ACAPTCHA orCaptcha is a type of challenge-response test used

in computing to ensure that the response is not generated by a computer.

CAPTCHArequires that the user type letters or digits from a distorted image

that appears on the screen.

Any user entering a correct solution is presumed to be human else user is

bot and denied access.
It is sometimes described as a reverse Turing test.
OCRs(Optical Character Recognition) are not able to read CAPTCHAs.
A CAPTCHA is a means of automatically generating new challenges which:
‡Current software is unable to solve accurately.
‡Most humans can solve
‡Does not rely on the type of CAPTCHA being new to the attacker.

CAPTCHAsrely on difficult problems in artificial intelligence.

First developed by Alta Vista in 1997.

The term coined in 2000 by Luis von Ahn , Manuel Blum and Nicholas

J. Hopperof Carnegie Mellon University and John Langford of IBM.

Primitive CAPTCHAs seem to have been developed in 1997 byAndrei

Broder, Martin Abadi, Krishna Bharat, and Mark Lillibridgeto

prevent bots from adding URLs to their search engine.

Proposed by Alan Turing.

To test a machine·s level of intelligence Human judge asks questions to two

participants, one is a machine, he doesn·t know which is which, If judge can·t tell
which is the machine, the machine passes the test.

CAPTCHA employs a reverse Turing test,

judge = CAPTCHA program,

participant = user
if user passes CAPTCHA, he is human
if user fails, it is a machine

1. Text Based CAPTCHAs

2. Graphics Based CAPTCHAs
3. Audio or Sound Based CAPTCHAs
Typically relay on sophisticated distortion of text images rendering
them unrecognizable to the state of the art of the pattern recognition
programs but recognizable by humans.

Examples:

Simple, normal language questions:

What is sum of three and thirty-five?

If today is Saturday, what is day after tomorrow?

Very effective, needs a large question bank

Cognitively challenged users find it hard .

Gimpy:

Originally designed by Yahoo and CMU.

Based on human ability to read heavily distorted and corrupted

text.
works by choosing a certain number of words from a dictionary,

and then displaying them corrupted and distorted in an image;

after that Gimpy asks the user to type the words displayed in that
image.

EZ-Gimpy:

A modified version of Gimpy.

Used in Yahoo Messenger Service.
It contains only one random character string.
The word is random and not picked from the dictionary.
Its not a good implementation of CAPTCHA, and already broken

OCRs.

MSN Passport service CAPTCHAs:


its provided for Microsoft MSN services.
uses 8 characters.
Warping is used to distort.
Its very strongly implemented and hasn·t been broken.

IMAGINATION:

Requires user to perform image recognition test.

Examples:


CAPTCHA that requires two steps to be passed.

first step visitor clicks elsewhere on the picture that composed of a few

images and selects in this way a single image.

second step the selected image is loaded. It is enlarged but very

distorted. Also variants of the answer are loaded on the client side. The

visitor should select a correct answer from the set of the proposed words.

BONGO:
After M.M.Bongard, pattern recognition expert.

User has to solve a pattern recognition problem.

ASSIRA:

Animal Species Image Recognition for Restricting Access.

It·s a HIP that works by asking users to identify photographs of

cats and dogs.

Difficult for computers but humans can accomplish it very

quickly and accurately.

Require user to solve a speech recognition test.

In this version of captcha letters are read aloud instead of being

displayed in an image.

Helps visually disabled users

Below is the Google·s audio enabled CAPTCHA.

3DCaptcha is the "captcha nice to humans, bad to machines".

I t i s w r i t t e n i n P H P.

A new approach to captchas, using human's spatial cognition

abilities to differentiate humans from machines.

It uses a markov-chain to generate words that resemble human

language and are easy to type, yet avoid dictionary lookups.

It filters profane language.

It's easy to deploy.

Free CAPTCHA service that helps to digitize books, newspapers and

old time radio shows.

reCAPTCHA improves the process of digitizing books by sending

words that cannot be read by computers to the Web in the form of

CAPTCHAs for humans to decipher.

Each word that cannot be read correctly by OCR is placed on an

image and used as a CAPTCHA.

This is possible because most OCR programs alert you when a word

cannot be read correctly.

orking of reCAPTCHA:

Two words are shown, one word is known as Control Word, and

another one is known a questionable word.

System assumes that if human types the control word correctly, the

questionable word is also correct.

The identification performed by each OCR program is given a value

of 0.5 points, and each interpretation by a human is given a full

point.

Once a given identification hits 2.5 votes, the word is considered

called.
Called Hard-AI problems.

CAPTCHA tests are based on open problems in artificial

intelligence (AI).

A win-win scenario:

either a CAPTCHA is not broken and there is a way to

differentiate humans from computers.

Or the CAPTCHA is broken and an AI problem is solved.

Thus AI knowledge is advanced if CAPTCHAs are broken.

€Things to keep in mind:

ƒDon·t store CAPTCHA solution in Web page·s

metadata

ƒA CAPTCHA is no good if it doesn't distort

ƒNeed a large database of different CAPTCHA

questions
ƒAvoid repetition of questions

€CAPTCHA Logic:

ƒGenerate the question

ƒPersist the correct answer
ƒPresent the question to user
ƒEvaluate answer, if incorrect, start again-- Generate

a different CAPTCHA

ƒIf correct, allow access to user

€Guidelines:

ƒAccessibility

ƒImage security
ƒScript security
ƒSecurity after widespread adoption

ƒCustom implementation or a general CAPTCHA?

€Cracking CAPTCHAs through programs

ƒConvert CAPTCHA into greyscale

ƒDetect patterns in the image corresponding to

characters

ƒOr, read session files of that user and know the CAPTCHA word

Solution: Only store a hash of the CAPTCHA word in session files

€Usability issues:

ƒW3C mandates Web to be accessible to all people

ƒSome CAPTCHAs are inaccessible to visually impaired, cognitively

challenged people

€Compatibility issues:

ƒJavaScript may need to be activated in browsers

ƒSome may need Adobe Flash plugin installed

€CAPTCHAs are an effective way to counter bots and reduce

spam

€They serve dual purpose² help advance AI knowledge

€Applications are varied² from stopping bots to character

recognition & pattern matching

€Some issues with current implementations represent

challenges for future improvements

PPT on CAPTCHA

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