European Ground Forces

FAS Military Analysis Network
European Ground Forces

AMX 30
Giat Industries has built and delivered to a dozen armies almost 2,300 AMX 30 main
battle tanks, as well as 1,100 derivative versions (155 GCT self-propelled howitzers, anti-
aircraft missile or gun systems, armoured recovery vehicles, etc.). The AMX 30 B2 is an
improved version of the AMX 30, either by rebuilding or by production of new tanks,
equipped with an automatic fire control system (COTAC) enabling it to fire a
ammunition arrow (Vo 1525 m/s). The tank is well profiled, strongly armed, endowed
with a very good mobility and a great autonomy. It is protected only from small gauge
weapons and the effects of artillery. The AMX 30 B2 is able to fight in a contaminated
atmosphere and to cross in immersion of the water levels 2 depth m (4 m with snorkel). It
is intended for all missions requiring operations in traditional or nuclear environments
power: direct destruction of the enemy forces, and in priority of the armoured forces
immediate and major exploitation of the effects of the others weapons, in particular of the
nuclear weapon. It equips tank regiments. It is encased in rolled plates and castings,
entirely welded; traditional turret, entirely cast, of very shaped form.
Specifications
Crew 4 men 1 head of tank, 1 gunner, 1 charger, 1 conductor
Weight in commands neighbor of 36 T
of combat
Dimensions
overall length 9.50 m
length of the case 6.70 m
overall width 3.10 m
overall height 2.85 m
height of the roof of 2.52 m
the tourelleau
ground clearance 0.45 m
width of caterpillar 0.57 m
Hispano-H.S. 110, 4 Diesel times, 12 horizontal rolls,
Driving water cooling, camshafts at the head multi-fuel
power 680 CH with 2400 rpm disengageable ventilator
starters 2 electric starters
quantity of fuel and
970 gas oil
nature
average consumption gas oil - 200 l/100 km
gasoline - 230 l/100 km
500 km or 16 hours with the gas oil 420 km or 14 hours
autonomy
with the gasoline
average on the road 45 km/h
speed maximum on road 65 km/h
field of fire in
direction and disk 360° in 15 s
speed
field of fire in height
-8° with +20°
semicircumference
field of fire in height
back -2° with +20°
semicircumference
principal Armament 1 gun of 105 mm, Mle F2 with semi-automatic loading
out of turret 50 ammunition of 105 mm, including 20 in
ammunition
the turret
effective range approximately 2000 m
1 gun of 20 mm twinned with the gun for ground
shooting, with possibility of surpointage (+ 40°) for
Anti-aircraft shooting
ammunition - 470 cartridges of 20 mm out of turret
auxiliary Armament
1 machine-gun of 7.62 mm
2050 cartridges of 7.63 mm
4 tube-smoke-producing (16 smoke-producing
machines)
Ariete [Ram] Main Battle Tank
The Italian Army has decided to procure two types of combat vehicle, tracked main battle
tanks and wheeled armoured vehicles. To meet the specifications for vehicles for
intervention in classic battlefield operations, a second-generation battle tank and an
infantry fighting vehicle have been developed. The Ariete CI is currently being brought
into service and studies are being carried out for an advanced second or third-generation
battle tank. The Italian Army took delivery of its first Ariete main battle tank in
December 1995.
Ariete has a crew of four, a combat weight of 52 tonnes, a maximum speed of 65 km/h, a
550 km range and is able to surmount 60% gradients. It comes mounted with a 120 mm
gun, integrated fire control system with laser rangefinder and a 7.62 mm machine gun. It
will also be fitted with a stabilised panoramic periscope with night and day sight (infrared
camera) and a digital fire control system and other advanced technological facilities.
Specifications
Source Italian
Contractor Alenia/OTO Breda
Weight 48 t approximately
Crew 4 men
Main armament gun from 120 milimeter to smooth spirit
Secondary armament n. 2 7.62 machine-guns cal. milimeter
Apparatuses of diurno/notturno stabilized
tracking
Computers of
digitalises
shooting
Telemeter laser
Protection NBC
posteriorly supercharged, installed diesel engine, with
Motor
power of 1200 HP
Transmission hydromechanical with retarder secondary
Suspensions to torque arm with hydraulic shocks-absorber
Speed max 65 Km/h
Superskillful slope
60%
max
Challenger 1 Main Battle Tank
Challenger is a development of the Centurion/Chieftain
line, modified to produce the Shir/Iran 2 originally
planned for service with the Iranian forces. After the
Iranian Revolution the Shir Iran 2 project was taken over
by the British Army and the end result was Challenger
later redesignated as Challenger 1. The main differences
between Challenger 1 and its predecessor Chieftain are
the Challenger engine, which produces 1,200bhp at
2,300rpm, far more powerful than the Chieftain engine,
and the Chobham Armour, which gives very high protection levels against anti armour
weapons.
The Challenger 1 has been in service with the British Army since 1983. It was originally
produced by the Royal Ordnance Factory in Leeds, which was acquired by Vickers
Defence Systems in 1986. It is planned to begin withdrawing the Challenger 1 from
service in 1998 and it should be completely replaced by Challenger 2 by 2002.
Challenger 1 took part in Operation Desert Storm where the Iraqi forces failed to take a
single vehicle out of combat while Challenger destroyed roughly 300 Iraqi tanks.
Specifications
1 x 120mm L11A5 gun; 2 x 7.62mm Machine Guns; 2
Armament x 5 barrel smoke dischargers
Engine Rolls-Royce CV12
Ammunition Typically 44 rounds of 120mm; 6000 rounds of
Capacity 7.62mm
Engine Capacity 26.1 litres
Max Road Speed 56kph
Weight Loaded 62,000kg
Length Hull 9.8m
Length Gun Foward 11.5m
Height 2.95m
Width 3.5m
Ground Clearance 0.5m
Crew 4
Challenger 2 Main Battle Tank
The Challenger 2 is the first British Army tank since World War II to be designed,
developed and produced exclusively by a single prime contractor, Vickers Defence
Systems, with set reliability goals laid down in the fixed price contract. The hull and
automotive parts of the Challenger 2 are based upon its predecessor Challenger 1, but
Challenger 2 incorporates over 150 improvements aimed at increasing reliability and
maintainability. The turret of Challenger 2 is a totally new design. Armour is an uprated
version of Challenger 1's Chobham armour. The Challenger 2 is the best protected tank in
NATO (10) incorporating Chobham second-generation armour plating. Its NBC (nuclear,
biological and chemical protection) system is capable of dealing with all known threats
and, for the first time in any British tank, the crew compartment has both a heating and a
cooling system.
The main armament consists of a Royal Ordnance 120 mm rifled tank gun designated the
L30. It also incorporates a McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems 7.62 mm chain gun,
which is already in service in the British Army, being installed in the GKN Defence
Warrior mechanised combat vehicle, and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun. The
Challenger 2’s fire control system is the latest-generation digital computer from
Computing Devices Company (CDC) of Canada and is an improved version of that
installed in the US M1A1 Abrams tank. It also has growth capacity for future
enhancement such as a Battlefield Information Control System and navigation aids. The
Challenger 2 carries a crew of 4 and has a combat weight of 62.5 tonnes. It has a
maximum road speed of 56 km/h and a range of 250 km cross country and 450 km on the
road.
The Challenger 2 (CR2) project includes the development and production of 386 CR2
Main Battle Tanks (MBTs), 22 Driver Training Tanks (DTTs), CHARM 3 ammunition
and a full support package including training equipment and initial spares.
Prime Contractor is Vickers Defence Systems plc. Vickers Defence systems started work
on the Challenger 2 in November 1986 as a private venture and shortly afterwards, in
March 1987, made its first presentation of the vehicle to the British Ministry of Defence.
In February 1988, Vickers submitted a formal proposal regarding the tank to the MOD
following the issue of the staff requirement. In December 1988 it was announced that
Vickers Defence Systems was to be awarded a £90 million contract to undertake a
demonstration phase (also referred to as the proof of principle phase) which lasted until
September 1990.
In June 1991 the British Government selected the Challenger 2 and placed an order worth
£520 million for 127 Challenger 2 MBTs and 13 driver training tanks. Production began
in 1993 and the first vehicles were delivered in July 1994. The Challenger 2 is produced
at the Vickers Defence Systems plants in Leeds and Newcastle.There are over 250
subcontractors (both UK and Overseas) involved at some point in the manufacturing
process. Among the most significant are: Royal Ordnance (Main and Secondary
armaments); Blair Catton (Track); and GEC-Marconi (Gun Control).
The requirement to replace Challenger 1 (CR1) MBT led to the placement of a follow-on
order with Vickers Defence Systems. In July 1994, Vickers Defence Systems received a
further order from the UK MOD for the supply of 259 Challenger 2 and nine driver
training tanks plus training and logistic support. The total value of the contract is £800
million and means that production of the Challenger 2 will continue at least until the year
2000 and that the British Army will be equipped with Challenger 2s while the Challenger
1 will be phased out.
The CR2 In-Service Reliability Demonstration (ISRD) milestone was successfully
achieved in January 1999. The ISRD took place from September to December 1998 and
trialled 12 British Army crewed MBTs at the Bovington test tracks and Lulworth Bindon
Ranges. The ISRD was a great success in that CR2 not only achieved the targets but
exceeded them in all areas set by the Customer’s Staff Requirement.
The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards in Germany, the first of six post-SDR Armoured
Regiments, started to take delivery of CR2 in January 1998 and received the 38th in time
to meet the June 1998 in-service date. Deliveries of CR2 are continuing and it is planned
that each of the six Armoured Regiments will be fully equipped with their tanks and
associated logistic support package by end of 2000.
The conversion from CR1 to CR2 Regiments is being assisted by a comprehensive suite
of training aids, ranging from simple wall charts to highly sophisticated, computer-based
gunnery simulators. A range of CR2 training aids and support equipment are also being
provided for the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) to assist the task of
fault diagnosis, test, repair, calibration and system performance monitoring.
Challenger 2E has been specifically designed for demanding environmental and climatic
conditions and represents the latest evolution of the highly effective family of Challenger
vehicles.
Specifications
Combat Weight 62,500 kgs
Crew Size 4
Combat Weight 62,500kg
Length (hull) 8.327m
Length (gun
11.55m
forward)
Width (over skirts) 3.52m
Height (to turret 2.49m
roof)
Ground Clearance 0.5m
Max Road Range 450km
Rolls-Royce Perkins Condor CV12 1200bhp
Engine with new engine management system
Gearbox David Brown TN54 epicyclic, 6 fwd 2 rev
Suspension Hydrogas variable spring rate
Track Blair Catton hydraulically adjusted double pin
59 kph (road);
Speed 40 kph (mean cross country)
Main Armament Royal Ordnance 120mm L30 gun
Ammunition CHARM 1 and 3, HESH and Smoke
Ammunition Carried Typically 50 rounds - APFSDS, HESH, Smoke
Hughes 7.62mm coaxially mounted chain gun and
Secondary
7.62mm loader’s GPMG Turret Mounted for Air
Armament
Defence
Ammunition Carried 4000 rounds 7.62mm;
Armour DORCHESTER
Exhaust smoke injection and two sets of five L8
Smoke Dischargers
grenade dischargers
Gyrostabilised fully panoramic site with laser range
Commander finder and thermal imager
Gyrostabilised primary site with laser range finder and
Gunner
thermal imager, and coaxially mounted auxiliary sight
Driver Day and night periscopes
Loader Day periscope
Total procurement
£2.2 billion
cost
Production Began 1990
Training Readiness Date achieved September 1997
Production Reliability Growth Trials completed
November 1997
Batch Test 1 achieved November 1997
Schedule
Batch Test 2 achieved March 1998
Quartering Readiness Date achieved April 1998
Batch Test 3 achieved June 1998
In-Service Date achieved June 1998
Batch Test 4 achieved October 1998
ISRD achieved January 1999
Operational Readiness Date due late 1999
Centurion
The Centurion Tank was the main British tank of the post war period, also being
purchased by the Australian Army from 1951 and by many other armed forces. Prototype
Centurions had been built by the end of WWII.
Power is provided by a V12 Rolls Royce Meteor petrol engine, derived from the Merlin
aircraft engine. The Centurion is supported by six pairs of road wheels on each side, each
track also passing over a rear drive sprocket, a front idler wheel and four double and two
single guide rollers. The road wheels are rubber tyred and are mounted on swing-arms
fitted with coil springs and shock absorbers (dampers). Australian Centurion Tanks
served in Vietnam from 1968 until 1971. The Centurion remained in service in Australia
until 1977 when replaced by the Leopard Tank.
Centurion Mk3 - Mk5 1953
 Crew: driver, gunner, radio operator, commander

 loa: 7552mm (hull), width: 3378mm, height: 2940mm
 grnd clearance: 508mm, trench crossing 3350mm
 weight: 50,800kg (unladen)
 Meteor Mk 4B, 27L, petrol, 12-cyls (V12), twin carburettors, 2-valves/cyl, ohv
A 4-cyl charging engine is also fitted
 bore: 137.17mm, stroke: 152.4mm, c.r.: 7.0:1
 power: 650bhp at 2550rpm, torque: 1550lb-ft at 1600rpm
 transmission: 5m (+ 2 rev'), clutch: triple plate
 Max speed: 35kph
 Main armament: 83.4mm 20-pounder
Leclerc
The Leclerc tank is not simply a tank within the classsic meaning of the term, but rather a
weapon system. As a tank incorporating the products of the most recent technologies, it
reaches a level of excellence on each traditional quality: mobility, protection, fire power.
As a system of weapons it integrates these functions in a unit whose management is
optimized in particular by electro-data processing and the capacities of the
communication systems. The essential capacities of Leclerc are the following: a very
great effectiveness in the duel against all the adversary armoured tanks in day or night
(any time) at ranges of more than 3000 meters. It includes a gun of with an automatic
loading system which make it possible to quickly select the type of ammunition, capable
of firing when the tank be moving and which improve appreciably the rate of fire of up to
6 shots/minute. The long-range fire control system stabilizes the sight, and the gun
remain permanently pointed at the target selected. There are two sights: one for the
commander of the tank and the other for the operator. The turret can acquire the target
with gyrostabilisers, and a video recopy of the images allows sharing of information
between the two.
Unequalled mobility is obtained by the synergy between the motor, the kinematic chain,
and the hydropneumatic suspension. A very balanced general protection is obtained not
only by modular shieldings but also by compactness and thus low visibility, which
combined with the very great agility of the tank makes it a difficult target to hit.
Centralized management is performed on a large number of parameters of a tactical or
logistic nature: the digitalization of the data forward by a bus and are exploited inside the
tank which optimizes the entirety of its functions. Also outside, via the radio operator
station, it is possible to better employ the whole of the tanks engaged in an operation in
particular by the use of the system of control and command installed on board.
Being able to resist the most severe stresses of combat of high intensity and to attack the
most hardened targets, it is a powerful tool able to assume all the missions reserved for
the units of the armoured forces whatever the environment, the type and the form of
engagement (traditional, chemical or nuclear, high average or low intensity). The
principal armament is a gun of 120 mm with a smooth bore and a length of 52 calibers,
drawing all types of ammunition with combustible casings with standard NATO. A total
of 40 shells can be embarked, including 22 in automatic loading. The secondary
armament is one 12.7 mm machine-gun and one 7.62 mm machine-gun in the
superstructure.
Specifications
Designation/Name Leclerc
Producer France
Date Production Began 1991
Crew Size 3
Combat Weight 54,500kg
Length (hull) 6.88m
Length (gun forward) 9.87m
Width 3.71m
Height (to turret roof) 2.53m
diesel engine hyperbar V8
power unit
of power 1500 ch/DIN.
Max Road Speed 71kmh
550km
650 km with tanks of 1300
Max Road Range
L and 400 L out of
releasable barrels
average speed any ground 40 to 50 km/h
Armament (main gun) 120mm
Armament (coaxial) 12.7mm MG
Armament (anti-aircraft) 7.62mm MG
Current Using Countries
United
France Arab
Emirates
Battle tank Leopard 1 A5
Kampfpanzer Leopard 1 A5
The Leopard 1 was first produced in 1963
by Krauss-Maffei for the German Ministry
of Defence and more than 6000 vehicles
have been exported to nine NATO
countries, Belgium, Denmark, Germany,
Greece, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands,
Norway and Turkey and also Australia.
The main armament is capable of
engaging with effective fire, while on-the-
move, through the use of an electronic ,
hydraulic gyroscopic gun stabilizer. This is known as fully stabilized power traverse. In
addition, the Leopard is fitted with two banks of smoke grenade dischargers on the turret
to create local obscuration.
The Leopard may be "sealed-off" against nuclear contamination on the nuclear

battlefield. It is a minimum-maintenance armoured fighting vehicle with visual lubricant
level checks and minimum daily crew maintenance required. Properly fitted with external
gear, it is capable of deep-fording or submerged fording where river banks are prepared
for exit and entry. Complete engine replacement is possible in 30 minutes under field
conditions.
Characteristics
Engine performance: 610 KW (830PS)
Weight: approx. 42.4 t
Maximum speed: approx. 65 km/h
Operating range (1/3 area, 2/3 road): approx. 600 km
Armament:
Mounted gun 105 mm
Combat distance: to 2500 m
Crew Four soldiers (commander, driver, gunner and radio operator/loader)
Length: 8.17 m (gun at 6 o'clock)
9.54 m (gun at 12 o'clock)
Width: 3.37 m
Height: 2.62 m
Weight: 42.5 t
Engine: Multi-fuel engine,
10 cylinders,
830 hp
Speed: 65 km/hr
Range: 600 km
Armament: 105-mm gun;
7.62-mm co-axially mounted machine-gun;
7.62-mm crew commander's machine-gun
Ammunition Armour piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot;
types: Armour piercing discarding sabot ;
High explosive squashhead;
High explosive plastic;
High explosive anti-tank;
Smoke
AML-245 (Auto-Mitraileuse Legere-245)
AML-60
AML-90
In different versions this light armored car is used by about 40 Armies worldwide.
Numerous options of modernization are offered (diesel engines, fire controls, armament,
conditioned air, etc.).
Specifications
Country of origin France
Builder Panhard
Crew 3
AML-60 - 4.8 tons
Weight
AML-90 - 5.9 ton.
Dimensions 5.48 Xs 1.97 Xs 2.15 ms.
Motor 85 Cv. gasoline (optional, diesel of 90 Cv.).
Mechanics with electromagnetic control (optional with
Transmission
converter of hydraulic pair).
Traction 4X4
speed 90 Km/h;
Autonomy 700 km (diesel);
Fording 0.90 m.
AML-60 - 1 x 60mm Mortar; 1 x 7.62mm Mag
Armament
AML-90 - 1 x 90mm Cannon; 1 x 7.62mm MAG
AMX 10 RC
The AMX 10 RC is a strongly armed amphibian reconnaissance vehicle, endowed with
very good mobility on road and any path, protected against light weapons of infantry and
the effects of artillery, able to fight in contaminated atmosphere. It is intended for
reconnaissance missions in traditional or nuclear environment, implying fast
displacements and great amplitudes before engagement. It constitutes the fire vehicle the
reconnaissance units and armoured regiments. The armor consists of plates rolled and
welded out of light alloy. The turret is traditional, of highly shaped form.
 field of fire in direction: 360°

 field of fire in height: - 8° with + 20°
 principal armament: 1 gun of 105 mm [38 105 mm ammunition]
 auxiliary armament: 1 machine-gun 7.62 mm twin [4000 cartridges]
 4 lance-smoke-producing tubes (16 smoke-producing machines)
 Crew: 4 men - 1 commander, 1 gunner, 1 radio-charger, 1 conductor
 Mass [combat]: 16 T
 overall length: 9.13 m
 length of the case: 6.35 m
 overall width: 2.95 m overall
 height (position road): 2.59 m
 ground clearance (position road): 0.30 m
 footing: 3.10 m
 Engine: Diesel BAUDOUIN 4 overfed times with 6 cylinders out of V
with 90° water cooling
 power: 280 CH with 3000 rpm disengageable ventilator with hydrostatic
command
 Quantity of fuel and nature: 520 gas oil
 Consumption L: 60 L / 100 km
 Endurance: 800 km or 17 h.
 Average road speed: 60 km/h
 maximum road speed: 85 km/h
 water speed: 7.2 km/h
ARMORED VEHICLES AMX-10 RC Recon
Main Armament (caliber, model) 105-mm 48-cal Gun
Ammunition type APFSDS, HEAT, HE
Range, effective (m) 2000+
Stabilized No
Elevation/traverse (degrees) -18/+20 360
Penetration (mm @ m range) Triple heavy armor at 2000
Basic load 38 rds
Secondary Armament 7.62-mm coax MG
Ammunition type SLAP, Ball
Basic load 4000 rds
Auxiliary Armament 12.7-mm M2HB AA MG (optional)
Ammunition type API, SLAP, Ball
Vehicle characteristics
Night sights
Gunner LLLTV
Driver
Speed, road/off-road (kph) 85/
Range, road/off-road (km) 1000/
Trench Xng (width)/Step( height m) 1.65/.80
Grade x side slope (degrees) (50%)
Ground clearance (mm) .60
Fording (m) Swim
Weight (mt) 15.88 (combat) 14.9 (unloaded)
Dimensions (LxWxH m w/o gun) 9.15 (w/gun) x2.95x2.68
NBC protection Yes
Crew 4
Night Firing Sights Thomson-CSF DIVT 13
AMX-13
Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS)
Tactical Reconnaissance Armoured Combat Equipment
Requirement (TRACER)
Armored Scout and Reconnaissance Vehicle (ASRV)
An 07 July 1998 Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) between the United States and the United
Kingdom established the US Future Scout and
Cavalry System (FSCS) / UK Tactical
Reconnaissance Armoured Combat Equipment
Requirement (TRACER) program. FSCS and
TRACER are the national program names for a new Armored Scout and Reconnaissance
Vehicle (ASRV) as specified in the MOU.
The FSCS conceptual system, intended for future

scout and cavalry units, features a three-man
vehicle crew, mast-mounted sensor package, semi-
expendable Micro Aerial Vehicles (miniature
UAVs) and Un-manned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)
or robots. FSCS would be armed with a notional
40mm gun system for self protection. The sensor
package for the FSCS itself and the robots may
include both visual and thermal capability. The
mast-mounted sensor would be able to elevate to a
height of 5 meters to look over intervening terrain
or pop-out of tree tops. The MAVs are employed
similar to firing a round of ammunition. They
would have electro-optical sensors and a limited
range (10 kilometers or less) and endurance
(approximately 15 minutes). They are intended to provide the scouts a look into the "next
valley" capability before moving in a robot or FSCS.
The Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS) Advanced Technology Demonstration
(1998–01) will demonstrate the feasibility and operational potential of an advanced
lightweight vehicle chassis integrating scout–specific and advanced vehicle technologies
developed in other technology–based programs. The effort will be fabricated and tested
in virtual and real environments to evaluate and validate sensors/situational awareness
capabilities and to develop scout tactics. The FSCS ATD will develop and demonstrate
scout–specific mobility components such as electric drive, semi–active and fully active
suspension, and band track. Other specific technologies that may be integrated into the
scout platform include MFS3, advanced lightweight structural materials and armors,
advanced crew stations, advanced C2, medium–caliber weapon, and advanced
survivability systems. This effort will validate the inherent signature reduction of
advanced mobility technologies.
Following 21 months of concentrated activity to set up the co-operative FSCS/TRACER

program, the UK signed the Armoured Scout and Reconnaissance Vehicle Memorandum
of Understanding on 07 July 1998. The US signed the document on 26 February 1998 but
final UK approval was delayed until the UK Strategic Defence Review was concluded.
An Invitation to Tender (ITT) for the Advanced Technology Demonstrator / Project
Definition (ATD/PD) was issued to Industry on 09 July 1998 with a 75 calendar day
tender response period.
The MoU itself covers the entire program although much of the detail for successive
phases will be negotiated later on and published in supplements to the document. The
ITT was issued to two Tenderers: SIKA International, a company formed for the program
by Lockheed Martin and British Aerospace; and LANCER, a consortium led by GEC-
Marconi. Both consortia comprise a mixture of US and UK companies to enable work to
be shared equitably between the industries of both nations. The Joint Project Office (JPO)
called for in the MoU is now formally established. It comprises two symmetrical
elements, one at the UK’s Procurement Executive in Abbey Wood, Bristol, the other at
the US Army’s Tank Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) in Warren,
Michigan. Technical advice to the JPO is provided by the US Tank Automotive Research
Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) at Warren, supported by other US
technical commands, and by the UK Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA).
By FY03 the ARDEC Advanced Light Armaments for Combat Vehicles (ALACV) STO
will demonstrate 25/35mm ammunitions with 75% or greater improvement in lethality
compared to conventional point detonating munitions and 20-40% improvement
compared to existing KE & bursting munitions. The ALACV will develop two types of
munitions (anti-personnel and anti-armor) to meet the Future Scout and Cavalry System
(FSCS) and the Future Infantry Vehicle (FIV) lethality requirements.
The FSCS ATD will fast track in FY02 to the EMD phase of the FSCS program. FSCS is
the replacement combat vehicle for the M1114 HMWWV in Armor and Mechanized
Infantry Battalion Scout Platoons and the M3A2/3 CFV in Division and Regimental
Cavalry Squadrons.
The Fiscal Year 2001 Army budget request included decisions to restructure or "divest" a
number of programs in order to provide some of the resources to support its
transformation to achieve the ambitious deployment goals outlined in the October 1999
Army Vision. The restructured programs are the Crusader and the Future Scout and
Cavalry System. The "divestitures" include Heliborne Prophet (Air), MLRS Smart
Tactical Rocket (MSTAR), Stinger Block II, Command and Control Vehicle (C2V),
Grizzly, Wolverine, and the Army Tactical Missile System Block IIA. Funding for these
programs was reallocated to fund the Army Vision transformation strategy.
BMR-600
The BMR-600 (Blindado Medio de Ruedas) is a six-wheeled light armored vehicle
manufactured in Spain under French license. To 1972 the Spanish Army fixed the tactical
and technical requirements for a wheeled armored vehicle for the transport and
movement of a squad of infantry to and in the zone battle. Designed by the Commission
of Development of Armored Vehicles, the Army, and the Direction of Projects of
ENASA, the prototype the Pegaso BMR-600 was evaluated over four years and entered
production in 1979, with versions for personnel, mortar carriers of 81 and 120 mm,
recovery-repair and ambulance. On the other hand, the Army made those of transmissions
of the Mount Olympus system and combat engineers BMR-VCZ. The BMR has been
exported to Saudi Arabia and Egypt and employed effectively in real situation as much
by the Saudí forces during the campaign of Kuwait of 1991 ande by the Spanish troops in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and Albania. The BMR-600 is in service in Spain, Saudi Arabia,
Egypt and Peru.
The Spanish Army is modernizing it with a new motor, additional plates of armor, and a
system of bacteriological and chemical defense. On 29 May 1994 the program of
modernization of 646 units was approved, jointly executed by Santa Barbara Armor and
the Park and Center of Maintenance of System Cover with armor (PCMSA. The updates
also include a new system of fuel supply, adjustable height steering, fire-fighting and
antiexplosion system.
Specifications
Country of origin Spain
Crew 12
Weight 14 ton
Dimensions 6.15 Xs 2.50 Xs 2 m
Armament 1X12,70 mm
Pegaso @ 306 hp (being replaced by a Scania @ 310
Motor hp)
Suspension Hydropneumatics of independent elements McPhearson
Traction 6 Xs 6
Maximum - 100 Km/h
Speed
water (with hidrochorros), 9 Km/h.
Autonomy 1,000 Km
B1 Centauro tank destroyer
VBC 8x8 APC
The Centauro B1 tank destroyer was designed to carry out tactical reconnaissance and
territorial defence tasks. The main mission of the Centauro heavy armored car is the
protection of lighter vehicles and units of the Cavalry. It is not a reconnaissance vehicle,
but a tank destroyer/wheeled tank. The cavalry unit is equipped with this vehicle which is
fitted with a 105 mm high-pressure gyrostabilised gun and associated automated fire
control system. It has high road mobility, a good power to weight ratio, a long range and
good cross-country mobility. The Centauro carries a fully armed and equipped crew of 2
to 4 men, which makes it extremely flexible to use, especially in peacekeeping
operations. Vehicles in the Centauro family have a basic protection guaranteed to
withstand 14.5 mm bullets (25 mm on the front section). This can be increased to 30 mm
by bolting on additional protection. The Centauro was deployed in Somalia and former
Yugoslavia and has proved its toughness and the suitability of its gun system for use in
peacekeeping operations as well as in the reconnaissance tasks for which it was designed
and developed. Because of their characteristics, these tanks have been used to escort
motor convoys, for wide area control and for road patrols, and have proven rapid
intervention capability in unforeseen crises.
In order to have a troop carrier with mobility and protection specifications similar to
those of the Centauro tank, development has begun on a family of medium tanks whose
main characteristic is a high degree of interoperability with other tanks. The battlefield
version (VBC 8 x 8) already exists in prototype. This will carry 7 fully equipped men in
addition to the tank commander and the pilot and may be armed with a range of
equipment such as a 12.7 mm machine gun and a 25 or 60 mm cannon, plus two missile
launchers. Bearing in mind Italy’s recent experience in Somalia and Bosnia, a possible
use has emerged for short-range heavy automatic armaments against interposing forces
rather than a range of 400-500 m, as in a cold-war scenario.
Specifications
Weight 21 t approximately
Crew 4 men
Main armament gun from 105 striped milimeter
Secondary armament n. 2 7.62 machine-guns cal. milimeter
Apparatuses of diurno/notturni
tracking
Calculating of digitalis
shooting
Telemeter laser
Protection ballistics and NBC
supercharged, installed diesel engine front, with power
Motor
of 520 HP
Transmission hydromechanical with retarder secondary
Suspensions independent type Mc Pherson
Traction 8x8
Steering on three axes
Piranha
The Piranha family of light armoured vehicles,
available in 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 and 10x10 configurations,
has become the choice of military customers around
the world. In 1977 the Canadian Forces selected the
MOWAG Piranha 6x6 Armoured Vehicle General
Purpose (AVGP). The Canadian government
selected DDGM as the Canadian based contractor
for this order. The armoured vehicle general purpose
(AVGP) comes in three variants: the Cougar, the
Grizzly and the Husky. The AVGP entered service in 1976. The Cougar's main function
is to provide direct or semi-direct fire support in a combined operation. The Grizzly's
primary use is to provide mobility and protection for an 11-person infantry section in
combined arms operations. In 1999, the Cougar is being gradually removed from service
with the Regular Force and will remain operational at the Reserve unit level only. Plans
are being made to extend the life of some of the AVGP vehicles and to use them in a
variety of new ways. The Canadian Forces order later led to a major contract with the US
Marine Corps (USMC) for the 8x8 version of the Piranha and later to an even larger
vehicle procurement by the U.S. Army TACOM for the National Guard of Saudi Arabia.
GKN teamed up with MOWAG of Switzerland in 1990 to produce the Piranha family of
wheeled armoured vehicles to meet a number of requirements in the UK’s FFLAV
(Future Family of Light Armoured Vehicles). MOWAG and GKN Defence signed an
agreement which licensed GKN to be system prime contractor for the design, integration,
production and marketing of the GKN Piranha 8x8 for agreed customers. Vehicles have
already been sold to Saudi Arabia and Oman. The GKN Piranha 8x8 can hold up to 15
persons. It has a combat weight of 12.3 tonnes, a maximum road speed of 100 km/h and a
fording speed of 10.5 km/h. Its maximum range is 780 km and it can be armed for
whatever role is assigned to it. Existing customers for the Piranha include Denmark,
Canada (designated the LAV III Kodiak), and Sweden.
In August 1999 Diesel Division, General Motors of Canada Limited (DDGM),
announced the acquisition of the privately owned Mowag Motorwagenfabrik AG
(MOWAG), based in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. The sale formalizes a 22-year working
relationship between the two companies that has focussed on the design development,
international licensing and manufacturing of the Piranha family of light armoured,
wheeled military vehicles. DDGM had recently begun production of a new and
significantly larger category of the Piranha 8x8, known as the LAV III, as part of a 651-
unit replacement program for the Canadian Forces.
PIRANHA III Baseline Vehicles

Weights
6x6 8x8 10x10
(approx.)
Weight
kg 9.500 10.500 12.500
empty
Payload kg 3.000 6.000 7.500
Total
combat kg 12.500 16.500 20.000
weight
Power-
to- hp/
28.0 24.0 22.5
weight t
ratio
Dimensi
ons 6x6 8x8 10x10
(approx.)
Overall
m 6.25 6.93 7.45
length
Height
m 1.985/2.17 1.985/2.17 1.985/2.17
over hull
Overall
m 2.66 2.66 2.66
width
Max.
number 10 14 16
of seats
Comparison PIRANHA I, II, III example

8x8
PIRANHA I PIRANHA II PIRANHA III
Widt 2.5 m 2.6 m 2.66 m
h
Lengt
6.3 m 6.8 m 6.93 m
h
Heigh
1.88 m 1.88 m / 1.92 m 1.98 m
t
(over
hull)
Tire
325R16 325R16, 335/80R20 12.00R20, 365/80R20
size
Baseli
ne
9'500 kg 10'000 kg 10'500 kg
Weig
ht
Gross
Vehic
le 12'500 kg 14'000 kg 16'500 kg
Weig
ht
Paylo
3'000 kg 4'000 kg 6'000 kg
ad
Combat Vehicle 90 (CV 90)
Combat Vehicle 90 (CV 90 - StridsFordon 90) is jointly developed and manufactured by
Hagglunds AB (chassis) and Bofors AB (turret, armament and ammunition). The CV 90
family consists of: CV 90 (the basic armored infantry fighting vehicle, armed with a 40
mm automatic cannon); Anti-aircraft vehicle 90; Forward observer vehicle 90; Command
post vehicle 90; and Recovery vehicle 90. All vehicles are designed for maximum
performance in the most inhospitable terrain and hostile combat environments. The CV
90 is an extremely agile, multi-role combat vehicle with all-target capability, a low very
compact structure and minimized radar and IR-signatures. The basic turret is electrically
operated and houses a CelsiusTech UTAAS sight with integrated laser rangefinder and
thermal camera. The 40 mm Bofors autocannon assures lethality to all other light
armored vehicles and even offers a chance to kill enemy tanks from flanking positions
with its APFSDS-T ammo. Production orders for series vehicle are divided into three
batches. A total of 500 CV 90 will be procured for the Swedish Army, with final delivery
in 2002.
The Hägglunds Vehicle CV 90120 light tank consists of a slightly modified CV 90

chassis, produced for Norway and Sweden, fitted with a new three-man turret mounting a
Swiss Ordnance 120 mm smoothbore gun with a computerised fire-control system and
stabilised day/night sights.
Specifications
Weight, combat 26,000 kg
loaded
Personnel capacity 11
Speed 70 km/h
Engine Scania DSI 14 Diesel 446 kW/2200 rpm
Armament Bushmaster II, 30 mm cannon
ERC 90
The ERC 90 is a light armoured vehicle with 6 wheels, armed with a 90-mm gun. With
good mobility terrestrial and watery, it can fight in contaminated atmosphere and is
transportable by air by Transall. It is intended for safe reconnaissance missions in
traditional or nuclear environments. It is equiped to carry out anti-tank missions. The case
and turret consist of tack welded steel plates: field of fire in direction: 360° field of fire in
height: -8° with +15° pointing in site and layer ensured by electric drives. Direction is
provided by observation glasses and firing direction by a laser system of telemetry.
Specifications
1 gun of 90 mm to semi-automatic operation
principal armament 20 ammunition of 90 mm out of turrets out
distances practical shooting: 1800 m
1 machine-gun of 7.62 mm twinned
secondary armament with the gun 2000 cartridges of 7.62 mm
4 smoke-producing cannister launchers
the ERC 90 requires a crew of 3 men: a head of
Crew
machine, a gunner, a pilot
masses 8100 kg
6 Cylinders out of V with 90° with electronic ignition,
Engine two carburettors and water cooling power 135 CH. to
5250 rpm
average on road: 60 km/h
speed average on road: 100 km/h
water: 7.2 km/h
consumption on road: 24 l/100 in varied ground: 17 l/h
autonomy 730 km or 15 hours for 250 gasoline
Fiat 6614G 4X4 Armored Car
KM 900 APC
The South Korean army deploys the Fiat 6614 wheeled armored personnel carriers under
the KM-900 designation.
Specifications
cylinders 4
Speed max 100 km/h
Power kW: 106.7; CV: 145 to 3200 giri/min

Fuel diesel oil
empty 7200 Kg;

Weight:
full load: 8500 kg
longitudinal: 60%
slope max
cross-sectional : 30%
Length 5860 milimeter

Superskillful step 400 milimeter
Width 2500 milimeter

Autonomy 700 km
Transport tank 1 Fox
Transportpanzer 1 Fuchs
Engine performance: 235 KW

(320 HP)
Maximum speed: approx. 96
km/h
Crew: 2+8
Functions: Carrier vehicle of
conversion kits
Armament:
1 mg 7.62 mm
FV 430 Series
First introduced in 1962 the FV 430 series of vehicles has developed to fulfil 14 roles
including Command Post APC, ambulance, minelayer, recovery and repair vehicle,
mortar, radar or troop carrier. NBC proof, it can carry up to 10 men and 2 crew and may
be armed with a 7.62mm machine gun or turret mounted L37 machine gun.
 Length 5.25m;
 Width 2.8m; Height 2.28m;
 Weight 15.28 tonnes;
 Max Road Speed 52 Kph;
 Road Range 580 kms;
 Engine Rolls Royce K60;
 Crew 2 + troops 10;
 Armament 7.62mm machine gun or L37 machine gun.
Tank destroyer Jaguar 1 with guided missile HOT
Jagdpanzer Jaguar 1 mit Lenkflugkörper HOT
(500 HP)
Weight: approx. 25 t
km/h
Operating range road: approx.
400 km
Crew: 4
Armament:
Guided missile HOT
1 bug MG 7.62 mm
1 air defense MG 7.62
mm
Combat distance: to
4000 m
Tank destroyer Jaguar 2 with antitank guided missile TOW
Jagdpanzer Jaguar 2 mit Panzerabwehrlenkflugkörper TOW
(500 HP)
km/h
400 km
Crew: 4
Armament:
 Antitank defense guided

missile TOW
 1 Fla MG 7.62 mm
 Combat distance: to 3750
m
Reconnaissance tank Luchs
Spähpanzer Luchs

(390 HP)
km/h
forward and backwards drivable
Buoyantly
Operating range: approx. 730
km
Crew: 4
Armament:
1 mounted automatic
cannon 20 mm
Rate of fire: 800-1000
firing/min
2000 m
Armored infantry vehicle Marder 1 A3
Schützenpanzer Marder 1 A3

(600 HP)
km/h
460 km
Crew: 9
Armament:
Mounted automatic
cannon 20 mm
Antitank weapon
MILAN
Tower MG 7,62mm
Hand weapons
Rate of fire: 1000
round(s)/min. (mounted
automatic cannon)
Combat distance:
Mounted automatic cannon
and antitank weapon
MILAN to 2000 m
Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV)
The current Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV) is the first truly collaborative land-
system project in Europe. . Part of the rationale for the program is that Europe has too
many armored vehicle producers--at least seven compared to one in the US. The UK is
participating in a collaborative program with France and Germany for the development
and initial production of a family of wheeled, armoured vehicles to meet the requirements
of the three nations. The vehicle is essentially a German design with Germany supplying
the automotive components, UK the basic chassis and Giat Industries the mission
module. Initially, the design will provide the Armoured Personnel Carrier and Command
Vehicle versions but will also allow for the development of other variants using the same
base vehicle.
The consortium consists of Krauss-Maffei/Wegmann and MAK(Germany), Alvis

Vehicles (UK) and GIAT (France). The ARGE-GTK (Krauss Maffei Wehrtechnik
GmbH, Rheinmetall Industrie AG /MAK System GmbH and Wegmann & Co GmbH)
form the core for the German system competence in the field of armoured tracked and
wheeled concepts, development, series production and modernisation. Apart from many
important subsystems and assemblies, this system competence contains all the logistic
aspects from the development phase through the utilisation phase. GKN is a global group
whose operations in some 40 countries generate sales in excess of £3 billion. GKN
Defence is the UK's leading designer and manufacturer of light and medium armoured
vehicles for military, security and peacekeeping roles. Giat Industries design, produce
and market complete combat systems, whether they be armoured systems (main battle
tanks, recovery vehicles, information systems, logistic support, training, etc.) as well as
weapon and ammunition systems (artillery, infantry, mining and mine clearing,
associated munitions, logistic support , etc.).
In January 1996, the German Ministry of Defence launched an invitation to tender for the
development of a new wheeled armoured personnel carrier, for which ARGE/GTK and
GKN issued a common response. In July 1996, the French Ministry of Defence launched
an invitation to tender for the development of a wheeled armoured infantry fighting
vehicle for which Giat Industries issued a response. These two invitations to tender are
based on common tri-national specifications and cover a first lot of 200 vehicles for each
country.
Following a competition between two international consortia, an announcement was

made on 22 April 1998, jointly with France and Germany, that Eurokonsortium (now
known as ARTEC) had been selected as the preferred bidder. An extensive program of
work has been set in hand to negotiate satisfactory contract terms and conditions.
Two families of vehicle are required: one consisting of highly mobile, well protected
vehicles (known as M1P1) designed to operate alongside Challenger and Warrior; and the
other of less mobile, less well protected vehicles (known as M2P2) designed to work in
areas where there is reduced direct fire threat. The Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle
(MRAV) replaces utility CVR(T), SAXON GWR and FV430 family to meet a number of
support functions. Around 1,400 medium mobility, medium protection vehicles will be
required by the UK.
It is expected that initial production will be 600 production vehicles (200 for each
country), although the potential is for up to at least 3,000 vehicles. Most vehicles will be
built in an 8 x 8 configuration although there is a possibility that there may also be some
in a 6 x 6 configuration.
Puma
The Puma family, developed by the Consorzio Iveco Fiat - Oto Melara based in Rome,
will probably enter into service in 1998 in two basic configurations, a 4x4 and a 6x6
version, both capable of a high degree of strategic and tactical mobility and with
protection able to withstand 7.62 mm bullets (12.7 mm on the front section). The
possibility of mounting them with a range of weapons systems gives them wide
flexibility of use. The Puma 4x4 will be used to equip light infantry regiments to increase
levels of protection in territorial defence and peacekeeping operations. The Puma 6x6
will be assigned to the cavalry units for tactical reconnaissance tasks. The Puma may
need additional armors for ballistic protection
Specifications
Puma 4x4 Puma 6x6
Crew 7, driver plus 6 troops 9, driver plus 8 troops
Combat weight 5.7 tons 7.5 tons
Length 5108 mm 5526 mm
Height 1900 mm 1900 mm
Height 1678 mm 1678 mm
Width 2090 mm 2284 mm
Missiles TOW anti-tank missiles
Weapons
Machine guns 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm
Armored reconnaissance radar Rasit
Panzeraufklärungsradar Rasit

(320 HP)
km/h
km
Erfassungsbereich radar
coverage: to 20,000 m
Crew: 4
Armament
1 Fla MG 7.62 mm
Sabre
Sabre was brought into service in 1995 using a Scorpion chassis and the 30mm turret
from CVR(W) Fox. It is almost identical to Scimitar but has a lower profile turret.
Equipped with a Rarden Canon and Hughes chain gun, Sabre is used for close
reconnaissance.
 Length 5.15m;
 Width 2.17m;
 Height 2.17m;
 Engine Jaguar 4.2 litre;
 Crew 3;
 Armament 30mm Rarden Cannon; 7.62 Hughes chain gun.
Samaritan
Samaritan is a derivative of the CVR(T) vehicle - it is an armoured ambulance equipped
with stretchers.
 Length 5.07m;
 Width 2.24m;
 Height 2.42m;
 Max Road
 Speed 72.5kph;
 Engine - Jaguar 4.2 litre;
 Crew - Commander, driver, up to 6 casualties;
 Armament Nil.
Samson
Samson is a derivative of the CVR (T) Vehicle (Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance
Tracked) - it is the Armoured Recovery Vehicle for all the vehicles in this class.
 Length 4.79m;
 Width 2.43m;
 Height 2.25m;
 Max Road Speed 72.5kph;
 Crew Commander, driver and crew;
 Armament 7.62mm machine gun.
Saxon
Saxon is a wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier used by mechanised infantry battalions.
Capable of travelling across very rough terrain and fording 3 feet of water the vehicle has
excellent battlefield mobility. Fitted with a 7.62 millimetre machine gun.
 Weight 10,670 kg;

 Length 5.16m;
 Width 2.48m;
 Height 2.63m;
 Ground Clearance (axles) 0.33m;
 Max Road Speed 96 kph;
 Max Road Range 510 km;
 Engine 6-cylinder diesel;
 Armour proof against 7.62 rounds fired at point blank range;
 Crew 2 + 10 troops.
Scimitar
Scimitar is a CVR(T) vehicle (Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance Tracked) with a primary
role to gather information. Used by medium reconnaissance Regiments and armoured
infantry units for reconnaissance, the vehicle is fitted with a Rarden 30mm cannon for
self defence.
 Length 4.79m;
 Width 2.24m;
 Height 2.10m;
 Max Road Speed 80kph;
 Crew Commander, gunner, driver;
 Armament 30mm Rarden Cannon, 7.62 machine gun.
FV 101 CVR(T) Scorpion
Alvis has produced a substantial part of the British Army’s tank fleet and has maintained
high export levels. Its family of combat vehicles includes the Scorpion, Spartan, Sultan,
Samson and Scimitar tanks and also the Saracen armoured personnel carrier and the
Saladin armoured vehicle. The ageing Scorpion and Scimitar vehicles did not stand out as
efficient machines in the Gulf and Bosnian conflicts.
Specifications
Type Tracked light reconnaissance vehicle
Manufacturer Alvis
Weight 8073 kg
Length 4.79 m
Height 2.1 m
Armor Material Aluminum
Armor Thickness Average of 25mm
Maximum Speed 80.5 kph on-road
Powerplant Perkins T6-3544
Horsepower 200 hp
SK 105 Kurassier
This light tank was developed by the Saurer-Werk (today Steyr Daimler-Puch). The first
prototype was ready in 1967 and first production vehicles were delivered in 1971.
Although classified as "tank destroyer" [Jagdpanzer] by the Austrian army, SK 105
(known as Kurassier) is considered a light tank. Many of its automotive components are
identical to the used ones in the armored troop carrier vehicles of of (APC) built by Steyr,
allowing to the users to have an full family of the vehicles based on similar parts, which
facilitates training and the logistic support. The SK 105 variants include the Greif
armored recovery vehicle, the Pionier engineering vehicle and the driver training vehicle.
They are in service in Argentina, Austria, Bolivia, Morocco and Tunisia. The Navy of
Brazil also acquired 17 SK 105 for the Body of Fuzileiros Navais (CFN). The
incorporation of this tank is part of the Program of Reaparelhamento of the Navy for
equiping fiflemen with more modern equipment. Production of the SK 105 resumed for
Botswana, with an order for 20 brand new vehicles and an option on an additional 30
vehicles.
Specifications
origin Austria
105 mm cannon [3,000 m range]
7.62 mma machine gun coaxial one with the main
Armament
armament
two smoke projectors on each side of the turret
7.76 m including the main armament
Length 5.58 m chassis
Width 2.5 m
Height 2.88 m
Weight 17,500kg
Pressure on ground 0.68 kg/cm2
Steyr 7FA - 6 cylinders, water cooled, superfed, diesel,
Motor
developing 320 HP (238 KW)
Speed on road 65-68 km/h
range 520 km
vertical: 0.8 m;
Obstacles trench: 2,41 m;
slopes: 60 º
Spartan
Spartan is a derivative of the CVR(T) vehicle (Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance tracked).
Spartan is used by specialist troops which can include Mortar Fire Control Teams, anti
aircraft teams equipped with Javelin, or as Engineer Command Vehicles.
 Length 5.12m;
 Width 2.24m;
 Height 2.26m;
 Max Road Speed 80.5kph;
 Crew Commander, driver and 5 crew;
 Armament 7.62mm machine gun.
Striker
Striker is a CVR(T) vehicle with a primary role to destroy enemy armour. Striker carries
10 Swingfire anti-tank missiles with a range of up to 4000 metres. Five of these missiles
are carried in bins on top of the vehicle, however these need to be reloaded from outside
the vehicle.
 Armament 10 x Swingfire Missiles; 1 x 7.62mm Machine Gun: 2 x 4

barrel smoke dischargers;
 Max Road Speed 80kph;
 Length 4.8m;
 Height 2.2m;
 Width 2.2m.
Sultan
Sultan is the Command and Control variant of the CVR(T) family of vehicles which
came into service in 1972. Light and highly mobile, Sultan is used as a Command or
Headquarters vehicle in armoured and armoured reconnaissance formations.
 Length of barrel 4.8m;

 Width 2.25m;
 Height 2.56m;
 Engine Jaguar J60:
 Crew 6
Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB)
The Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB) is the basic vehicle of the regiments of infantry. It
is characterized by its simplicity, its great mobility, and its comfort on any ground. It is
an armoured vehicle with wheels which can be adapted to various employments, and is
characterized by: a good aptitude for displacement in varied ground and NBC
environment, an amphibious capacity, a range of 1000 km, and the possibility of transport
by airplane. The VAB can transport 10 combatants, and the personnel are protected from
the projectiles perforating from 7.62mm rounds to 100 m, and from anti-personnel mines.
For ground and anti-aircraft self-defence a 7.62mm machine gun is mounted on a
circular-shield in the forward right of the vehicle carrying 3000 cartridges.
More than 5,000 VABs in various versions are in service with 15 armies. The VAB has
been used in numerous military operations, and has played an important peace-keeping
role in several parts of the world. It is undergoing continuous technical upgrade
programmes.
Specifications
length 5,94 m
width 2,49 m
height 2,06 m
ground clearance 0.40 m
Mass 13 T
maximum: 90 km/h
Speed
watery: 2,2 m/s
diesel 6 cylinders on line, 220 CH of power
Driving
2 hydrojets with directional deflectors
Autonomy 1000 km
Quantity of fuel 310 gas oil
Possibility of tractor drawing a trailer of total mass of
4T
Possibility of negotiating slopes of 60% and cants of
30%.
The Véhicule Blindé Léger (VBL) corresponds to a new tactical need with wheels
discrete and general-purpose having amphibians and NBC capacities. It is conceived to
combine with the agility of the jeep a sufficient protection against the battlefield and the
dangers of NBC attack. The VBL is planned for two versions: reconnaissance and anti-
tank combat. It must be able to carry out in an autonomous way the missions of
reconnaissance and infiltration, and to ensure the environment of the future. The version
with anti-tank devices will be capable of shooting MILAN with 6 missiles, 7.62 mm
automatic arms with 2000 rounds, or 7.62 mm automatic arms with 3000 rounds.
crew:
3 in version anti-tank device: head of machine, pilot, gunner MILAN
2 in version light
dimensions:
length: 3.84 m
overall width: 2.02 m
height: 1.70 m
ground clearance: 0.35 m
masses (combat without option): 3.8t.

power unit: engine XD 3t compressed turbo Peugeot-diesel,
power of 95 CH DIN (70 kW),
couple 21 mdaN with 2250 rpm torque converter with
automatic box with 3 box reports/ratios of tranfert with 2 ratios
(road-ground)
amphibious system of propulsion: propulsion by propellers (option)
fuel rating: 28 ch/t fuel: 75 gas oil L out of tank 20 L

autonomy: 600 km
speed:
average on road: 70 km/h maximum
stabilized speed of 60 km/h
on water with propellers: 5.4 km/h
VCC-1 Camallino Armored Combat
Vehicle
VCC-1 Camallino Armored Combat Vehicle was developed for the Italian Army by
OTO-Breda. It is a modernized and highly modified version of the American M-113
armored personnel carrier. Systems & Electronics Inc has produced the TOW Under-
Armour (TUA) turret on the VCC-1 chassis for Saudi Arabia.
Specifications
Length 5040 milimeter
Width 2680 milimeter
Height 2080 milimeter
main: 1 mtr.da 12.7 milimeter;
armament
secondary: 1 mtr. from 7.62
Crew 1 pilot
slope max 60%
Transport 8 men
Autonomy 450 km
Speed max 64 km/h
VCC 80 Dardo [Dart]
VCC 80 Dardo HITFIST
The Italian Army has decided to procure two types of combat vehicle, tracked main battle
tanks and wheeled armoured vehicles. To meet the specifications for vehicles for
intervention in classic battlefield operations a new infantry fighting vehicle has been
developed. The Dardo infantry fighting vehicle is an Italian combat tank and a motorised
personnel carrier. In service with the Italian Army, it will replace the VCC (modernized
M-113). It has automatic fire control and passive night vision capabilities, and it is
planned to develop a variety of different versions (combat engineers, recovery,
transmissions, antiaircraft, etc.).
It can accommodate a 3 + 7 crew and is armed with a 25 mm cannon, a launcher either

side of the turret for a Hughes TOW ATGW and a fire control system with a laser
rangefinder. It is produced by the Iveco-Fiat-Oto Melara 50/50 joint venture, a
consortium set up in 1985 to produce combat vehicles, with plants in Bolzano (Iveco) and
La Spezia (Oto Melara). Iveco produces engines, spare parts, suspension systems, tracks
and the hull for the wheeled vehicles, and Oto Melara the weaponry, fire-control system,
turrets and optical systems and hulls for the tracked vehicles. The Dardo HITFIST
vehicle is a development of the VCC-80 infantry fighting vehicle. Image 2: Vcc 80 Dart.
Crew: 9 Weight: 23 ton. Dimensions: 6.70 Xs 3 Xs 2.70 ms. Armament:. Motor: Iveco of
520 Cv. Transmission: Automatic. Suspension: Barras of torsion and shock absorbers.
Traction: Caterpillars. Benefits: V. Maxima, 70 Km/h; Autonomy, 600 Km;
Specifications
Country of origin Italy
Weight 23 tons
Height to top of 1.750 m
chassis
Height to top of turret 2.64 m
Length 6.7 m
Width 3.0 m
Crew 9 (driver, commander, gunner and six troops)
Maximum speed more than 70 km/hour
Fording, 1.5 m
Mobility Crossing of ditches, 2.5 m
Vertical obstacle, 0.85 m
Main gun 25 mm Oerlikon KBA automatic stabilised cannon
Ammunition 200 rounds ready to fire
Machine guns 2 x 7.62 mm NATO
Antitank guided
2 xTOW optional
weapon launchers
Engine Iveco 6v Diesel
Vextra
The new generation Vextra 8x8 wheeled armoured vehicle has a high level of ballistic
protection and strong growth potential. Its mobility over difficult terrains has been
demonstrated in recent trials. The private venture Giat Industries VEXTRA high-mobility
chassis is being marketed for a number of roles, having first been shown fitted with the
Giat Industries Dragar turret armed with a 25 mm cannon, The firepower of the Vextra
105 version, with its stabilized 105 mm turret, enables it to engage tanks.
Specifications
Country of Origin France
Builder Giat Industries
Armament 105mm
Panhard M3 VTT (APC)
Specifications
Country of origin: France
Source
Crew 2 + Infantry Section
Armament 2 x 7.62mm MAG
Warrior
Warrior is an armoured combat vehicle. It is NBC proof,
and a full range of night vision equipment is included as
standard. Warrior is part of a family of seven variants
which include a Milan carrier, a mechanised recovery
vehicle, an engineer combat version and an artillery
command vehicle. Warrior has excellent cross country
mobility and is armed with a 30 mm Rarden cannon.
Used by armoured infantry battalions, Royal Artillery
and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
The GKN Defence Warrior Armoured Combat Vehicle was accepted for service with the
British Army in November 1984 and production began in 1986. The original order of 1
053 vehicles has now been reduced to 789, with the final delivery in 1995. The Warrior,
as it is normally called, has a combat weight of 25.7 tonnes, a maximum speed of 75km/h
(48 km/h in reverse) a maximum road range of 660 km and is able to mount 60%
gradients and 40% side slopes. It is armed with both a 30 mm L21 Rarden cannon and a
7.62 mm machine gun and smoke laying equip-ment consisting of 2 x 4 smoke grenade
dis-chargers. It can carry a crew of 3 + 7. Warrior took part in Operation Desert Storm in
early 1991, where six variants were deployed .
Specifications
Weight loaded 24,500kg
Length 6.34m
Height to turret top 2.78m
Width 3.0m
Max Road Speed 75kph
Road Range 500km
Engine Rolls Royce CV8 diesel
Crew 3 (carries 7 infantry soldiers)
30mm Rarden cannon
Armament
Coaxial 7.62mm Hughes Chain Gun
Weapon carrier weasel 1 MK/TOW
Waffenträger Wiesel 1 MK/TOW
(87 HP)
km/h
km
Crew: 2
Armament:
Mounted automatic
cannon 20 mm
Antitank defense guided
missile TOW
LKW gl leicht Wolf
Interim Fast Attack Vehicles (IFAV)
The Marine Corp's Interim Fast Attack Vehicle (IFAV) is a DaimlerChrysler model of
the Mercedes-Benz MB 290 GD 1.5 ton truck off-road vehicle built as the Wolf
Gelaendegaengige Kleinfahrzeuge {small all terrain vehicle} for the German
Bundeswehr. First deployed to a US Marine unit in November 1999, the IFAV replaces
its early 1980s counterpart, the M-151 Fast Attack Vehicle, which previously served as a
smaller attack version of the humvee. Of major importance to Marine commanders is the
increased offensive power the IFAV offers. A primary advantage of the IFAV is its
ability to be transported internally by Marine Corps’ workhorse aircraft, to include the
CH-46 Sea Knight, CH-53 Sea Stallion, and in the future, the V-22 Osprey. Other
improvements to the IFAV have made it far superior to the M-151 in most respects. The
M-151 didn’t quite have the mobility, speed, or durability to get Marines into the
environments they will need to be in during the 21st century. The M-151’s tendency to
tip over as well as the fact that it used flammable unleaded fuel, made it a safety liability.
Run by safer diesel fuel and equipped with greater handling ability, the IFAV appears to
be tailor-made for the Marine Corps.
Eryx
Eryx is a Short Range Anti-Armour Weapon (Heavy) or SRAAW(H). It is a portable
system including the firing post, the tripod, the Mirabel thermal imager and the missile
tube. It provides the infantry section and the armoured reconnaissance assault troop with
an improved capability in accuracy and penetration. Fired from the shoulder or using the
tripod, Eryx can defeat all modern static or moving tanks. With its tandem high explosive
warhead, it is effective against bunkers, earth works, and armour targets even when
equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA). Eryx can operate in all weather
conditions, in normal battlefield smoke and at night. Its high flexibility allows it to
operate in open ground, wooded zones or an enclosed space in built-up areas. It can be
transported in most Canadian combat vehicles. A practice inert missile is also available
for training.
Basic training is conducted by using the Eryx video interactive gunnery simulator
(EVIGS). The Eryx precision gunnery simulator (EPGS) is another simulator used for
advanced training.
Crew
1 gunner and 1 loader
Characteristics
Calibre
missile: 137.4 mm
main warhead: 136 mm
Warhead: Tandem shaped charges high
explosive (HE)
Weight
firing post: 5 kg
tripod: 5 kg
thermal imager: 3.5 kg
missile tube: in 12.5 kg
tactical container:
Range: 50 m to 600 m
Time of flight to 4.3 seconds
maximum range:
Guidance: optically tracked, single wire
semi-automatic command to line
of sight
Control: thrust vector controlled
Missile velocity
at launch: 18 m/s
at 600 m: 245 m/s
Rate of fire: 5 missiles in two minutes
Operating -31°C to +51°C
conditions:
Sights: optical and thermal imagery
Manufacturers
Eryx: Aerospatiale, France
Mirabel thermal imager: TCO/Asaca, Montreal, Canada
EVIGS: Simtran, Montreal, Canada
EPGS: Lockheed Martin Solartron Systems, United Kingdom
Milan
The joint venture Euromissile was created in 1972 by Germany's Daimler-Benz
Aerospace (DASA) and France's Aerospatiale SA. Since the mid-1970s, and to this day,
its Milan and Hot anti-tank weapons and the Roland surface-to-air system have been
highly successful. Milan is a second generation anti-tank weapon, the result of a joint
development between France and West Germany with British Milan launchers and
missiles built under licence in the UK. The Milan consists of two main components, the
launcher and the missile; these are simply clipped together to prepare the system for use.
On firing, the operator has only to keep his aiming mark on the target and the Semi
Automatic Command to Line of Sight (SACLOS) guidance system will do the rest. The
missile is guided for its entire trajectory by an automatic device of remote control using
the infra-red radiation (MILAN 1) or an electronic-flash lamp (MILAN 2). Milan, which
was initially developed for the French and German infantry, is now in service in 41
countries all over the world. The new-generation weapon Milan 3 has been in service
since 1996.
Specifications
Contractor
Entered Service
Max Range 2,000m;
Min Range 400m;
Length 918mm;
Weight 6.73kg;
Diameter 125mm;
Wing Span 267mm;
Rate of Fire 3-4rpm;
Weight 2.70kg;
Warhead Diameter 115mm;
Explosive Content 1.79kg;
Firing Post
Weight 16.4kg;
Length 900mm;
Height 650mm;
Width 420mm;
Armour Penetration 352mm;
Time of Flight to 12.5secs;
Max Range
Missile Speed 720kph;
Semi-Automatic command to line of sight by means
Guidance of wire guidance link.
105mm Light Gun
The 105mm Lt gun is a versatile, airportable and airmobile
artillery piece which can be carried around the battle field
underslung from a Puma or Chinook. Used by the
Parachute and Commando Field Artillery Regiments of the
British Army. In service since 1975 it has replaced the
105mm Pack Howitzer. Robust and reliable, the gun
proved its worth in the Falklands, firing up to 400 rounds
per day.
 Crew 6;
 Weight 1,858 kg;
 Length 8.8m;
 Width 1.78m;
 Height 2.13m;
 Ammunition HE, Smoke, Illuminating, Target Marking;
 Maximum Range (HE) 17.2 kms; Anti Tank Range 800m;
 Muzzle Velocity 709m/s;
 Shell Weight HE 15.1 kg;
 Rate of Fire 6 rpm.
FH-70 - 155mm Howitzer
A towed howitzer capable of moving itself by an auxiliary power unit. The maximum
range is about 30 km. First delivered to the British Army in 1978, the howitzer is in
service with two regiments, and is also used by Japan. Designed to enable NATO forces
to use the 155mm round which is capable of disrupting massed armoured formations. The
gun is normally towed into action, but in emergencies can use a small petrol engine
mounted on the gun to move short distances on the battlefield.
Specifications
Crew 8
Weight
Height 2.56m
Engine Volkswagen 1,795cc petrol
LENGTH OVERALL 9,800mm (travelling)
12,400mm (firing)
BARREL LENGTH 6,022mm
Height 2.56m
about 9,600kg
MAX WEIGHT
8,800 kg (in firing position)
SHELL LOADING
automatic
SYSTEM
CALIBRE 155mm
Ammunition HE, Smoke, Illuminating
30 km (RAP)
Maximum Range
24 km
Shell Weight (HE) 43.5kg
RATE OF FIRE 6 rounds per min.
Engine Volkswagen 1,795cc petrol
FH 77 155 mm Field Howitzer System
The FH 77 is still one of the world's most revolutionary towed field artillery systems. It
has an on-mount auxiliary power unit (APU) that gives the system its self-propelled
capability and supplies power to the hydraulically supported operations, making it easy to
handle. It also has the unique advantage of having a fully integrated land navigation
system that gives the coordinates of the gun position and automatic alignment of the
barrel.
The FH77 B is now integrated with a 6x6 all-terrain vehicle making it an extremely
powerful, highly mobile artillery system. It's into-action time is less than 50 s. An
artillery sequence: into action; fire 8 rounds; out of action and move 500 m takes less
than 3 minutes. The gun has a range of 30 km, it can fire 3 rounds within 13 s and a has
sustained rate of fire of 8 rounds/minute. On the move the gun crew is transported in an
armoured cabin. The on-mount ammunition boxes, in effect magazines, have the same
level of protection as the crew compartment. The FH77 B has its own land navigation
system, eliminating surveying and alignment and the complete system has very low LCC.
Field howitzer 155 mm FH 155-1
Feldhaubitze 155 mm FH155-1
Engine performance (auxiliary
drive): 49 KW (65 HP)
Weight: approx. 9,6t
Group of cannons: 7
Armament:
24,700 m
Cadence: 6
round(s)/min.
155 TRacté model F1
The artillery gun 155 TRacté model F1, intended to equip regiments of infantry, is
characterized by good strategic mobility, great fire power, and a simple implementation.
This rapid-fire 155 mm gun is a double trail configuration with a swivelling platform. Its
barrel of 40 calibers is the same one as that is used on the 155 mm AUF vehicle. It is
tractor drawn by a truck [TRM 10000] equipped with a crane for handling of the pallets
of ammunition. The maximum range is of 24 km with the high-explosive shells Mle F1,
30 km are envisaged with ammunition with extended range. A hydraulic mechanism of
assistance to the loading of the shell makes it possible to draw 3 shots in 15 seconds, or 6
rounds per minute during 10 minutes, or 120 rounds during one hour. In the event of
breakdown of this device, the shooting is still possible in manual loading, but at reduced
rate. Secondary armament consists of a machine-gun of 12,7mm on the tractor TRM
10000, and able to carry out anti-aircraft shootings and with ground. A crew of 8 men: 1
head of part, 1 pointer, 1 charger, 2 providers, 2 bomb disposal experts, 1 conductor
tractor of part.
The setting out of battery is carried out in less than 5 minutes, and the output of battery in
2 minutes thanks to the hydraulic system. The pointing is hydraulic in direction and
height. In the event of breakdown, this one is possible in range, for example by
connecting the hydraulic devices of the gun to those of the tractor. The gun can only
move, at reduced speed (7 km/h to the maximum), to join its position of part, by using a
hydraulic transmission driven by a thermal engine. It can cross slopes of 60% and the
fords of 1.20 m.
The gun can fire all French ammunition as well as foreign rounds. Its normal ammunition
is the high-explosive shell Mle F1. The propelling loads are consulted by combustible
cartridges (in fabric ouen celluloid). The gun can also draw the combustible casing from
CN 155 and the cartridges of the 155 automouvant F3.
Length attachment: 17,35 m
Length gun in position of road: 8,76 m
Mass tractor in load: 19 tons
Masses gun: 10 tons
Speed on road: 80 km/h
Capacity of carrying of the tractor: 48 rounds of 155 mm - 24 on
pallets - 24 in rack.
Initial speed in maximum loading: 830 m/s
Carried maximum: existing shell: OE 155 Mle F1 = 24 km
shell with wide range: 30 km (approximately)
vertical Field of fire: 90 m to 1170 m
AS 90 155mm - Self Propelled Howitzer
First delivered to the British Army in 1993, the AS90
equips 5 field regiments, replacing the Abbot and M109.
AS90 is equipped with a 155mm gun which fires the
NATO L15 unassisted projectile out to a range of 24.7
kms. Fitted with autonomous navigation and gun laying
system (AGLS), AS90 can work independently of
external sighting references. Central to the system is an
inertial Dynamic Reference Unit (DRU). All main turret
functions are controlled by a Turret Control Computer
(TCC). This technology allows AS90 a burst fire capability of 3 rounds in 10 seconds.
 Crew 5;
 Length 9.07m:
 Width 3.3m;
 Height 3.0m overall;
 Armour 17mm;
 Calibre 155mm;
 Range (39 cal) 24.7 kms (52 cal) 30 kms;
 Rate of Fire 3 rounds in 10 secs (burst) 6 rounds per minute (intense) 2 rounds per
minute (sustained);
 Secondary Armament 7.62mm MG;
 Ammunition Carried 48 x 155 mm projectiles and charges (31 turret & 17 hull);
 Engine turbo-charged V8 diesel 600hp;
 Max Speed 53 kph; Road Range 420 kms.
AUF-1 Canon de 155 AUtomoteur modèle
F1
The 155-mm automatic cannon AUF-1 is intended to equip forces with armoured artillery
to ensure the missions of support of direct and indirect fire. The 155-mm gun is
assembled from a turret on the chasis of the AMX 30, providing mobility close to that of
this battle tank. The range of the gun of 39 calibers makes it possible to reach 23.5 km
with normal ammunition and 30 km with wide range ammunition. The system can as well
fire all the ammunition of 155 mm, French as foreign. Its normal ammunition is the high-
explosive shell with hollow base. The propelling loads are consisted combustible casings
containing of the powder sachets. The initial speed in maximum loading is 810 m/s. The
vehicle is capable of carrying 42 complete rounds: 7 racks of 6 shells, 7 racks of 6
combustible casings. Restocking of ammunition can be realized in fifteen minutes with 4
men. The pace of firing with an automatic attachment feeding in ammunition, using
combustible casings, allows to firing 6 shots in 45 seconds and 12 shots in 2 minutes. In
the event of breakdown partial or total of this device, firing is still possible manually but
at reduced rate. Protection counters Chemical, Bacteriological and Nuclear effects
(N.B.C.) thanks to the sealing of the turret, as well as projectiles of light automatic
weapons. The secondary armament is a 12.7-mm machine gun on circular being able to
carry out anti-aircraft and ground fire.
Specifications
4 men: 1 commander, 1 pointer, 1 bomb disposal
Crew
expert-charger, 1 pilot.
mass 43 T
maximum speed 60 km/h
field of fire in 360°
direction
field of fire in height 5° with +66°
time of setting out of
2 to 3 mn
battery
time of output of 2 to 5 mn
battery
response time 2 to 3 mn
change of position of 50 mn with 1 H
one 1/2 range
shell with hollow base: 23,5 km
Range shell of 155 56/69: 21,5 km
shell with wide range: 30 km
Caesar
An innovative 155 mm system fitted with a NATO standard 52 calibre barrel, CAESAR
(CAmion Equipe d'un Systeme d'ARtillerie) stands out for its high firepower and
strategic mobility. This Giat Industries private venture mounts a 155 mm/52 calibre on a
modified German Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG (6 x 6) cross-country truck chassis.
Compared with other self-propelled artillery systems, it has greater strategic mobility, has
a maximum road range of 600 km, and can be rapidly deployed to a far off theatre of
operations by transport aircraft such as the C130 Hercules.
Specifications
Country of Origin France
Builder Giat Industries
Armament 155mm
PzH 2000 (Panzerhaubitze 2000)
The German PzH 2000 (Panzerhaubitze 2000) is Germany's next generation 155-
millimeter self-propelled howitzer, and is among the most capable howitzers. The
required range of 30 km with standard NATO- ammunition or almost 40 km with assisted
ammunition is achieved by the newly developed 52 cal. 155 mm armament, and also by
the new Modular Charge System (MTLS). Continued use of the in-service bag charges is
also possible. The 155mm armament is automatically laid at high speed and precision, its
position is checked after every fired round and, if necessary, it is relayed automatically.
The automatic shell loading system includes different semi- automatic and manual back-
up modes, an automatic primer magazine, and automatic inductive fuze setting. A hybrid
Global Positioning System [GPS] navigation system is used for navigating and
determining the position of the gun barrel. An on-board ballistic computer with a radio
data link to an external fire control command post enables the gun to conduct fire
missions quickly and independently from any unprepared firing position after receiving
target position and ammunition data. The PzH 2000 is also able to automatically lay its
main armament in accordance with laying and ammunition data radio transmitted by a
fire control command post
The PzH 2000 155mm self propelled howitzer was developed by Krauss Maffei -
Wegmann and Co GmbH for the German Army. In 1986 Italy, the United Kingdom, and
Germany, agreed to terminate the trilateral cooperation on the PzH 155-1 (SP 70)
program, and German industry was asked to submit bid proposals for PzH 155 mm
(front-driven). Wegmann received a contract in March 1996 for production of 185 units
[out of an eventual total of 594] with deliveries between 1998 and 2002 for use in the
"crisis reaction forces" (KRK) as well as for first deployment in the Main Forces.
Wegmann & Co GmbH, Kassel and Krauss-Maffei Wehrtechnik GmbH, Munich, the two
key players on the German and international market for military land vehicles on tracks
and wheels have merged in 1998.
Wegmann anticipates that there is an international market as ageing US-developed

M109s, towed howitzers, and former Eastern bloc equipments requires replacement.
NATO standardization requirements as well as the Joint Ballistic Memorandum of
Understanding endorsed by France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom and the United
States are met, which ensures interoperability of the PzH 2000 and the interchangeability
of ammunition. It is the objective of Wegmann´s international marketing efforts to
interest additional allied and friendly armies in the PzH 2000 with the intention of
introducing and procuring this weapon system jointly with the German artillery. A larger
procurement quantity will result in a lower unit price in Germany as well as a more
attractive competitive price on the world market.
The PzH 2000 is an improvement over the US Paladin, but it does not meet all of the
American Crusader's requirements. The PzH 2000 is configured as a typical howitzer,
with the majority of the crew located in the weapons compartment [the Crusader vehicles
have separate crew and weapons compartments, which allows additional armor to be
placed around the crew compartment and provides better protection from hits in the
weapons compartment]. PzH 2000 contractor officials have said that they could develop
an automated resupply vehicle based on the PzH 2000 chassis and modify the PzH 2000
howitzer to meet all of the Crusader key requirements and many of the other Crusader
requirements. A modified PzH 2000 howitzer and an automated PzH 2000-based
resupply vehicle each would require a crew of three--the same crew size as the Crusader
vehicles are expected to require. However, a modified PzH 2000 howitzer would still
have crew located in the weapons compartment and the associated adverse impact on
survivability.
Specifications
Country of origin Germany
Crew 3+2 (3 men sufficient for operation)
Weight < 55 tons / MLC 60 tons
Length 11.669 m (overall) 7.920 m (hull)
Width 3.58 m
Heigth 3.06 m (turret roof)
Clearance 0.44m
1 X 155 / L 52
Armament
1 X 7.62 mm.
60 shells, 288 uni-charge modules or equivalent bag
Ammunition
charges
60 complete rounds by 2 crew members in less than 10
Resupply minutes 50 seconds
Elevation -2.5° to +65°; n x 360°
30 km with standard NATO-projectiles
Maximum Range 36.5km with base-bleed ammunition [proven]
up to 40 km with assisted projectiles
3 rounds less than 10 seconds
10 rounds per minute (for 1 minute)
20 rounds less than 2 minutes 10 seconds
Rate of Fire
8 rounds per minute (for 3 minutes)
3 rounds per minute sustained rate of fire until
system is out of ammunition
Rearm time less than 11 minutes
Engine 736 KW - power pack V8 diesel
Power to weight ratio 13.4 KW / t
Transmission Automatic
Suspension torsion bar and shock absorbers
Traction Caterpillars
60 Km/h Highway speed
Speed 45 Km/h Cross-country speed
750 meters 90-second survival dash speed
Cruising range > 420 km
Maximum gradient 50%
Fording ability 1.5 m
Crossing of ditches 3 ms
Vertical obstacle 1m
Rocket launcher 110 SF 2
Raketenwerfer 110 SF 2
(320 HP)
Maximum speed: 90 km/h
Operating range: 550 km
Group of throwers: 3
Armament:
Caliber of 110 mm
Range of fire: 14,000 m
Rate of fire: 36
Schuss/18 sec..
Lance-Roquettes Multiple (LRM)
The Lance-Roquettes Multiple (LRM) multiple lanch rocket system is a complete unit
including a launcher, adapted ammunition, systems of management and data
transmission, as well as specific means of acquisition. The LRM is intended to destroy
the armoured unfavourable targets, to slow down the adversary, to neutralize the forces of
support and support, and to stop the second level. The launcher of the LRM can contain
twelve rockets, or two ATACMS missiles. A whole of electronic cases specialized in fact
a modular system of simple design and easy support.
The pods of ammunition are conveyed by the logistic freight vehicle (VTL). The lifting
arm of the LRM allows the installation, demounting, the installation and the locking of
baskets in the container-launcher.
The localization and the orientation of the LRM is ensured by an inertial power station
with two axes (determining a direction), coupled to an odometer (measuring the distances
covered) and connected to the central computer. Retimings of the power station are
requested automatically from the operator. The central computer manages the whole of
the functions and defines the parameters of shooting by means of software: course of the
launcher, layer and rise of shooting, vent rocket, a number of points concerned and
consumption. It is assisted by a unit specialized in the management of the parameters of
shooting and the data of position coming from the inertial power station; this unit
conveys the commands of shooting to the rockets and supervises their report of status.
The pointing, in site and direction, is carried out automatically for each departure of
rocket. The average interval between two firings of rockets is 4.5 seconds. It can be a
little as two seconds, or at will increased. The manual mode gives to the operator all the
desired flexibility: isolated shooting, salvo of three launches, selection of the rockets, etc.
The LRM and its ammunition are protected from NBC attacks.
The ammunition is delivered from a container-launcher of 6 rockets, transported by truck
of 10 tons (24 rockets per truck). The grenade rocket M 26: length: 394 m gauge: 227
mm mass: 310 kg This rocket are equipped with a powder booster. It is stabilized in flight
by rotation and spreadable wings. The warhead consists of six hundred and quarante-
quatre grenades for double purpose, anti-personnel and anti-tank light. These grenades
are dispersed on more than two thousand square meters. The capacity of perforation is 70
mm steel. The range of the dangerous fragments is thirty meters. A rocket regulated
directly by the computer of the launcher starts a load of discharge to disperse the
grenades above the objective. The grenade rockets, currently in service, have as a role to
destroy either fixed objectives, slightly armoured and of capital importance for the enemy
operation, or of the deployed units. The PC, the batteries of artillery, the centers logistic,
the radiant sites, the zones to pose and of supply for helicopters are thus its top priority
maximum range higher than 30 km.
Ammunition in service in the American army includes the rocket with mines AT-2:
length: 3,94 m gauge: 237 mm mass: 260 kg submunitions: a few tens AT-2 anti-tank
device carried maximum range of about 40 km. This rocket is developed from the missile
ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System). The ATACMS is a semi-ballistic missile
intended to destroy, break or delay the unfavourable forces of the second level. It carries
some thousand bombs of one kilo of anti-personnel and antimateriel capacity. The
preferential objectives of this system of weapons are the sites of ground-to-ground
missile and ground-to-air, the centers of command, the elements logistic, and the nodes of
transmissions. The rocket with terminal guidance has the same ballistic characteristics as
the rocket AT 2. Each rocket comprises several submunitions. Its submunitions are
designed to detect, identify, attack and destroy targets.
Mass: machine alone: 14 tons machine and artillery: 19,5 tons machine in command of
combat: 24,5 tons Speed: 48 km/h in 20 seconds, and 70 km/h of maximum speed
Dimensions: length: 6,7 m width: 2,7 m height: 2,97 m Give rhythm shooting: 12 rockets
in less than 1 minute
Rocket launcher MARS
Raketenwerfer MARS
Weight (load): approx. 24 t
Maximum speed: 64 km/h
Crew: 3
Armament:
Caliber of 230 mm
Range of fire: depending
upon ammunition sort to
39,000 m
Rate of fire: 12
Schuss/50 sec..
Air defense cannon tank Gepard
Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard
(830 HP)
km/h
Crew: 3
Armament:
Twin mounted
automatic cannon 35 mm
Rate of fire 550 shot for
each tubing/min.
Combat distance: 3,500
m
Javelin
Javelin is a short-range, shoulder launched, close air
defence guided weapon system. Its primary role is the
protection of combat units and static locations against
low level air attack. Javelin is an evolution of the
Blowpipe system. It is carried in a Land-Rover and trailer
or a Spartan, but is manportable over short distances.
Being replaced by Starstreak HVM.
 Length 1.4m;
 Missile Diameter 76cm;
 Missile Weight 11.1 kgs;
 Max Range 4.5 kms;
 Warhead Weight 2.72 kgs;
 Max Altitude 3,000 feet;
 Max Speed Mach 1.7 +, Fuse Proximity or Impact;
 Guidance SACLOS;
 Mount Man Portable.
Mistral
The Mistral, a fire and forget missile, equipped with a high technology infrared homing
head, is fully autonomous after firing. Lightweight (20 kg), it reaches a speed of more
than 800m/second (Mach 2.5) and its guidance accuracy, its manoeuvrability and its laser
proximity or impact fuse triggered 3 kg warhead, ensure exceptional effectiveness against
aircraft, helicopters and anti-ship missiles. More than 600 MISTRAL missiles have been
fired under operational conditions with a success rate over 92%. Some 15,000 missiles
have been ordered by eight European countries, eight in Asia-Pacific, four in South
America and three in the Middle-East.
Specifications
Date Deployed 1988
Range 5 km ( at 4 km effective against helicopters )
Speed 1492 knots
Propulsion two stage solid propellant boost motor
Guidance All-aspect Infra-red
Warhead 3 kg HE tungsten ball
Fuze Laser proximity
Launch Weight 18 kg
Length 1.80 m
Diameter 90mm
Fin Span 180mm
Rapier Field Standard C (FSC)
The Rapier FSC system provides a Low Level Air
Defence (LLAD) capability over the battlefield. It consists
of a launcher with 8 ready to fire missiles and an electro-
optical tracker (shown). Each fire unit can cover an Air
Defence Area (ADA) of approximately 100 square kms.
 Guidance Semi Automatic to line Sight (SACLOS):

 Missile Diameter 13.3 cm;
 Missile Length 2.35m;
 Rocket Solid Fueled;
 Warhead High Explosive;
 Launch Weight 42kg;
 Speed Mach 2+;
 Ceiling 3,000m;
 Maximum Range Around 8 kms;
 Fire Unit Height 2.13m;
 Fire Unit Weight 1,227kg;
 Radar Height (in action) 3.37m;
 Radar Weight 243kg;
 Generator Height 0.91m.
Roland
The ROLAND 2 weapon system is intended for anti-aircraft defence of armoured and
mechanized the units to counter aircraft flying to nearly Mach 1.5 and hovering
helicopters. ROLAND is generally employed either in complement of the coverage of
HAWK defense of zones and corridors not defended by the HAWK, or in prolongation of
the HAWK front. ROLAND ensures the overall defense of a zone of 100 km2 vis-a-vis a
threat consisted by a patrol of 4 planes or 2 patrols acting at more than 20 second
intervals. Deployed on a tracked vehicle derived from the tank AMX 30, it comprises a
radar with a range of 16 km, a sighting tube with an infra-red locator that measures the
difference between the missile in flight and the line of sight of the fire control radar, and
a computer antenna for remote control
Two arm-beams for launching carry each one a missile in its launching tube, and two
ammunition stores for munitions each contain one 4 shot mechanism forautomatic
unloading of the arm-beam. The crew of the vehicle consists of three man.
Three operating modes are available in the ROLAND 2: the optical mode; the mode
radar; and the optical mode recopy-radar or radar-recopy-optics. Whatever operating
mode is chosen, the target is detected by the radar, search in site and the continuation of
the target after acquisition is carried out manually in radar mode. In the third mode, one
of the means of continuation is controlled to the different one, which facilitates their
communication. After the firing, the optics or the radar remain pointed at the target, the
computer generates the commands for guidance by using two different groups of
measurements: starting from the measurement angular velocities of pointing and
programmed values of the distance precise alignment is obtained while adding to the
result preceding the commands necessary to the correction by the real variations of the
missile compared to the axis of aiming measured by the infra-red goniometer (optical
mode), or compared to the direction of the target the commands are transmitted to the
missile by the transmitter of remote control.
The missile is ready with the shooting inside its container (tactical packing), itself placed
under the arms launchers of the tank. The vehicle has two missiles ready for firing and
eight in the trunks.
The American ROLAND program was canceled in September 1981. Previously, low-rate
production (LRP) had been approved in FY 79 and FY 80. The initial LRP contracts were
let in October 1979, with planned procurement based upon the eventual production of fire
units and missiles to support a four-battalion force structure concept. Subsequent budget
decisions by President Carter reduced quantities at first to a two-battalion force, then to
one battalion. The DOD budget approved by President Reagan in March 1981 originally
redirected the program back to four battalions, until it was decided to terminate this
effort.
Specifications
Surface to Air (SAM) Roland II

maximum: 6 000 m
Range minimal: 700 to 2 000 m according to the
Ceiling
Altitude, (m) 5,500
10 missiles
Basic load on vehicle
(2 per launcher)
Detection range, km 16.5
Reaction time, sec 4-10
1st shooting: 8 to 10 seconds
Firing time, sec
later shooting: 2 to 6 seconds
Speed Mach 1.6
Reload time approximately 10 second
Probability of hit 80%
Warhead HE hollow charge
Command guidance RF SACLOS or CLOS
Siemens/Thomson-CSF D-band pulse-Doppler
search radar,
Radar(s) Thomson-CSF J-Band monopulse Doppler
tracking radar
Emplace/displace time
3
(min)
Support vehicles None
Chassis AMX-30 , Marder APC, trucks, or in fixed shelters
Starstreak HVM
Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile) continues the
development path of both Blowpipe and Javelin. It can
be shoulder launched, fired from the Lightweight
Multiple Launcher (LML) or vehicle borne on the Alvis
Stormer APC which has an 8 round launcher (12 reload
missiles can be carried inside the vehicle). Starstreak is
designed to counter threats from very high performance
low flying aircraft and fast pop-up type strikes by attack
helicopters.
 Missile Length 1.39m;

 Missile Diameter 0.27m;
 Missile Speed Mach 3+;
 Max Range 5 kms;
 Min Range 300m
The missile is boosted to maximum velocity by a two-stage propulsion system at which

point three darts, each with an impact fuze, are released and are guided on to the target by
the operator. HVM offers a high kill probability against fixed- and rotary-wing targets
including pop-up helicopters. While the SL and LML configurations provide great
flexibility in terms of deployment options, the Army’s highly mobile, armoured vehicle-
based SP version has been specifically designed to provide close air defence of armoured
formations.
Air Defence Alerting Device
The Air Defence Alerting device is a passive air defence alerter designed to work in
conjunction with the HVM missile system. Operating as an infra red search and tracking
system in the 8 - 14 micron waveband, the alerter is designed to operate against low and
fast moving fixed wing aircraft, as well as the latest generation of attack helicopters. The
alerter can be ground mounted to support shoulder launched / LML HVM or vehicle
mounted on the Stormer HVM vehicle.
TRIDON
The TRIDON Air Defence Gun System is a 40 mm VSHORAD development concept in
several configurations. TRIDON can also be a cost-effective upgrading alternative and
has been configured to meet and destroy the air threat wherever it appears. It is a high
fire-power, highly mobile autonomous 40 mm gun system mounted on a 6x6 all-terrain
chassis. The system concept gives short reaction time, high firing endurance and
deployment in less than 60 seconds.
Everyting required to combat the enemy, from command and control to ammunition and
spares is carried on mount. And with Bofors 40 mm 3P ammunition it can take on almost
any threat and defeat lightly armoured vehicles, surface targets, concealed troops and
attack helicopers. For the Swedich costal defence forces a version called TriKA is under
development. A prototype with optronic fire control system was tested during 1998 and
was fitted with IR-search system for trial during 1999.

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FAS Military Analysis Network

European Ground Forces

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 Guidance Semi Automatic to line Sight (SACLOS):

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