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MATH013

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES
TRANSLATION OF AXES

 Definition:
 Suppose we have a curve in the coordinate plane and
that we have the equation of the curve.
 Consider the problem of writing the equation of a curve
with respect to another axes.
 The process of changing from one pair of axes to
another is called transformation of coordinates.
 A transformation in which the new axes are parallel to
the original axes and similarly directed is called
translation of axes.
TRANSLATION OF AXES
 Under translation of axes, the new axes are represented by
x’-axis and y’-axis.
 The coordinates of the new origin O’ are denoted by (h, k).
 If x and y stands for the coordinates of any point P when
referred to the original axes, and x’ and y’ the coordinates of
P with respect to the new axes, then
x = x’ + h y = y’ + k
or
x’ = x - h y’ = y - k
 We note that transformation of axes is related to performing
two geometric transformations: a horizontal shift and a
vertical shift.
TRANSLATION OF AXES
 Example:
 Find the new coordinates of the point P(4, -2) if the
origin is moved to (-2, 3).
 Find the new coordinates of the point P(5, 4) if the
origin is moved to (1, 2).
 Find the new equation of the circle
x 2  y 2  6 x  10 y  9  0
after a translation that moves the origin to (-3, 5).
 Translate the axes so that no first-degree terms will
appear in the transformed equation of the circle
x2  y2  6 x  4 y  3  0
TRANSLATION OF AXES
 Exercise:
 Find the new coordinates of the point P(7, 4) if the origin
is moved to (2, 3).
 Find the new equation of the circle
x2  y2  4 x  4 y  2  0
after a translation that moves the origin to the point (1, 3).
 Translate the axes so that no first-degree terms will
appear in the transformed equation of the circle
x2  y2  4 x  2 y  5  0
TRANSLATION OF AXES
 Example:
 By translation of axes, simplify the equation
x 2  6 x  6 y  15  0

 By translation of axes, simplify the equation

9 x 2  y 2  36 x  8 y  43  0
 By translation of axes, simplify the equation
16 x 2  4 y 2  160 x  24 y  300  0

 Translate the axes to rid the given equation of first


degree terms.
2 xy  3 x  4 y  12
TRANSLATION OF AXES
 Exercise:
 By translation of axes, simplify the equation

x 2  6 x  8 y  25  0
 By translation of axes, simplify the equation

x 2  4 y 2  6 x  16 y  21  0

 Translate the axes to rid the given equation of first


degree terms.
xy  2 x  4 y  4  0
ROTATION OF AXES

 A transformation of coordinates where the new


axes have the same origin but different directions
from the original axes is called rotation of axes.
 It is called rotation of axes since the new axes may
be obtained by rotating the original axes through an
angle about the origin.
ROTATION OF AXES

 Under rotation of axes, the new axes are


represented by x’-axis and y’-axis.
 The coordinates of the new origin O’ is still (0, 0).
 If x and y stands for the coordinates of any point P
when referred to the original axes, and x’ and y’
the coordinates of P with respect to the new axes,
then
x  x' cos   y' sin 
and
y  x' sin   y' cos 
ROTATION OF AXES
 In figure:

x  OM  ON  MN  ON  RS  x' cos   y' sin 


y  MP  MR  RP  NS  RP  x' sin   y' cos 
ROTATION OF AXES

 Example:
 Find the acute angle of rotation such that the
transformed equation of
2
2x  2
3 xy  y  8
will have no x’y’ term.
 Find the acute angle of rotation such that the
transformed equation of
ROTATION OF AXES

 Theorem:
 A second degree equation
Ax 2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

 In which B = 0, can be transformed by a translation of


axes into one of the forms

A' x' 2  C' y' 2  F'  0


A' x' 2  E' y'  0
C' y' 2  D' x'  0
ROTATION OF AXES

 Theorem:
 Given a second degree equation

Ax 2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

 If B ≠ 0, one of these forms can be obtained by a rotation


of axes and a translation (if necessary). The angle of
rotation θ is obtained from the equation

B
tan 2  if AC
AC
or
  45 if AC
ROTATION OF AXES

 Example:
 Simplify the equation

73 x 2  72 xy  52 y 2  100 x  200 y  100  0


using rotation of axes and translation of axes.
 Sketch the graph of the equation.
ROTATION OF AXES
 Exercise:
 Find the new equation when the axes are rotated
through the given angle. Sketch the graph of the new
equation, showing both sets of axes.
2 2
 1. x  xy  y 1   45
2 2 1
 2. x  4 xy  4 y  8 5 x  0   arctan
2

 Find the angle of rotation such that the transformed


equation will have no x’y’ term.
 1. 3xy + y – 2 = 0
 2. x2 – 3xy + 4y2 + 7 = 0
ROTATION OF AXES

 Exercise:
 Reduce each equation to one of the simplified forms.
Draw the graph of the resulting equation, showing all
coordinate axes.
 1. x 2  4 xy  4 y 2  2 5 x  5 y  0

2
 2. 3 x  10 xy  3 y 2  22 x  26 y  43  0

 3. 73 x 2  72 xy  52 y 2  380 x  160 y  400  0

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