Problem Description

An automobile wheel and tire are suspended by a steel rod 0.50 cm in diameter and 2m long.
When the wheel is given an angular displacement and released in 30.2s. Given the polar
moment of inertia of the wheel and tire, j=0.567 kg.m². Determine the oscillations of the
system.

Objective:

1. To determine the angular and natural frequency.

2. To determine the oscilations of the system.

3. To reduce the vibration produced by the tires to ensure the life time of the vehicle
frame and cross member.

4. To design a vibration absorber to avoid resonance.

Theory

In physics, damping is any effect that tends to reduce the amplitude of oscillations in
an oscillatory system, particularly the harmonic oscillator.

In mechanics, friction is one such damping effect. For many purposes the frictional
force Ff can be modeled as being proportional to the velocity v of the object:

where c is the viscous damping coefficient, given in units of Newton-seconds per meter.

Generally, damped harmonic oscillators satisfy the second-order differential equation:

 where ω0 is the undamped angular frequency of the oscillator and ζ is a constant
called the damping ratio. For a mass on a spring having a spring constant k and a damping
coefficient c,

and

The value of the damping ratio ζ determines the behavior of the system.
A damped harmonic oscillator can be:

 Overdamped (ζ > 1): The system returns (exponentially decays)

to equilibrium without oscillating. Larger values of the damping
ratio ζ return to equilibrium slower.
 Critically damped (ζ = 1): The system returns to equilibrium as
quickly as possible without oscillating. This is often desired for the
damping of systems such as doors.
 Underdamped (ζ < 1): The system oscillates (with a slightly
different frequency than the undamped case) with the amplitude
gradually decreasing to zero.

The damped natural (angular) frequency ωd, i.e., the frequency the oscillation occurs
when the system is underdamped (ζ < 1) and under free vibration, with regards to the
damping factor ζ and the undamped natural (angular) frequency ω0 is given by:

This is not to be confused with the resonant frequency ωpeak. This is the frequency at
which a moderately underdamped (ζ < 1/√2) simple 2nd order harmonic oscillator has a peak
gain (or peak transmissibility) when driven by a sinusoidal input. The frequency at which this
occurs is given by:
From which the relationship between the excitation frequency ω, mass m2 and stiffness k2 is
obtained as :

Amplitude of mass m1 equal to zero can be achieved by selecting a mass m2 and stiffness k2
that satisfy equation 8.73. substituting equation 8.73 into equation 8.71, the absolute value of
steady state amplitude A2 of second mass, when A1 = 0, is obtained as :

Which imposes a second condition in that the stiffness k2 must be selected so that the
amplitude A2 does not exceed a certain value.

Figure below demonstrate the usefulness of the vibration absorber in shifting the natural
frequency of the original system away from the exciting frequency. The original excitation
and the natural frequencies of the system, without the vibration absorber, is 50 rad/s, which
is identical to the suppression frequency for m1. After adding the vibration absorber, this
frequency is shifted to 21.55 rad/s, which is the fundamental frequency of the modified
system. However, an additional frequency of 63.52 rad/s appears.
Discussion:

From my analysis, the frequency of the oscillation occurs when the system is underdamped
(ζ < 1) and under free vibration.

Conclusion: