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cTo design a water level indicator

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A water level indicator is widely used to sense the level of water in a tank or reservoir. The
significance of this circuit in household tanks is that ,we can avoid the overflow of water and
thus prevent loss of water. Similarly in large reservoirs large water level indicators are used to
find the water levels ,which is an important factor in determining the dam¶s stability.

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D4066 IC ,LED ,180k ,330ohm ,2.2 k, BC148, Buzzer,6 v Battery

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cccccThis circuit not only indicates the amount of water present in the overhead tank but also gives
an alarm when the tank is full.The circuit uses the widely available CD4066, bilateral switch
CMOS IC to indicate the water level through LEDs.
When the water is empty the wires in the tank are open circuited and the 180K
resistors pulls the switch low hence opening the switch and LEDs are OFF. As the water starts
filling up, first the wire in the tank connected to S1 and the + supply are shorted by water. This
closes the switch S1 and turns the LED1 ON. As the water continues to fill the tank, the LEDs2 ,
3 and 4 light up gradually.
The no. of levels of indication can be increased to 8 if 2 CD4066 ICs are used in a similar
fashion.When the water is full, the base of the transistor BC148 is pulled high by the water and
this saturates the transistor, turning the buzzer ON. The SPST switch has to be opened to turn the
buzzer OFF

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R1-1K , R2-100K ,C1-2µF, C2-220µF, D1-LED ,D2-1N5819 , IC1-555, BZ1-Piezo sounder ,
B1-1.5V, Two small crocodile clips,Battery socket, etc.

This circuit will emit an intermittent beep (or will flash a LED) when the water contained into a
recipient has reached the desired level. It should be mounted on top of the recipient (e.g. a plastic
tank) by means of two crocodile clips, acting also as probes.

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IC1, a 555 CMos timer chip, is wired as an astable multivibrator whose operating frequency is
set by C1, R1 and R2, plus the resistance presented by water across the probes. If the resistance
across the probes is zero (i.e. probes shorted), the output frequency will be about 3Hz and the
sounder will beep (or the LED will flash) about three times per second.
As water usually presents a certain amount of resistance, the actual oscillation frequency will be
lower: less than one beep/flash per second. As probes will be increasingly immersed in water, the
resistance across them will decrease and the oscillation frequency of IC1 will increase. This
means that a rough aural or visual indication of the level reached by water will be available.
If a LED is chosen as the alert, C2, D1 and D2 must be added to the circuit in order to double the
output voltage, thus allowing proper LED operation (see the rightmost part of the schematics).
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@c Input - 9 VDC @ 40 mA
@c Output - Buzzer
@c Terminal pins for supply voltage
@c Power-On LED indicator
@c Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
@c PCB dimensions 32 mm x 35 mm

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This is a simple circuit which will buzz when water reaches the sensor level. The circuit actually
act as a switch .when the water reaches the desired level the sensor ends are shorted,this cause
the current from the battery to flow through the transistor .Thus the transistor Q1 is switched on
and ,the emitter current of Q1 switch on the transistor Q2 ,across which the buzzer is kept. The
Buzzer thus sounds indiacating that the tank is full