Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Evaluation for
Sustainable
Transport Planning
Todd Litman
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Presented
Brown Bag Presentation
14 January 2011
Asian Development Bank
Manila, Philippines
Presentation Summary
Sustainability
emphasizes the
integrated nature of
human activities and
therefore the need to
coordinate planning
among different sectors,
jurisdictions and
groups.
1/13/2011
Preventing Problems
Sustainability planning
is to development what
preventive medicine is
to health: it anticipates
and manages problems
rather than waiting for
crises to develop.
Sustainability Objectives
Economic Social Environmental
Mobility/Accessibility Equity/Fairness Pollution reduction
Congestion reduction Affordability Climate protection
Roadway cost savings Human health Habitat preservation
Parking cost savings Community cohesion Aesthetics
Consumer savings Cultural preservation
Energy conservation Community livability
Economic productivity and Public Participation
development
Tax burden
Sustainabile Transportation?
Would we have a
sustainable
transportation
system if everybody
drove hybrids?
Hybrids Do Not
• Reduce traffic congestion
• Reduce accidents
• Reduce vehicle purchase costs
• Improve mobility for non-drivers
• Improve public fitness and health
• Reduce sprawl
• Reduce tax burdens
• Reduce land use sprawl
• Protect habitat
• Create more livable communities
Transport Planning Paradigm Shift
Old Paradigm New Paradigm
Goal Maximize mobility (travel Efficient accessibility (help people
speed and distance) reach desired services and activities in
the most resource efficient way)
Methods Attempts to satisfy demand Establishes strategic goals and
extrapolated from past trends objectives
$0.25
$0.20
$0.15
$0.10
$0.05
$0.00
21
Impacts To Consider
Impacts Definition Components
Ease of obtaining information and paying fares. Comfort
User experience Travel convenience and comfort while traveling and waiting.
Travel speed, delay and reliability. Vehicle operating costs.
Traffic congestion Congestion delays and costs. Pollution emissions.
Road and railway costs Roadway facility costs Construction, land, maintenance and operating costs
Parking costs Parking facility costs Construction, land, maintenance and operating costs
Consumer costs Financial costs of travel to users Vehicle ownership and operating expenses, fares
Transport options, especially Ease of walking, cycling, public transport, vehicle rentals, taxi
Mobility options affordable modes for non-drivers services, telework, delivery services, etc.
Property damages, medical and disability costs, productivity
Traffic safety Crash costs and risks losses, pain and suffering, etc.
External costs of resource Facility and vehicle embodied energy, fuel consumption,
Resource externalities consumption, particularly energy production externalities.
Pollution emissions Transport pollution emissions Air, noise and water pollution from facilities and vehicles.
Degree planning decisions support
Land use impacts land use development objectives Impervious surface, sprawl, community redevelopment
Degree planning decisions support Production costs, productivity, import exchange, support for
Economic development economic development objectives strategic industries
Public fitness and health Physical fitness and health impacts Amount of walking and cycling activity.
Conventional Evaluation
Generally Considered Often Overlooked
• Congestion impacts. • Parking costs.
• Vehicle operating costs. • Total consumer costs.
• Per-mile crash impacts. • Downstream congestion.
• Per-mile pollution • Crash, energy & pollution
emissions. impacts of changes in mileage.
• Land use impacts.
• Impacts on mobility options for
non-drivers/equity impacts.
• Changes in active transport
and related health impacts.
23
Consideration of Impacts
Impacts Current Consideration Evaluation Methods
User experience Often discussed but not quantified Incorporate in value of travel time
Traffic congestion Vehicle delay monetized Vehicle and pedestrian delay monetized
Road and rail costs Generally monetized Monetized using lifecycle costs
Parking costs Generally ignored Monetized using lifecycle costs
Consumer costs Vehicle operating costs and fares All vehicle costs (including ownership)
Mobility options Sometimes described Quantify. Option value and equity benefits
Traffic safety Monetized using distance-based rates Monetized using per capita rates
Land use impacts Sometimes discussed but not quantified Integrated modeling
Automobile Dependent
Traffic Fatalities Per 100,000
20 Multi-Modal
Residents
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Annual Per Capita Transit Passenger-Miles
International Traffic Death Rates
25
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Traffic Fatalities Per 100,000
20 US
Canada
Australia
Population
15
10
0
-500 500 1,500 2,500 3,500 4,500
Annual Per Capita Transit Passenger-Miles
Smart Growth Safety Impacts
Equity
A more diverse transportation
systems helps achieve equity
objectives:
• A fair share of public resources for
non-drivers.
• Financial savings to lower-income
people.
• Increased opportunity to people who
are physically, socially or economically
disadvantaged.
Basic Mobility
Certain goods and services are
considered “essential” or “basic”:
• Emergency services (police, fire,
ambulances, etc.).
• Public services and utilities (garbage
collection, utility maintenance, etc.).
• Health care.
• Basic food and clothing.
• Education and employment (commuting).
• Some social and recreational activities.
• Mail and freight delivery.
30
Transportation Affordability
25%
Automobile Dependent
Transprot Portion of Household
Muti-Modal
20%
Expenditures
15%
10%
5%
0%
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Per-Capita Annual Transit Passenger-Miles
What Gets People Moving?
Walking is a natural
and essential
activity. If you ask
sedentary people
what physical
activity they will
most likely to stick
with, walking usually
ranks first.
Economic Development Benefits
• Reducing transportation costs
(congestion, parking, property
Jobs Created Per $1 million Expenditure
Productivity tends
to increase with
higher fuel prices,
particularly in oil
consuming
countries (each dot
is a country).
• Grade-separated right-of-way
• Frequent, high-capacity
service (less than 10-minute
headways).
• High-quality vehicles.
• Pre-paid fare collection.
• Convenient user information
• Comfortable stations.
• Excellent customer service.
39
Example - BRT
Planning Public Transport
Objectives Improvement
Travel Activity Unchanged Mode Shift
Improve travel experience
Reduce traffic congestion
Road savings
Parking cost savings
Consumer cost savings
Improve mobility options
Improve traffic safety
Energy conservation
Pollution reduction
= positive impact Land use objectives
= negative Impact Economic development
Public fitness & health
Non-Motorized Improvement
Objective NMT
Improve travel experience
Reduce traffic congestion
Roadway cost savings
Energy conservation
Pollution reduction
1. Walking
2. Cycling
3. Public Transit
4. Service & Freight
5. Taxi
6. HOV
7. Private Automobile
Improve Public Transit Services
• Quality service (convenient, fast,
comfortable).
• Low fares.
• Support (walkable communities, park & ride
facilities, commute trip reduction programs).
• Convenient information.
• Parking pricing or “cash out”.
• Integrated with special events.
• Positive Image.
Multi-modal Roadway Design
• Access management
• Context sensitive design
• Streetscaping
• Complete streets
Pedway Access to Metro Stations
Pedways are
covered and
enclosed walkways
that connect
homes, businesses
and transit stations,
allowing
comfortable access
in bad weather.
These become
attractive shopping
centers.
50
Wider Roadway Shoulders
ADT < ADT ADT 400- DHV 100- DHV DHV
250 250-400 DHV 100 200 200-400 >400
$1.40 France
$1.20
Germany
Italy
$1.00
Japan
$0.80 Netherlands
$0.60 Norway
Canada
$0.40 United Spain
States Sweden
$0.20
Switzerland
$0.00 United Kingdom
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
United States
Average Annual Vehicle Kilometers
Efficient Parking Pricing
55
Distance-Based Pricing
Performance
indicators are like the
score in a game.
They define what
must be
accomplished to
succeed.
Conventional Transport Indicators
58
Multi-Modal Level-Of-Service (LOS)
Mode Level of Service Factors
Walking Sidewalk/path quality, street crossing conditions, land use
conditions, security, prestige.
Public transit Service coverage, frequency, speed (relative to driving), vehicle and
waiting area comfort, user information, price, security, prestige.
60
Defining Data Quality
• Accuracy. The methods used to collect statistics
must be suitably accurate.
• Transparency. The methods used to collect
statistics must be accessible for review.
• Comprehensiveness. An adequate range of
statistics should be collected to allow various
types of analysis.
• Frequency. Data should be collected regularly.
• Consistency. The range of statistics, definitions
and collection methodologies should be
consistent.
• Availability. Statistics should be available to
users.
Development and Professional Organizations