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y
Learning objectives (xl, yl) (xk, yk)
Two advantages over a triangular element
l k
– Develop the stiffness matrix of a rectangular
element (xi, yi)
i – Ease of data input
j
– Develop the governing equations of the two – Simpler interpretation of output stresses
(xj, yj)
dimensional rectangular element in a plane stress x
problem In physical coordinates
A disadvantage
– Expand the application Mapping
– Poorly approximate the real boundary edges
Definition of a two dimensional rectangular η
element (-1,1) (1,1)
due to the simple linear displacement
– Has four nodes i, j, k,l ordered acw in xy plane
l k
ξ
rectangular with its associated straight sides
– Thickness of t is very thin & constant
i j
– Each node has two degrees of freedom (-1,-1) (1,-1)
In natural coordinates
Step 4_1 Define the Normal Strain Step 4_2 Define the Shear
Relationships u i
Strain/Displacement Relationships
The element strains for 2-D stress state are given by v ∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (h − y ) (h + y )
i εx = = u + u + ku + lu =− ui + (h − y ) u j + u k − ( h + y ) ul
u j ∂x ∂x i ∂x j ∂x k ∂x l 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
∂u
ε x ∂x u N i 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl
0 v j εy =
∂v ∂N i ∂N j ∂N k ∂N l = − (b − x) v (b + x) (b + x) (b − x)
BUT = vi + vj + vk + vl i − vj + vk + vl
{ε } = ε y = ∂v
v = 0 ∂y
Ni 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 N l u k ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
1
∂y vk Ni = (b − x)(h − y )
γ ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
γ xy = + εx is a function of y 4bh
xy + ul
∂y ∂x 1
∂y ∂x
vl εy is a function of x Nj = (b + x)(h − y )
4bh
Nodal displacements are constants 1 γxy is a function of both x and y 1
Ni = (b − x)(h − y ) Nk = (b + x)(h + y )
∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N 4bh 4bh
εx = = ui + u j + k u k + l ul
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 1 1
1 Nj = (b + x)(h − y ) Nl = (b − x)(h + y )
1 +
1
−
1 4bh 4bh
=− (h − y )ui ( h y )u j + (h + y )u k − (h + y )ul
4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh 1 ∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (b − x) (b + x) (b − x)
∂v ∂N ∂N j ∂N ∂N
Nk =
4bh
(b + x)(h + y ) = ui + u j + k u k + l ul = − ui − (b + x) u j+ uk + ul
ε y = = i vi + v j + k vk + l vl ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 1
Nl = (b − x)(h + y ) ∂v ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (h − y) (h + y )
1 1 1 1 4bh = vi + v j + k vk + l vl = − vi + ( h − y ) v j + ( h + y ) v k − vl
=− (b − x)vi − (b + x)v j + (b + x)vk + (b − x)vl ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
4bh 4 bh 4bh 4bh
Step 4_3 Define the all The Relationship between Stresses and Nodal
Strains/Displacement Relationships Displacements in a Plane Stress Assumption
∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (h − y ) (h + y )
εx = = ui + u j + k u k + l ul = − ui + (h − y ) u j + u k − ( h + y ) ul General Hooke’s Law---Stress-strain relations for a homogeneous, isotropic,
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh plane-stress element
{σ } = [E ][ε ] {σ } = [D ][ε ]
The element strains for 2-D stress state can be obtained ui
v σ x 2 2ν 0 ε x
i E 2ν
∂u u j σ
y = 2
2 0 ε y
εx − (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0 τ 2(1 − ν ) 0 0 1 − ν γ xy [E] or [D] Stress/strain matrix
∂x 1 vj xy
{ε } = ε y =
∂v =
0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x
u k
σ x
1 ν 0
εx
1 ν 0
∂y 4bh where E
γ ∂u ∂v − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y) {σ } = σ y [E ] = E 2 ν 1 0
(1 −ν )
{ε } = ε y [D] = ν 1 0
xy + vk τ 1 −ν γ (1 −ν 2 ) 1 −ν ui
xy 0 0 xy 0 0
∂y ∂x ul 2 2 v
ui i
[ε ] = [B ][u ] vl
Substituting {ε } = [B ][u ] into {σ } = [E ][ε ] {σ } = [E ][B ][u ] u j
vi
v
u j [u ] = j
Where [u] is nodal displacement matrix
v where
uk
[u ] = j − (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0 vk
− (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0 uk 1
[B] = − (b − x) − (b + x) 0 b + x b− x u
[B] = 1 0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x
vk 4bh
0 0 0
l
4bh u − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y) vl
− (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y)
l
vl
Step 5 Determination of Strain Energy Step 6 The Element Stiffness Matrix &
& The Element Stiffness Matrix the Element Force Matrixy, v
vk
Assuming V is the volume of an element, strain energy for the element is given by The element stiffness matrix is given b b vk
uk
U=
1
2 V∫
1
[σ ]T [ε ]dV = 2 ∫ [σ ]T [ε ]tdA Where A is the area of the element & t thickness [k ]e = ( ∫ [B ]T [E ][B ]tdxdy ) e
ul
l k
h
A
A ∵ x, u
h b
∵ [σ ] = [E ][B ][u ] [E] = [E]
T
∴ [σ ]T = [u ]T [B ]T [E ]T = [u ]T [B ]T [E ] ∴ = ∫ ∫ [B ] [E ][B ]tdxdy
T
ui i j
h
− h −b uj
1 vi
U = ∫ [σ ] [ε ]tdA = ∫ [u ] [B ] [E ][ε ]tdA = 2 ∫ [u ] [B ] [E ][B ][u ]tdA
1 T 1 T T T T vj
2A 2A − (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0
A
1
[B] = 0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x
4bh ui
∵ [u]T & [u] within the integral are constants − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y) v
i
∴ the above equation of strain energy can be simplified The element force matrix is similar to that in the triangular element u j
1 T 1 T u u(x, y) Ni 0 N j 0 Nk 0 Nl 0 v j
1 T
1
[u ]T [B]T [E ][B][u ]tdA = [u ] ∫ [B ] [E ][B ]tdA[u ] = [u ] ∫ [B ] [E ][B ]tdxdy[u ] = 2 [u ] [k ]e [u ]
T
v = v(x, y) = 0 N 0
T
U=
2A∫ 2 2 { f } = ∫∫∫ [N ]T {X }dV + {P} + ∫∫ [N ]
T
dS i Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl u k
A A
vk
V S
{
u ( x, y ) = N i ( x, y )u1 + N j ( x, y )u 2 + N k ( x, y )u 3 + N l ( x, y )u 4 uj ul
vi Step 4: Calculating the strain energy
vj
1 T vl
v( x, y ) = N i ( x, y )v1 + N j ( x, y )v 2 + N k ( x, y )v3 + N l ( x, y )v 4 N i = N i ( x, y ) =
1
(b − x)(h − y )
1
U = ∫ [u ] [B ] [E ][B ][u ]tdA
T T = [u ] [ k ]e [u ] − (h − y) 0 h − y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0
ui 4bh 2A 2
v [B] = 1 0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x
4bh
i 1 − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h− y b+ x h+ y b− x − (h + y)
u j N j = N j ( x, y ) = (b + x)(h − y )
4bh Step 5: Obtain the element stiffness matrix
v
u u ( x, y ) N i 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl
j
0 u N k = N k ( x, y ) =
1
4bh
(b + x)(h + y ) [k ]e = ( ∫ [B ]T [E ][B ]tdxdy ) e n
v = v ( x, y ) = 0
Ni 0 Nj 0 Nk 0
k
N l v
A
Step 6: Assembly the structure stiffness matrix
[K ] = ∑ [k e ]
k
N l = N l ( x, y ) =
1
(b − x)(h + y )
e =1
ul 4bh
vl Step 7: Solve for the Nodal Displacements {F } = [K ]{u} {σ } = [E ][B ][u ]