IMAGE COMPRESSION STANDARDS

Choice of Image Formats

• Images used for image analysis should always be stored in a loss

less format.

• Images for the World Wide Web have to be GIF, JPEG or PNG.

• GIF is chosen for graphs and hand drawn figures with few color
shades.

• JPEG is chosen for photos and figures with many colors, and
smooth transitions between colors as GIF reduces the number of
colors to 256.
 JBIG
• JBIG (Joint Bi-level Image Group) is an advanced compression scheme
utilizing lossless, predictive methods.
• The main characteristic of JBIG are:
1. Compatible progressive/sequential coding. This means progressively
coded image can be decoded sequentially and the other way around.
2. JBIG will be a lossless image compression: all bits in the image before
and after the compression and decompression will be exactly the
same.

JBIG2
• The JBIG2 provides a highly effective method for lossless compression
of a generic bilevel image.
• JBIG2 is the improved version of JBIG.
• The JBIG2 takes advantage of the properties of the source material. It
gives the user option of using lossy compression, which increases the
amount of compression that can be obtained.

TIFF
• TIFF uses LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) code. It is a “word-based” code.
• The data is represented by pointers to a library of symbols (like
Huffman code). LZW compression is loss less. The result is a smaller
file which usually takes a bit longer to decode.
• An image file directory (set of symbols) is included in the header.

GIF
• GIF images use a mixture.
• Restricted colours (only 256 different colours)
• Run-length encoding.
• Statistical encoding (LZW algorithm)
• Therefore GIF is lossless for images of less than 256 colours, i.e. they
can be reconstructed exactly.
 JPEG

JPEG ENCODER AND DECODER

ENCODER:

• Transform and code each 8x8 block independently.

• Perform Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) on each block.
• Differentially quantise block's DCT values.
• Run length encode in zig-zag path.

DECODER:

• Decode strings: Reverse Huffman and run-length encoding.

• Zigzag manner to reconstruct N by N block.
• Dequantise block values. e.g. if quantised to 4 levels and decoded
to 256 levels then multiply value by 64.
• Inverse DCT.
 Why JPEG is a common standard?

• JPEG allows multiple components for images. Example color image.

• It allows multiple components of a image to be interleaved or non
interleaved.
• JPEG defines sampling factors for the horizontal and vertical
dimensions of each scan component.
• Individual portion of a image with multiple components can be
reconstructed with minimum buffering.

JPEG2000

• Completely different algorithm to standard JPEG

• It uses wavelet transforms instead of DCT, zero-trees encoding instead
of Run length/Huffman and successive quantisation instead of
differential.
• Doesn't involve blocking of the data like standard JPEG: Blocking
artefacts are common in over-compressed JPEG images.

JPEG 2000 improved the following deficiencies:

• Poor subjective performance at rates below 0.25 bits per pixel (bpp)
• Lack of ability to provide lossy and lossless compression in the same
code stream
• Lack of robustness to bit errors in the compressed image
• Poor performance with computer-generated Imagery
• Poor performance with compound documents

JPEG-LS

• JPEG-LS provides lossless and near lossless modes of operation

• The near lossless mode allows users to specify a bound (referred to as
NEAR) on the error introduced by the compression algorithm.
• JPEG-LS exploits local structure and repetitive context within images
to achieve efficient lossless and near lossless compression.