Earth Introduction
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Table of Contents
Earth Introduction
Earth Statistics
Earth Movies
Views of the Earth
Earth's Moon
The Moon
Earth Science
Earth's Interior & Plate
Tectonics
African Desert Rift Confirmed
as New Ocean in the Making
Earth From Space
Clouds From Space
Terrestrial Impact Craters
Terrestrial Impact Crater
Structures
Chain of Impact Craters
Educator's Guide to Impact
Craters
Terrestrial Volcanoes
Hawaiian Volcanoes
Hawaiian Volcanic Rocks
Valles Caldera, New Mexico
Shrinking of Greenland's
Glaciers
IMAGE Spacecraft
Auroral Emmisions
Planetary Icosahedrons
Earth Image/Animation Gallery
Internet Resources
Earth From Space
Earth Viewer
Ads by Google
Earth 3D Map
Live Satellite Earth
Earth
Earth Street View
Population of the Earth
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Earth Introduction
My view of our planet was a glimpse of divinity.
-Edgar Mitchell, USA
From the perspective we get on Earth, our planet appears to be big and
sturdy with an endless ocean of air. From space, astronauts often get the
impression that the Earth is small with a thin, fragile layer of
atmosphere. For a space traveler, the distinguishing Earth features are
the blue waters, brown and green land masses and white clouds set
against a black background.
Many dream of traveling in space and viewing the wonders of the
universe. In reality all of us are space travelers. Our spaceship is the
planet Earth, traveling at the speed of 108,000 kilometers (67,000 miles)
an hour.
Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun at a distance of about 150 million
kilometers (93.2 million miles). It takes 365.256 days for the Earth to
travel around the Sun and 23.9345 hours for the Earth rotate a complete revolution. It has a diameter of 12,756
kilometers (7,973 miles), only a few hundred kilometers larger than that of Venus. Our atmosphere is composed of 78
percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent other constituents.
Earth is the only planet in the solar system known to harbor life. Our planet's rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core
give rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along with the atmosphere, shields us from nearly all of the harmful
radiation coming from the Sun and other stars. Earth's atmosphere protects us from meteors, most of which burn up
before they can strike the surface.
From our journeys into space, we have learned much about our home planet. The first American satellite, Explorer 1,
discovered an intense radiation zone, now called the Van Allen radiation belts. This layer is formed from rapidly
moving charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field in a doughnut-shaped region surrounding the
equator. Other findings from satellites show that our planet's magnetic field is distorted into a tear-drop shape by the
solar wind. We also now know that our wispy upper atmosphere, once believed calm and uneventful, seethes with
activity -- swelling by day and contracting by night. Affected by changes in solar activity, the upper atmosphere
contributes to weather and climate on Earth.
Besides affecting Earth's weather, solar activity gives rise to a dramatic visual phenomenon in our atmosphere. When
charged particles from the solar wind become trapped in Earth's magnetic field, they collide with air molecules above
our planet's magnetic poles. These air molecules then begin to glow and are known as the auroras or the northern and
southern lights.
Earth Statistics
Mass (kg) 5.976e+24
Mass (Earth = 1) 1.0000e+00
Equatorial radius (km) 6,378.14
Equatorial radius (Earth = 1) 1.0000e+00
Mean density (gm/cm^3) 5.515
Mean distance from the Sun (km) 149,600,000
Mean distance from the Sun (Earth = 1) 1.0000
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Rotational period (days) 0.99727

Rotational period (hours) 23.9345
Orbital period (days) 365.256
Mean orbital velocity (km/sec) 29.79
Orbital eccentricity 0.0167
Tilt of axis (degrees) 23.45
Orbital inclination (degrees) 0.000
Equatorial escape velocity (km/sec) 11.18
Equatorial surface gravity (m/sec^2) 9.78
Visual geometric albedo 0.37
Mean surface temperature 15°C
Atmospheric pressure (bars) 1.013
Atmospheric composition
Nitrogen 77%
Oxygen 21%
Other 2%

Animations of Earth

Rotation Earth Movie.

Earth's Lights at Night.
Earth Topography Animation.
Aurora Video.
Earth/Venus Rotation Movie.
Galileo Earth Encounter.
Earth: The Movie - Animation of Clouds & Flight.
Earth: The Movie - Animation of Clouds.

Views of Earth

The following set of images show some of the wonders of our planet, the Earth.

Blue Marble West

This spectacular "blue marble" image is the most detailed true-color image of the entire Earth to date. Using a collection
of satellite-based observations, scientists and visualizers stitched together months of observations of the land surface,
oceans, sea ice, and clouds into a seamless, true-color mosaic of every square kilometer (.386 square mile) of our planet.
(Courtesy NASA/MODIS/USGS)

Blue Marble East

This spectacular "blue marble" image is the most detailed true-color image of the entire Earth to date. Using a collection
of satellite-based observations, scientists and visualizers stitched together months of observations of the land surface,
oceans, sea ice, and clouds into a seamless, true-color mosaic of every square kilometer (.386 square mile) of our planet.
(Courtesy NASA/MODIS/USGS)

Earth Lights of North and South America

This image of North and South America city lights was created with data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite
Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS). Originally designed to view clouds by moonlight, the OLS is also
used to map the locations of permanent lights on the Earth's surface.

The brightest areas of the Earth are the most urbanized, but not necessarily the most populated. Cities tend to grow along
coastlines and transportation networks. Even without the underlying map, the outlines of the continents are still be visible.
The United States interstate highway system appears as a lattice connecting the brighter dots of city centers. (Copyright
Calvin J. Hamilton)

Africa

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The crew of Apollo 17 took this photograph of Earth in December 1972 while the spacecraft was traveling between the
Earth and the Moon. The orange-red deserts of Africa and Saudi Arabia stand in stark contrast to the deep blue of the
oceans and the white of both clouds and snow-covered Antarctica. (Courtesy NASA)

Mariner 10's View of the Earth & Moon

The Earth and Moon were imaged by Mariner 10 from 2.6 million kilometers while completing the first ever Earth-Moon
encounter by a spacecraft capable of returning high resolution digital color image data. These images have been combined
below to illustrate the relative sizes of the two bodies. From this particular viewpoint the Earth appears to be a water
planet! (Courtesy NASA/JPL/Northwestern University)

The Earth & Moon

During its flight, the Galileo spacecraft returned images of the Earth and Moon. Separate images of the Earth and Moon were
combined to generate this view. The Galileo spacecraft took the images in 1992 on its way to explore the Jupiter system in
1995-97. The image shows a partial view of the Earth centered on the Pacific Ocean about latitude 20 degrees south. The west
coast of South America can be observed as well as the Caribbean; swirling white cloud patterns indicate storms in the
southeast Pacific. The distinct bright ray crater at the bottom of the Moon is the Tycho impact basin. The lunar dark areas are
lava rock filled impact basins. This picture contains same scale and relative color/albedo images of the Earth and Moon.
(Courtesy USGS/NASA)

Northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

This image of northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula was taken from an altitude of about 500,000 kilometers
(300,000 miles) by the Galileo spacecraft on December 9, 1992, as it left Earth en route to Jupiter. Visible are most of
Egypt (left of center), including the Nile Valley; the Red Sea (slightly above center); Israel; Jordan, and the Arabian
Peninsula. In the center, below the coastal cloud, is Khartoum, at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.
Somalia (lower right) is partly covered by clouds. (Courtesy NASA/JPL)

Horn of Africa, Somalia

The orange and tan colors of this high-oblique photograph of the Horn of Africa indicate an arid-to-semiarid landscape in
the northern half of the east African country of Somalia. Except in the darker areas where thicker vegetation can be
found, most of the vegetation in this part of Somalia is shrub brush and grasslands. The general climate of this region
features hot temperatures and scarce, irregular rainfall. Two distinct drainage basins are characterized by lighter
colors-the Nugaaleed Valley along the western side of the photograph and the other watershed trending toward the Hafun
Peninsula, the tombolo along the east coast of Somalia. The southern extent of the Saudi Arabian Peninsula is visible
north across the Gulf of Aden. (Courtesy NASA)

Southern Tip of Greenland

The southern tip of Greenland is seen in this high-oblique, almost colorless, stark photograph of the world's largest island.
The blackness of space contrasts sharply with the whiteness of clouds, ice, and snow. The only true color is the blue of
the Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea. Cloud-free conditions existing along the southern coastal area emphasize the
deeply indented fjords along the coast. A close look at the white areas reveals three different features-snow and ice on the
land; cloud formations over the central region and the eastern and western sides of the island; and wispy-looking ice floes
off the southeast and the southwest tip of the fjord-lined coast, which are moved by the East Greenland Current to the
south-southwest, and larger ice packs developing north along the east coast. Greenland has the only surviving continental
glacier in the Northern Hemisphere. This ice sheet covers seven-eighths of Greenland's surface and contains an estimated 11 percent of the world's
fresh water. (Courtesy NASA)

Antarctica
This image of Antarctica was taken by Galileo several hours after it flew close to the Earth on December 8, 1990. This is
the first picture of the whole Antarctic continent taken nearly at once from space. Galileo was about 200,000 kilometers
(125,000 miles) from Earth when the pictures were taken.

The icy continent is surrounded by the dark blue of three oceans: the Pacific to the left, the Indian to the bottom, and a
piece of the Atlantic to the upper right. Nearly the entire continent was sunlit at this time of year, just two weeks before
southern summer solstice. The arc of dark spots extending from near the South Pole (close to the center) toward the lower
left is the Transantarctic Mountain Range. To the left of the mountains is the vast Ross Ice Shelf and the shelf's sharp border with the dark waters of
the Ross Sea. The thin blue line along the Earth's limb marks our planet's atmosphere. (Courtesy NASA/JPL)

Clementine Mission
This false-colored image was acquired during the Clementine mission. It shows airglow of the upper atmosphere as a thin

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blue line. The bright spot toward the bottom is an urban area. (Courtesy Naval Research Laboratory)

Map projected image of Earth (AVHRR)

This image is a Homolosine projection of the Earth prepared from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
image data. (Courtesy ESA/NASA/NOAA/USGS/CSIRO)

USA
This image is a mosaic of the United States prepared by using 16 images from the Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors on the meteorological satellites NOAA-8 and NOAA-9. The images were acquired between
May 24, 1984 and May 14, 1986.

On false-color infrared mosaics, vegetation appears in various tones of red instead of green. The "redness" indicates
vegetation density, type and whether growing on dry land or in a swamp (a mixture of reddish vegetation and dark blue surface water produces dark
tones). Grasslands appear light red, deciduous trees and croplands appear red, and coniferous forests appear dark red or maroon. Desert areas appear
white and urban areas (pavement and buildings) appear bluish green. Lakes, rivers and oceans appear in various shades of blue, dark blue for deep
water and light blue for shallow or turbid water. Exposed bedrock generally appears as a dark bluish-green or other dark tone. (Courtesy USGS)

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Views of the Solar System Copyright © 1995-2009 by Calvin J. Hamilton. All rights reserved. Privacy Statement.

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