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This report was originated to make a study about the cost accounting system of Beximco
Pharmaceuticals Ltd. for the requirement of completion of 1st semester of Master of Business
Administration (MBA) program of the Department of Accounting & Information Systems,
University of Dhaka.This term paper was an attempt to acquaint the students with the real
world situations so that the knowledge gained from the classroom is further
strengthened. As the classroom discussion alone cannot make a student perfect in
handling the real business situation, therefore it is an opportunity for the students to
know about the real life situation through this term paper.

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The importance of cost accounting and cost accounting information is being increased day by
day. It is not only help to reduce cost but also in all kind of decision making. Without analysis of
cost accounting information no manager can make effective decision. The cost accounting
collects the data, analyze those data and help the managers to make better decision. In
accordance with development of new tools and techniques of cost accounting the use of cost
accounting information is changing. Managers need to use the cost accounting information in
different way from traditional method to evaluate the performance.

Developing and accepting the JIT, TQM and other contemporary costing techniques force to
manager to change the performance evaluation techniques and requires different cost
accounting information unlike traditional labor based information now a day͛s which become
obsolete.

Primarily this report is concerned with cost accounting information by an organization in

decision making as well as corporate reporting, the tools and techniques used by organizations
and the implications of these in the organization.

We select BeximcoPharma to examine the use of cost accounting information and cost
accounting tools and techniques used by the company. We emphasize on the implication of
using information and technique and examine whether BeximcoPharma use or not that
particular techniques and the reason of following or not following based on our queries to
respective authority of the company.

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This report is limited to the cost accounting department of the BeximcoPharma including cost
accounting systems procedure and techniques. Since Beximco want to achieve top quality along
with cost control it uses its cost accounting information very strongly. This report covers only
the use of cost accounting information for the purpose of decision making and coporate
reporting not overall performance of the BeximcoPharma.

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c to have a general idea about cost accounting information and its use in decision making.


c To have clear understanding about the cost accounting system used byBeximcoPharma.


c ‰inding out the disclosure of cost accounting information used by the company.


c To draw a conclusion based on our understanding of BeximcoPharma.

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The details of the work plan are furnished below:

 c !!The data and information for this report have been collected from both the
primary and secondary sources. Among the primary sources, face to face conversation with the
respective stuffs of the head office.The secondary sources of information are annual reports,
websites, and study of relevant reports, documents and different manuals.

 c !!Data collected from primary and secondary sources have been processed
manually and qualitative approach in general and quantitative approach in some cases has
been used throughout the study.

 c!!cc    Qualitative approach has been adopted for data analysis and
interpretation taking the processed data as the base. c

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This report is divided in to mainly 5 parts. The 1st part is introductory part that states the origin,
background, scope, objectives, methodology of the report. The 2nd part is the literature review
of the study. This part explains the cost accounting information and its use in decision making
by the managers. The next part discusses about the cost accounting system of BeximcoPharma.
The 4th part finds out the contemporary methods and techniques of cost accounting used in
BeximcoPharma. The last part concludes the report with some recommendation.

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There were some limitations in the preparation of the report. The source of the cost accounting
system of the company was mainly based on their financial reports of different. Though we
conducted the responsible authority, they were reluctant to give us the full disclosure about
their management policies. Because of such information is prepared for the management for
internal use only, this was not available. Moreover, most of them were confidencial.

Other limitations were our time constraint and resources to prepare an effective term paper on
this topic.

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In a broad aspect, cost accounting refers to the measurement, analysis, and reporting financial
and nonfinancial information relating to the cost of acquiring or using resources in an
organization. So cost accounting can be defined as the information obtained from cost
accounting activities. ‰or example, calculating the cost of product is a cost accounting function
that answers manager͛s decision making needs (such as choosing products to offer). Modern
cost accounting takes the perspective that collecting cost information is a function of the
management decision being made. Cost accounting information helps the manager in short-run
and long-run planning and control decisions that increase value for the customers and lower
the costs of products and services. ‰or example, managers make decisions regarding the
amounts and kinds of material being used, changes in plant processes, and changes in product
designs.


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‰or making decision by using cost accounting information cost accountant usually follow some
specific models. They use different decision model for different courses of action. Management
accountants work with manager by analyzing and presenting relevant data to guide decisions.
‰or example, if any organization wants to reduce its existing manufacturing costs it must
identify the alternatives then it will analyze the alternatives by using only relevant data i.e.,
which can influence the decisions.

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‰or making decision managers usually use five step decision process which is described below:

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There are several factors that affect the decision making procedure of the managers. Some
important factors are discussed here:


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Oelevant costs are expected future costs and relevant revenues are expected
future revenues that differ among the alternative courses of action being considered.
Both relevant costs and relevant revenues must occur in future and they differ among
the alternative courses of action. ‰ocusing on the relevant data is especially helpful
when all the information needed to prepare detailed income information is unavailable.
Understanding which costs are relevant and which are irrelevant helps the decision
maker concentrate on obtaining only the pertinent data and saves time.


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Manager defines and weighs qualitative and quantitative information.

Quantitative information are those which can be measured by the numerical number
and qualitative information are those which cannot be measured by the number and off
course manager will decide which one is measurable by the number and which one is
not. Oelevant cost analysis generally emphasis on quantitative factors but qualitative
factors also have their own importance.


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When factory has idle production capacity then manager must decide whether
accepting or rejection special orders if special order has no long implications. Example:
if any company has capacity to produce 18000 units and currently producing 16000
units. The total cost (fixed-5 and variable-5) per unit is tk. 10. If they got an order to
deliver 4000 units for tk.6 per unit they should accept it. But if they get the order of
5000 units they should not accept it because it crosses its relevant range. To make
decision about special onetime order only relevant cost should be considered. A
common term in decision making is incremental cost which means additional cost for
producing every additional unit is also important in this regard.

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Outsourcing or Bye decision is purchasing goods and services from outside rather
than producing in inside of the organization. Whether bye or make is sometimes
influenced by qualitative factors. ‰or example coca-cola company will never do
outsourcing due to secrecy of the formula, know-how, and technology. In order to make
decision if bye or make manager usually take into consideration about quality,
dependability, material handling and set-up activity. And off course manager does cost
benefit analysis based relevant cost information.


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Manager will focus on grand total cost in making decision rather than unit cost.
Sometimes unit cost could be misleading. If we want to make decision about make or
buy, insourcing vs. outsourcing we need to consider total cost not unit cost.


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Under this condition, manager should select the product that yields the highest
contribution margin per unit of the constraining or limiting resources.


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Manager should focus on whether total overhead cost change in making decision
about adding or dropping customer or adding or discontinuing segment. Manager
should ignore allocating overhead cost.

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In the time of equipment replacement existing book value is irrelevant because it

is a sunk cost so it should be ignored.


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There is always a confliction between the decision model used by a manager and
the performance model used to evaluate that manager. Top management must ensure
that the performance evaluation model will be consistent with decision model. A
common inconsistency is to tell these managers to take a multiple year view in their
decision making but then to judge their performance only on the basis of current year͛s
operating income. If there is no consistency between performance evaluation and
performance model then control will be impossible and making decision model will be
valueless.

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The main purpose of cost accounting information is to help managers in decision making. Such
information is provided for the internal purpose only. There are some guided rules and
regulations about the information in the reports. According to IAS 1 (Presentation of ‰inancial
Statements), paragraph 117,

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It is important for an entity to inform users of the measurement basis or bases used in the
financial statements (for example, historical cost, current cost, net realizable value, fair value or
recoverable amount) because the basis on which an entity prepares the financial statements
significantly affects users͛ analysis. When an entity uses more than one measurement basis in
the financial statements, for example when particular classes of assets are revalued, it is
sufficient to provide an indication of the categories of assets and liabilities to which each
measurement basis is applied.

According to paragraph 125 of the same IAS,





 




 







 




 


 



 



 


 























 












 
 
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An entity presents the disclosures in paragraph 125 in a manner that helps users of financial
statements to understand the judgements that management makes about the future and about
other sources of estimation uncertainty. The nature and extent of the information provided
vary according to the nature of the assumption and other circumstances. Examples of the types
of disclosures an entity makes are:
(a) the nature of the assumption or other estimation uncertainty;
(b) the sensitivity of carrying amounts to the methods, assumptions and estimates
underlying their calculation, including the reasons for the sensitivity;
(c) the expected resolution of an uncertainty and the range of reasonably possible
outcomes within the next financial year in respect of the carrying amounts of the assets
and liabilities affected; and
(d) an explanation of changes made to past assumptions concerning those assets and
liabilities, if the uncertainty remains unresolved.

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Other I‰OSs require the disclosure of some of the assumptions that would otherwise be
required in accordance with paragraph 125. ‰or example, IAS 37 requires disclosure, in
specified circumstances, of major assumptions concerning future events affecting classes of
provisions. I‰OS 7 requires disclosure of significant assumptions the entity uses in estimating
the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value. IAS 16
requires disclosure of significant assumptions that the entity uses in estimating the fair values
of revalued items of property, plant and equipment.

There are also some guidelines for reporting cost accounting information in IAS 2: Inventories.
The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. A
primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be recognised as an asset
and carried forward until the related revenues are recognised. This Standard provides guidance
on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-
down to net realizable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to
assign costs to inventories.
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Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.
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The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs
incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
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The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes
(other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and
transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods,
materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in
determining the costs of purchase.
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The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production,
such as direct labour. They also include a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production
overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. ‰ixed production
overheads are those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of
the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings and
equipment, and the cost of factory management and administration. Variable production
overheads are those indirect costs of production that vary directly, or nearly directly, with the
volume of production, such as indirect materials and indirect labour.
The allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal
capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity is theproduction expected to be achieved
on average over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into
account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance. The actual level of
production may be used if it approximates normal capacity. The amount of fixed overhead
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allocated to each unit of production is not increased as a consequence of low production or idle
plant. Unallocated overheads are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are
incurred. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to
each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost. Variable
production overheads are allocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of
the production facilities.
A production process may result in more than one product being produced simultaneously.
This is the case, for example, when joint products are produced or when there is a main
product and a by-product. When the costs of conversion of each product are not separately
identifiable, they are allocated between the products on a rational and consistent basis. The
allocation may be based, for example, on the relative sales value of each product either at the
stage in the production process when the products become separately identifiable, or at the
completion of production. Most by-products, by their nature, are immaterial. When this is the
case, they are often measured at net realisable value and this value is deducted from the cost
of the main product. As a result, the carrying amount of the main product is not materially
different from its cost.
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The financial statements shall disclose:

(a) the accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the cost formula used;
(b) the total carrying amount of inventories and the carrying amount in classifications
appropriate to the entity;
(c) the carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell;
(d) the amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period;
(e) the amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in
accordance with paragraph 34;
(f) the amount of any reversal of any write-down that is recognised as a reduction in the
amount of inventories recognised as expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34;
(g) the circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write-down of inventories in
accordance with paragraph 34; and
(h) the carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities.
Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the
extent of the changes in these assets is useful to financial statement users. Common
classifications of inventories are merchandise, production supplies, materials, work in progress
and finished goods. The inventories of a service provider may be described as work in progress.
The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period, which is often referred
to as cost of sales, consists of those costs previously included in the measurement of inventory
that has now been sold and unallocated production overheads and abnormal amounts of
production costs of inventories. The circumstances of the entity may also warrant the inclusion
of other amounts, such as distribution costs.

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Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of
the BEXIMCO Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. The
strategic strengths of BeximcoPharma are its strong brand recognition, highly skilled work force
and diversified business mix. BeximcoPharma brands - Neoceptin O (Oanitidine), Napa
(Paracetamol), Amdocal (Amlodipine), Neofloxin (Ciprofloxacin), Bexitrol ‰ (Salmeterol Plus
‰luticasone), Bextrum Gold (Multivitamin and Multi Mineral) and Atova (Atorvastatin) are
among the most recognized brands in the Bangladesh Pharmaceutical industry.

BeximcoPharma started its operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of
Bayer AG of Germany and Upjohn Inc. of USA and now has grown to become nation's one of
the leading pharmaceutical companies, supplying 15% of country's total medicine need. Today
BeximcoPharma manufactures and markets its own `branded generics' for almost all diseases
from AIDS to cancer, from infection to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes, both nationally
and internationally.

BeximcoPharma manufactures a range of dosage forms including tablets, capsules, dry syrup,
powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, large volume intravenous fluids, metered dose
inhalers etc. in several world-class manufacturing plants, ensuring high quality standards
complying with the World Health Organization (WHO) approved current Good Manufacturing
Practices (cGMP).

The recipient of three times `gold' national export trophy, BeximcoPharma is the largest
exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, spreading its presence in many developing and
developed countries across the globe. BeximcoPharma is the only company in Bangladesh to
receive this highest national accolade for export, for record three times.

BeximcoPharma markets its brands through professional sales and marketing teams in African,
Asian and European markets. It also supplies its products to renowned hospitals and institutions
in many countries, including OafflesHospital and K K Women & Children Hospital in Singapore,
MEDS and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya, JinnahHospital, Agha KhanHospital and

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ShaukatKhanumMemorialHospital in Pakistan. BeximcoPharma is also an enlisted supplier of

WHO and UNICE‰.

Another important business activity of BeximcoPharma is the contract manufacturing for major
international brands of leading multinational companies. BeximcoPharma is acclaimed
domestically and internationally for its outstanding product quality, world class manufacturing
facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding service.

BeximcoPharma has a strong market focus and is anticipating continued future growth by
leveraging business capabilities and developing superior product brands and markets. In
particular the company is very interested in developing a strong export market in USA and
Europe. To meet the future demand BeximcoPharma has invested US$ 50 million to build a new
state-of-the-art manufacturing plant, confirming to US‰DA and UK MHOA standards. This new
plant will also offer contract-manufacturing facility to leading pharmaceutical companies,
especially from Europe and US.

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The company primarily uses batch costing method in their costing system. As a pharmaceuticals
manufacturing company they need to produce huge amount of product so here batch costing is
appropriate for the company. Here it is cost effective and easy to calculation. Batch costing has
the several advantages over other methods in regard of the providing following information:

-the analysis and the cost control at each cost generator;

-the operative management of each place generator of costs, the specification of the
production and of the predicted costs and their control and realization;
-the correct assessment of the produced stocks;
-determination of the efficiency obtained by the taken decisions.

The company uses weighted average method in time of inventory valuation. They believe that it
gives more accurate and clear picture of inventory. In this method it is very hard to manipulate
and easy to calculate though it has a limitation that it sometimes can͛t represent inflation.

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Inventories are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value as prescribed by IAS2:
Inventories. Cost is determined on weighted average cost basis. The cost of inventories
comprises of expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in bringing the inventories
to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is based on estimated selling price
less any further costs expected to be incurred to make the sale.

Cost included for the local raw materials purchased are

1)c Procurement Cost.
2)c Transportation Cost
3)c Bank Charge

Cost included for the imported raw materials are

1)c Procurement Cost
2)c Bank Charge for Opening L/C
3)c Insurance
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(a)c The Company uses weighted average method in measuring the inventories.
(b)cThe total carrying amount of inventories is tk 1,739,818,419. The carrying
amount of classified inventories for the last four years is given below:


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Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd is a leading company in our country. To compete with the other
companies in the industry, BeximcoPharma uses several contemporary methods and
techniques. Mass production of a mature product with known characteristics and a stable
technology was the basis of traditional cost accounting models. Anyway, BeximcoPharma, with
automation, lessened the labor content in manufacturing process while the other costs in the
company are increased.

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‰lexible manufacturing systems use computer controlled production processes, including

CAD/CAM programmable machine tools. Because flexible manufacturing reduces setup or
changeover times, companies can efficiently manufacture a wide variety of products in small
batches. Though BeximcoPharma can adopt flexible manufacturing system, it merely reduces
the size of the batch.

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Total Quality Management refers (TQM) to the process of continuous improvement to achieve
the full customer satisfaction. Oather than waiting to inspect items at the end of the production
line or striving to stay within acceptable tolerance limit, TQM͛s goal is eliminating all waste. In
BeximcoPharma, quality is maintained with great care. As it is a pharmaceutical company, it is
mandatory to keep up with the quality level with the other companies. As a result, they have
received GMP Clearance from Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia and from
Gulf Central Committee for Drug Oegistration, Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council
for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states (representing Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, United
Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman). The company is also in the process of obtaining approvals
from several other regulatory authorities including National Health Surveillance Agency
(ANVISA) of Brazil, Medicine and Healthcare Oegulatory Agency of United Kingdom (UK MHOA),
US ‰DA etc.

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The Just in Time (JIT) minimizes throughput time by emphasizing continuous improvements. JIT
reduces inventories by achieving a continuous production process. In JIT system, employees
keep on hand only the inventory needed to production until the next order arrives. Having
fewer goods in hand not only requires less warehouse spaces and storage equipment but also
reduces inventory holding cost, while realizing productivity. ‰or implementing JIT, company
must need a strong supply chain system. In BeximcoPharma, they can͛t follow JIT because most
of the inventory or raw materials are come from abroad so it is impossible to implement JIT in
BeximcoPharma. If they want to implement JIT their cost will be higher rather than being lower
because here ordering cost is very high as raw materials are imported. Beximco use EOQ model
to determine their ordering size and they have large storage facilities.

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Pull system refers to decision will come from downstream of management. The factory
production line operates on a demand pull basis. A pull system can only work while
manufacturing process can react to a pull system. However BeximcoPharma doesn͛t follow the
pull system they use push system. The authority of BeximcoPharma believes that push system
is more effective than pull in the context of Bangladesh. Because of JIT is not possible in the
firm, pull system is difficult to implement because in pull system it is believed that it is better
not to produce unnecessary products and do not keep inventory in hand.

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The activity-based management system links resources consumption to the activities a

company performs and cost the activities to product or customers. Activity-based management
uses activity based costing systems to measure and control this relationship. In BeximcoPharma
there is no such use activity cost driver to measure the cost of a product. The traditional system
is used to determine the cost of the product.

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Life cycle costing tracks and determines the cost attributed to each product and service from its
initial research and development to development to final marketing to customer. In
BeximcoPharma, this type activities is done in mainly in the Central Product Management
(CPM) Department. The activities of CPM are:
âc Market research
âc Selection of new product
âc Design and testing of product (DTP)
âc Sample store (logistics) management

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âc Making strategy
The department deals with the controllable marketing variables, the 4p's. This department
takes decisions in the following areas:
âc / c1cSize, color, shape, packaging etc.
âc /c1Oaw materials cost, customer ability, regulatory body's approval etc.
âc /& c1cPromotional aids include brochure, pads, folder, and plant visit by
physicians, health-related people, students, and people of different student.
Other than this department, in January, 2000, the Business Oesearch & Development
department was established. The functions that are done by this department are:
Àc Outsourcing negotiated
Àc New product study
Àc New technology study
Àc Project feasibility study
Àc Commercial negotiation
Àc Observing the world pharmaceuticals market
With these departments, BeximcoPharma determines the Life Cycle of the products.

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Target costing is an approach which determines what a product or service should cost based on
its sales price less a target profit. Unlike traditional costing for making up cost, it is a market
driven way of examining the relationship of price and cost. In BeximcoPharma, the use of
Target Costing is very common to make the target for the cost of the product.

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The adoption of JIT, life cycle costing and other innovative techniques requires new
performance evaluation techniques rather than traditional productivity measures because it is
irrelevant in this context. The use of single short term profit measure may not be sufficient
because it is not reliable indicator of managers͛ ability. Profit may be increased by doing some
activities which are not conform to companies overall organizational goal.

Goal Congruence: this performance measures should encourage manager to achieve overall
organizational goal. The BeximcoPharma does not explain the measurement of the
performance of the employees. In general, some marketing employees get benefited if the
sales volume is high. But the total performance evaluation system depends in the decision of
the management.

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1.c Horngren, Charles T., DatarSrikant M., ‰oster, G.;͞Cost Accounting: A Managerial
Approach͟, Prentice Hall, Inc.; 12th Edition, 2007.

2.c Oayburn, Latricia G.; ͞Cost Accounting: Using A Cost Management Approach͟; Irwin
Book Team; 6th Edition, 1996.

3.c Hansen, Don O., Mowen Maryanne M.; ͞Cost Management: Accounting and
Control͟; 0

  



 


4.c ͞International ‰inancial Oeporting Standard͟; International Accounting Standard

Board; as approved at 1 January, 2008.

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