0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !
MERICA ¯ SUMMARY AIMED AT DECISION MAKERS
4HE ±4RANS-ILENIO² "24 SYSTEM IN 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US
"OGOTf HAS RECEIVED SIGNI½CANT
ATTENTION FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC AND
HAS A VERY POSITIVE IMAGE AMONG
2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA
THE PEOPLE 4HIS HAS GENERATED
CITIZEN
LED ACTIVITIES SUCH AS THE
±4RANSMI&OTO² AN EVENT IN WHICH MORE
¯ SUMMARY AIMED AT DECISION MAKERS
THAN PHOTOGRAPHERS
PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR GATHERED
TO TAKE PICTURES OF THE SYSTEM
4HIS GUIDE PRESENTS THE MOST RELEVANT ASPECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT WHEN
DEVELOPING A "US 2APID 4RANSIT "24 PROJECT IN CITIES OF THE
DEVELOPING WORLD SPECI½CALLY CONCENTRATING ON ,ATIN !MERICA WHILE
PROVIDING EXAMPLES OF SEVERAL OF THESE SYSTEMS 4HE DOCUMENT DESCRIBES THE
DIFFERENT STEPS ONE MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT IN A "24 PROJECT AND THE
RELEVANT DETAILS OF SUCH A PROCESS 3PECIAL ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN
TO THE CHALLENGES THAT DECISION MAKERS CONFRONT WHEN DEVELOPING A "24
SYSTEM AND THE ELEMENTS AND TOOLS THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO THEM IN ORDER
TO MOVE FORWARD WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM
4 5
0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US
2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA
¯ SUMMARY AIMED AT DECISION MAKERS
%DITION BY *ORGE 2OGAT
!LL PHOTOS IN THE DOCUMENT ARE TAKEN BY #ARLOS &ELIPE 0ARDO UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED
&EBRUARY
).6%34)'!#)/.%3 $% %30!#)/
#ONTENTS
0REFACE
)NTRODUCTION
0UBLIC TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
0UBLIC TRANSPORT OPTIONS
7HY "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEMS
&EATURES OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM
)NFRASTRUCTURE
$EDICATED LANES
3TATIONS
4ERMINALS AND DEPOTS
#ONTROL CENTER
/PERATIONS
"USINESS 3TRUCTURE ¯ REARRANGEMENT OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SECTOR
4ECHNOLOGY
6EHICLES
&ARE COLLECTION
4RACKING SYSTEMS
5SERS INFORMATION
)NTEGRATION
)NTEGRATION WITH PEDESTRIANS
)NTEGRATION WITH BICYCLES
)NTEGRATION WITH OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION ¯ BUSES TRAIN SYSTEMS
)NTEGRATION WITH TAXIS AND BICYCLE TAXIS
)NTEGRATION WITH CARS
-ARKETING AND #USTOMER 3ERVICE
-ARKETING ELEMENTS
#USTOMER SERVICE
)MPLEMENTATION OF A "24 3YSTEM
0OLITICAL 7ILL
0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION
0ROJECT TEAM AND TIME LINE
3YSTEM ½NANCING
#ONTRACTING
#ONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
3YSTEM EVALUATION AND IMPACT
!DDITIONAL 2ESOURCES
0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 3
0REFACE
4HE URBAN TRANSPORT SECTOR HAS DEVELOPED SIGNI½CANTLY IN THE PAST YEARS 3INCE THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT POLICY IN "OGOTf BETWEEN AND
THAT INCLUDED THE MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURES FOR PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES
AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT VARIOUS CITIES IN THE WORLD AND PARTICULARLY IN ,ATIN !MERICA
AND THE #ARIBBEAN HAVE DEVELOPED THEIR OWN POLICIES WITH SIMILAR GUIDELINES AND
OBJECTIVES 4HIS HAS SHOWN THAT THE SUBJECT OF TRANSPORTATION IS NOT ONLY ONE OF THE
CENTRAL COMPONENTS FOR THE REDUCTION OF POLLUTING GAS EMISSIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
BUT ALSO OF GREENHOUSE GASES
/F ALL THE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED THE ONE THAT HAS HAD THE GREA
TEST IMPACT IS THE "US 2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM "24 (OWEVER ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN
VOLVES ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES FOR A LOCAL ADMINISTRATION NOT ONLY DUE TO THE
DEDICATION AND INVESTMENT IT ENTAILS BUT ALSO FOR THE LEVEL OF DETAIL IN ITS PLANNING
AND IMPLEMENTATION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE POLITICAL WILL OF THE PEOPLE WHO LEAD
THESE KINDS OF PROJECTS
4HIS BRIEF PLANNING GUIDE HAS BEEN WRITTEN FOR THAT REASON 4HE PURPOSE IS TO PRESENT
THE CHARACTERISTICS COMPONENTS AND STEPS NEEDED TO IMPLEMENT A "24 SYSTEM BY
GIVING EXAMPLES OF OTHER SYSTEMS OF ITS KIND IN THE REGION 4HIS DOCUMENT IS INTENDED
TO INTRODUCE THE MOST RELEVANT TOPICS INVOLVED IN THESE TYPES OF PROJECTS TO INTERESTED
PEOPLE THEREBY MOTIVATING THEM TO CREATE A SIMILAR SYSTEM IN THEIR OWN CITIES
4HIS GUIDE IS BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ±0ROMOTING 3USTAINABLE 4RANSPORT IN
,ATIN !MERICA PROJECT FUNDED BY THE 'LOBAL %NVIRONMENT &ACILITY '%& IMPLE
MENTED BY THE 5NITED .ATIONS %NVIRONMENT 0ROGRAM 5.%0 AND EXECUTED BY THE
5.%0 2IS #ENTRE )T IS ORIGINALLY PRODUCED IN THE 3PANISH LANGUAGE AND HAS BEEN
TRANSLATED TO THE %NGLISH VERSION WITH THE AIM OF SHARING THE ,ATIN !MERICAN EXPERI
ENCES AND LESSONS LEARNED WITH OTHER REGIONS
*ORGE 2OGAT
5.%0 2IS #ENTRE
&EBRUARY
4 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 5
)NTRODUCTION
)N ANY CITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TRANSPORT IS ONE
OF THE MOST DIF½CULT TOPICS TO MANAGE )N CON
TRAST TO ALL THE OTHER COMPONENTS A CITY HAS THESE
COMPLEXITIES CAN BE SEEN BY THE FACT THAT TRANS
PORT DOESN´T IMPROVE ALONGSIDE ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT ¯ IT GETS WORSE 4HE GROWTH
OF '$0 IN A CITY IS NORMALLY ACCOMPANIED BY A
GREATER LEVEL OF TRAF½C AND ALL ITS EXTERNALITIES PO
LLUTION ACCIDENTS INEQUALITY AND MANY OTHERS
&URTHERMORE IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT
THAT ,ATIN !MERICAN CITIES AS WELL AS OTHER PARTS
OF THE WORLD HAVE HAD AN INCREASING CONSTRUC
TION RATE IN RECENT DECADES AND CONSEQUENTLY A
GREATER TRANSPORT DEMAND BY CITIZENS #ITIES HAVE
BECOME A FUNDAMENTAL CORE OF A COUNTRY´S ECO
NOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS &IGURE 3OME TRANSPORT POLICIES LIKE THOSE IN "OGOTf #OLOM
&IGURE ! TYPICAL PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING CITIES IS TRAF
ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF BIA HAVE GIVEN GREATER PRIORITY TO THE HUMAN BEING RATHER THAN
½C CONGESTION USUALLY CAUSED BY THE EXCESSIVE USE OF THIS DEVELOPMENT THE PRIVATE VEHICLE 4HE ±CICLOVqA DOMINICAL² IS AN EXAMPLE A CLO
PRIVATE CARS SURE OF KM OF STREETS AROUND THE CITY ON EVERY 3UNDAY FOR
.EVERTHELESS THERE IS EXISTING EXPERIENCE IN PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLE RIDERS
TRANSPORT PLANNING WHICH VARIES FROM THE VERY
POSITIVE TO OTHERS WHOSE EFFECTS ARE QUITE NE
GATIVE IN TERMS OF PREPARATION IMPLEMENTATION
AND EVENTUAL IMPACTS !S A GENERAL RULE PROPOSED HAVE BEEN WELL IMPLEMENTED AND DEVELOPED AS
TRANSPORT PLANS AND POLICIES WHERE PRIVATE TRANS
PART OF A COMPREHENSIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
PORT CARS AS THE ESSENTIAL MEANS OF TRANSPORT POLICY HAVE HAD BOTH POSITIVE AND LONG TERM IM
AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF WAYS FAVOURING THEM PACTS IN CITIES AROUND THE WORLD 3OME CITIES HAVE
PREVAILS HAVE SEEMINGLY HAD POSITIVE SHORT TERM DEVELOPED PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THAT HAVEN´T
EFFECTS 9ET AFTER A FEW MONTHS SUCH PROJECTS HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED WITH ALL THE NECESSARY COMPO
PROVEN TO BE AN INADEQUATE OPTION IN TERMS OF NENTS OR COMPLEMENTED BY ADEQUATE SUSTAINABLE
INVESTMENT EF½CIENCY AS WELL AS ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT POLICIES HAVE GENERALLY HAD MINIMUM
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EXTERNALITIES OR ALMOST NON
PERCEIVABLE IMPACTS (OWEVER THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE TYPES OF SYSTEMS HAS
/N THE OTHER HAND THERE HAVE BEEN TRANSPORT CLEAR POSITIVE EFFECTS ON A CITY ESPECIALLY IN COM
POLICIES FAVOURING THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE NOT PARISON WITH PROJECTS THAT ARE GEARED TOWARDS
VEHICLES WHICH GIVE MORE IMPORTANCE TO THE NON
SUPPLYING INFRASTRUCTURE EXCLUSIVELY FOR PRIVATE
MOTORIZED MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND TO PUBLIC AUTOMOBILES
TRANSPORT 4HESE TYPES OF EXPERIENCES WHICH
6 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 7
4HIS DOCUMENT IS MAINLY DIRECTED AT DECISION &IGURE #ONGESTION IN A CITY
MAKERS WHO ARE LOOKING FOR OPTIONS AND SOLU
GENERATES VERY HIGH ECONOMIC
TIONS TO IMPROVE THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SITUATION IN LOSSES DUE TO LACK OF EF½CIENCY
A CERTAIN CITY )T IS NOT FOCUSED ON GIVING DETAILED UP TO OF '$0 IN CITIES LIKE
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECI½C ASPECTS WITHIN A SYSTEM "ANGKOK 4HAILAND
THERE ARE DEVELOPED DOCUMENTS LIKE THE "US 2A
PID 4RANSIT 3YSTEMS 0LANNING 'UIDE BY )4$0 AND
OTHERS PAGES LONG 4HIS IS IN EFFECT A QUICK
GUIDE TO PRESENT THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS THAT
SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN DEVELOPING A
SYSTEM OF THIS KIND
0UBLIC TRANSPORT AND
&IGURE 0UBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS INCLUDING "24 ARE PROJECTS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
THAT IMPROVE URBAN TRANSPORT AND THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND EN
VIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF A CITY 4HE "24 SYSTEM IN -EXICO $& IS A
VERY SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM IN THE -EXICAN CAPITAL !S MENTIONED BEFORE A CITY´S PUBLIC TRANSPORT
SYSTEM IS A FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT OF A
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT POLICY GEARED TOWARDS
BENE½TING ITS USERS WHILE CONSIDERING THE
$UE TO THE COMPLEXITY OF THESE SYSTEMS AND THE LONG
TERM BENE½TS FOR A THE CITY 3OME ASPECTS THAN AN HOUR WOULD BE ADVANTAGEOUS .EVERTHE
%NVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 4AKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
GREAT IMPORTANCE OF A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN TO IM
THAT ARE INCREASINGLY TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN LESS THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE IN ,ATIN !MERICAN CI
RECENT DISCUSSION ABOUT THE VAST EFFECTS OF CLI
PLEMENT A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IT IS IMPOR
MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT A TRANSPORT SYSTEM TIES WHOSE TRAVEL TIMES TO WORK FAR EXCEED AN HOUR MATE CHANGE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED TO EMISSIONS OF
TANT TO ANALYZE IN DETAIL ALL THE OPTIONS AND CHA
ARE THE IMPLICATIONS IN TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE A DAY )N FACT THESE CAN BE UP TO HOURS PER CARBON DIOXIDE #/ THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
RACTERISTICS REQUIRED TO SOLVE TRANSPORT PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT AND THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS TRIP 4HIS IS NOT ONLY RE¾ECTED IN LESS POTENTIAL PROBLEM IS ONE OF THE MOST DISCUSSED THEMES
IN A CITY )N THIS PROCESS THERE ARE TECNICAL EN
BETWEEN THIS AND OTHER TRANSPORT PROJECTS HOURS OF WORK BUT ALSO IN A CONSIDERABLE REDUC
WHERE TRANSPORT HAS BECOME A DETERMINING FAC
VIRONMENTAL SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS A CONCEPT THAT HAS TION IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE !DDITIONALLY THE LACK TOR IN IMPROVING OR WORSENING THE CURRENT SITU
THAT MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT 4HE GOAL OF THIS ALREADY BEEN DEVELOPED FOR A FEW DECADES NOW )TS OF TRANSPORT OPTIONS OR INADEQUATE PUBLIC TRANS
ATION
DOCUMENT IS TO PRESENT A BRIEF GUIDE OF THE KEY MAIN COMPONENTS ARE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL PORT SYSTEM COVERAGE FOR A CITIZEN WHO LIVES FAR
ASPECTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A "24 SYSTEM IN A AND SOCIAL ISSUES 4HE FOLLOWING IS THE ANALYSIS FROM WORK REDUCES HISHER ACCESS WORK HEALTH
4RANSPORT CONTRIBUTES CONSIDERABLY TO #/
,ATIN !MERICAN CITY 4HE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS OF EACH OF THESE COMPONENTS WITH SPECI½C CARE EDUCATION AND BASIC SERVICES ALL OF WHICH EMISSIONS AND OTHER POLLUTANTS 4HEREFORE THE
DOCUMENT IS TO DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE REASON FOR CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO PUBLIC AND OTHER TYPES WORSEN THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE CITIZEN AND IMPROVEMENT OF CITIES´ TRANSPORT SYSTEMS WILL IM
SELECTING THE "24 SYSTEM RATHER THAN FOCUSING OF TRANSPORT THE CITY PROVE THIS EFFECT 4WO PRINCIPAL SOLUTIONS HAVE
ON OTHER PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 4HIS IS DUE BEEN PROPOSED RECENTLY 4HE ½RST IS STRICTLY ECO
TO THE FACT THAT "US 2APID 4RANSIT HAS PROVEN TO %CONOMIC !SPECTS 4HE EF½CIENCY OF A CITY RELIES 4HEREFORE IF A CITY DESIGNS A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYS
NOMICAL IE IMPROVEMENT OF FUELS DEVELOPMENT
PROMOTE GREATER EQUITY HAVE MUCH LOWER COSTS ON THE EASE OF MOVING THROUGHOUT IT 4HE TRAVEL TEM WITH ADEQUATE COVERAGE AND WITH THE MEANS OF LOW EMISSION VEHICLES ETC 4HE SECOND IS THE
AND HAVE MORE OPERATIONAL EF½CIENCY THAN THE TIME OF A CITIZEN CAN BE RELATED TO WELFARE AND OF GIVING GREATER ACCESS TO CITIZENS THERE IS A POS
DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER COVERAGE OF PUBLIC TRANS
MAJORITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THROUGHOUT PERFORMANCE AT WORK IF A CITIZEN TRAVELS FOR ONLY SIBILITY THAT THE CITY WILL HAVE GREATER ECONOMIC PORT SYSTEMS AND NON
MOTORED VEHICLES 4HE
THE WORLD MINUTES TO GET TO WORK HISHER TRAVEL TIME IN EF½CIENCY DISCUSSIONS SURROUNDING THESE PROBLEMS SEEM
MOST SITUATIONS IS AN HOUR A DAY 4HIS WOULD BE TO SHOW THAT THE TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS DESPITE
AN ADEQUATE SITUATION AND ANY TRAVEL TIME LESS THEIR EXISTENCE AND POSSIBILITY OF BEING IMPLE
8 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 9
&IGURE )NADEQUATE STATE POLICIES CONSTRUCTION OF MORE ROADS AND PARKING AREAS ! ELS 4HESE MEASURES NOT ONLY BALANCE A TRANSPORT
AND ENFORCEMENTS ON FUELS AND PUB
COMMON MISTAKE IN TRANSPORT PROJECTS IS THE AS
SYSTEM ½NANCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY BUT THEY
LIC TRANSPORT VEHICLES AFFECT A CITY´S SUMPTION THAT ROAD DEVELOPMENTS AUTOMATICALLY ALSO GENERATE MORE ADEQUATE CONDITIONS FOR THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 4HE EXCES
IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION AS USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT BICYCLES AND WALKING
SIVE USE OF PRIVATE VEHICLES IS ONE OF TRAVEL TIME WOULD BE REDUCED AND ACCESS TO PLAC
THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO ATMOS
ES WOULD IMPROVE (OWEVER IT HAS BEEN PROVEN
PHERIC POLLUTION THAT THESE ARE SIMPLY SHORT
TERM BENE½TS MAXI
0UBLIC TRANSPORT OPTIONS
MUM MONTHS )N THE LONG RUN THESE PROJECTS
ACTUALLY GENERATE URBAN SPRAWL ALIENATION OF THE
POPULATION ACCIDENTS AND ALL SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS 4AKING INTO ACCOUNT THAT PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS ONE
REGARDING ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL AND ECO
OF THE SUSTAINABLE OPTIONS TO THAT CAN BE IMPLE
NOMIC AND CONGESTION ISSUES 4HE MAIN MEASURE MENTED IN A CITY IT IS NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE
TO BE IMPLEMENTED FOR PRIVATE TRANSPORT IS RE
FOLLOWING QUESTION ±7HAT TYPE OF PUBLIC TRANS
STRICTING CIRCULATION AND ESTABLISHING ADEQUATE PORT IS BETTER ² 4HIS QUESTION CANNOT BE ANSWE
GENERALLY MEANING HIGHER PRICES FOR THE USE OF RED IMMEDIATELY BY DIRECTLY CHOOSING ONE TYPE OR
INFRASTRUCTURE ROADS AND PARKING AREAS AND FU
ANOTHER NOR CAN A MORE EXPENSIVE OR INEF½CIENT
&IGURE 3OCIAL ASPECTS RELATED TO TRANSPORT INCLUDE VARIOUS OTH
MENTED MUST BE A COMPLEMENT TO THE IMPLEMEN
POVERTY BY IMPROVING ACCESS TO WORK EDUCATION ERS FROM CITIZENS´ WELLBEING TO HEALTH AND ACCIDENTS IN A POPULA
TATION OF A GOOD QUALITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM HEALTHCARE AND GOODS AND SERVICES THE REDUC
TION INCLUDING IMPORTANT ISSUES LIKE SOCIAL EQUITY
4HAT IS TO SAY A CITY THAT ONLY PROMOTES THE USE TION OF ACCIDENTS BY REDUCING HIGH
RISK SITUA
OF HYBRID FUEL VEHICLES WON´T GENERATE AS GOOD OF TIONS FOR PEDESTRIANS AND OTHER ROAD USERS IN THIS
A LONG TERM SOLUTION AS ONE THAT IMPLEMENTS A CASE BY IMPLEMENTING A SAFE AND EF½CIENT PUBLIC
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM WITH LOW EMISSION VEHI
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT OF THE HEALTH OF A
CLES COMPLEMENTED BY THE REINFORCEMENT OF A POPULATION BOTH THROUGH INCREASED PHYSICAL AC
LOW EMISSION POLICY FOR VEHICLES 4HE MAIN ARGU
TIVITY AND LESS EXPOSURE TO POLLUTANTS BY REDUC
MENT IS THAT A SYSTEM OF THIS KIND HAS LESSER EMIS
ING EMISSIONS IN TRANSPORT AND THE IMPROVEMENT
SIONS THAN PRIVATE TRANSPORT 4HIS GIVES GREATER OF GENERAL QUALITY OF LIFE WITHIN A CITY 4HE IMPLE
IMPORTANCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANS
MENTATION OF A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM AS PART OF
PORTATION WHICH TRANSPORTS A GREATER NUMBER OF A COMPREHENSIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT POLICY IN
PEOPLE THAN PRIVATE VEHICLES A CITY SATIS½ES THESE CONDITIONS ABOVE ANY OTHER
MEANS OF MOTORISED TRANSPORTATION AND COMPLE
3OCIAL ASPECTS 4HE SOCIAL ASPECTS CONSTITUTE MENTS OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION SUCH AS THE
ONE OF THE COMPONENTS USUALLY LEFT TO LAST IN A BICYCLE AND WALKING
TRANSPORT POLICY 4RANSPORT PROJECTS INCLUDE SO
CIAL ASPECTS IN A VERY RESTRICTED UNDERSTANDING )N GENERAL PROJECTS THAT GIVE MORE IMPORTANCE
.EVERTHELESS THE EQUITY ACCESSIBILITY HEALTH AND TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT BICYCLES AND WALKING WILL
GENERAL WELLBEING OF A POPULATION WILL ALSO HAVE HAVE MORE POSITIVE EFFECTS FOR A POPULATION THAN
EFFECTS OVER THE ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT OF A THOSE FOCUSING ON THE ±IMPROVEMENT² OF VEHICLE
CITY 4HE SOCIAL ASPECTS INCLUDE THE REDUCTION OF CONGESTION FOR WHICH THE SOLUTION LIES IN THE
10 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 11
PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPTION BE NECESSARILY SEEN AS A PRESENTED THE DECISION ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY TO
BAD OPTION !S A GENERAL RULE THE SELECTION OF A BE IMPLEMENTED METRO LIGHT RAIL "24 ETC MUST
±BETTER² PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS NOT MADE BA
NOT BE MADE WITHOUT FULL KNOWLEDGE OF THE CIR
SED ON ONE OR TWO ASPECTS IT INVOLVES A VARIETY CUMSTANCES IN WHICH IT WILL BE IMPLEMENTED !S
OF DIFFERENT CONSIDERATIONS )N GENERAL TERMS THE SEEN IN MANY CITIES AROUND THE WORLD DECISIONS
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM OPTIONS AVAILABLE IN THE MADE WITHOUT KNOWING THE CONTEXT HAVE USUALLY
MARKET CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS FOLLOWS HAD DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES
4HIS DOCUMENT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT OF "US
2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM IN DETAIL HENCE THE PREFE
- 7HAT IS THE LEVEL OF DEMAND OF A CITY AND
RENCE FOR THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM UNDER MOST CON
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS
DITIONS .EVERTHELESS A LIST OF FREQUENTLY ASKED JOURNEYS
QUESTIONS THAT CAN GUIDE THE SELECTION OF ONE PU
&IGURE 4HE MONORAIL IN +UALA ,UMPUR IS A &IGURE 4HE METRO IN "EIJING #HINA IS A SYSTEM WITH
BLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM OVER ANOTHER IS PRESENTED 4HE ½RST FACTOR THAT MUST BE CONSIDERED BEFORE LIGHT RAIL SYSTEM OF MEDIUM CAPACITY ELEVATED AND UNDERGROUND SECTIONS
IN THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION SELECTING ONE TYPE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
OVER ANOTHER IS THE NATURE OF THE JOURNEY WITHIN ,IGHT RAIL AN ELEVATED OR AT LEVEL RAIL SYSTEM WITH (EAVY RAIL SYSTEMS UNDERGROUND OR ELEVATED
"EFORE PRESENTING THE LIST OF QUESTIONS THE ½RST THE CITY 4HAT IS TO SAY THE AMOUNT AND KIND OF AN ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM WITH A MEDIUM MO
A RAIL SYSTEM WHICH INCLUDES MULTIPLE AND HIGH
RECOMMENDATION FOR DECISION MAKING MUST BE BILIZATION PERFORMANCE CAPACITY LANES WITH ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS
AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LEVEL
TRIPS TAKEN IN THE CITY THE ORIGINS AND DESTINA
TEMS HAVE DEMAND LEVELS FROM TO
TIONS THAT EXIST IN THE CITY AND HOW THEY ARE DIS
PPHPD WHILE HEAVY RAIL NORMALLY UNDERGROUND
TRIBUTED -ANY CITIES DEVELOP A GENERAL TRANSPORT HAVE AN AVERAGE DEMAND LEVEL OF PPHPD
STUDY EVERY ½VE TO YEARS THAT INCLUDE THOSE )N SOME EXCEPTIONAL CASES AS IN (ONG +ONG
CHARACTERISTICS )T WOULD BE GREATLY USEFUL TO UP
THE LEVEL OF DEMAND HAS REACHED PPHPD
DATE ANDOR ANALYZE THE LATEST REPORT OF SUCH A -OST ,ATIN !MERICAN CITIES HAVE DEMAND LEVELS
STUDY BEFORE ANY DECISION IS MADE 4HIS IS PARTI
THAT CAN BE SATIS½ED THROUGH THE MEANS OF ANY
CULARLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IN MANY CASES A MASS ONE OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES .EVERTHELESS THE TWO
TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF GREAT DEMAND IS CHOSEN FOR HIGHEST DEMAND LEVEL SYSTEMS ON THE CONTINENT
CITIES THAT DON´T REALLY MEET THOSE CRITERIA ARE THE HEAVYWEIGHT TRAIN SYSTEMS IN -EXICO $&
AND 3AO 0AULO /N THE OTHER HAND THE "US 2A
-ANY DISCUSSIONS HAVE EMERGED AROUND THE DE
PID 4RANSIT SYSTEM ±4RANSMILENIO² IN "OGOTf HAS
&IGURE !N IMPROVED BUS SYSTEM IN THE CITY OF 0UNE &IGURE 4HE "US 2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM ±-ETROVqA² IN MAND THAT EACH TRANSPORT SYSTEM CAN HANDLE A RECORD DEMAND LEVEL REACHING PPHPD
)NDIA 'UATEMALA CITY MAINLY BECAUSE BASIC AGREEMENTS OVER THE PER
FORMANCE OF EACH TECHNOLOGY HAVE NOT BEEN REA
)MPROVED BUS SYSTEMS 3YSTEMS IN WHICH A TRADI
"US 2APID 4RANSIT "24 A BUS BASED SYSTEM SO
CHED "ASED ON THE REAL DEMAND ½GURES OF EACH - 7HAT BUDGET IS FREELY AVAILABLE FOR THE
TIONAL OPERATION OF BUSES IS USED WITH IMPROVED METIMES WITH ARTICULATED BUSES WITH RAIL
LIKE TECHNOLOGY TRADITIONAL BUS BASED SYSTEMS HAVE DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
VEHICLES AND BUSINESS PLAN 4HESE ARE GENERALLY COMPONENTS SUCH AS STATIONS OFF
BOARD FARE CO
A PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF UP TO PASSENGERS
OF LOW CAPACITY LLECTION AND A SOPHISTICATED OPERATIONAL SCHEME HOURDIRECTION PPHPD WHILE ±FULL² "US 2APID /NE OF THE MAIN CONCERNS WHEN MAKING DECI
WHICH PROVIDES HIGH LEVEL PERFORMANCE AND SER
4RANSIT SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO MEET LEVELS OF SIONS ABOUT ONE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM OR ANO
VICE QUALITY DEMAND OF UP TO PPHPD ,IGHT RAIL SYS
THER IS RELATED TO THE ASSOCIATED EXPENSES FOR
12 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 13
EACH OPTION 4HERE ARE MANY DISCUSSIONS ABOUT DIGGING IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS ARE THE MAIN &IGURE 4HE CON
THIS TOPIC WITH NO AGREEMENT ABOUT THE REAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE VARIATIONS 4HE SYS
STRUCTION OF "24 SYS
COSTS OF THE TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED 2EGARDLESS TEMS´ COSTS CAN ALSO BE COMPARED WHEN TAKING TEM CAN LAST AS LITTLE AS
THERE ARE VARIOUS ASPECTS THAT HELP CLARIFY THESE INTO ACCOUNT THEIR CAPACITY MONTHS FRO A SINGLE
KINDS OF DECISIONS &IRST THE COMPARISON OF THESE TRUNK LINE WHILE THE
EXPENSES SHOULD INCLUDE THE SAME COMPONENTS - (OW MUCH TIME IS NEEDED TO PLAN AN ADE
CONSTRUCTION OF A MORE
IN EVERY CASE "ASICALLY CHANGES IN THE COSTS OF QUATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM COMPLEX SYSTEM SUCH
A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM LIE IN THE INCLUSION OF AS A METRO SYSTEM CAN
VEHICLES ROLLING MATERIAL PARALLEL ROUTES ADJA
)N ALMOST ALL CASES THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PU
LAST YEARS COVERING
CENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXPROPRIATION OF LAND TO BLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF CONSIDERABLE IMPACT IS THE SAME DISTANCE
DEVELOP SUCH SYSTEMS ! TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE PROBABILITY OF IT ACTUALLY
METRO VS "24 OR OTHERS MUST ALWAYS INCLUDE THE BEING IMPLEMENTED BY THE SAME MAYOR OR GOVER
SAME COMPONENTS IN EVERY OPTION THUS AVOIDING NOR WHO PROPOSED IT 4HIS IS DUE TO THE DIFFEREN
ANY CONFUSION WHEN MAKING DECISIONS CES OF OPINION AMONG POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE
PROGRAM CHANGES AFTER ELECTIONS )N AN IDEAL SI
4HE MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC IN RELATION TO THIS TUATION WHERE THERE IS CONTINUITY IN PROGRAMS
QUESTION IS THE BUDGET A CITY HAS AVAILABLE AT THE AND PROJECTS OF ONE GOVERNMENT IT CAN BE EX
TIME THE DECISION HAS TO BE MADE AND THE POS
PECTED THAT LONG
TERM PROJECTS WILL CONTINUE BE
SIBILITY CONVENIENCE OF ASSIGNING FUTURE RESOUR
ING IMPLEMENTED WHEN A GOVERNOR ENDS HISHER
CES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM TERM
4HIS CAN OVERLAP WITH THE PRIORITY GIVEN TO THE
INVESTMENT IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT OVER OTHER SECTORS 0UBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS GENERALLY HAVE TWO PHA
IN A CITY EDUCATION HEALTH ETC !N EXCESSIVE SES THE DESIGN AND PLANNING AND THE IMPLEMEN
$ESPITE THE IMPLICATIONS BROUGHT ON BY THE LON
! PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS USEFUL AS LONG AS IT
DEBT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION FOR A PUBLIC TRANSPORT TATION ! SHORT DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE AT GER DURATION OF A PROJECT RESULTS ARE VERY POSITIVE IS INTEGRATED AND IS PART OF AN EXTENSIVE NETWORK
SYSTEM IS NOT RECOMMENDED )NVESTING IN A PUBLIC THE START OF A PROJECT WHILE COMMON PRACTICE IS IN TERMS OF USER SATISFACTION WHEN DIFFERENT SEC
INSTEAD OF BEING BUILT AS AN ISOLATED SYSTEM SE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM MUST NOT AFFECT THE INVESTMENT BOTH UNFORTUNATE AND INEFFECTUAL 4HIS IS LINKED TORS IN A SOCIETY HAVE THE CHANCE TO PARTICIPATE GREGATED FROM THE REST OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
OF RESOURCES IN OTHER SECTORS PARTICULARLY HEALTH TO WHAT WAS DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY ABOUT POLITICAL 4HE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS OF A "24 SYSTEM IS
AND EDUCATION 4HE NOTION OF TRANSPORT AS A UNI
MANDATES SINCE THE GOVERNOR WHO ±CUTS THE RIB
)N VIEW OF THESE PROBLEMS THE DISCIPLINE AND DE
GENERALLY FASTER THAN THAT OF OTHER MASS TRANSIT
QUE ENGINE OF DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE CHANGED BON² IS SEEN AS THE ONE WHO DEVELOPS THE DESIGN DICATION NEEDED IN AN ADEQUATE DESIGN AND PLAN
SYSTEMS ESPECIALLY WHEN TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
TO ONE WHERE THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IS OF EQUAL IM
AND PLANNING OF SUCH PROJECTS 9ET THIS PRACTI
NING PHASE IS AN ASPECT OF GREAT RELEVANCE ! DE
CONSTRUCTION TIME OF AN EXTENSIVE NETWORK WHICH
PORTANCE AS OTHER SECTORS AND THUS RE¾ECTED IN CE IS OF LITTLE OR NO BENE½T TO EITHER THE CITY OR SIGN AND PLANNING PROCESS IN A PUBLIC TRANSPORT WOULD COVER A SIGNI½CANT SHARE OF TRIPS WITHIN A
THE INVESTMENTS THE GOVERNOR 3HORT DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASES SYSTEM TAKES NO LESS THAN MONTHS OR LONGER CITY 4HIS IS DUE TO THE RELATIVE SIMPLICITY OF CONS
RESULT IN AN IMPLEMENTATION PHASE FULL OF PRO
DEPENDING ON THE CITY TRUCTING A SYSTEM BASED ON BUSES COMPARED TO A
3PECI½C COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ONE TECHNOLOGY OR BLEMS MISCALCULATIONS AND CITIZEN UNREST AND RAIL SYSTEM ESPECIALLY UNDERGROUND WHERE THE UN
ANOTHER ARE QUITE DIF½CULT TO DETERMINE THE MAIN DEMONSTRATIONS WHICH CAN BE RELATED TO CERTAIN 4HE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IS GENERALLY THE LON
CERTAINTY OF THE CONSTRUCTION TIME IS GREATER DUE
REASON BEING THE DIVERSITY OF COSTS THAT THESE SYS
ASPECTS NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHILE PLANNING GEST ONE 4HERE ARE CONSULTANTS WHO AF½RM A PRO
TO THE LACK OF INFORMATION ABOUT DIGGING PROBLEMS
TEMS HAVE HAD IN CITIES AROUND THE WORLD .EVER
THE PROJECT 4HE 4RAN3ANTIAGO SYSTEM WHERE THE JECT WILL HAVE A ±½RST TRUNK LINE² OR ±½RST PHASE² THAT MAY ARISE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
THELESS THE COST OF BUILT KILOMETRE OF A "US 2APID PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM WAS IMPLEMENTED IN A SHORT TIME BUT IT ISN´T REALLY
4RANSIT SYSTEM HAS RANGED FROM 53$ INITIALLY DONE AS AN INTERNAL PROCESS OF WITH LIMI
CLEAR WHAT IS MEANT BY A ½RST TRUNK LINE OR PHA
TO M 53$ WHILE A METRO SYSTEM RANGES FROM TED CITIZEN PARTICIPATION CAN BE COMPARED TO THE SE OR HOW THIS WILL GENERALLY BENE½T THE POPU
M 53$ TO M 53$ %XPROPRIATION OF PROCESS DONE FOR THE 4RANS-ETRO IN 'UATEMALA LATION
LAND CONSTRUCTION DELAYS AND DIF½CULTIES WHEN WHICH INVOLVED MANY PARTICIPATIVE COMPONENTS
14 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 15
7HY "US 2APID
- 7HAT IS THE POLITICAL SOCIAL AND CULTURAL - 7HAT ARE THE EXISTING FUEL AND ELECTRIC GENERA
GOOD CHOICE REGARDLESS OF THE SPECI½C TYPE OF
4RANSIT 3YSTEMS
CONTEXT IN WHICH THE DECISION FOR THE PUBLIC TOR SOURCES IN A CITY COUNTRY PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO BE DEVELOPED
TRANSPORT OPTION IS MADE
!NOTHER MATTER OF GREAT IMPORTANCE WHEN MAKING $IFFERENCES ARISE WHEN DE½NING THE SPECI½C TYPE %VEN THOUGH THE "US 2APID 4RANSIT HAS BEEN PRE
3OCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS IN THE DECISION MA
DECISIONS REGARDING PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IS OF SYSTEM ELEVATED UNDERGROUND AT LEVEL AND SENTED AS A VIABLE OPTION FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTA
KING PROCESS OF A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ARE NOT TO CONSIDER ENERGY 2AIL SYSTEMS GENERALLY RELY ON THE DISTANCE BETWEEN STATIONS %LEVATED SYSTEMS TION AND HAS BEEN ARGUED AS ONE AMONG VARIOUS
FREQUENTLY TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT 4HE TRADITIONAL ELECTRIC ENERGY TO OPERATE WHILE "US 2APID 4RANSIT ARE USUALLY UNAESTHETIC AND HAVE SAFETY ISSUES FOR OTHER MASS TRANSIT TECHNOLOGIES IT´S IMPORTANT
PROCESS IS THAT THE PURELY TECHNICAL CRITERIA ARE VEHICLES USUALLY RUN ON $IESEL FUEL OR NATURAL GAS THEIR SURROUNDING AREAS DUE TO SHADOWS BEING TO REITERATE THAT THIS DOCUMENT FOCUSES ON THE
CONSIDERED IGNORING THE CONCERNS OF THE DIFFE
EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE OTHER OPTIONS LIKE HYBRID GENERATED AND THE DIF½CULTY IN ACCESSING THE STA
"24 SYSTEM BECAUSE IT IS SEEN PREDOMINANTLY AS
RENT PEOPLE INVOLVED BOTH DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY AND ELECTRIC 4HE PRO½TABILITY OF ONE TECHNOLOGY TIONS WHILE UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS HAVING THE A MORE APPROPRIATE OPTION FOR CITIES AROUND THE
IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF A PUBLIC TRANS
OVER ANOTHER RELATES DIRECTLY TO THE AVAILABILITY AND ADVANTAGES OF HIGHER CAPACITY AND FREEDOM OF WORLD )N THE CASE OF ,ATIN !MERICA IT IS A HIGHLY
PORT SYSTEM 4HESE PEOPLE INCLUDE BOTH THE USERS CLEANLINESS OF THAT TYPE OF ENERGY WHEN IN LARGE CIRCULATION PRESENT PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING THE RECOMMENDED OPTION
AND THE OPERATORS OF EXISTING PUBLIC TRANSPOR
QUANTITIES )F A GOVERNMENT IS CONSIDERING BUIL
STATIONS 4HIS GENERALLY RELATES AN ASSOCIATION OF
TATION WHO COULD BECOME THE FUTURE OPERATORS DING A RAIL SYSTEM THAT RUNS ON ELECTRIC ENERGY THE PASSENGERS WITH ±RODENTS² SINCE THEY MUST GO UN
7HILE DECISION MAKERS ARE WELCOME TO CARRY OUT
OF SOME COMPONENTS OF THE NEW SYSTEM /THER POSSIBILITY OF USING EXISTING ENERGY RESOURCES THE DERGROUND TO TRANSPORT THEMSELVES AROUND A CITY A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING OPTIONS
CONSIDERATIONS ARE THOSE RELATED TO ±WHAT THE CI
MEANS FOR PRODUCING THIS ENERGY HYDROELECTRIC WHILE CARS ARE ALLOWED ON THE STREETS TO DEVELOP A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR THEIR CI
TIZENS WANT IN THEIR CITY² THOUGH THESE MUST BE WIND COAL ETC AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSE
TIES THEY SHOULD MAKE THEIR DECISIONS BASED ON
STUDIED CAREFULLY )N MANY CASES THE CITIZENS ONLY QUENCES THAT WOULD BE BROUGHT ABOUT MUST ALL BE "EYOND TECHNICAL SPECI½CATIONS OF A SYSTEM THE CRITERIA DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY USING THOROUGH
WANT MORE ROADS AND A CAR WITH AIR CONDITIONING CAREFULLY ANALYZED THE CITY THAT IS DESIRED SHOULD BE CLEAR AS WELL AND UNBIASED STUDIES OF THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH
4HIS CONSIDERATION CANNOT BE MADE FOR THE PO
AS THE LONG TERM IMPACTS THAT WOULD WANT TO ONE SYSTEM IS MORE CONVENIENT THAN ANOTHER IN
PULATION WHEN TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SUSTAINA
/N THE OTHER HAND IF THE GOVERNMENT IS ANALYZING BE GENERATED FOR THE INHABITANTS AND THE WAY THEIR CITIES
BILITY CRITERIA PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED THE OPTION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM THE IN WHICH THE DIFFERENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT TECH
AVAILABILITY OF GOOD QUALITY FUELS $IESEL .ATU
NOLOGIES WOULD RELATE TO THIS VISION OF THE CITY
0UBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE "US 2A
RAL #OMPRESSED 'AS AND OTHERS MUST BE STU
PID 4RANSIT GENERALLY ARE SIMPLER AND CAN USE DIED THOROUGHLY AS WELL THE COUNTRY´S CAPACITY
THE LOCAL WORKFORCE WHICH IS MORE DIF½CULT IN TO PROVIDE SUCH FUELS 4HE POSITIVE ASPECT OF A
RAIL SYSTEMS 4HIS HAS TWO IMPLICATIONS &IRST THE "24 IS THE ¾EXIBILITY IN TERMS OF AVAILABLE FUEL
POSSIBILITY OF USING LOCAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR VEHI
EVEN THOUGH ELECTRIC ENERGY IS THE CLEANEST
CLE CONSTRUCTION IS MUCH MORE LIKELY TO HAPPEN OPTION ALTHOUGH ONLY WHEN USED IN VEHICLES
WHEN IMPLEMENTING A "24 SYSTEM 3ECOND EXIS
THAT HAVE A CONSIDERABLE DEGREE OF OCCUPANCY &IGURE 4HE ±4RANSMILENIO²
TING JOBS ARE MORE LIKELY TO CONTINUE IN A "US SYSTEM IN "OGOTf #OLOMBIA WAS
2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM THAN IN A RAIL SYSTEM #ONS
DEVELOPED AS PART OF A COMPRE
TRUCTION IS THE ONLY CASE WHERE JOB BENE½TS BE
- 7HAT IS THE IDEAL TYPE OF CITY HENSIVE TRANSPORT POLICY WHICH
TWEEN RAIL TECHNOLOGIES AND BUS SYSTEMS ARE COM
EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF
PARABLE ! "24 SYSTEM HAS A MUCH SHORTER CONS
4HE LAST AND PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION PEOPLE OVER VEHICLES 0HOTO BY
TRUCTION TIME THAN THE SYSTEM´S TOTAL OPERATION REFERS TO THE CITY THAT IS ±VISUALIZED² WHEN BUIL
$IEGO 6ELAZQUEZ
DING A PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM 4HIS IS GENERALLY
APPLIED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY AND SHOULD
ALWAYS RELATE THE CHOSEN TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO OTHER
URBAN COMPONENTS SUCH AS HOUSING LAND DENSI
TY ETC )N GENERAL CHOOSING PUBLIC TRANSPORT AS
THE MAIN MODE OF TRANSPORTATION IS ALREADY A VERY
16 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 17
"ASED ON WHAT WAS DESCRIBED IN THE PREVIOUS SEC
&IGURE ! DEDICATED LANE ALLOWS
TION "US 2APID 4RANSIT IS PRESENTED AS A HIGHLY EF½CIENT OPERATIONS FOR A PUBLIC
RECOMMENDED OPTION OF MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS FOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM WHEN THERE IS AN
CITIES IN ,ATIN !MERICA FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS ADEQUATE SERVICE AND PLANNING
#ONSTRUCTION COSTS EXPENSES ARE MUCH
LOWER THAN THOSE OF OTHER MASS TRANSPORTS
AND HAVE LOWER OVERHEAD IF ANY
0ERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF TRANSPORTED
PASSENGERS IS COMPARABLE TO THAT OF RAIL
SYSTEMS
$URATION OF CONSTRUCTION IS MUCH LESS THAN
THAT OF OTHER OPTIONS
'REATER OPERATIONAL ¾EXIBILITY IS POSSIBLE
THAN WITH RAIL SYSTEMS IE A ROAD CAN BE &EATURES OF "US 2APID 4RANSIT
ABANDONED IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY
/PERATIONAL SUBSIDIES ARE NOT REQUIRED
WHEREAS THEY ARE FOR ALL RAIL SYSTEMS AROUND )T IS WORTH EXPLAINING THAT WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD COMPLETE SYSTEM )T IS RATHER INTENDED TO RECOM
THE WORLD EXCLUDING (ONG +ONG HERE AS A "US 2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM IS ±A PUBLIC MEND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A "24 SYSTEM WITH
TRANSPORT SYSTEM BASED ON BUSES WHICH PROVIDE ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIBED IN THIS CHAP
"ETTER INTEGRATION EXISTS AS PART OF AN URBAN FAST COMFORTABLE AND COST EFFECTIVE URBAN MOBI TER 4HE FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS PRESENT A CLEARER
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY LITY² 7RIGHT !N IMPORTANT ISSUE IS THAT EMPHASIS OF ITS APPLICATION )N GENERAL A "24 SYS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF "24 SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN ±INS TEM SHOULD INCLUDE THE CREATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE
PIRED² BY RAIL SYSTEMS AND THEIR HIGH CAPACITY AND THE OPERATIONS BUSINESS AND SERVICE PLANS
%VEN THOUGH THIS BRIEF LIST OF ARGUMENTS LOOKS SO THUS ADOPTING THE MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERIS THAT COMPLEMENT IT
MEWHAT PRESUMPTUOUS THE REST OF THE DOCUMENT TICS SUCH AS USE OF EXCLUSIVE STATIONS OFF BOARD
AND THE CITED DOCUMENTS IN THE RESOURCE SEC FARE COLLECTION ETC TO OPERATIONS IN BUSES WHICH )N PREVIOUS DECADES BUS IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS
TION WILL HELP CLARIFY THESE STATEMENTS IN DETAIL ALSO HAVE QUALITIES LIKE OPERATIONAL ¾EXIBILITY LOW WERE DEVELOPED WITHOUT ANY SUCCESS 4HE REASON
COST VEHICLES AND THE ADAPTABILITY OF THE VEHICLES FOR THIS IS MAINLY BECAUSE IT WAS THE CREATION OF
4HIS DOCUMENT BRIE¾Y PRESENTS THE CHARACTERIS TO VARIOUS SERVICE CONDITIONS ETC $IFFERENT ±LE AN EXCLUSIVE BUS LANE 4HIS LANE DIDN´T INCLUDE ANY
TICS OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEM AND DESCRIBES VELS² OF "24 HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN THE PUBLIC MODI½ED OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THE VEHICLES
THE STEPS TO CARRY OUT A PROJECT OF THIS KIND IN TRANSPORT ½ELD FROM THE SIMPLEST ONES TO THE SO NOR WERE THERE CLEAR STAFF HIRING SCHEMES OR SER
A ,ATIN !MERICAN CITY 4HE LAST CHAPTER PRESENTS CALLED ±FULL "24² OR ±COMPLETE "24² WHICH INCLU VICE PROVIDERS INCLUDED 4HIS RESULTED IN RAPIDLY
DETAILS CONCERNING OTHER DOCUMENTS THAT CAN BE DES ALL THE PROPER CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS TYPE OF DETERIORATING SYSTEMS AND LOSS OF CON½DENCE AND
CONSULTED IN ORDER TO EXTEND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SYSTEM TRUST IN BUS BASED SYSTEMS 4HE "24 IS A MUCH
THIS TOPIC MORE DEVELOPED AND COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT AS
4HIS DOCUMENT WILL NOT PROVIDE AN EXHAUSTIVE CAN BE SEEN IN THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS
CATEGORIZATION OF WHAT IS A SIMPLER OR MORE
18 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 19
CHARACTER IS TO ALLOW THE VEHICLES TO ABANDON THE &IGURE #OMPLETE "US
)NFRASTRUCTURE
LANE IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY OR IN ANY CASE WHE
2APID 4RANSIT SYSTEMS
RE THE NORMAL OPERATIONS ARE MODI½ED SUCH AS THE ±-EGABUS²
)NFRASTRUCTURE IS A COMPONENT THAT IS COMMON IN 0EREIRA #OLOMBIA
IN ALL "24 SYSTEMS )T REFERS TO STATIONS DEDICA
!N ADDITIONAL ASPECT TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT IS THE HAVE STATIONS THAT DETER
TED LANES DEPOTS AND CONTROL CENTRES )N SHORT MATERIAL TO USE WHEN BUILDING THE DEDICATED MINE THE SPECI½C LOCA
THIS INFRASTRUCTURE ALLOWS A "24 SYSTEM TO HAVE LANE "USES IN A "24 SYSTEM ARE ARTICULATED AND TION WHERE PASSENGERS
AN EXCLUSIVE LANE WITH RESPECT TO OTHER MO
THE WEIGHT THEY EXERT OVER THE SURFACE IS MUCH CAN ENTER AND LEAVE THE
DES OF TRANSPORT 4HIS HELPS IN COMPLYING WITH GREATER THAN THE ONE OF SMALLER VEHICLES !N ADE
SYSTEM AND PROVIDE THE
HIGH CAPACITY OPERATIONS AND MAKES POSSIBLE QUATE MATERIAL MUST BE USED TO MEET THE PER
FACILITY OF PAYING TICK
THE EXISTENCE OF STATIONS $EDICATED DEPOTS ARE MANENT TRAF½C NEEDS OF THESE BUSES 'ENERALLY ETS BEFORE BOARDING THE
ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THESE VEHI
THE MOST RECOMMENDED OPTION IS USING CONCRETE BUS
CLES AND FOR OPERATORS TO RUN ADEQUATE MONI
AT THE STATIONS AND ASPHALT ON THE LANES 4HEN
TORING OF THE SYSTEM 4HE CONTROL CENTRE IS THE AGAIN IT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE AN ADEQUATE STU
PLACE WHERE THE TRACKING OF SYSTEM OPERATIONS DY OF THE OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS OF THE SYSTEM
IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF ADVANCED COMMU
TO BE DESIGNED )N CASES WHERE A "24 SYSTEM IS
NICATIONS SYSTEMS EXPLAINED FURTHER BELOW CONSTRUCTED AND EXISTING LANES ARE KEPT IT IS AB
SOLUTELY NECESSARY TO REINFORCE THEM 4HIS IS ONE
$EDICATED LANES OF THE ASPECTS THAT IF NOT TREATED WITH CARE WILL
4HE TYPICAL IMAGE OF A "24 IS A BUS RUNNING IN MOST LIKELY HAVE SIGNI½CANT CONSEQUENCES ON THE !N ADDITIONAL OPTION IS WHEN THE LANES ARE FULLY
3TATIONS ARE ELEVATED THIS MEANS THAT
A DEDICATED LANE %VEN THOUGH THIS IS NOT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM THE LIFE OF THE VEHI
SEGREGATED PHYSICALLY 4HIS GENERALLY HAPPENS IN THE VEHICLES ALSO HAVE ELEVATED PLATFORMS
ONLY COMPONENT MAKING "24 A HIGH CAPACITY CLES AND THE SERVICES PROVIDED )T IS HIGHLY RECOM
OVERGROUND OR UNDERGROUND SECTIONS .EVERTHE
WHICH IN TURN MAKES THE BUSES LESS
SYSTEM IT IS INDEED ONE OF ITS MAIN REQUIREMENTS MENDED TO RECONSTRUCT ALL LANES TO BE USED BY THE LESS THIS IS USED AS A LAST RESORT USUALLY WHEN THE CON
EXPENSIVE %LEVATED STATIONS ARE USED TO
3EGREGATING THE "24 VEHICLES FROM THE REST "24 VEHICLES TEXT DOESN´T ALLOW AN ADEQUATE OPERATION AT
GRADE ENFORCE THE USE OF STATIONS AND NOT OTHER
OF THE TRAF½C IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR ITS SUCCESSFUL PARTS OF THE CORRIDORS FOR BOARDING AND
FUNCTIONING !S OUTLINED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION ! COMMONLY USED OPTION IN SOME CASES IS THE USE 3TATIONS EXITING THE BUSES !DDITIONALLY ACCESS
THE "24 SYSTEM HAS A DE½NED DETAILED WEEKLY OF GRASS IN BETWEEN THE "24 LANE AND THE OTHER !NOTHER VERY IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF A "24 TO THE BUSES IS FAR EASIER AND BETTER FOR
SCHEDULE THAT IS CHECKED ON A DAILY BASIS WHEREBY LANES 7HILE THIS HAS A POSITIVE EFFECT ON THE RE
SYSTEM IS ITS STATIONS 4HESE ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE THE DISABLED POPULATION WHO USUALLY
AN ADEQUATE AND TEMPORARILY APPROPRIATE SERVICE DUCTION OF VEHICLE NOISE LEVELS IT MAY HAVE OPE
TRADITIONAL BUS STOPS )N MANY ASPECTS THESE ARE STRUGGLE WITH PROBLEMS IN OTHER TYPES OF
IS PROVIDED FOR USERS RATIONAL PROBLEMS IN OVERTAKING LANES AND SOME QUITE DIFFERENT ESPECIALLY WHEN THE "24 SYSTEM IS STATIONS WHERE THERE ARE STAIRCASES STEPS
MAINTENANCE INCONVENIENCES COMPLETE 4HE STATIONS IN A "24 SYSTEM HAVE THE AND CURBS
)N ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS IT IS NECESSARY TO GENE
FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS
RATE SOME FORM OF PHYSICAL DIVISION BETWEEN THE )N SOME CASES WHERE A HIGH PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF
3TATIONS HAVE TURNSTILES TO ±CHECK IN²
"24 LANES AND THE REST OF THE TRAF½C HAVING A "24 IS REQUIRED PASSING LANES ARE DEVELOPED AND
)NSTEAD OF HAVING THE STATIONS LOCATED ON AND ±CHECK OUT² OF THE SYSTEM THIS ALLOWS
COLOURED LANE IS NOT ENOUGH #ITIES LIKE ,ONDON A GREAT PART OF THE SYSTEM CAN HAVE TWO LANES IN THE SIDES OF THE LANES THESE ARE LOCATED USERS TO VERIFY THEIR FARE OFF BOARD WHICH
HAVE BUS LANES PAINTED IN RED PAINT WHICH PEOPLE BOTH DIRECTIONS 4HIS IS CONSTRUCTED TO IMPROVE AT THE MEDIANS IN BETWEEN THE TWO "24 INCREASES SPEED IN THE SYSTEM AND ALSO
RESPECT 4HIS IS ONLY POSSIBLE BECAUSE THE COLO
THE COMBINATION OF ROUTES IN THE SYSTEM AND TO LANES !FTER OBSERVING MANY SYSTEMS OF ALLOWS USERS TO CHANGE ROUTES WITHOUT
URED LANES ARE COMPLEMENTED BY A COMPLEX VIDEO INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF HAVING MORE ±EXPRESS² THIS KIND IN VARIOUS CITIES THROUGHOUT PAYING FOR ADDITIONAL TICKETS
CAMERA ##46 SYSTEM THAT ENFORCES COMPLIANCE ROUTES THIS WILL BE DISCUSSED FURTHER IN THE OPE
THE WORLD IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THIS
4HE SIMPLEST WAY TO DO THIS IS BY BUILDING PHY
RATIONS SECTION 4HE "24 SYSTEM IS NORMALLY OPTION IS FAR MORE EF½CIENT IN TERMS OF
3TATIONS ARE ±CLOSED² THE STATIONS HAVE
SICAL BARRIERS BETWEEN THE LANES ! FUNDAMENTAL CONSTRUCTED WITH PASSING LANES AT THE STATIONS OPERATION AND USAGE OF SPACE ±WALLS AND CEILING² WHICH PROVIDES USERS
ASPECT OF THESE BARRIERS DESPITE THEIR DIVISIVE DEPENDING ON THE OPERATIONAL MODEL USED WITH PROTECTION FROM CLIMATE CONDITIONS
20 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 21
AND MAKES STOPPING EASIER FOR VEHICLES FUTURE COMMERCIAL EARNINGS 7HEN THE TERMS IN
AT SPECI½C PLACES TO PICK UP AND DROP OF THE CONTRACT WERE WELL DE½NED AGREEMENTS
OFF PASSENGERS (OWEVER THIS MAKES THE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENTITIES HAVE BEEN
STATIONS MORE EXPENSIVE PRO½TABLE 'IVEN THAT TERMINAL STATIONS BECOME
PLACES OF LARGE ¾OWS OF PEOPLE THEY CAN BE USED
3TATIONS ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL PLACES TO GENERATE AS ±ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRES² WHERE PEOPLE CAN RUN
AN IMAGE OF THE SYSTEM AND FOR USERS TO ACQUAINT ERRANDS AND PAY BILLS RELATED TO PUBLIC SERVICES
THEMSELVES WITH THE SYSTEM AND SEE IT AS AN AR
4HIS IS VERY CONVENIENT FOR BOTH THE PUBLIC SECTOR
CHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE CITY RATHER THAN A AND THE SYSTEM USERS
FUNCTIONAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURE )T IS AN OPPORTU
NITY THAT MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ORDER TO $EPOTS ARE PLACES USED FOR PARKING AND MAINTE
IMPROVE THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE CITY 4HIS NANCE OF VEHICLES )N MANY CASES THE OF½CES OF THE
ENABLES THE POSSIBILITY OF HIRING ARCHITECTS TO SYSTEM OPERATORS ARE BUILT AT THE DEPOTS 4HIS CAN
SPECI½CALLY DESIGN THE SYSTEM´S STATIONS ONCE THE ALSO BE USED AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP THE DE
TECHNICAL CRITERIA ARE WELL DE½NED DIMENSIONS POT IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE OPERATORS THE PUBLIC
HEIGHTS TURNSTILE PLACEMENT ETC !DDITIONALLY SECTOR PROVIDES THE SPACE TO DEVELOP THE DEPOT AND
STATIONS MEAN INCOME OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH OF½CES WHILE THE OPERATOR IS IN CHARGE OF CONS
PUBLICITY ADVERTISEMENTS TRUCTING THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MAINTE
NANCE PARKING AND MANAGEMENT OPERATING NEEDS &IGURE /NE OF THE DEPOTS OF THE 4RANSMETRO SYS
&IGURE 4HE CONTROL CENTRE OF A "24 SYSTEM ENABLES
"RIDGES TO ACCESS THE STATIONS ARE AN ADDITIONAL TEM IN 'UATEMALA #ITY WHERE MAINTENANCE IS DONE TO AN EASIER FOLLOW UP ON THE OPERATIONS OF ALL VEHICLES
ELEMENT RELATED TO THE STATIONS %VEN THOUGH IT IS VEHICLES THROUGHOUT THE "24 NETWORK
PREFERABLE TO PROVIDE CROSSINGS AT TRAF½C LIGHTS FOR
PEDESTRIANS SOMETIMES IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSTRUCT
SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS PEDESTRIAN
BRIDGES TO EASE ACCESS TO STATIONS 4HE IMPORTANT
THING ABOUT THESE BRIDGES IS THAT THEY MUST PROVIDE #ONTROL CENTRE SOFTWARE TO TRACK ALL VEHICLES )T IS ALSO NORMAL
RAMPS AND ELEVATORS FOR THE DISABLED POPULATION 4HE CONTROL CENTRE IS THE PLACE FROM WHERE TO HAVE A SERIES OF MONITORS THAT PERMANENTLY
PERMANENT MONITORING OF THE COMPLETE SYSTEM RECORD ACTIVITIES AT STATIONS AND ON SOME
4ERMINALS AND DEPOTS OPERATION IS DONE !N EXCLUSIVE ENTITY IS USUALLY IN OCCASIONS WHAT IS HAPPENING INSIDE THE VEHICLES
4ERMINAL STATIONS AND DEPOTS ARE AN ADDITIONAL CHARGE OF MANAGING AND CONTROLLING THE SYSTEM !
ELEMENT THAT CAN BE EXPLOITED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT FOLLOW UP OF THE WEEKLY SERVICE PLANNING IS DONE
OF THE SYSTEM´S IMAGE 4HE PRINCIPAL FUNCTION FROM THIS CONTROL CENTRE )NCOMING AND OUTGOING
/PERATIONS
OF THE TERMINAL STATION IS TO SUPPORT AS MANY MESSAGES BETWEEN BUS DRIVERS AND CONTROL CENTRE
PASSENGERS AS POSSIBLE AND TO GUIDE THEM TO THEIR STAFF ARE SENT IN REAL TIME $ECISIONS ARE MADE AND
DESTINATIONS AS EASILY AS POSSIBLE 4HESE ALSO INSTRUCTIONS ARE GIVEN FROM THE CONTROL CENTRE IN ! SECOND FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT RELATED TO THE
WORK AS INTERCHANGE CENTRES WITH OTHER MODES CASE OF EMERGENCIES OPERATING PROBLEMS OR IN EF½CIENCY OF A COMPLETE "24 SYSTEM IS A WELL
DE
OF TRANSPORTATION LOCAL REGIONAL ETC "UILDING CASE AN ADDITIONAL VEHICLE IS NEEDED TO COVER A ½NED PLAN OF OPERATIONS 4HIS WILL DETERMINE THE
THESE TERMINAL STATIONS TOGETHER WITH A PRIVATE ROUTE (ENCE IT IS CLEAR THAT THE FUNDAMENTAL DAILY FUNCTIONING OF THE SYSTEM THE WAY THE CO
CONSTRUCTOR IS A GOOD OPTION WHEN DEVELOPING &IGURE 4HE "US 2APID 3YSTEM -ETROVqA IN 'UAYAQUIL COMPONENT OF THIS CONTROL CENTRE IS THE PERMANENT RRIDORS ARE CON½GURED AND THE STRATEGIES TO COM
THEM )N THESE CASES THE CONSTRUCTOR PROVIDES BUILT HIGH CAPACITY TERMINAL STATIONS WHERE THERE IS THE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM WITH THE VEHICLES PLY WITH THE EXPECTED CAPACITY 4HIS IS A HIGHLY
THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE TERMINAL AND INTEGRATES POSSIBILITY OF INTEGRATING THE SYSTEM WITH OTHER LOCAL GENERALLY BY MEANS OF '03 TECHNOLOGY WITH COMPLEX JOB THAT REQUIRES VERY ELABORATE OPERA
IT WITH COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROVIDING SERVICES PERSONNEL ON THE SYSTEM ITSELF AND WITH SPECIALIZED TIONS TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF VEHICLES NEE
22 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 23
DED ON SPECI½C DAYS AND HOURS 4HIS IS AN ASPECT ARE DETERMINED IN A SYSTEM THAT AIMS AT PROVI
MORE THAN METERS TO REACH THE TERMINAL STA
THAT WILL DETERMINE THE QUALITY OF A "24 SYSTEM DING HIGH QUALITY SERVICE TO ITS CLIENTELE AND TION 4HE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF THE TRUNK
FEEDER
AND EVENTUALLY USER SATISFACTION WHERE THE PROVISION OF SERVICES IS DE½NED IN AC
SERVICE IS THAT IT REQUIRES TRANSFERS 4HERE ARE DI
CORDANCE TO TECHNICAL CRITERIA AND TO THE MERIT
FFERENT OPINIONS AMONG EXPERTS OF THE DIRECT AND
4HE ½RST ASPECT TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IS WHE
BASED APPOINTMENT OF OPERATORS /PEN SYSTEMS THE TRUNK
FEEDER MODELS CONCERNING THE EF½CIENCY
THER THE SYSTEM SHOULD BE OPEN OR CLOSED !N GENERALLY HAVE CONGESTION PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF OF ONE MODEL VERSUS THE OTHER 4HIS IS BOTH NE
OPEN SYSTEM REFERS TO THAT IN WHICH ANY OPERATOR THE MULTIPLE QUANTITY OF VEHICLES ON THE ROADS CESSARY AND HELPFUL IN ANALYZING THE SITUATION IN
CAN PARTICIPATE IN THE SYSTEM AND WHERE THERE IS !NOTHER PROBLEM IS THE ±CENT WAR ² WHICH WILL BE EVERY CITY AND MAKING A DECISION ABOUT THE MOST
A MINIMUM OR NULL CONTROL OVER THE SYSTEM ! CLO
DISCUSSED IN DEPTH IN THE BUSINESS PLAN SECTION ADEQUATE FORM OF SERVICE
SED SYSTEM IS ONE WHERE VEHICLES AND ENTERPRISES
CAN OPERATE IN THE SYSTEM ONCE THEY ARE ELECTED 4HE SERVICES PROVIDED IN A CLOSED SYSTEM CAN BE !NOTHER ASPECT OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE EF½
THROUGH A CONTEST GENERALLY THOUGH A BIDDING DIRECT OR TRUNK
FEEDER )N A DIRECT SERVICE THE VEHI
CIENCY OF THE SYSTEM IS THE TYPE OF SERVICES EXPRESS
PROCESS AND WHERE THERE IS STRICT CONTROL OVER CLES HAVE A DE½NED ROUTE WITHIN SEGREGATED LANES OR LOCAL )N LOCAL SERVICES VEHICLES MAKE STOPS AT
THE SYSTEM´S OPERATION CONDITIONS WITH REGARDS AND OFFER A SIMILAR SERVICE TO THE ONE GIVEN BY A ALL STATIONS IN THE ROUTE PROVIDING A SIMPLE AND
TO VEHICLES IN THE LANES AND OFFERED SERVICES AND TRADITIONAL BUS MANY STOPS IN MIXED TRAF½C LOW COMPREHENSIVE SERVICE AT A NORMAL SPEED %XPRESS
SCHEDULES 4HIS SHOULD BE CENTRALIZED BY A SPECI
PLATFORM STATIONS ETC OUTSIDE THE SEGREGATED LA
SERVICES ARE THOSE IN WHICH VEHICLES STOP ONLY &IGURE 4HE ADEQUATE OCCUPATION LEVEL INSIDE A VEHICLE MUST BE
½C ENTITY THAT MANAGES THE SYSTEM NES )N THE TRUNK
FEEDER SERVICE THERE ARE VEHICLES AT CERTAIN SPECI½ED STATIONS WHICH RUN SIGNI½
STUDIED CAREFULLY BECAUSE USER SATISFACTION RELIES ON THIS IN THE
EXCLUSIVELY INSIDE SEGREGATED LANES AND ALSO VEHI
CANTLY FASTER BUT ALSO IMPLY MORE COMPLEX OPERA
LONG RUN .EVERTHELESS A ½NANCIALLY SUSTAINABLE OPERATION WITHOUT
%VEN THOUGH THE OPEN SYSTEM SEEMS TO BE MORE CLES FOR THE FEEDERS OF THE SYSTEM 4HOSE FEEDERS TIONS 4HESE ALSO IMPLY DEVELOPING A PASSING LANE ANY SUBSIDIES IMPLIES A REASONABLE LEVEL OF AGGLOMERATION INSIDE
DEMOCRATIC IT IS ACTUALLY THE ±CLOSED² SYSTEM THAT ARE THE BUSES THAT HAVE ROUTES FROM THE TERMINAL PLUS TWO LANES PER DIRECTION IN SOME PARTS OF THE THE BUSES
HAS DEMONSTRATED ITSELF TO BE THE FAIREST 4HIS IS STATIONS TO THE OUTER AREAS OUTSKIRTS WHERE THE
SYSTEM IN ORDER TO MAKE THIS OPTION POSSIBLE )N
DUE TO THE FACT THAT SPECI½C OPERATION CRITERIA RE MAY BE USERS IN NEED OF LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL GENERAL EXPRESS SERVICES INCREASE THE SPEED AND
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM MAKING THE "24
SYSTEM COMPARABLE TO RAIL SYSTEMS .EVERTHELESS RATIONAL AND ½NANCIAL PLAN 6EHICLE FREQUENCY
EXPRESS SERVICE OPERATIONS MUST BE COMPLEMEN
THE DIMENSIONS AND QUANTITY OF VEHICLES THAT ARE
TED BY A WELL
DESIGNED SIGNAGE SYSTEM PROVIDING REQUIRED AT A SPECI½C MOMENT MUST BE DE½NED
&IGURE 4HE ADEQUATE OPERATION CLEAR INFORMATION TO USERS ABOUT WHICH BUS TO IN RELATION TO THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE TO BE TRANS
OF A "24 SYSTEM OF GREAT COVERAGE TAKE IN DIFFERENT CASES )T´S WORTH MENTIONING THAT PORTED PER SQUARE METER 4HIS ASPECT WILL ALSO DE
AS 4RANS-ILENIO IMPLIES A COMPLEX EXPRESS SERVICES MUST WORK SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH TERMINE THE SYSTEM´S REVENUE WITH A GREATER OC
SCHEME THAT TOOK MANY MONTHS ALL OTHER LOCAL SERVICES CUPANCY LEVEL INSIDE THE VEHICLES THE OPERATIONAL
TO BE DESIGNED 4HIS SCHEME MUST COSTS ARE REDUCED FOR BOTH OPERATORS AND FOR THE
SPECIFY DETAILS OF BUS FREQUENCY AND /NE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A "24 IS THAT IT´S PUBLIC SECTOR /NE MUST BE VERY CAUTIOUS WHEN
OTHERS 0HOTO BY $IEGO 6ELAZQUEZ BEEN DE½NED AS A MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM !DDITIO
DETERMINING A HIGH LEVEL OF OCCUPANCY BECAUSE
NALLY IT´S BEEN DE½NED AS A SYSTEM THAT MAXIMIZES DESPITE THE APPARENT EFFECTIVENESS IN REDUCING
THE USE OF SPACE INSIDE THE VEHICLES 4O BE MORE COSTS THIS COULD REDUCE THE SYSTEM´S DEMAND IN
SPECI½C THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE INSIDE THE "24 THE LONG TERM BECAUSE USERS LOOK FOR LESS CROW
BUSES SHOULD BE SIMILAR TO THAT OF ONE IN A ME
DED OPTIONS
TRO SYSTEM FOUR PEOPLE PER SQUARE METER IN CON
VENTIONAL VEHICLES WHILE IN SOME EXTREME CASES 4HE TYPE OF VEHICLES THAT ARE NEEDED WILL ALSO
THE SYSTEM IS PLANNED FOR SIX PEOPLE PER SQUARE BE INCLUDED IN THE DE½NITION OF THE OPERATIONAL
METER 4HIS VEHICLE OCCUPANCY INDICATOR WILL BE MODELS TO BE USED IN A SYSTEM 4HE SIZE OF THE
CRUCIAL AT THE TIME OF DE½NING DETAILS OF THE OPE
VEHICLES IS INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE PASSENGER
24 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 25
"USINESS 3TRUCTURE
DEMAND IN THE CORRIDORS THE MOST ADEQUATE FRE
)N MANY INSTANCES THE CENTRAL PROBLEM WITH THIS
¯ REORGANIZATION OF
QUENCIES IN A SPECI½C CORRIDOR AND THE AMOUNT ASPECT IS THAT THERE IS A SEPARATE AGENCY IN CHARGE
THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SECTOR
OF STOPS IN A STATION 4HE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRAF½C LIGHT OPERATIONS SO PROGRAMMING IS
OF THE VEHICLES TO BE USED IN A SPECI½C SYSTEM NOT SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE "24 SYSTEM BUT WITH
SHOULD NOT BE DETERMINED A PRIORI LIKE A SYSTEM THE GENERAL TRAF½C )N SOME EXTREME SITUATIONS 4HE ±BUSINESS² OF A "24 SYSTEM REFERS TO THE ORGA
THAT HAS ARTICULATED OR STANDARD BUSES BECAUSE TRAF½C POLICE OF½CERS HAVE STOPPED "24 BUS ¾OW NIZATION OF THE OPERATORS WHO WILL TAKE PART IN IT
THIS WILL AFFECT THE RESULT AND ADEQUATE OPERATIO
IN ORDER TO MAKE WAY FOR PRIVATE CARS AT INTER
THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS AND THE WAY THEY
NAL SYSTEM )F A SYSTEM IS DESIGNED A PRIORI WITH SECTIONS GIVING THE IMPRESSION THAT PRIVATE CARS INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER 4RADITIONAL COLLECTIVE
ARTICULATED VEHICLES AND THE DEMAND IS REALLY LOW WERE OF GREATER IMPORTANCE THAN PUBLIC TRANS
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ARE KNOWN FOR PROVIDING A SER
THE BUS FREQUENCIES MUST BE REDUCED AND THIS PORT 4HUS THE INTER
INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION OF VICE WHERE THE DRIVERS ±½GHT² WITH EACH OTHER TO
MEANS ALSO REDUCING SERVICE QUALITY AND REVENUE TRAF½C LIGHTS IS PARTICULARLY CRITICAL GET MORE PASSENGERS INTO THEIR VEHICLES 4HIS IS
LOSSES DUE TO BAD PLANNING REFERRED TO AS THE ±THE CENT WAR² PHENOMENON
4HE COORDINATION AND FOLLOW UP OF ALL THESE OPE
$RIVERS ARE PAID ON THE BASIS OF THE NUMBER OF
%VEN THOUGH DE½NING OPERATIONS FOR EXCLUSIVE LA
RATIONAL ASPECTS ARE DONE FROM THE CONTROL CEN
TRANSPORTED PASSENGERS 4HE LACK OF ORGANIZA
&IGURE 4HIS IS A TYPICAL SITUATION IN ,IMA 0ER{ AN EXAMPLE
NES SEEMS TO BE THE ONLY ASPECT FOR THE PROVISION TRE WHICH HAS A MONITORING SYSTEM DESIGNED TO TION IN THE SECTOR AS WELL AS VARIOUS EXTERNALITIES OF ±THE CENT WAR² BETWEEN MANY VEHICLE DRIVERS WHO ½GHT FOR THE
OF AN ADEQUATE "24 SYSTEM IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE CONTROL PLANNING AND COMMUNICATIONS WITH VEHI
GENERATE AN URGENT NEED FOR CHANGE WITHIN THE SAME PASSENGERS
INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTION WITH OTHER MODES OF CLES AND TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THE SYSTEM SYSTEM
TRANSPORTATION AT CROSSING POINTS AS WELL AS THE
DE½NITION OF TRAF½C LIGHT PHASING ALONG THE CORRI
4HE ½NAL ASPECT OF THE "24 SYSTEM OPERATIONS 4HE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE OF THIS SCHEME IS FROM
DORS OF THE SYSTEM 4HIS IS AN ASPECT THAT IS RARELY IS CUSTOMER SERVICE &REQUENTLY PUBLIC TRANS
COMPETITION IN THE MARKET THE WAR BETWEEN AU
OPERATIONS TO COMPANIES THROUGH CONTESTS BIDS
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN PLANNING YET HAS A CON
PORT SYSTEMS ARE PLANNED WITH GREAT DEDICATION THORIZED VEHICLES ON THE STREETS TO COMPETITION AND SPECIFYING THE DURATION OF CONTRACTS GUARAN
SIDERABLE IMPACT ON THE OPERATIONS OF THE SYSTEM TO THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF VEHICLE FREQUENCY FOR THE MARKET THE CONTEST BETWEEN COMPANIES TEE THE GOOD QUALITY OF THE SERVICE
THE DE½NITION AND MONITORING OF THE OPERATION THAT WOULD PROVIDE A TRANSPARENT PUBLIC TRANS
.EVERTHELESS THE USERS ARE WHO WILL REALLY KEEP PORT SYSTEM BASED ON THEIR ADEQUATE MANAGERIAL 4HE OPERATORS INCLUDE NOT ONLY PEOPLE IN CHAR
THE SYSTEM RUNNING HENCE WITHOUT THEM THERE AND OPERATIONAL CAPACITIES WITHIN THE PRE ESTA
GE OF VEHICLES GENERALLY MANY INSIDE THE SAME
&IGURE "US FREQUENCY IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR TO BE DE
ARE NEITHER CLIENTS NOR DEMAND 4HE PROVISION BLISHED FUNCTIONING RULES (AVING A COMPETITI
SYSTEM WORKING UNDER THE SAME OPERATING RU
TERMINED IN THE OPERATIONAL PLAN AND THIS WILL AFFECT THE LEVEL OF OF SERVICE MUST ALWAYS BE PLANNED BASED ON THE VE SCHEME FOR THE MARKET CANCELS ±THE CENT WAR² LES BUT ALSO AN ADDITIONAL OPERATOR IN CHARGE
SERVICE PROVISION AND USER SATISFACTION USERS´ NEEDS 4HIS IS THE REASON FOR DE½NING A 4HE EARNINGS WITHIN A SYSTEM WILL BE DETERMINED OF COLLECTING THE FARE AND MAINTAINING THIS COM
CLEAR PLAN FOR THE CLEANING OF THE VEHICLES AND BY THE QUALITY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED AND BY PONENT OF THE SYSTEM 4HESE ARE ORGANIZATIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE THE COMPREHENSIVE SIGNAL DESIGN THE WAY THEY FOLLOW THE RULES COMPLYING WITH A SEPARATE FROM THE VEHICLE OPERATORS THAT TRACK
THE CONSTANT SEARCH FOR FEEDBACK FROM USERS OF TIMETABLE AND ESTABLISHED BUS STOPS AT SPECI½C THE AMOUNT OF PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED AND THE
THE SYSTEM AND THE PROVISION OF SUPPORT INFRAS
STATIONS !NOTHER CHARACTERISTIC THAT MAKES THE COLLECTED TRANSIT FARE !DDITIONALLY THIS MONEY IS
TRUCTURE TOILETS RESTING AREAS AESTHETIC FACTORS TRACKING OF RULES EASIER IS PAYING OPERATORS IN GIVEN TO A TRUST FUND THAT CONTROLS AND MONITORS
OF THE SYSTEM ETC 4HIS ALSO RELATES DIRECTLY TO ACCORDANCE WITH WORKED DISTANCES RATHER THAN FARE COLLECTION ON A DAILY BASIS
THE EXCESSIVE AGGLOMERATION OF THE VEHICLES AND TRANSPORTED PASSENGERS
TO THE ADEQUATE FREQUENCY OF THE SERVICES 5SERS ! HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER ORGANI
MUST TAKE PART IN THE SYSTEM AND MUST BE INCLU
$ESIGNING CLEAR AND SPECI½C CONDITIONS IN WHICH ZATIONS WITHIN THE SYSTEM DE½NES THE CONTROL OF
DED FROM THE START IN THE IMPLEMENTATION PRO
THE SERVICE WILL BE PROVIDED IS A FUNDAMENTAL AS
THIS SERVICE PROVISION THE SYSTEM MANAGER AND
CESS OF THE SYSTEM .EGLECTING THIS ASPECT MAY PECT OF ENSURING THIS REGULATION 4HE OPERATORS THE CONTROL ORGANISM SOMETIMES THE SAME MA
RESULT IN A SYSTEM´S COMPLETE FAILURE MUST BE CLEAR ABOUT THE RESPONSIBILITIES THEY NAGER 4HESE PEOPLE DE½NE AND TRACK THE DEVE
HAVE VEHICLE MAINTENANCE WITH SPECI½C PARA
LOPMENT OF THE OPERATORS BOTH OF VEHICLES AND
METERS TIMETABLE COMPLIANCE ETC !PPOINTING OF FARE COLLECTION AND CONTROL AND DETERMINE
26 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 27
THE OPERATION OF SPECI½C DAYS AND WEEKS BASED SPECI½ED IN ALL CONTRACTS WITH THE OPERATORS )N LESS MAINLY BECAUSE IT IS A HIGH PERFORMANCE
ON PERFORMANCE AND DEMAND INDICATORS THROUG
A SYSTEM DONE IN PHASES THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FUEL AND IS THE MOST COMMON AND BEST KNOWN IN
HOUT TIME )N MOST CASES THIS MANAGERIAL ANDOR FARE CAN BE RE
DE½NED IN EACH PHASE AND IN THE THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SECTOR 7HEN $IESEL FUEL HAS
CONTROL BODY TAKES PART IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR WHILE CONTRACTS WITH EVERY NEW SERIES OF OPERATORS UN
A LOW SULPHUR CONCENTRATION LEVEL GAS EMISSIONS
OPERATORS ARE PRIVATE AND OR PUBLIC EVEN THOUGH TIL AN OPTIMUM LEVEL OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION IS ARE EQUAL TO AND IN SOME CASES EVEN LOWER THAN
THEY WORK UNDER THE SAME RULES AS IN THE CASE IN REACHED EMISSIONS BY VEHICLES RUNNING ON #OMPRESSED
-EXICO #ITY´S -ETROBUS SYSTEM .ATURAL 'AS .EVERTHELESS THE #/ EMISSIONS ARE
FAIRLY SIGNI½CANT BUT NEVER COMPARABLE TO PRIVATE
)N ORDER TO CONTROL THE ADEQUATE PROVISION OF THE VEHICLE EMISSIONS
4ECHNOLOGY
SERVICE THERE ARE INCENTIVES AND PENALTIES FOR
OPERATORS THAT ARE DETERMINED ACCORDING TO THE )N SOME OCCASIONS LIKE IN 1UITO ELECTRIC POWE
ADEQUATE PROVISION OF THE SERVICE AND BY COM
)N THE INTRODUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IT WAS DES
RED VEHICLES HAVE BEEN USED 4HESE VEHICLES BE
PLIANCE WITH THE SPECI½ED OBLIGATIONS WITHIN THE CRIBED HOW VARIOUS MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS ARE DE
SIDES BEING VERY EXPENSIVE NEED ADDITIONAL IN
CONTRACT 4HERE ARE ECONOMIC PENALTIES FOR FAI
½NED INITIALLY BY THE TECHNOLOGY THAT A MAYOR OR FRASTRUCTURE OF OVERHEAD CONTACT LINES FOR ENERGY
LING TO MEET THE GOALS IN THE CASE OF VEHICLE OPE
TRANSPORT MINISTER WOULD PREFER 9ET THE TECH
PROVISION 4HIS CAN HAVE VISUAL CONSEQUENCES AND
RATORS ¯ THE DISTANCE COVERED IS REDUCED WHEN NOLOGY THAT IS TO BE CHOSEN IN TERMS OF VEHICLES NOTORIOUS OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS 4HE EXCESSIVE
CALCULATING PAYMENT -EETING GOALS ABOVE CER
TRACKING INSTRUMENTS AND FARE COLLECTION IS ONE COST OF THE VEHICLES THAT RUN ON THIS TECHNOLOGY
TAIN STANDARDS IS REWARDED IN THE SAME WAY OF THE LAST STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF A "24 SYSTEM IS THE STRONGEST FACTOR IN THE SELECTION PROCESS
/NCE THE OPERATING CONDITIONS VEHICLE NECESSI
4HE DE½NITION OF THE FARE AND ITS DISTRIBUTION TIES CON½GURATION OF THE STATIONS AND EXCLUSIVE 4HERE ARE OTHER LESS CONTAMINATING FUELS THAT
ALSO MAKES UP PART OF THIS BUSINESS STRUCTURE ! LANES OF THE SYSTEM ARE CLEAR THE TECHNOLOGICAL HAVE BETTER PERFORMANCE INDICATORS THAN THE ONES
"24 SYSTEM DOES NOT NEED SUBSIDIES BECAUSE THE ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEM CAN BE DETERMINED PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED LIKE FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN
FARE IS DETERMINED ON THE BASIS OF THE REVENUE GE
%VEN THOUGH THEY WOULD BE LOW EMISSION THESE
NERATED BY THE SYSTEM AND ON THE DEMAND NEEDS VEHICLES ARE EXCESSIVELY EXPENSIVE AS THERE ISN´T A
AND OPERATION POSSIBILITIES OF THE SYSTEM 4HESE 6EHICLES SIGNI½CANT MARKET TO REDUCE THEIR CONSTRUCTION &IGURE "US 2APID 4RANSIT VEHICLES DON´T HAVE TO BE ARTICULATED
ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED ACCORDING TO A COMPLEX 6EHICLES IN A "24 SYSTEM CAN BE OF VARIOUS TYPES COSTS .EVERTHELESS THEY ARE AN OPTION )N FACT ON VERY FEW OCCASIONS IT IS WORTH HAVING BIARTICULATED VEHI
MATHEMATICAL FORMULA WITH VARIABLES THAT INCLU
/NE OF THE INITIAL CONCERNS ABOUT THE VEHICLES CLES LIKE THE ONE SHOWN IN PICTURE ABOVE USED AS TRIAL FOR 4RANS
DE BUS MAINTENANCE INPUTS AND A DE½NED FORMU
CHOSEN FOR THE SYSTEM IS THE FUEL TO BE USED )N 7ITH RESPECT TO FUEL SELECTION SOMETIMES IT IS -ILENIO #OURTESY OF 4RANS-ILENIO 3!
LA THAT READJUSTS THE FARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SOME INSTANCES IT IS ASSUMED THAT #OMPRESSED PREFERABLE TO GIVE GENERALIZED GUIDELINES TO THE
ECONOMIC AND ½NANCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE SYSTEM .ATURAL 'AS IS THE CLEANEST AND MOST ADVANCED OPERATORS SO THAT THEY SELECT THE TECHNOLOGY THEY
FUEL COSTS EXISTING DEMANDS AND OTHER FACTORS ! TECHNOLOGY (OWEVER THE LOWER AUTONOMY OF THE PREFER AND WHICH BEST ½TS THEIR ½NANCIAL MODELS
DECISION THAT MUST BE MADE IS WHETHER OR NOT THE VEHICLE NEEDING TO BE ±½LLED UP² MORE OFTEN -OREOVER IF THE OPERATORS SELECT DIFFERENT FUEL
FARE WILL BE ½XED THE SAME FARE FOR ANY JOURNEY THUS SUBTRACTING EF½CIENCY OF USEFUL KILOMETRES OPTIONS THIS CAN HAVE OPERATIONAL REPERCUSSIONS DING THE PROVISION OF THE SERVICE HAVE MADE THE
OR IF IT WILL BE ADJUSTED ACCORDING TO THE DISTAN
IN OPERATION IS OFTEN NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT SOME VEHICLES MUST REMAIN AT DEPOTS THAT BELONG HIGH PLATFORM VEHICLES MORE DESIRABLE IN "24 SYS
CE TRAVELLED LONGER JOURNEYS HAVE A HIGHER COST .OR ARE THE EXISTING DIF½CULTIES IN VEHICLES IN TO DIFFERENT OPERATORS OVER NIGHT IN SOME CASES TEMS (IGH PLATFORM VEHICLES HAVE A BETTER LEVEL
4HIS MUST BE ANALYZED AND SHOULD FAVOUR ALL USERS OCCUPANCY OR THOSE OPERATING AT GREAT OF PERFORMANCE AND LOWER OPERATION COSTS 4HEY
EQUALLY PARTICULARLY THOSE WITH LOWER INCOMES ALTITUDE OVER SEA LEVEL CONSIDERED 4HIS KIND OF !N ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION WITH RESPECT TO THE ALSO HAVE EASIER CONTROL OVER THE BUS TICKET SALES
FUEL IS CHOSEN AND USED IN MANY COUNTRIES WHERE VEHICLES IS THE SELECTION OF LOW OR HIGH PLATFORM THE USE OF THE DESIGNATED STATION AND HAVE MORE
4HE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FARE IS ANOTHER ASPECT TO OBTAINING IT IS FAIRLY EASY VEHICLES ,OW PLATFORM VEHICLES HAVE HAD QUITE A SEATING CAPACITY THE WHEELS OF THE BUS DO NOT
BE DE½NED IN A TECHNICAL WAY ACCORDING TO THE LOT OF PUBLICITY FOR BEING VERY ¾EXIBLE AND HAVING INTERFERE WITH THE SEAT ARRANGEMENTS LIKE LOW PLA
RESOURCE CALCULATIONS INVESTED BY EACH PARTY WI
$IESEL FUEL IS FREQUENTLY USED )T HAS A LOW CON
A ±BETTER² IMAGE BUT THEIR CAPITAL COSTS MAINTE
TFORM VEHICLES DO
THIN THE SYSTEM AND MUST BE ALSO DE½NED AND CENTRATION OF SULPHUR PARTICLES PPM OR NANCE AND THE VAST EF½CIENCY DIFFERENCES REGAR
28 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 29
&ARE COLLECTION 4HERE IS ALSO THE POSSIBILITY OF OBTAINING INFOR
PROGRAMMING SERVICES THAT ARE SIMPLE ENOUGH
&ARE COLLECTION METHODS MUST BE VERSATILE ENOUGH MATION ABOUT TRANSPORT SERVICE VIA TEXT MESSAGE SO USERS DON´T HAVE PROBLEMS UNDERSTANDING THE
TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE AND EF½CIENT SERVICE HAVE 3-3 TO A USER´S MOBILE PHONE !T THE STATIONS SYSTEM AND LEARNING HOW TO USE IT 4HE INFORMA
THE CAPACITY FOR MANY TICKETS HAVE LOW COSTS THIS CAN BE COMPLEMENTED WITH SCREENS CONTAI
TION SYSTEMS TO THE USERS ARE THE MOST USEFUL TOOL
EASE OF USE AND RECHARGE AND THE POSSIBILITY OF NING REAL TIME INFORMATION ABOUT THE BUSES THAT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM AS THEY CAN SIGNI½CANTLY
DISTANCE BASED FARES 4HE EXISTING FARE COLLECTION ARE ARRIVING AT THE STATION AND THE TIME REMAI
SIMPLIFY COMPLEX INFORMATION SYSTEMS 7HEN
OPTIONS FOR A "24 SYSTEM ARE PAPER TICKETS COINS NING FOR THE NEXT BUS TO ARRIVE AT A PARTICULAR STA
THERE IS A COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM AT A
OR TOKENS MAGNETIC BAND CARDS OR SMART CARDS TION 4HIS IMPROVES THE SERVICE SUBSTANTIALLY AND STATION THE USER ONLY HAS TO INDICATE THE STATION
4HE ½RST TWO ARE NOT NORMALLY USED BECAUSE HELPS TO REDUCE THE PERCEPTION OF WAITING TIME WHERE HESHE IS GOING TO AND THE SYSTEM WILL PRO
THEY AREN´T VERSATILE ENOUGH NOR DO THEY HAVE FOR THE USERS VIDE THE SPECI½ED INFORMATION REGARDING WHICH
ADVANCED TRACKING FUNCTIONS &IGURE ! FREQUENTLY USED FARE SYSTEM IS THE SMART
BUS TO TAKE AND THE ROUTES AND CHANGES IF ANY
CARD )T IS ¾EXIBLE VERSATILE AND HAS A LOW COST 4HE 3OMETHING THAT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO GOOD INFOR
TO REACH THE ½NAL DESTINATION 7ITHOUT THIS KIND
-AGNETIC BAND CARDS AND SMART CARDS ARE BETTER CARD OF THE -EGAB{S SYSTEM IN 0EREIRA IS PARTLY PAID MATION FOR A USER IS THE SIMPLICITY OF A SYSTEM OF SYSTEM THE USER MUST RELY ON MAPS
AND MORE ADEQUATE OPTIONS FOR A "24 SYSTEM 4HE THROUGH PUBLICITY 4HE OPERATIONS SECTION DESCRIBED THE NEED FOR
INTELLIGENT CARDS HAVE BEEN THE MOST USED IN THE
SE SYSTEMS DUE TO THE GREAT AMOUNT OF DATA THAT
CAN BE STORED IN THEM JOURNEYS MONEY CHARGED WITH THE DRIVER ENABLES THE MONITORING AND AD
&IGURE ! MAP WITH AN INTERACTIVE GUIDE TO LOCATE A SERVICE OR ROUTE IN THE SYSTEM IS A
DAY HOUR AND PLACE OF TRANSACTIONS CARD IDENTI
JUSTING OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED IN ACCORDANCE GOOD TOOL FOR A "24 SYSTEM 3OURCE WWWSURUMBOCOM
½CATION NUMBERS ETC !DDITIONALLY THE PRICE OF WITH THE PREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED PARAMETERS %ACH
THESE CARDS HAS DROPPED CONSIDERABLY IN RECENT VEHICLE MUST THEN HAVE A COMMUNICATIONS DEVI
YEARS RESULTING IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS CE IN CONNECTION WITH THE CONTROL CENTRE AS WELL
BECOMING INDEPENDENT OF PRICE CONSIDERATIONS AS A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION ELEMENT TO LOCATE IT
WITH THE '03 SYSTEM USED AT THE CONTROL CENTRE
4HE COMPLETE POTENTIAL OF A "24 SYSTEM IS REA
FOR MONITORING ITS LOCATION IN COMPLIANCE WITH
CHED WHEN IT IS IMPLEMENTED WITH OFF BOARD VE
THE ESTABLISHED TIMETABLE 4HIS IS COMPLEMENTED
HICLE VERI½CATION IN OTHER WORDS WHEN THE USER WITH SOFTWARE DESIGNED SPECI½CALLY FOR THIS PUR
VALIDATES THE CARD UPON ENTERING THE STATION POSE
RATHER THAN INSIDE THE VEHICLE 4HIS MAKES THE
PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM INCREASE SIGNI½CANTLY 5SER INFORMATION
AS MORE PEOPLE CAN GO IN AND OUT OF THE BUS AT 4HE DEVELOPMENT OF THE )NTERNET HAS SUBSTANTIALLY
THE STOPS WHILE AVOIDING FARE EVASION PROBLEMS INCREASED THE POSSIBILITY OF HAVING ACCESS TO
!DDITIONALLY THIS ALLOWS THE COMPLETE TRACKING OF A SPECI½C PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING SERVICE
THE SYSTEM´S USERS ORIGINS AND DESTINATIONS TO BE -AKING USE OF A WEBPAGE THAT HAS A DATABASE
DETERMINED ACCORDING TO THE STATIONS AND NOT CONTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROGRAMMING
VEHICLES OF THE SYSTEM ALLOWS USERS TO PLAN A JOURNEY
IN ADVANCE WITHOUT THE NEED FOR A DETAILED
4RACKING SYSTEMS TIMETABLE OR SPECI½C MAPS 4HE ONLY PROBLEM
!S DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY THE VEHICLE TRACKING CONCERNING AN EXCLUSIVE INFORMATION APPLICATION
SYSTEMS ARE A CRUCIAL COMPONENT IN THE DEVELO
VIA THE )NTERNET IS THAT MANY USERS OF THE SYSTEM
PMENT OF A "24 SYSTEM ,OCATING THE EXACT PO
ESPECIALLY IN ,ATIN !MERICA HAVE LIMITED INTERNET
SITION OF A VEHICLE IN REAL TIME THROUGH A GLOBAL ACCESS IF ANY MAKING THIS SERVICE USELESS
POSITIONING SYSTEM ¯ '03 AND COMMUNICATING
30 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 31
&IGURE 4HE CLARITY OF MAPS IN¾UENCES LIKELY THAT THE "24 SYSTEM WON´T REACH THE DESI
AND ROLE !DDITIONALLY PARKING A BICYCLE IS SOME
USERS´ SATISFACTION DIRECTLY WHEN USING THE RED DEMAND LEVEL ,ONG WALKS BETWEEN BUS TRANS
TIMES IMPOSSIBLE &URTHERMORE PROHIBITING THE
SYSTEM FER PATHS LEVEL CHANGES AN EXCESS OF STAIRCASES PARKING OF BICYCLES AT PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATIONS
TO REACH STATIONS OR CHANGING POINTS MUST BE AND STOPS IS A PARADOX 0ROVIDING CLARITY TO THE
AVOIDED AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE ! HIGH SECURITY LEVEL ROLE OF THE BICYCLE AS AN INTEGRATED FACTOR WITH
ALONG THE ROUTE LEADING TO THE STATIONS MUST ALSO PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS VITAL
BE PROVIDED 4HIS REFERS TO BOTH THE LIGHTING CON
4HE BICYCLE HAS A CATCHMENT AREA OF MUCH
DITIONS IN THE STATIONS AND ON THE SIDEWALKS AND LARGER PROPORTIONS THAN PEDESTRIANS DO
WIDENS THE VIEW OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AS SOMETHING MAKING A KM JOURNEY POSSIBLE WITH THE
PURELY FUNCTIONAL AND TOWARDS THE PROVISION OF A SAME OR EVEN LESS EFFORT THAN A METER
CRUCIAL SERVICE FOR ALL CITIZENS JOURNEY BY FOOT
4HE BICYCLE TAKES UP VERY LITTLE SPACE UP TO
)NTEGRATION WITH BICYCLES BICYCLES CAN BE PARKED ON A SINGLE CAR
"ICYCLISTS SUFFER MANY OF THE PROBLEMS THAT WERE PARKING SPACE MAKING PARKING COSTS MINI
DESCRIBED FOR PEDESTRIANS BUT IN SOME CASES THEY MUM
ENCOUNTER EVEN MORE PROBLEMS WHEN MOVING ON
4HE BICYCLE CAN PARTIALLY REPLACE THE FUNC
THE STREETS AS THERE IS NO CLARITY OF THEIR RIGHTS TION OF A FEEDER SYSTEM
)NTEGRATION
)NTEGRATION WITH PEDESTRIANS &IGURE 4HE EASINESS TO WALK INTO AND THROUGH THE STATIONS IS ONE OF THE ½RST ASPECTS THAT MUST BE
4HE SITUATION FOR PEDESTRIANS IN MANY CITIES IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM 4HE USERS ARE THE CLIENTS OF THE SYSTEM AND THEY MUST
"24 SYSTEMS ARE PART OF A GREATER URBAN TRANS
UNFORTUNATE 4HEY MUST GO THROUGH CONSTANT FEEL COMFORTABLE WHEN USING IT
PORT SYSTEM 4HIS INCLUDES ALL OTHER MODES OF OBSTACLES WHEN WALKING TO WORK 7HEN THEY COM
TRANSPORTATION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES OTHER MASS MUTE TO AND FROM WORK THERE ISN´T ALWAYS THE PRO
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TAXIS AND CARS 4HE PER INFRASTRUCTURE TO REACH THE STATIONS 4HIS HAS
PROPER WORKING CAPACITY OF A "24 SYSTEM RELIES STARTED TO CHANGE IN SOME CITIES IN ,ATIN !ME
ON HOW EASILY IT INTEGRATES WITH OTHER TRANSPORT RICA WHERE THE PLANNING OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS
SYSTEMS 7HEN PLANNING A "24 SYSTEM ONE MUST DONE WITH PEDESTRIANS IN MIND
HAVE AN OPEN MIND IN ORDER TO CONCEIVE VARIOUS
WAYS TO INTEGRATE THE STATIONS WITH BICYCLES THE 4HESE PEDESTRIANS ARE THE MAIN USERS OF PUBLIC
TERMINAL STATIONS WITH OTHER LONG DISTANCE MODES TRANSPORT !S SUCH THEY SHOULD BE GIVEN ±THE
OF TRANSPORTATION CARS AND TAXIS !N INTELLIGENT RED CARPET² TREATMENT 4HE INFRASTRUCTURE OF A
WAY OF INTEGRATING THE SYSTEM WITH THE REST OF THE "24 SYSTEM MUST INCLUDE NOT ONLY STATIONS AND
URBAN TRANSPORT IS TO MAKE THE "24 AN ESSENTIAL EXCLUSIVE LANES BUT ALSO PROPER SIDEWALKS FOR PE
COMPONENT IN A CITY´S MOBILITY SO THAT ITS IMPACT DESTRIANS TO MOVE FREELY AND COMFORTABLY AND
WILL BE MUCH GREATER ITS LEVEL OF DEMAND WILL ALSO TO REACH THE STATIONS SAFELY 4HE CROSSING AREAS
BE MUCH HIGHER THAN A SYSTEM THAT IS NOT INTEGRA
MUST ALSO BE ADEQUATE AND HAVE TRAF½C LIGHTS AT
TED /THER INTEGRATION OPTIONS WITH OTHER MODES EVERY POSSIBLE INTERSECTION )N CASES WHERE THIS
ARE PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING ISN´T POSSIBLE PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES MUST BE BUILT
WITH ACCESS RAMPS FOR THE DISABLED )F THIS IS NOT
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT AS SOMETIMES HAPPENS IN THE
PLANNING OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IT IS VERY
32 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 33
4HE BICYCLE IS A VEHICLE THAT DOES NOT EMIT 5SING RACKS FOR BICYCLES AT THE FRONT OR BACK FARES -OREOVER IT MUST BE SHELTERED AND
ANY TOXIC GASES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN OF THE VEHICLE THIS OPTION IMPLIES THE USAGE MUST PROVIDE A HIGH LEVEL OF SURVEILLANCE AS
BEING USED MAKING IT A COMPLETELY SUSTAI
OF RACKS LOCATED ON THE OUTER PART OF THE VE
THE USERS WOULD LEAVE THEIR BICYCLES AT THE
NABLE TRANSPORT OPTION HICLES WHERE THE BICYCLES CAN BE ATTACHED STATIONS FOR MANY HOURS AND WOULD RETURN
4HOUGH THIS SEEMS VERY USEFUL IT HAS A LATER OR AT NIGHT TO COLLECT THEM
BIG DRAWBACK IN TERMS OF THE TIME SPENT
4HE THREE BASIC WAYS OF INTEGRATING THE BICYCLE MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING BICYCLES ON THE )N ADDITION TO USING ONE OR MORE OF THESE OPTIONS
INTO A "24 SYSTEM ARE SYSTEM ESPECIALLY IN A SYSTEM OF HIGH PLAT
IN A "24 SYSTEM INTEGRATING THE CONSTRUCTION OF
0ROVIDING EASY BICYCLE ACCESS ONTO VEHICLES FORM STATIONS AND VEHICLES AND COULD RESULT BICYCLE INFRASTRUCTURE CYCLE PATHS SHOULD BE
A POSSIBILITY IS DESIGNATING A SPECI½C SPACE IN SCHEDULE DELAYS FOR A "24 SYSTEM OTHER
DONE SO THE USERS NOT ONLY HAVE A SAFE PLACE INSI
IN VEHICLES FOR BICYCLES OR SCHEDULING A WISE KNOWN FOR ITS FAST LEVEL OF SERVICE DE THE STATIONS BUT ALSO UPON THEIR ARRIVAL AT THE
SPECI½C SERVICE IE EVERY MINUTES THAT "UILDING BICYCLE PARKING AREAS AT THE STA
STATION .ONETHELESS IT IS CLEAR THAT THIS COMPO
TRANSPORTS BICYCLES ONLY THIS COULD BE A TIONS WHERE THERE IS A HIGH LEVEL OF BICYCLE NENT IS NOT EASY TO MEET AS PART OF THE "24 PRO
VEHICLE WITHOUT ANY SEATS 4HIS OPTION USE IDEALLY ALL "24 STATIONS SHOULD HAVE A JECT PLAN DESPITE THE FACT THAT IT COULD BE PART
DOESN´T HAVE A VERY HIGH ASSOCIATED COST SAFE INFRASTRUCTURE TO PARK BICYCLES (OW
OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM´S INFRASTRUCTURE
IN SOME CASES NO COST AT ALL THOUGH IT EVER IN SOME CASES THIS IS ONLY POSSIBLE AT DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE &IGURE !N ADEQUATE BICYCLE ACCESS TO A BICYCLE
MAY REPRESENT SOME INCONVENIENCE OR TERMINAL STATIONS AND AT CERTAIN INTERMEDI
PARKING AREA OF A "24 SYSTEM
DISCOMFORT FOR THE OTHER PASSENGERS AT ATE STATIONS WITH HIGH DEMAND LEVELS 4HE )NTEGRATION WITH OTHER MEANS
PEAK HOURS 4HIS IS SEEN IN MANY .ORDIC MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR A BICY
OF TRANSPORT ¯ BUSES TRAIN SYSTEMS
COUNTRIES LIKE $ENMARK AND IN SOME CLE PARKING AREA TO BE SUCCESSFUL WITHIN A -OST OF THE CITIES IN ,ATIN !MERICA AND AROUND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE !RGENTINA AND "24 SYSTEM IS THAT IT MUST BE FREE ASSOCI
THE WORLD DON´T HAVE A SINGULAR PUBLIC TRANSPORT &ARE INTEGRATION 4HIS INTEGRATION REFERS
MORE RECENTLY #HILE ATED COSTS MUST BE INTEGRATED TO THE FARE OR SYSTEM )N FACT IN MANY CITIES THERE IS AN EXCESS TO THE FACT THAT ALL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYS
OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS RUNNING AT THE SAME TEMS HAVE THE SAME TICKETING SYSTEM AND
TIME 4HE "24 REMEDIES A PART OF THIS EXCESSIVE IF POSSIBLE HAVE THE POSSIBILITY OF USING ALL
SUPPLY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS BUT IT IS NOT THE COMPONENTS OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
LOGICAL FOR IT TO COMPLETELY REPLACE THE REST OF WITH ONE ½XED FARE &OR EXAMPLE A TWO
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS NOT EVEN IN THE SHORT HOUR JOURNEY FARE CAN BE ½XED REGARDLESS
&IGURE 4RANS-ILENIO IS OR MEDIUM TERM 4HUS THE "24 SYSTEM MUST BE OF THE SPECI½C SYSTEMS USED DURING THOSE
ONE OF THE FEW "24 SYSTEMS GENERATED AS A SYSTEM THAT IS NOT PARALLEL BUT TWO HOURS /NE OF THE MOST COMPLEX MAT
THAT PROVIDE AN INTEGRATION COMPLEMENTARY TO THE REST OF THE PUBLIC TRANS
TERS OF FARE INTEGRATION IS THE DISTRIBUTION
SERVICE WITH THE BICYCLES PORT SYSTEMS 4HE MAKING OF A "24 SYSTEM MUST OF THE FARE AMONG THE DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS
4HE FARE INCLUDES SHELTERED ALSO BE COMPLEMENTED BY IMPROVEMENTS OF THE 4HE OPERATION COSTS THE COVERAGE AND THE
BICYCLE PARKING AREAS WITH OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM REST OF THE ASPECTS OF EACH SYSTEM VARY
AN ADEQUATE SURVEILLANCE IN GENERAL ENORMOUSLY AND THE CRITERIA FOR THE FARE
SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION ARE NOT AS CLEAR AS THEY WOULD
4HIS MEANS THAT THE INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYS
BE WITHIN EACH SYSTEM .EVERTHELESS A PUB
TEMS RAIL OR BUS BASED SYSTEMS IS A HIGH PRIORITY LIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM WITH FARE INTEGRATION IS
ACTIVITY THAT SHOULD BE MADE PART OF THE PLANNING CRUCIAL FOR THE PROVISION OF A REAL PUBLIC
OF THE SYSTEM 4HE TWO MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS TRANSPORT SERVICE IN A CITY
CONCERNING THE INTEGRATION OF THE SYSTEMS ARE 0HYSICAL INTEGRATION 4HE PHYSICAL INTE
THE FARE OR FARE
INTEGRATION AND THE PHYSICAL IN
GRATION REFERS TO THE EASE WITH WHICH USERS
TEGRATION OF A SYSTEM IE "24 CAN TRANSFER TO OTHER
34 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 35
SYSTEMS IE A METRO (OWEVER SIMPLE IT ! SECOND INTEGRATION OPTION IS THE ONE USED IN SOME 4HE USER CAN PAY A PUBLIC TRANSPORT FARE PRIOR TO
WOULD SEEM TO BE THIS REQUIRES THE DESIG
%UROPEAN SYSTEMS WITH GREAT SUCCESS )T HAS BEEN ENTERING THE PARKING AREA AND HAVE SOME KIND OF
NATION OF SPECI½C STATIONS FOR EACH SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED IN SOME CITIES IN ,ATIN !MERICA IN AN DISCOUNT OVER THE TOTAL PRICE OF THE PARKING SERVI
AND IN SOME OCCASIONS THE CONSTRUCTION OF INFORMAL MANNER THE ±BICYCLE TAXIS² 4HE ADVANTA
CE 4HIS IS MEANT TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF CAR JO
JOINT STATIONS FOR DIFFERENT SYSTEMS .ONE
GES OF THIS KIND OF TRANSPORT LIKE THOSE OF BICYCLES URNEYS TO THE CITY CENTRE WHILE ALSO REDUCING EX
THELESS AND ADEQUATE PHYSICAL INTEGRATION ARE THAT IT DOES NOT GENERATE EMISSIONS AND TAKES TERNALITIES CONCERNING THE USAGE OF THIS VEHICLE
GENERATES MUTUAL BENE½TS FOR THE SYSTEMS UP VERY LITTLE SPACE )T IS ALSO A GOOD EMPLOYMENT
INVOLVED DUE TO JOURNEY COMBINATIONS OF OPTION )N ADDITION THEY SUPPLY THE NEEDS OF USERS
THEIR USERS ! FEW ASPECTS THAT MUST BE STUD
WHO USE TAXIS REGULARLY ANDOR HAVE THEIR ARRIVAL
-ARKETING AND
IED BEFORE IMPLEMENTING A PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATION AT A RELATIVELY LONG
DISTANCE FROM THEIR ½NAL
CUSTOMER SERVICE
SYSTEM ARE THE VERTICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DESTINATION 4HE ±BICYCLE TAXIS² HAVE A LOWER CATCH
STATIONS )F A "24 SYSTEM IS CONSTRUCTED MENT AREA THAN REGULAR TAXIS SO THE SERVICE WOULD
AND AN ELEVATED METRO IS PLANNED TO BE BE SUPPLIED TO A DIFFERENT TARGET GROUP 4HIS SECTION WILL DESCRIBE TWO COMPONENTS OF
BUILT AND ±INTEGRATED² WITH THE PREVIOUS IT THE "24 THAT CONCERN THE MOST IMPORTANT PAR
WILL BE VERY DIF½CULT FOR "24 USERS TO MAKE )NFRASTRUCTURE AND LEGAL FACILITIES SHOULD BE GENE
TICIPANTS THE USERS "OTH THE SYSTEM´S MARKETING
TRANSFERS GIVEN THE FACT THAT IT WILL BE NECES
RALLY PROVIDED FOR THE ALLOWANCE OF JOURNEY INTE
UNDERSTOOD AS THE DIFFUSION OF ITS CHARACTERIS
SARY TO LEAVE THE STATION WALK UP A STAIRCASE GRATIONS BETWEEN "24 SYSTEMS AND TAXIS OR ±BICYCLE TICS AND THE PROMOTION OF ITS USE AND CUSTOMER &IGURE 4HE INTEGRATION OF A "24 SYSTEM WITH TAXIS HAS NORMALLY
AND ENTER ANOTHER SYSTEM !N EVEN WORSE TAXIS² 4HE MAIN PROBLEM CONCERNING ±BICYCLE TAXIS² SERVICE ARE WHAT WILL INFORM THE USER OF WHAT THE BEEN CONCEIVED BY THE TAXI DRIVERS THEMSELVES BUT IT MAY BE AND
SITUATION IS WHEN AN UNDERGROUND SYSTEM IS IS THAT VARIOUS POPULATION GROUPS HAVE DEEMED SYSTEM CONSISTS OF AND HOW IT SHOULD BE USED INTEGRAL PART OF THE SYSTEM FROM THEIR OWN PLANNING
±INTEGRATED² WITH AN ELEVATED SYSTEM 4HESE THEM AS DANGEROUS VEHICLES WHICH IS AN IMPRECISE WHILE MAKING HIMHER FEEL COMFORTABLE AND WELL
KINDS OF LEVEL PROBLEMS DO NOT EXIST IN "24 ASSESSMENT ATTENDED AT THE TIME OF USE
SYSTEMS OR IN OTHER BUS BASED SYSTEMS
)NTEGRATION WITH CARS -ARKETING ELEMENTS CONSTRUCTED IN THEIR CITY 0RESENTING REALISTIC MO
)NTEGRATION WITH TAXIS AND BICYCLE TAXIS 4HE LAST FORM OF INTEGRATING THE "24 SYSTEM WITH )T CAN BE ARGUED THAT A "24 SYSTEM THAT IS IMPLE
DELS OF WHAT HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND HOW IT WILL
%VEN THOUGH TAXIS APPEAR AS COMPETITION TO MASS OTHER TRANSPORTATIONS IS WITH CARS %VEN THOUGH THIS MENTED WITHOUT A MARKETING PLAN WILL BE A FAILU
BE IMPLEMENTED IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL /N SOME
TRANSIT SYSTEMS THEY ARE IN FACT IMPORTANT ALLIES SYSTEM IS NOT SUSTAINABLE OR RECOMMENDABLE FOR A RE %VEN IN CASES WHERE THE SYSTEM IS PERFECTLY DE
OCCASIONS VIDEOS SHOWING THE ROUTE COVERAGE OF
OF A "24 SERVICE PROVISION 4HIS IS DUE TO THE CITY IT IS A FACT THAT CITIES WILL CONTINUE TO HAVE CARS SIGNED INCLUDING ALL THE COMPONENTS DESCRIBED THE "24 SYSTEM ARE DEVELOPED $ATA CONCERNING
FACT THAT IN SOME SITUATIONS THE ARRIVAL STATION OF IN YEARS TO COME AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER PREVIOUSLY SUCH A SYSTEM WON´T HAVE ANY SUCCESS EXPECTED SAVINGS FOR WELL KNOWN ROUTES THE DES
A USER IS LOCATED AT A SIGNI½CANT DISTANCE FROM THEIR EXISTENCE AND NOT EXPECT THEM TO DISAPPEAR IF IT ISN´T ACCOMPANIED BY A COMPLETE AND SENSI
CRIPTION OF BENE½TS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE
THEIR ½NAL DESTINATION 7HEN THE POSSIBILITY OF IN THE NEAR FUTURE )NSTEAD THE SOLUTION COULD BE TO BLE MARKETING PLAN ABOUT HOW TO APPROACH THE PROJECT ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
USING A BICYCLE TO COMPLETE THE JOURNEY DOESN´T GENERATE THE INTEGRATION OF ONE CAR RIDE NORMALLY POPULATION )N FACT THE LACK OF A MARKETING PLAN AND THE PRESENTATION OF SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES
EXIST TAXIS ARE A VALID OPTION 3INCE FARE INTEGRA
FROM THE USER´S HOME TO THE ORIGIN STATION OF THE MAY RESULT IN CHAOS IN THE SYSTEM´S OPERATION IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE VERY USEFUL FOR
TION CANNOT BE APPLIED HERE OR AT LEAST THERE JOURNEY 4HIS IS COMMONLY CALLED ±PARK AND RIDE² INFORMING AND MOTIVATING THE PEOPLE TO USE THE
AREN´T ANY FARE INTEGRATION EXPERIENCES BETWEEN AND IT CONSISTS OF THE PROVISION OF PARKING AREAS AT &OR THESE REASONS A THOROUGH MARKETING PLAN SERVICE
TAXIS AND MASS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THE USERS WHO THE TERMINAL STATIONS OF A "24 SYSTEM 4HERE IS ONLY MUST BE DESIGNED TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER COMPO
HAVE A WELL
ORGANIZED TAXI SYSTEM WHEN ARRIVING ONE PROBLEM A GREAT DEAL OF SPACE IS NEEDED FOR THE NENTS OF THE "24 SYSTEM 4HIS PLAN MUST INCLUDE )T IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT TO GENERATE AN IN
AT THE DESIRED STATION HAVE A BETTER LEVEL OF SERVI
CARS AT THE PARKING AREA )T IS RECOMMENDED THAT BOTH INFORMATIVE AND PERSUASIVE ELEMENTS ABOUT FORMATION STRATEGY ABOUT THE WAY IN WHICH THE
CE THAN THOSE WHO DON´T HAVE THIS OPTION !DDI
THIS SERVICE BE OF CHARGE 2EGARDLESS USING THIS SORT THE SYSTEM IN A SIMPLE WAY THAT WOULD INVITE USERS SYSTEM WILL WORK ITS ROUTES THEIR CODING THE
TIONALLY THE EXISTENCE OF AN ADEQUATE "24
TAXI IN
OF INTEGRATION IS POSSIBLE WHEN THE TERMINAL STATION TO TRY THE SYSTEM 4HESE TWO COMPONENTS ARE EXISTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS THE LOCATION OF THE
TEGRATION CAN DISCOURAGE THE USE OF PRIVATE CARS IS ALSO A COMMERCIAL CENTRE OR SOMETHING SIMILAR TO PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT DURING THE CONSTRUCTION BUS STOPS ETC )T IS A GOOD IDEA TO IMPLEMENT A
FOR SUCH JOURNEYS MAKE THEM POPULAR DESTINATION POINTS OF THE SYSTEM BECAUSE CITIZENS WILL HAVE A GREAT WEBSITE THAT INCLUDES ALL THE RELEVANT INFORMA
LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY WITH RESPECT TO WHAT WILL BE TION ABOUT THE SYSTEM )T IS USEFUL TO EMPHASIZE
36 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 37
THAT THE CREATION AND DIFFUSION OF ALL THESE TOOLS PORATE IMAGE ITS LOGO AND ITS SLOGAN 4HIS MUST
MUST BE DONE "%&/2% THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BE DEVELOPED DURING THE DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM
THE SYSTEM 4HIS MUST ALSO BE COMPLEMENTED BY AND MUST INCLUDE A CORPORATE IDENTITY MANUAL
PRESENTING PERSONALIZED INFORMATION TO COMPA
THAT SPECI½ES THE COLOURS TO BE USED ON THE VE
NIES FACTORIES SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES AND ANY HICLES THE DRIVER´S DRESS CODE AS WELL AS OTHERS
TYPE OF INSTITUTION THAT ARE LOCATED NEAR THE STA
WHO DELIVER A SERVICE WITHIN THE SYSTEM AND THE
TIONS THAT WILL BE IMPLEMENTED 4HIS NORMALLY IN
GENERAL WAY THE SYSTEM MUST BE PRESENTED TO THE
CLUDES MEETINGS WHERE THE COMMUNITY IS ABLE TO CITIZENS 4HIS IS GENERALLY DEVELOPED WITH THE FEE
ENQUIRE ABOUT THE SYSTEM AND MAKE SUGGESTIONS DBACK FROM FOCUS GROUPS AND SURVEYS SPECI½CALLY
PROPOSALS THOUGH THIS IS USUALLY DONE DURING THE DESIGNED FOR THIS PURPOSE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT´S INITIAL CONCEPT
#USTOMER SERVICE
!N ACTIVITY THAT HAS PARTICULAR SUCCESS IN PROMO
#USTOMER SERVICE BESIDES BEING AN ELEMENT FOR
TING THE SYSTEM IS GIVING FREE TRAVEL USE DURING IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM WILL BE
THE ½RST WEEK OF SERVICE "ESIDES INFORMING THE &IGURE ! PARK
N
RIDE SYSTEM IN A TERMINAL STATION ANOTHER WAY TO PROMOTE THE "24 SYSTEM FOR THE &IGURE "ESIDES DEVELOPING AN EXHAUSTIVE INFORMATION CAM
PEOPLE ABOUT THE SYSTEM IT ALSO MOTIVATES ITS USE OF THE RAIL SYSTEM IN "ANGKOK #OURTESY OF 4HIRAYOOT LONG TERM 4HIS INCLUDES ASPECTS OF THE SERVICE PAIGN THE PROVISION OF FREE SERVICE FOR THE ½RST COUPLE OF WEEKS
!DDITIONALLY IF THE PEOPLE TAKE TOO LONG ½NDING ,IMANOND PROVISION IN ADDITION TO THE SERVICE AS SUCH !N OF AN INITIAL OPERATION IS ONE OF THE STRATEGIES THAT HAVE BEEN IM
THEIR WAY OR GET LOST ON THE WAY TO WORK IT WILL ASPECT DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY IS INFORMATION FOR PLEMENTED TO INTRODUCE THE SYSTEM AND TO PROMOTE IT AS A BETTER
HAVE BEEN COST FREE 4HIS FREE TICKET STRATEGY MAY THE USER ! USER WHO KNOWS WHERE HESHE IS WHO MOBILITY OPTION IN THE CITY
HAVE AN ELEVATED COST BUT WILL BE OUTWEIGHED BY HAS EASY ACCESS TO REACH HISHER DESTINATION AND
THE BENE½TS OF HAVING USERS THAT KNOW HOW TO USE OUTREACH WITHIN COMMUNITIES RATHER THAN USING WHO HAS SIMPLE INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO REACH
THE SYSTEM IN A VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME AFTER ITS MASS MEDIA 4ELEVISION AND RADIO ARE NOT PARTICU
IT WILL BE SATIS½ED WITH THE SERVICE )T´S NOT NECES
LAUNCH LARLY USEFUL FOR THE DIFFUSION OF A TRANSPORT SYSTEM SARY TO REPEAT WHAT IS INCLUDED IN THE INFORMATION
WHEN USED AS COMMERCIAL MEDIA BUT THEY CAN BE TO THE USER BUT RATHER TO STRESS ITS IMPORTANCE AS WHAT THE USERS CAN DO DURING EACH JOURNEY 4HIS
4HE TARGET GROUP OF THIS MARKETING PLAN IS ALMOST VERY BENE½CIAL WHEN THE SYSTEM IS ±IN THE NEWS² A CUSTOMER SERVICE TOOL IS WHY INCLUDING PUBLIC SERVICE PAYMENT CENTRES
ENTIRELY COMPOSED OF POTENTIAL USERS OF THE SYS
AS THIS WAY IT RAISES THE PUBLIC´S AWARENESS AND CITY COUNCIL LOCAL OF½CES AT THE TERMINAL STA
TEM 4HIS MAY BE WIDENED TO THOSE PEOPLE WHO /THER ASPECTS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT ARE THE TIONS IS AN APPROPRIATE ELEMENT FOR THE SYSTEM
WILL HAVE AN INDIRECT RELATION WITH THE SYSTEM OR /NCE THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED THERE SERVICES THE SYSTEM PROVIDES SUCH AS THE CLEA
0ROVIDING REST ROOMS IN SOME STATIONS IS ARGUA
TO THOSE WHO WILL EVENTUALLY END UP USING IT %VEN MUST BE A CONSTANT TRACKING OF THESE MARKETING NING OF THE VEHICLES AND STATIONS THE PUNCTUAL
BLE BUT RECOMMENDED IN MOST CASES 0ROVIDING
THOUGH CHILDREN WILL NOT USE THE SYSTEM IN THE ACTIVITIES !DDITIONALLY OPINION POLLS MUST BE ITY OF THE SERVICES AND THE GENERAL CONDITIONS OF ADDITIONAL AND UNXEPECTED SERVICES LIKE LENDING
IMMEDIATE FUTURE THEY DO WORK AS A POPULATION DONE TO KNOW THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS SERVICE PROVISION THAT ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE BOOKS ART AT THE STATIONS FESTIVALS CONCERTS AND
THAT WILL TRANSFER THE INFORMATION TO OTHERS WHO THE USERS PERCEIVE REGARDING THE SYSTEM IN OR
USERS´ SATISFACTION )N ORDER TO FUL½L AN ADEQUATE SUCH WILL ALSO ADD POSITIVE POINTS TO THE SERVICE
COULD THEN USE THE SERVICE THEIR PARENTS RELA
DER TO IMPROVE ITS PERFORMANCE AND DISSEMINA
SERVICE PROVISION IT IS ALSO NECESSARY TO SPECIFY PROVISION
TIVES FRIENDS ETC 4HEREFORE THE INFORMATION TE THE MOST ADEQUATE INFORMATION #ARRYING OUT HOW THIS WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED AND HAVE IT CLEARLY
MUST BE DESIGNED PREDOMINANTLY FAVOURING THE ADDITIONAL MARKETING ACTIVITIES IS SOMETHING THAT DESCRIBED IN THE EXISTING CONTRACTS WITH THE OP
/NE ASPECT THAT WAS BRIE¾Y MENTIONED IN THE
PEOPLE WHO WILL MOST LIKELY USE THE SYSTEM WHILE MUST BE DONE CONTINUOUSLY IN ORDER TO KEEP THE ERATORS &OR INSTANCE THE FREQUENCY OF WASHING OPERATIONAL SECTION WAS THE COMFORT OF THE
NOT DISREGARDING OTHER PARTS OF THE POPULATION SYSTEM´S IMAGE AS POSITIVE EF½CIENT FAST AND ALL THE VEHICLES MUST BE ESTABLISHED IN THE CONTRACT SYSTEM !S IT WAS EXPLAINED THE "24 SYSTEM MUST
/N THE OTHER HAND A LONG
TERM MARKETING PLAN OTHER CHARACTERISTICS THAT HAVE BEEN PROMOTED ALONG WITH THE OTHER RELATED ASPECTS BE PLANNED IN A WAY THAT MAKES IT BOTH PRO½TABLE
COULD INCLUDE THOSE PEOPLE WHO WOULD EVENTUA
SINCE THE BEGINNING AND SELF
SUSTAINABLE IN OTHER WORDS SO THAT IT
LLY USE THE SYSTEM LIKE CAR USERS !N IMPORTANT $ELIVERING ADDITIONAL SERVICES IS FUNDAMENTAL DOESN´T NEED OPERATING SUBSIDIES .EVERTHELESS
ASPECT OF MARKETING THE SYSTEM IS THAT STRATEGIES 4HE SUBJECT OF IMAGE ALSO RELATES TO THE SPECI½C AND CONVEYS A MORE POSITIVE IMAGE OF THE SYS
THE PLANNING OF A VERY PRO½TABLE SYSTEM MAY
TO BE USED MUST PREDOMINANTLY BE COMPOSED OF VISUAL COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM THAT IS ITS COR
TEM )T ALSO CREATES MORE EF½CIENCY IN TERMS OF GENERATE DISCOMFORT FOR THE USERS AS MOST OF
38 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 39
&IGURE 4HE CUSTOMER SERVICE IS ½
NALLY ONE OF THE SERVICES THAT GUARAN
TEE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF A "24 SYSTEM
IN THE LONG TERM !FTER ALL THE PROVI
SION OF A SERVICE ORIENTED TOWARDS THE
USERS´ SATISFACTION IS WHAT ENSURES THE
PERMANENCE OF THE SYSTEM
THAT PRO½TABILITY WILL BE RE¾ECTED UPON A MINOR 4HE ELEMENTS DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY GIVE A GOOD
FREQUENCY OF VEHICLES AND A LARGER AGGLOMERATION IDEA OF THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A "24 SYSTEM
OF PEOPLE AT THE STATIONS AND IN THE BUSES )N !S IT WAS DESCRIBED AT THE START OF THIS CHAPTER A &IGURE 4HERE ARE OTHER EXISTING SERVICES ADDITIONAL
MANY CASES THIS DRAWBACK IS OVERLOOKED WITH COMPLETE "24 SYSTEM HAS ALL THESE COMPONENTS TO THE TRANSPORT SERVICE SUCH AS BOOK LENDING AT THE
THE ARGUMENT THAT THE SYSTEM IS FAST &OR THIS DEVELOPED IN DETAIL 3OME OTHER "24 SYSTEMS HAVE STATIONS 4HIS SERVICE GIVES THE USER AN IMAGE OF THE
REASON THE USERS ±UNDERSTAND² THE SERVICE IS NOT ONLY DEDICATED LANES STATIONS VEHICLES BUSINESS SERVICE THAT GOES BEYOND ITS MOST FUNCTIONAL ASPECT
COMFORTABLE BUT EF½CIENT AND GIVE GREATER VALUE STRUCTURE AND AN ADEQUATE OPERATIONAL PLAN THEY
TO THIS EF½CIENCY THAN TO COMFORT %VEN THOUGH LACK ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS BUT THE SERVICE IS GOOD
THIS CAN BE TRUE FOR SOME USERS WHOSE JOURNEYS IN ENOUGH TO SUPPLY EXISTING NEEDS 4HE MOST IM
THE SYSTEM ARE ALMOST MANDATORY IE LOW INCOME PORTANT ASPECT OF A "24 SYSTEM IS THAT IT PROVIDES
USERS WHO MUST TRAVEL TO WORK IN THE "24 IT IS NOT AN ADEQUATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM THAT ATTRACTS
A GOOD SERVICE STRATEGY FOR THE REST OF THE USERS THE LARGEST NUMBER OF POSSIBLE USERS AND OFFERS
IN THE LONG TERM )F A SYSTEM PROVIDES A FAST AND THE POSSIBILITY OF GREATER ACCESS TO WORK SCHOOLS
UNCOMFORTABLE SERVICE MANY USERS WILL LOOK AT UNIVERSITIES GOODS AND SERVICES AS WELL AS PROPER
ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS SUCH AS BUYING A MOTORCYCLE CONDITIONS AND AFFORDABLE FARES ! "24 SYSTEM
IN ORDER TO HAVE FAST MOBILITY COMFORT AND THAT MANAGES TO PROVIDE THIS IS A SUCCESSFUL "24
FREEDOM )N THE LONG TERM THIS ONLY GENERATES SYSTEM AND WILL GUARANTEE ITS SUCCESS OVER TIME
GREATER INDIVIDUAL AND MOTORIZED MOBILITY HIGHER
ACCIDENT RATES AND A LOW PRO½T PUBLIC TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
40 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 41
)MPLEMENTATION OF A "24 3YSTEM
!S DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A THESE AF½RMATIONS IT´S BEEN SEEN THAT THESE DECI
"24 SYSTEM WITH A POLITICAL PARTY %VEN THOUGH PONSIBILITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM AND
"24 SYSTEM IMPLIES A METICULOUS PLANNING OF ALL SION MAKERS HAVE IMPROVED THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT THIS COULD SEEM POSITIVE IN THE SHORT
TERM IT MAY THE TRACKING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 4HEY
THE DETAILS THAT WILL COMPRISE IT 4HIS PLANNING SITUATION IN THEIR CITIES 4HEY HAVE ALSO OPENED HAVE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES IN THE LONG
TERM ES
WILL ALSO BE IN CHARGE OF DE½NING THE TERMS OF RE
MUST BE DIRECTED BY A TEAM AND LED BY A DECISION THE DOORS TO IMPROVING THE LIVING CONDITIONS TO PECIALLY FOR A CITY FERENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS IN THE SYS
MAKER GENERALLY A MAYOR OR GOVERNOR AND MUST THEIR CITIZENS TEM CONTRACTING DIVERSE STUDIES TO BE MADE AND
THEREFORE HAVE GOALS AND AN ADEQUATE TIMETABLE )N SOME CASES THERE EXISTS A WELL
DESIGNED AND IN SOME CASES DIRECTING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE
4HE FOLLOWING IS A SCHEME OF WHAT IS NEEDED TO !N ADDITIONAL COMPONENT THAT HAS PROVEN TO BE CONCEIVED "24 PROJECT WITHOUT ANY POLITICAL WILL SYSTEM 7ITH ALL THESE RESPONSIBILITIES IT IS CLEAR
MAKE A "24 SYSTEM A REALITY USEFUL IN THE CREATION OF A "24 SYSTEM IS THE VISION 4O CHANGE THE POINT OF VIEW OF A POLITICIAN AND THAT THIS TEAM CANNOT BE COMPOSED OF PEOPLE
THAT THESE GOVERNORS HAVE HAD WHEN DEVELOPING DEMONSTRATE THE BENE½TS THAT COME WITH THE WHO ARE IN CHARGE OF OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES IN THIS
THESE SYSTEMS 4HE "24 HAS NOT BEEN CONCEIVED AS DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSPORT SYSTEM LIKE THE "24 PARTICULAR PROJECT 4HE TEAM MUST BE COMPLETELY
A PAIR OF LANES TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN A SHORT TERM SOME STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN USED SUCH AS TAKING AND EXCLUSIVELY DEDICATED TO THE "24 SYSTEM
0OLITICAL 7ILL
2ATHER IT HAS BEEN CONCEIVED AS A SYSTEM THAT IS THEM TO VISIT A "24 SYSTEM IN A SIMILAR CITY
IMPLEMENTED IN PHASES THAT COMPLEMENT EACH 4HIS TEAM NORMALLY PRESENTS PERIODIC REPORTS TO
! FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT FOR THE MAKING OF A OTHER DURING THE FOLLOWING DECADES FOR THE CREA
/NCE THERE IS POLITICAL WILL AND A CONCEPTUAL DE
THE MAYOR AND TO OTHER GOVERNMENT ENTITIES 4HIS
"24 SYSTEM IS THAT THERE EXISTS REAL POLITICAL WILL TION OF AN EVENTUAL MASS TRANSPORTATION NETWORK SIGN OF THE SYSTEM THE CITY CAN THEN START WITH COMMUNICATION WITH THE GOVERNMENTAL BODIES IS
TOWARDS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION %VEN THOUGH A WHERE MOST OF THE POPULATION WILL HAVE ACCESS TO AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AS THE ONE BRIE¾Y DES
PARTICULARLY USEFUL AS THESE PROJECTS TEND TO HAVE
WELL PLANNED AND DETAILED "24 SYSTEM EXISTS THE THE SYSTEM 4HESE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN PRESENTED CRIBED BELOW ELEVATED COSTS AND CAN CONSTITUTE A FUNDAMENTAL
LACK OF POLITICAL WILL MAY RESULT IN POSTPONING THE AS PART OF A GREATER TRANSFORMATION OF A CITY THAT COMPONENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CITY &OR THIS
ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM INCLUDES PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS REASON THE MEDIA SHOULD ALSO KNOW SOME ASPECTS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH QUALITY PUBLIC SPACES RELATING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT
0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION
4HE MOST SUCCESSFUL "24 SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD AND GENERAL POLICIES OF GREATER HABITABILITY AND
MANY OF WHICH ARE IN ,ATIN !MERICA HAVE BECO
LONG
TERM SUSTAINABILITY 4HE PROJECT TEAM MUST ALSO DEVELOP A SPECI½C
ME A REALITY THANKS TO THE COMMITMENT OF VISIO
4HE PLANNING OF A "24 SYSTEM IMPLIES VARIOUS TIMEFRAME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EACH COMPO
NARY MAYORS WHO HAVE SEEN THE SYSTEM AS A REAL 0OLITICAL WILL IS AN INDISPENSABLE COMPONENT IN ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS TO THOSE THAT WERE DES
NENT AND BASED ON THIS TIMELINE THEY MUST PRE
SOLUTION TO THE GROWING CONGESTION POLLUTION THE CREATION OF A HIGH CAPACITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT CRIBED IN THE SECOND CHAPTER OF THIS DOCUMENT SENT ALL PROGRESS %STABLISHING A REALISTIC TIMELINE
AND INEQUALITY PROBLEMS CAUSED BY NON
EF½CIENT SYSTEM SUCH AS "24 4HIS POLITICAL WILL IMPLIES 4HESE INCLUDE ½NANCIAL STAFF MAINTENANCE AND IS VERY IMPORTANT AS ALL MANAGERIAL EVALUATIONS
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 4HEY HAVE ALSO SEEN THAT A COMMITMENT TO DEVELOPING THE SYSTEM AND A EVALUATION ASPECTS THAT ARE DESCRIBED IN THE FO
OF THE GROUP WILL BE BASED ON THIS ½RST TIMELINE
AMONG THE OPTIONS THEY HAD THE "24 SYSTEM WAS LONG
TERM VISION 4HIS IS COMPLEMENTED WHEN LLOWING SECTION !N OPTIMISTIC TIMELINE MIGHT LOOK VERY POSITIVE AT
MOST SUITABLE TO THEIR NEEDS 4HEY HAVE MANAGED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT IS CONTINUED AND THE BEGINNING BUT AS TIME GOES BY IT WILL BE BOTH
TO OVERCOME ALL THE OBSTACLES THAT WERE IN THE COMPLETED BY THE SUCCEEDING GOVERNORS OF THE 0ROJECT TEAM AND TIMELINE A NEGATIVE AND UNBEARABLE BARRIER THAT MUST BE
WAY WHEN THEY COMMITTED TO DESIGNING AND IM
CITY )N PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROJECTS WHICH NORMA
$ESPITE THE VARIOUS TEAMS DEDICATED TO THE DE
AVOIDED FROM THE START
PLEMENTING THE SYSTEM 4O SOME THIS MAY SEEM LLY HAVE A LONG
LASTING IMPLEMENTATION PHASE OF VELOPMENT OF SPECI½C COMPONENTS THE DEVELO
LIKE PART OF THE POLITICAL AGENDA OF A MAYOR IN MORE THAN A MAYOR´S PERIOD OF GOVERNING IT IS PMENT OF A "24 SYSTEM MUST INCLUDE A SPECI½C 3YSTEM ½NANCING
OTHER WORDS TO SEEK AN EVENTUAL RE
ELECTION OR CRUCIAL TO HAVE THE POLITICAL WILL TO ENABLE THE TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS WITH EXPERIENCE IN BOTH "EFORE DE½NING THE SPECI½C ASPECTS CONCERNING
ELECTION FOR A MORE IMPORTANT POSITION OR THAT CONTINUITY OF THESE KINDS OF PROJECTS &OR THIS IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IN TECHNICAL TRANSPOR
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SYSTEM OPERATIONS WE
IT HAS BEEN DONE TO INCREASE THEIR EGO $ESPITE IS ALSO NECESSARY TO AVOID ANY ASSOCIATION OF THE TATION PLANNING 4HIS TEAM WILL HAVE THE MAIN RES
MUST DE½NE THE WAY TO ½NANCE PROJECT IMPLE
42 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 43
MENTATION 4HE LEAST PROBLEMATIC WAYS TO ½NANCE 4HERE ARE ALSO EXTERNAL SOURCES FOR PUBLIC ½NAN
#ONTRACTING MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE CONTRACT ESTABLISHED
THE SYSTEM ARE WITH EXISTING LOCAL AND STATE GOVER
CING AND EXTERNAL LOANS WHICH NORMALLY INCLUDE 4HE SYSTEM´S CONTRACTING PLAN MUST BE DESIGNED WITH THE CONTRACTORS 4HE USEFUL LIFE OF THE IN
NMENTAL RESOURCES )N SOME INSTANCES THERE ARE A CHARGE FOR THE USE OF THE ROADS NORMALLY CALLED IN THE MOST EQUITABLE MANNER POSSIBLE AND WITH FRASTRUCTURE MUST BE DETERMINED HERE AS WELL AS
SPECI½C ITEMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS OR PU
CONGESTION CHARGING OR FUEL SURCHARGE PRIMARILY THE GREATEST NUMBER OF EXISTING GUARANTEES )N THE GUARANTEE OF THE CONDITIONS AND DURABILITY
BLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ALTHOUGH THIS IS NOT ALWAYS DIRECTED AT PRIVATE CARS $ESPITE THE LACK OF POPU
GENERAL IT IS MORE USEFUL TO PRACTICE A COMPE
OF THE CORRIDORS STATIONS DEPOTS AND OTHER IN
THE CASE FOR EVERY CITY IN WHICH CASE FUNDS MUST LARITY FOR THESE MEASURES THEY ARE VERY EFFECTIVE TITIVE BIDDING EXERCISE TO AWARD THE OPERATION FRASTRUCTURE THAT ARE TO BE CONSTRUCTED /N SOME
BE REQUESTED 4HE ARGUMENTS PRESENTED IN THE ½RST FOR REDUCING CONGESTION AND INCREASING THE USE OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM 4HIS IS OCCASIONS CONTRACT CLAUSES ARE INCLUDED WHERE
CHAPTER OF THIS DOCUMENT CAN WORK AS A GUIDE FOR OF PUBLIC MODES OF TRANSPORTATION WHILE GENE
MORE TRANSPARENT AND HAS BETTER RESULTS THAN THE DRIVER COMMITS TO REPAIRING INFRASTRUCTURE
THIS PROCESS /NE ISSUE CONCERNING THE TRADITIONAL RATING RESOURCES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT 4HESE ARE THE TRADITIONAL CONTRACT ASSIGNING PROCEDURE FOR DAMAGES DURING THE USEFUL LIFE THAT THEY HAVE
TRANSPORT BUDGETS IS THAT EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF THE ALSO MEASURES THAT GENERATE EQUITY BETWEEN USERS SPECI½C ORGANIZATIONS !DDITIONALLY THIS ENABLES COMMITTED TO
BUDGET ARE POSTED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORT /THER INSTRU
REAL COMPETITION IN THE MARKET AND EVENTUALLY
FOR AUTOMOBILE USE /NCE THE BENE½T FROM THESE MENTS THAT RESIDE OUT OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR ARE REDUCES THE SYSTEMS OPERATION COSTS BY GENERA
4HE ISSUE OF MAINTENANCE MUST ALSO BE STUDIED
PROJECTS HAS BEEN CALCULATED IN TERMS OF JOURNEYS THE PUBLICITY IN STATIONS AND VEHICLES AND THE TING COMPETITION 3OME BIDDERS MAY OBTAIN MORE THOROUGHLY )N SOME CASES THE CONSTRUCTION CON
AND COMPARED TO THE BENE½TS OF A PUBLIC TRANS
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF STATIONS SOMETHING POINTS TO ADD TO THEIR RECORDS FOR HAVING A PUBLIC TRACT MAY INCLUDE THE INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTE
PORT SYSTEM WITH A SMALL INVESTMENT THE REDIREC
DESCRIBED IN DETAIL PREVIOUSLY 4HESE ADDITIONAL TRANSPORT OPERATION HISTORY OR FOR BEING LOCAL NANCE FOR THE ½RST YEAR AFTER THE LIFECYCLE OF THE
TING OF FUNDS FOR THE CREATION OF THESE SYSTEMS MAY MEASURES CAN SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE THE COSTS OF A OPERATORS RATHER THAN INTERNATIONAL ONES 4HIS IS INFRASTRUCTURE IS COMPLETED 4HIS CAN BE LESS OF
BEGIN SYSTEM IN BOTH ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND IN ITS PER
IN THE INTEREST OF GIVING MORE JUSTICE IN THE PRO
A PROBLEM IN TERMS OF CONTRACTS 4HE MOST IM
MANENT OPERATION CESS OF TRANSFORMING THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM PORTANT TOPIC IN RELATION TO THE MAINTENANCE OF
3TATE RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT WILL THIS INFRASTRUCTURE IS THE PERMANENT ASSIGNMENT
BE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE SYSTEM´S ½NANCE BUT ! SERIOUS ½NANCIAL PLAN FOR THE SYSTEM MUST BE 4HE CONTRACTS ARE GENERALLY VERY DETAILED WITH OF RESOURCES FOR THIS ACTIVITY SOMETHING THAT IS
THE INTERNAL SOURCES OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS DONE TO ESTIMATE THE COSTS AND POSSIBLE OVER
RESPECT TO THE ACTIVITIES AND OPERATION CONDI
OFTEN FORGOTTEN
WILL ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ALL OF THIS /NE HEADS OF THE "24 "ASED ON INTERNATIONAL EX
TIONS EXPECTED AND THEY HAVE A SIMILAR DURATION
ARGUMENT THAT CAN BE USED IS THE POINT THAT LAND PERIENCES OF OTHER "24 SYSTEMS IT IS POSSIBLE TO TO THAT OF THE VEHICLES ON AVERAGE YEARS OR 4HIS ALSO IMPLIES THE ISSUE OF A POSSIBLE RECONS
VALUES OF PLACES ADJACENT TO THE SYSTEM WILL INCREA
ESTIMATE SOME REALISTIC COSTS FOR THE PROJECT 4HE KILOMETRES 4HIS ENABLES THE POSSIBILITY TRUCTION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND MUST THEREFORE
SE WHICH CAN BE SEEN AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO RECOVER CONSULTANTS WHO DEVELOP THE SYSTEM´S CONCEPT OF PROVIDING A HIGHLY PROFESSIONAL SERVICE GIVEN BE PLANNED FROM THE START OF THE "24 SYSTEM
THE INVESTMENT THROUGH ADDED VALUE LEGISLATIONS MUST PRESENT A REALISTIC ESTIMATION OF THE COSTS THE DURATION OF THE CONTRACTS AND AVOIDS THE RISK
OR SIMILAR ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS 4HIS BENE½T MAY )T IS RECOMMENDABLE TO COMPARE THESE COSTS WITH OF CONTRACTS WITH LONGER DURATION THAT HAVE FEWER 3YSTEM EVALUATION AND IMPACT
ALSO BE USED TO GET THE APPROVAL OF A BUDGET FOR A THOSE OF OTHER SYSTEMS ALREADY IMPLEMENTED QUALITY GUARANTEES 4HE "24 SYSTEM WILL HAVE SIGNI½CANT IMPACTS ON
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM SUCH AS THE "24 THE POPULATION 4HIS WILL BE CLEARLY EVIDENT TO THE
4HIS ½NANCIAL PLAN TYPICALLY INCLUDES THE DEVELO
#ONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE USERS AND TO A CERTAIN POINT THE GENERAL PUBLIC
2EGARDLESS IF LOCAL AND NATIONAL ½NANCING SOURCES PMENT OF DETAILED STUDIES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION 4HE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM´S INFRASTRUCTURE IS #ONSEQUENTLY IT IS ESSENTIAL TO SET UP AN EVALUA
ARE NOT SUF½CIENT TO COVER THE CAPITAL COSTS OF THE OF THE SYSTEM AND THE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTE
THE MOST VISIBLE PART OF THE "24 BEFORE ITS IMPLE
TION PLAN TO MONITOR THE SYSTEM AND DEMONSTRATE
PROJECT THEN IT IS NECESSARY TO SEEK EXTERNAL ½NAN
NANCE COSTS OF THE SYSTEM´S INFRASTRUCTURE )N A MENTATION 4HEREFORE MUCH ATTENTION IS NEEDED ITS PERFORMANCE WITH SPECI½C ½GURES IN ORDER TO
CING SOURCES FEW CASES THE PROCUREMENT OF VEHICLES OR THE FARE IN ITS PLANNING 4HE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS MUST CORRECT ANY PROBLEMS
COLLECTION EQUIPMENT ARE INCLUDED )T IS PREFERA
BE EQUALLY SPECI½C TO THE ONES ESTABLISHED WITH
4HESE INCLUDE COOPERATION AGENCIES SUCH AS DEVE
BLE WHEN THE OPERATORS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THOSE THE OPERATORS AND THE CONTRACTING PROCESS WITH 4O DO THIS IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE MEASURES FROM
LOPMENT BANKS INCLUDING INTERNATIONAL BANKING PURCHASES AND THE MANAGERIAL BODY DETERMINES THE INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRACTORS MUST BE AN EQUALLY THE BEGINNING )N OTHER WORDS MEASURES MUST
4HE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE LOANS ARE MADE THE SPECI½C CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES 4HIS TRANSPARENT PROCESS DONE THROUGH A COMPETITIVE BE TAKEN BEFORE THE START OF ANY CONSTRUCTION
IS AN ASPECT THAT MUST BE WELL STUDIED AS THESE WAY THE OPERATORS CAN NEGOTIATE BETTER PRICES FOR BIDDING SYSTEM ACTIVITY OR DETOURS IN THE LOCATIONS WHERE THE
DEBTS ARE REGULARLY EXTENDED INTO THE FUTURE AND THE VEHICLES AND THIS WILL PREVENT ANY MISUNDERS
SYSTEM WILL BE IMPLEMENTED 4HIS WILL MAKE THE
AVOIDING LONG TERM DEBTS IS SOMETHING THAT MUST TANDINGS CONCERNING THE MAINTENANCE OF THE VE
4O BE ABLE TO GUARANTEE HIGH QUALITY IN THE CONS
DEMONSTRATION OF SPECI½C BENE½TS AS A CAUSE OF
BE DONE HICLES OR OF SUPPORT EQUIPMENT TRUCTION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE QUALITY CLAUSES THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A "24 SYSTEM EASIER 3OME
44 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 45
OF THESE INDICATORS INCLUDE TRAVEL TIME OF USERS !DDITIONAL 2ESOURCES
PERCEIVED AND REAL POLLUTION LEVELS INSIDE THE
SYSTEM´S CORRIDORS ACCIDENTS THROUGHOUT THE SYS
TEM BOTH FATAL AND NON
FATAL THE AVERAGE SPEED
OF THE VEHICLES ON THE SYSTEM´S LANES FOR PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE TRANSPORT THE NUMBER OF JOURNEYS !S EXPLAINED AT THE BEGINNING THIS GUIDE DOES
(IDALGO $ #USTODIO 0 'RAFTIEAUX 0 !
THE POPULATION´S PERCEPTION OF THE PUBLIC TRANS
NOT HAVE AN EXHAUSTIVE DESCRIPTION OF EACH COM
#RITICAL ,OOK AT -AJOR "US )MPROVEMENTS
PORT AND MANY OTHER INDICATORS THAT CAN GIVE A PONENT IN A "24 SYSTEM FOR TWO MAIN REASONS IN ,ATIN !MERICA AND !SIA #ASE 3TUD
GENERAL VISION OF A CITY´S PUBLIC TRANSPORT SITUA
½RST THAT IS NOT THE INTENTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IES OF (ITCHES (IC
5PS AND !REAS FOR )M
TION BEFORE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A "24 SYSTEM AND SECOND BECAUSE THERE ARE ALREADY MANY EXIS
PROVEMENT 3YNTHESIS OF ,ESSONS ,EARNED
)T IS ALSO INTERESTING TO MEASURE THESE DURING THE TING DOCUMENTS THAT HAVE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL THE !VAILABLE AT WWWEMBARQWRIORGDOCU
CONSTRUCTION PHASE OF THE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION OF A "24 SYSTEM MENTUPLOAD(IDALGO?44"24
IN#ITIESPDF
/NCE THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED AND IS 4HE MOST RELEVANT ONES ARE THE FOLLOWING
IN USE IT IS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN SYSTEM PERFOR
$ATABASE ABOUT THE "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YS
MANCE -EASURES MAY BE USED FOR COMPARING THE TEMS "REAKTHROUGH 4ECHNOLOGIES )NSTITUTE
SYSTEM WITH VALUES PRIOR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION
"US 2APID 4RANSIT 0LANNING 'UIDE WRIT
"4) 4HE WEB PAGE IS WWWGOBRTORG
AND FOR TRACKING THE QUALITY OF THE SERVICE PRO
TEN BY ,LOYD 7RIGHT AND 7ALTER (OOK 4HIS
VIDED !S THE "24 SYSTEM WILL BE MORE COMPLEX DOCUMENT IS PAGES LONG )T IS AVAILABLE
AND COMPLETE THAN THE PREVIOUS ONES IT WILL BE AT WWWSUTPORG WWWITDPORG FOR %NGLISH
POSSIBLE TO COMPILE MUCH MORE DATA ABOUT THE VERSION DOWNLOADS THOUGH A 3PANISH VER
DYNAMICS OF JOURNEYS AND THE OPERATION OF THE SION WILL BE PUBLISHED IN MID
SYSTEM
4#20 ¯ 2EPORT "US 2APID 4RANSIT 6OL
UME #ASE STUDIES IN "US 2APID 4RANSIT
!VAILABLE AT HTTPWWWTRBORG
4#20 ¯ 2EPORT "US 2APID 4RANSIT 6OL
UME )MPLEMENTATION 'UIDELINES !VAIL
ABLE AT HTTPWWWTRBORG
4#20 ¯ 2EPORT "US 2APID 4RANSIT 0RAC
TITIONER´S 'UIDE !VAILABLE AT HTTP
WWWTRBORG
*OURNAL OF 0UBLIC 4RANSPORTATION 6OLUME
./ 3PECIAL %DITION "24
46 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA 47
48 0LANNING AND )MPLEMENTATION OF A "US 2APID 4RANSIT 3YSTEM IN ,ATIN !MERICA
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