Singh Sanjay et al.

/ Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(5), 881-886

Review Article
Available online through
ISSN: 0974-6943
www.jpronline.info
Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System: Current Approaches
Singh Sanjay1*, Joshi Vaibhav2 ,and Barpete Pravin Kumar 3
1, Dept. of Production, Dabur Pharma, Solan-H.P.
2, Dept. of Pharmacy, Shri R.N.S. College of Pharmacy, Gormi, Bhind- M.P.
3, Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Malhotra College of Pharmacy, Bhopal- M.P.
Received on: 24-10-2008; Accepted on: 02-03-2009
ABSTRACT

Oral controlled release delivery systems are programmed to deliver the drug in predictable time frame that will increase the efficacy and
minimize the adverse effects and increase the bioavailability of drugs. It is most widely utilized route of administration among all the routes
that have been explored for systemic delivery of drugs via pharmaceutical products of different dosage form. Oral route is considered most
natural, uncomplicated, convenient and safe due to its ease of administration, patient acceptance, and cost-effective manufacturing process.
In order to overcome the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery systems, several technical advancements have led to the development of
controlled drug delivery system that could revolutionize method of medication and provide a number of therapeutic benefits. One of the most
widely gastro retentive drug delivery system. The present paper highlights the current approaches and another aspects of the GRDS.

Keywords: Floating tablets, GRDS, Factors

and those that are designed to overcome it. Approaches such as size
INTRODUCTION or floatation, which rely on delayed emptying from the stomach, de-
It is evident from the recent scientific and patient literature pend on the normal physiological duration of the fed state of 4-8 hr,
that an increased interest I novel dosage form that are retained in following a meal and rather reproducible transit time through the small
stomach for a prolonged and period of time exists today in academic intestine.[4,5]
and industrial research groups. One of the most feasible approaches
for achieving a prolonged and predictable drug delivery in the GI The transit time of a dosage form through the gastrointesti-
tract is to control the gastric residence time (GRT), i.e. gastro reten- nal tract is variable or even unpredictable, and can be of very short
tive dosage form(GRDS or GRDF). [1] duration due to this the time available for the drug absorption might be
short and limits the absorption of drugs which are absorbed at certain
Some drugs tend to be absorbed in specific areas, princi- sites along the gastrointestinal tract .The concept of Floating Drug
pally due to their low permeability or solubility in the intestinal tract, Delivery System was described as a method for overcoming the diffi-
their chemical stability, the binding of the drug to the gut contents, as culty experienced by some people of gagging or choking while swal-
well as to the degradation of the drug by the microorganisms present lowing medicine pills. It was suggested that this difficulty could be
in the colon. Physiological factors like gastrointestinal transit time, overcome by providing pills having density of less than 1.0 gm/ml, so
regional pH, surface area, enzymatic activity and colonic micro flora that pills will float on water surface. Since then many types of gastric
influence drug absorption and some of these factors may be used to retention drug delivery systems were tested to overcome the limited
achieve control over drug absorption. In vitro receptor binding as- region and times for drug absorption in gastrointestinal tract.
says in drug delivery had shown to increase the proportion of lower
permeability drugs developed which often results in selection of ei- The main approaches that have been examined for
ther multiplied ionized peptide mimetic or more soluble and hydro- gastroretentive dosage forms (GRDFs) are: low density of GRDF that
phobic drugs having improved partitioning into the hydrophobic cause buoyancy above gastric fluid (Floating system), high density
pockets of protein receptors.[2,3] which retain the dosage form in the body of stomach, concomitant
administration of drugs or excipients which slow the motility of the
Delivery of drugs at a specific region in gastrointestinal GIT, bioadhesion to gastric mucosa, swelling to a large size which
tract, the so called absorption window needs the development of prevent emptying of dosage form through the pyloric sphincter.[6,7]
gastro retentive dosage forms. The attempts to develop gastro reten-
tive drug delivery systems may be largely divided into two classes:
those that rely on the natural physiology of the gastrointestinal tract

*Corresponding author.
Tel.: + 91-
Telefax: +91-
E-mail: abhicognosy@rediffmail.com

Fig 1: Classification of gastroretentive drug delivery system

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 Singh Sanjay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(5), 881-886

Types of Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS): [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, Intra Gastric Bilayer Floating Tablets:
14]
These are also compressed tablet as shown in Fig 3 and containing
Based on the mechanism of buoyancy, two distinctly different tech- two layer i.e.,
nologies have been utilized in development of FDDS which are: • Immediate release layer and
• Sustained release layer.
§ Effervescent System, and
§ Non-Effervescent System.

A. EFFERVESCENT SYSTEM:-

Effervescent systems include use of gas generating agents,

carbonates(ex. Sodium bicarbonate) and other organic acid(e.g. citric
acid and tartaric acid) present in the formulation to produce carbon
dioxide(CO2) gas, thus reducing the density of system and making it
float on the gastric fluid. An alternative is the incorporation of matrix
containing portion of liquid, which produce gas that evaporate at
body temperature.

These effervescent systems further classified into two types.

§ Gas Generating systems Fig. 3 Intragastric floating bilayer tablet
§ Volatile Liquid/Vacuum Systems.
Multiple Unit type floating pills:
1) Gas-generating Systems:
These system consist of sustained release pills as ‘seeds’ sur-
Intra Gastric Single Layer Floating Tablets or Hydrodynamically rounded by double layers. The inner layer consists of effervescent
Balanced System (HBS): agents while the outer layer is of swellable membrane layer. When the
system is immersed in dissolution medium at body temperature, it
These are as shown in Fig.2 and formulated by intimately sinks at once and then forms swollen pills like balloons, which float as
mixing the CO2 generating agents and the drug within the matrix tab- they have lower density. This lower density is due to generation and
let. These have a bulk density lower than gastric fluids and therefore entrapment of CO2 within the system.Fig 4.
remain floating in the stomach unflattering the gastric emptying rate
for a prolonged period. The drug is slowly released at a desired rate
from the floating system and after the complete release the residual
system is expelled from the stomach. This leads to an increase in the
grt and a better control over fluctuation in plasma drug concentration.

Fig. 2 Intragastric floating tablet

Fig.4. A multiple-unit oral floating dosage system. (b) Stages of float-

ing mechanism
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2) Volatile Liquid / Vacuum Containing Systems: The drug reservoir compartment is enclosed by a pressure
responsive collapsible bag, which is impermeable to vapour and liq-
Intragatric Floating Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery System: uid and has a drug delivery orifice. The osmotically active compart-
ment contains an osmotically active salt and is enclosed within a
These systems can be made to float in the stomach because semipermeable housing. In the stomach, the water in the GI fluid is
of floatation chamber, which may be a vacuum or filled with air or a continuously absorbed through the semipermeable membrane into
harmless gas, while drug reservoir is encapsulated inside a microporous osmotically active compartment to dissolve the osmotically salt. An
compartment, as shown in Fig 5. osmotic pressure is then created which acts on the collapsible bag
and in turn forces the bag reservoir compartment to reduce its volume
and activate the drug release of a drug solution formulation through
the delivery orifice.

The floating support is also made to contain a bioerodible

plug that erodes after a predetermined time to deflat the support. The
deflated drug delivery system is then emptied from the stomach. This
system is shown in Fig.7
Fig. 5 Intragastric floating drug delivery device

Inflatable Gastrointestinal Delivery Systems:

In these systems an inflatable chamber is incorporated, which con-

tains liquid ether that gasifies at body temperature to cause the cham-
ber to inflate in the stomach. These systems are fabricated by loaing
the inflatable chamber with a drug reservoir, which can be a drug
impregnated polymeric matrix, then encapsulated in a gelatin capsule.
After oral administration, the capsule dissolves to release the drug
reservoir together with the inflatable chamber. The inflatable chamber
automatically inflates and retains the drug reservoir into the gastric
fluid. The system is shown in Fg.6.

Fig 7. Intragastric osmotic controlled drug delivery system

B. NON EFFERVESCENT SYSTEMS:

The non effervescent FDDS based on mechanism of swell-

ing of polymer or bioadhesion to mucosal layer in GI tract. The most
commonly used excipients in non effervescent FDDS are gel forming
or highly swellable cellulose type hydrocolloids, polysaccharides and
matrix forming material such as polycarbonate, polyacrylate,
polymethacrylate, polystyrene as well as bioadhesive polymer such
as chitosan and carbopol. The various type of this system are as
Fig. 6 Gastro-inflatable drug delivery device
follows:

1) Single Layer Floating Tablets:

Intragastric Osmotically Controlled Drug Delivery System:
They are formulated by intimate mixing of drug wit gel-form-
It is comprised of an osmotic pressure controlled drug deliv-
ing hydrocolloid, which swells in contact with gastric fluid and main-
ery device and an inflatable floating support in a biodegradable cap-
tain bulk density of less than unity. The air trapped by the swollen
sule. In the stomach, the capsule quickly disintegrates to release the
polymer confers buoyancy to these dosage forms.
intragastric osmotically controlled drug delivery device. The inflat-
able support inside forms a deformable hollow polymeric bag that
2) Bilayer Floating Tablets:
contains a liquid that gasifies at body temperature to inflate the bag.
The osmotic pressure controlled drug delivery device consists of two
A bilayer tablet contain two layer immediate release layer which re-
components: drug reservoir compartment and an osmotically active
lease initial dose from system while the another sustained release
compartment.
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 Singh Sanjay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(5), 881-886
layer absorbs gastric fluid, forming an impermeable colloidal gel bar-
rier on its surface, and maintain a bulk density of less than unity and
thereby it remains buoyant in the stomach.
3) Alginate Beads:
Multi unit floating dosage forms are developed from freeze-
dried calcium alginate. Spherical beads of approximately 2.5 mm diam-
eter can be prepared by dropping a sodium alginate solution into
aqueous solution of calcium chloride, causing precipitation of cal-
cium alginate leading to formation of porous system, which can main-
tain a floating force for over 12 hours. When compared with solid
beads, which gave a short residence time of 1 hour, these floating
beads gave a prolonged residence time of more than 5.5 hours.
4) Hollow Microspheres:
Hollow microspheres(microballons), loaded with drug in
their outer polymer shells were prepared by a novel emulsion solvent
diffusion method. The ethanol:dichloromethane solution of drug and
enteric acrylic polymer was poured into an agitated aqueous solution
of PVA that was thermally controlled at 400 C.The gas phase gener-
ated in dispersed polymer droplet by evaporation of dichloromethane
formed an internal cavity in microsphere of polymer with drug. The
microballons floated continuously over the surface of acidic dissolu-
tion media containing surfactant for more than 12 hours in vitro.
Applications and Limitations of FDDS [15, 16, 17, 18]
Floating drug delivery system (FDDS) offered several applications
for drugs having poor bioavailability because of narrow absorption
window in the upper part of GIT. It retained the dosage form at the site
of absorption and enhanced the bioavailability.
1. Sustained drug delivery
Hydrodynamically Balanced System (HBS) type dosage
forms remain in the stomach for several hours, increase the gastric
residence time and thus release the drug over a prolonged period of
time. These dosage forms have bulk density less than one, relatively
large in size and did not easily pass through pylorus. Madopar HBS
formulation has shown to release levodopa for up to 8 hour in vitro,
whereas the standard formulation released levodopa in less than 30
min.
2. Site specific drug delivery
FDDS are particularly useful for drug having specific ab-
sorption from stomach or proximal part of the small intestine e.g.
riboflavin, furosemide etc. In fact, the absorption of Captopril has
been found to be site specific, stomach being the major site followed
by duodenum. This property prompts the development of a mono-
lithic floating dosage form for Captopril which could prolong the
gastric residence time and thus increase the bioavailability. AUC ob-
tained with the floating tablet was approximately 1.8 times that of
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.2.Issue 5.May 2009
conventional tablets. Recently, a bilayer floating capsule of
misoprostol, which is a synthetic analog of prostaglandin E1, was
developed and used as a protectant of gastric ulcers caused by ad-
ministration of NSAIDs. By targeting slow delivery of misoprostol to
the stomach, the desired therapeutic levels could be achieved and
wastage of drug be reduced.
3. Absorption enhancement
Drugs that have poor bioavailability because their absorp-
tion is restricted to upper GIT can be delivered specifically thereby
improving their absolute bioavailability. A significant increase in the
bioavailability of floating dosage form of captopril as compared to
commercial available tablet.
4. There are some cases in where the relative bioavailability of float-
ing dosage form is reduced as compared to conventional dosage
form e.g. floating tablets of amoxicillin trihydrate has bioavailability
reduced to 80.5% when compared with conventional capsules. In
such cases, the reduction in bioavailability is compensated by the
advantages offered by FDDS e.g. patients with advanced Parkinson’s
disease, experienced pronounced fluctuations in symptoms while
treatment with standard L-dopa. A HBS dosage form provided a bet-
ter control of motor fluctuations although its bioavailability was re-
duced by 50-60% of the standard formulation.
5. FDDS served as an excellent drug delivery system for the eradica-
tion of Helicobacter pylori, which is now believed to be causative
bacterium for chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. The patients require
high concentration to be maintained at the site of infection that is
within the gastric mucosa. The floating dosage form by virtue of its
floating ability was retained in stomach and maintained high concen-
tration of drug in the stomach. A sustained liquid preparation of ampi-
cillin was developed using sodium alginate that spreads out and
adheres to gastric mucosal surfaces whereby releasing the drug con-
tinuously.
6. Floating system are particularly useful for acid stable drugs, drugs
which are poorly soluble or unstable in intestinal fluids and for those
which undergo abrupt changes in their pH-dependent solubility due
to food, age and pathophysiological conditions of GIT. e.g. floating
system for furosemide lead to potential treatment of Parkinson’s dis-
ease. Approximate 30% drug was absorbed after oral administration.
Limitations [19, 20, 21, 22]
1. The floating system requires a sufficiently high level of fluid in the
stomach for the system to float. This problem can be overcome by
coating the dosage form with bioadhesive polymer which adhere to
gastric mucosa or administering dosage form with a glass full of
water (200-250 ml).
2. Floating system are not suitable for drugs that have stability or
solubility problem in gastrointestinal fluid or that irritate gastric mu-
cosa.
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 Singh Sanjay et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(5), 881-886
tant factor effecting GRT than buoyancy. GRT is significantly increased
3. Drugs which have multiple absorption site or which undergo first under fed condition since onset of MMC is delayed. Studies show
pass metabolism were not desirable candidate for FDDS. that GRT for both floating and non-floating single unit are shorter in
fasted subjects (less than 2 hour), but significantly prolonged after a
4. Floating dosage form should not be given to the patients just be- meal (around 4 hour).
fore going to the bed as gastric emptying occurs rapidly when the
subject remains in supine posture. 4. Nature of meal & frequency of food

5. The single unit floating dosage form is associated with “all or none Feeding of indigestible polymers or fatty acid salts can
concept”. This problem can be overcome by formulating multiple unit change the motility pattern of the stomach to fed state, to increase
system like floating microsphere or microballons. gastric emptying rate and prolonging the drug release. Diet rich in
protein and fat can increase GRT by 4-10 hours.
Factors effecting Gastric Retention
5. Type of formulation
There are several factors that can affect gastric emptying of
an oral dosage form which include density, size and shape of dosage Multiple unit formulation show a more predictable release
form, feeding state, biological factors such as age, gender, posture, profile and insignificant impairing of performance due to failure of
body mass index, disease state etc. units, allow co-administration of units with different release profile or
containing incompatible substances and permit a large margin of safety
1. Effect of dosage form size & shape: against dosage form failure compared with single unit dosage form.

Small size tablets are emptied from the stomach during the
digestive phase while large size units are expelled during the house
keeping waves found that floating unit with a diameter equal or less
than 7.5 mm had larger gastric residence time (GRT) compared to non-
floating units but the GRT was similar for floating and non-floating
units having a large diameter of 9.9 mm. They found that GRT of non-
floating units were much more variable and highly dependent on their
size which are in the order of small < medium < large units. Moreover,
in supine subjects, size influences GRT of floating and non- floating
form. Tetrahedron and ring shaped devices have a better GRT as com-
pared with other shapes.
2. Gender, posture & age:
Mean ambulatory GRT in males (3.4±0.6 hour) is less com- §
pared with their age and race-matched female counterparts (4.6±1.2
hour) regardless of their weight, height and body surface. Women §
emptied their stomach at a lower rate then men even when hormonal
changes due to menstrual cycle were minimized. The mean GRT in the
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§ Floating dosage form offers various future potential as evident
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Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared

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