ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E

Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

NOTATION The following notation is used on this card:
n
sample size
x
sample mean
s
sample stdev
Qj
j th quartile
N
population size
µ
population mean
CHAPTER 3 Descriptive Measures
x
• Sample mean: x

n
• Range: Range
Max − Min
σ
population stdev
d
paired difference
p̂
sample proportion
p
population proportion
O
observed frequency
E
expected frequency
CHAPTER 5 Probability and Random Variables
• Probability for equally likely outcomes:
f
P (E)
,
N
where f denotes the number of ways event E can occur and
N denotes the total number of outcomes possible.
• Special addition rule:
P (A or B or C or · · · )
P (A) + P (B) + P (C) + · · ·
(A, B, C, . . . mutually exclusive)
• Complementation rule: P (E)
1 − P (not E)
• General addition rule: P (A or B)
P (A) + P (B) − P (A & B)

• Sample standard deviation: • Mean of a discrete random variable X: µ
xP (X
x)

• Standard deviation of a discrete random variable X:
(x − x)2 x 2 − (x)2 /n  
s
or s

n−1 n−1 σ
(x − µ)2 P (X
x) or σ
x 2 P (X
x) − µ2
• Interquartile range: IQR
Q3 − Q1 • Factorial: k!
k(k − 1) · · · 2 · 1
 
• Lower limit
Q1 − 1.5 · IQR, Upper limit
Q3 + 1.5 · IQR n n!
• Binomial coefficient:

x x x! (n − x)!
• Population mean (mean of a variable): µ

N • Binomial probability formula:
 
• Population standard deviation (standard deviation of a variable): n x
  P (X
x)
p (1 − p)n−x ,
(x − µ)2 x 2 x
σ
or σ
− µ2
N N where n denotes the number of trials and p denotes the success
x−µ probability.
• Standardized variable: z

σ • Mean of a binomial random variable: µ
np

CHAPTER 4 Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation • Standard deviation of a binomial random variable: σ
np(1 − p)
• Sxx , Sxy , and Syy :
CHAPTER 7 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
Sxx
(x − x)2
x 2 − (x)2 /n
• Mean of the variable x: µx
µ
Sxy
(x − x)(y − y)
xy − (x)(y)/n √
• Standard deviation of the variable x: σx
σ/ n
Syy
(y − y)2
y 2 − (y)2 /n
CHAPTER 8 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean
• Regression equation: ŷ
b0 + b1 x, where
Sxy 1 • Standardized version of the variable x:
b1
and b0
(y − b1 x)
y − b1 x x−µ
Sxx n z
√
σ/ n
• Total sum of squares: SST
(y − y)2
Syy
• z-interval for µ (σ known, normal population or large sample):
• Regression sum of squares: SSR
(ŷ − y)2
Sxy
2
/Sxx σ
x ± zα/2 · √
• Error sum of squares: SSE
(y − ŷ)2
Syy − Sxy
2
/Sxx n

• Regression identity: SST
SSR + SSE σ

• Margin of error for the estimate of µ: E
zα/2 · √
n
SSR
• Coefficient of determination: r 2
• Sample size for estimating µ:
SST
 2
• Linear correlation coefficient: zα/2 · σ
n
,
1
(x − x)(y − y) Sxy E
r
n−1
or r

sx sy Sxx Syy rounded up to the nearest whole number.
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

• Studentized version of the variable x: • Nonpooled t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (independent samples, and normal
x−µ populations or large samples):
t
√

s/ n
(x 1 − x 2 ) ± tα/2 · (s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
• t-interval for µ (σ unknown, normal population or large sample):
with df
.
s
x ± tα/2 · √
n • Paired t-test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (paired sample, and normal
with df
n − 1. differences or large sample):

d
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean t
√
sd / n
• z-test statistic for H0 : µ
µ0 (σ known, normal population or large with df
n − 1.
sample):
x − µ0 • Paired t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (paired sample, and normal differences
z
√ or large sample):
σ/ n
sd
• t-test statistic for H0 : µ
µ0 (σ unknown, normal population or d ± tα/2 · √
n
large sample):
with df
n − 1.
x − µ0
t
√
s/ n
CHAPTER 11 Inferences for Population Proportions
with df
n − 1.
• Sample proportion:
CHAPTER 10 Inferences for Two Population Means x
p̂
,
n
• Pooled sample standard deviation:

where x denotes the number of members in the sample that have the
(n1 − 1)s12 + (n2 − 1)s22 specified attribute.
sp

n1 + n2 − 2
• One-sample z-interval for p:
• Pooled t-test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (independent samples, normal 
p̂ ± zα/2 · p̂(1 − p̂)/n
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations): (Assumption: both x and n − x are 5 or greater)
x1 − x2
t
√ • Margin of error for the estimate of p:
sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 ) 
E
zα/2 · p̂(1 − p̂)/n
with df
n1 + n2 − 2.
• Pooled t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (independent samples, normal • Sample size for estimating p:
populations or large samples, and equal population standard    2
zα/2 2 zα/2
deviations): n
0.25 or n
p̂g (1 − p̂g )
 E E
(x 1 − x 2 ) ± tα/2 · sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 ) rounded up to the nearest whole number (g
“educated guess”)
with df
n1 + n2 − 2.
• One-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p
p0 :
• Degrees of freedom for nonpooled-t procedures: p̂ − p0
 2    2 z
√
s /n1 + s22 /n2 p0 (1 − p0 )/n

 1 2  2 2 ,
s12 /n1 s2 /n2 (Assumption: both np0 and n(1 − p0 ) are 5 or greater)
+
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 x1 + x2
• Pooled sample proportion: p̂p

rounded down to the nearest integer. n1 + n2

• Nonpooled t-test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (independent samples, • Two-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p1
p2 :
and normal populations or large samples): p̂1 − p̂2
z
 √
x1 − x2 p̂p (1 − p̂p ) (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
t

(s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
(Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 − x1 , x2 , n2 − x2 are all 5
with df
. or greater)
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

• Two-sample z-interval for p1 − p2 : • One-way ANOVA identity: SST
SSTR + SSE


(p̂1 − p̂2 ) ± zα/2 · p̂1 (1 − p̂1 )/n1 + p̂2 (1 − p̂2 )/n2 • Computing formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
(Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 − x1 , x2 , n2 − x2 are all 5
SST
x 2 − (x)2 /n
or greater)
SSTR
(Tj2 /nj ) − (x)2 /n
• Margin of error for the estimate of p1 − p2 :
 SSE
SST − SSTR
E
zα/2 · p̂1 (1 − p̂1 )/n1 + p̂2 (1 − p̂2 )/n2
• Mean squares in one-way ANOVA:
• Sample size for estimating p1 − p2 :
 2 SSTR SSE
zα/2 MSTR
, MSE

n1
n2
0.5 k−1 n−k
E
or • Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (independent samples, normal
  z 2 populations, and equal population standard deviations):
α/2
n1
n2
p̂1g (1 − p̂1g ) + p̂2g (1 − p̂2g )
E MSTR
F

rounded up to the nearest whole number (g
“educated guess”) MSE
with df
(k − 1, n − k).
CHAPTER 12 Chi-Square Procedures
• Expected frequencies for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test: CHAPTER 14 Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation

E
np • Population regression equation: y
β0 + β1 x


• Test statistic for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test: SSE
• Standard error of the estimate: se

n−2
χ 2
(O − E)2 /E
• Test statistic for H0 : β1
0:
with df
k − 1, where k is the number of possible values for the
variable under consideration. b1
t
√
se / Sxx
• Expected frequencies for a chi-square independence test:
with df
n − 2.
R·C
E

n • Confidence interval for β1 :
where R
row total and C
column total. se
b1 ± tα/2 · √
• Test statistic for a chi-square independence test: Sxx

χ 2
(O − E)2 /E with df
n − 2.

with df
(r − 1)(c − 1), where r and c are the number of possible • Confidence interval for the conditional mean of the response variable
values for the two variables under consideration. corresponding to xp :


CHAPTER 13 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 1 (xp − x/n)2
ŷp ± tα/2 · se +
n Sxx
• Notation in one-way ANOVA:
with df
n − 2.
k
number of populations
n
total number of observations • Prediction interval for an observed value of the response variable
x
mean of all n observations corresponding to xp :


nj
size of sample from Population j 1 (xp − x/n)2
x j
mean of sample from Population j ŷp ± tα/2 · se 1 + +
n Sxx
sj2
variance of sample from Population j
with df
n − 2.
Tj
sum of sample data from Population j
• Test statistic for H0 : ρ
0:
• Defining formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
r
t


SST
(x − x)2 1 − r2
SSTR
nj (x j − x) 2
n−2
SSE
(nj − 1)sj2 with df
n − 2.