Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and use nonverbal communication is a powerful tool that will help mediators connect with
clients, gain trust, navigate challenging situations, and build better relationships. As humans, we
continuously give and receive wordless signals. These gestures, the way we sit, how fast or how
loud we talk, how close we stand, how much eye contact we make, can all provide insight to a
Facial expressions of emotion are the most complex to understand, therefore requiring
more extensive training than other forms of nonverbal communication. One type of emotional
expressions shown on the face of humans when one is trying to conceal or repress an emotion. 1
Micro-expressions generally occur in high-stakes situations where people have something to lose
or gain, like mediation. Micro-expressions are involuntary facial expressions that last only
tenths of a second, or a “flash.” Because micro-expressions occur so quickly, they are very
difficult to fake, making them an effective lie detection tool. Micro-expressions consist of and
completely resemble the seven culturally universal emotions: anger, fear, sadness, disgust,
contempt, surprise, and happiness. The following is a list of the facial movements related to each
emotion:2
1. Happiness: In true happiness, you will see the corners of the lips turn up and the cheeks
will raise slightly. But the tell tale sign of true happiness are the crow's-feet that appear at the
corners of the eyes. If you don't see movement from the muscles around the eyes or crows-feet,
Brandy Harman--1
2. Sadness: In sadness, the upper eyelids and outer edges of eyebrows will droop. The
subject will appear to have very little focus in their eyes. Also, the corners of the lips will be
3. Anger: In anger, you will see lips being narrowed and pressed together tightly. You will
also see the eyebrows slanted down and towards the nose. And perhaps the most revealing
4. Contempt: In contempt, you will see the raising of one side of the lips. It can be very
subtle and even look like just a twitch. Occasionally the lip raise is paired with the head tilting
back slightly so that the subject can look down slightly at the focus of their contempt. it's the
easiest to spot. Interestingly, it is the only micro-expression that is unilateral, that is, the only one
that is biased to one side of the face. All other micro-expressions are equally distributed across
5. Disgust: In Disgust, you will see the upper lip being raised generally exposing the teeth.
6. Fear: In fear, you will see the lips stretched horizontally towards the ears. The lower eyelids
will be tensed and the upper eyelids will be raised. You will also notice the eyebrows being
7. Surprise: In true surprise, you will see widened eyes and raised eyebrows. Also the mouth
will open a little bit. Note that in a true expression of surprise the eyebrows will be raised for
less than a second. So if someone is acting surprised, but leaves their eyebrows lifted for more
Brandy Harman--2
Human beings are in a state of perpetual emotions. We continually experience states such
as anger, happiness, revulsion, excitement, or anxiety. In many situations, our bodies respond
before our minds even become aware of the emotion.3 A micro-expression suggests what
someone may be trying to conceal with their words or actions. Correct recognition of the micro-
expression tells you what that emotion is and gives insight on the true thought process of that
person. Although, the emotion may or may not be related to a lie, this recognition could give a
mediator an opportunity to dig deeper into the feeling related to the micro-expression.4
The most common time a micro-expression is revealed is at a hot spot. A hot spot occurs
occurrences put a lot of pressure on one's brain, making it difficult to control facial expressions.
Imperfect control results in emotional leakage. A person who is trained to detect micro-
expressions can spot leakage as it happens and recognize that micro-expressions will provide
insight into the true feelings of a person. In mediation, a mediator could use this knowledge to
get to the root of the issue at hand, which could result in a quicker, more satisfactory result for all
parties involved.
Works Cited
Brandy Harman--3
4. M. O’Sullivan, PhD, “When is a wink a blink do you think?” April 17, 2009.
Brandy Harman--4