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Definition and categories of composites
Composites Manufacturing:
1. Pressure molding
2. Resin transfer molding
3. Filament winding
4. Pultrusion
CNT/CNF composites
Ceramic/Metal composites
Other composites
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General definition
A heterogeneous material consisting of a reinforcing material in the form
of fibers, whiskers, platelets, and particulates dispersed in a continuous
matrix materials.
Unique mechanical, chemical, thermal, optical, or electrical properties that
individually would not be possible.
Nanocomposites
Multiphase materials where the phases have dimension < 100 nm
Nanolayers
Nanofibers
Nanoparticles
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Similar with fiber pultrusion
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http://www.harunyahya.com/books/science/biomimetics/biomimetics01.php
800 B.C. Straw-reinforced mud bricks in Egypt
1930 Fiberglass (Owens Corning Fiberglass
Company, US)
1937 Fiberglass polymer (phenolic resin) for aircraft
manufacturing tools (die, mold)
1938 Epoxy invented
1939-1945 WWII Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in
airplane and boat
1960’s Aerospace industry led composites research.
Boron, graphite, aramid (Kevlar, DuPont) fibers. Boeing 787 Dreamliner
PMC, MMC, CMC
1970’s CCC
1980’s Stealth materials in Air force and Navy
Present Nano composites in energy / bio apps.
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Materials E (GPa) E/ρ (GPa m3/kg)
Epoxy 2.4 0.0022
Graphite fiber 230 0.1278
Glass fiber 85 0.0340
Graphite/epoxy 181 0.1131
Glass/epoxy 38.60 0.0214
Steel 200 0.0265
Al 68.95 0.0266
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• Matrix Phase
– Polymers (PMC)
– Metals (MMC)
– Ceramics (CMC)
– Carbon (CCC)
• Reinforcement Phase
– Fibers: Nanotubes
– Platelets: Nanoplatelets
– Particles: Nanoparticles.
• Interphase
– Chemical Bonding
– Physical Bonding
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Spray
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Fiber (reinforcement, C fiber with CNT)
Architecture:
• Permeability
• Capillary forces
http://www.netcomposites.com/education.asp?sequence=59 11
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CNT Yarn
CNT Sheet
Filament
winding
application
http://www.nanocomptech.com/html/nanocomp-technology.html 13
http://www.zoltek.com/carbonfiber/
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E
L
L0
F A
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Thermal T
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http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pub/?n=/ltg/plane_japan.php
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SWNT MWNT
Diameter
0.4 - 3 1.4 - 100
(nm)
Specific area
400 - 900 200 - 400
(m2/g)
Young’s Modulus (GPa) Tensile strength (GPa) Conductivity (S/cm) Therm. conductivity (W/m K)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube 20
http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2006/08/31/carbon-nanotubes-stimulate-single-retinal-neurons/
Adhesion between CNT and polymer matrix such as
epoxy
Homogeneous dispersion in the matrix
Aligned CNT along the loading direction
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Left: Chemical modification of SWNT: (1) oxidation with strong acids, reflux,
temperature > 100°C, to produce carboxylic acid reaction sites –COOH, (2) chemical
reaction with acetyl amide to form reactive terminal group, (3) and (4) addition of free
radical initiator and styrene monomer to initiate polymerization process, (5) propagation
and subsequent termination of the polymerization process to form a polystyrene. Right:
Chemically modified SWNTs aligned in an electric field are cross-linked by polystyrene
chains. Anisotropic mechanical properties result from such alignment.
Mechanical improvement
CNT-Epoxy composites
• Most studied
• Tensile strength:
0 – 150 % increase
• Young’s Modulus:
0 – 300 % increase
1. CNT types
2. CNT treatment
3. Weight fraction
4. Process method
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Electrical improvement
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Weight fraction vs. Mechanical & Electrical properties
1000
100
10
(S/cm)
1600
1
1400 12.9%
0.1
10.9%
1200
0.01 8.95%
Vc=0.006 1000
Stress (psi)
0.001 6.87%
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 800
V-Vc 4.68%
600
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Strain (%)
Filament
winding
application
http://www.nanocomptech.com/html/nanocomp-technology.html 32
CNTs on carbon fabric Epoxy resin transfer (VARTM)
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B. Wardle group (MIT)
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High Tm 2200 oC
Low density 2.34 g cm-3
Young’s modulus 380 – 400 GPa
Tensile strength 2.80 GPa
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Si-C: 318 kJ/mol (C-C 346 kJ/mol)
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Clay composites
Functional NP composites (e.g. Magnetic NP)
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Fe2O3 nanoparticles in vinyl ester matrix
Extensive reading:
References
Spitalsky, Z., Tasis, D., Papagelis, K., Galiotis, C., Progress in
Polymer Science 35, 357-401 (2010)
Kainer, K.U. Metal Matrix Composites: Custom-made Materials for
Automotive and Aerospace Engineering, Wiley. Chapter 1
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