's computer.

SHOULD

Use Examples
VOCABULARY

advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.

You should switch off the light when you

obligation
leave the room.

CAN

Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the present (substitute

I can speak English.
form: to be able to)

permission to do sth. in the present

Can I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

request Can you wait a moment, please?

offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.

 Cross Out
 Underline
 Circle
 Put in parentheses
 Relaxes me
 Deleted things from
 Manage
 Inventing
 Delay
 Trust
 Open-plan office
 Qualifications
 Shifts
 Unsociable hours
 Works flexible hours
 Work to a deadline