Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENT TENSE
Exercises
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. Mary (see) Peter standing at the bus stop.
Mary: Hello, Peter. What bus you (wait) for?
Peter: Hello, Mary. I (wait) for an 18 or a 17.
2. Mary: You usually (go) to work by car, don‟t you?
Peter: Yes, but the car (belong) to my mother and she sometimes (want) it. She (use)
it today to take my son to the dentist.
3. Mary: I usually (go) by car too. John (takes) me because he (pass) my office on his
way to the headquarters of the ING Bank. But this week he (work) in the local branch
in the opposite direction: so I (queue) like you.
4. Peter: Here‟s an 18 now. You (come) on it or you (wait) for a 17?
Mary: I (think) I‟ll take the 18. If I (wait) for a 17 I may be late, and if you (be) late at
my office everyone (look) at you.
5. The cashier used to do the accounts and I used to check his figures; now the computer
(do) it all.
And who (check) the computer?
No one. The computer (not need) a second opinion.
And what (happen) if the computer (make) a mistake?
The computer never (make) a mistake.
II. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs: get, change, rise, fall, increase.
You don‟t have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb more than once.
1. The population of the world … very fast.
2. Bill is still ill but he … better slowly
3. The world … . Things never stay the same.
4. The cost of living … . Every year things are more expensive.
5. The economic situation is already very bad and it … worse.
IV. Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of BE. Sometimes you
must use the simple (am/is/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable
(am/is/are being).
1. I can‟t understand why … so selfish. He isn‟t usually like that.
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2. Tom … very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.
3. You‟ll like Jill when you meet her. She … very nice.
4. Normally you are very sensible, so why … so silly about this matter?
5. Why isn‟t Daniel at work today? … ill?
UNIT II
PAST TENSE
Exercises
I. Identify the types of Past tenses in the following sentences and explain their use:
1. What were you doing before you came here?
2. What did you do before you came here?
3. What were you doing in my room?
4. I was wondering if you wanted to come to the theatre.
5. I picked up a cake and bit a piece off to see how it tasted.
6. He walked into the bar and ordered a vodka and tonic.
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7. When Mary came in I was telephoning Harry.
8. When she arrived I telephoned Harry.
9. I lived in Paris for seven years when I was a child.
10. When did you last see her?
III. Complete this description using the verbs given in the past simple:
Long before jogging in Central Park (1)…(become) the fashion, intellectuals on the
tropical island of Pala (2)…. (put in) a couple of hours hard digging every day. They (3) …
(not/be) obliged to. But the Palanese (4) … (very/be) advanced in matters of health: they
(5)… (not/separate) minds from bodies, venerating brains at the expense of the whole human
organism. In economic matters too, Palanese thinking (6) … (very/be) advanced. Export
crops (7) … (be) discouraged: the islanders (7) … (be) fed first. Money (8) … (be wasted)
neither on status symbols nor on weapons. The government (9) … (buy) no armaments: there
(10) … (be) no army.
Where (11) … (this utopia/be)? Only, unfortunately, between the covers of Island Aldous
Huxley‟s final novel.
IV. Complete the conversations using the present perfect simple or the past simple of
the
verb in brackets.
1. ”I know Mr. Robinson”. “Really? How long (you/know) him?” “Oh, for quite a long time
now”. “ When (you/first/meet) him?” “I (meet) him at Christies eight years ago”.
2. (It‟s 10 o‟clock in the morning) “(you/see) Mrs. Carter this morning?” “Yes, I (see) her
when I (arrive) in the office, but she (go) out soon afterwards”.
3. “(you /ever/visit) Switzerland?” “Yes, I (visit) it twice. I (visit) it two years ago, and once
when I (be) a child”.
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4. (It‟s the middle of the afternoon) I‟m really hungry. I (not/have) any breakfast this
morning and I (not/have) time to go out for anything to eat this afternoon.
VII. Complete the following paragraph with suitable verbs. Use either the past simple
or past progressive tense.
I had a terrible time last Sunday. It was rather cold, but quite sunny, so after lunch I (1) …
into town. I (2) … to buy a pullover. I (3) … in the window of a clothes shop when someone
(4) … my wallet. While I (5) … home, it (6) … to rain and I arrived home cold and
miserable. I (7) … to have a bath. I (8) … ready to have my bath when the doorbell (9) …. It
was a salesman and it took me several minutes to get rid of him. Unfortunately, all the time
he (10) … to me the water (11) … . You can imagine the state of the bathroom!
VIII. These paragraphs begin three stories: a love story, a western and a horror story.
Complete the paragraphs using the past progressive or the past simple of the verbs in
brackets.
It was midnight and I was alone in the house. Outside it (rain) very hard. I (get) ready
to go to bed when I suddenly heard a strange noise outside my room in the corridor. Then,
when I looked at the door, I noticed that someone (turn) the handle! I (rush) over to the door
and quickly (turn) the key in the lock. Then I (ask) in a trembling voice, “Who is it?”
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It was early evening and it (begin) to get dark in the surgery of Doctor Nigel Harris.
The young, handsome doctor (stand) looking sadly out of the window when there was a quiet
knock at the surgery door. The door (open) and Dr Harris (turn) round to see the young girl
who had just entered the room. She was very beautiful. With a sad smile the doctor (ask),
“Are you the new nurse?”
I (sit) in the big chair in Henry‟s barber‟s shop at the time. Henry (cut) my hair with
his big pair of scissors when we heard the sound of horses outside. The noise was so loud that
we (go) over to the window to look. Through the window we could see at least twenty
gunmen riding into town. Henry immediately (go) over to his desk and (put) on his gun and
Sheriff‟s badge.
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UNIT III
PRESENT PERFECT
Exercises
I. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the
same.
1. It‟s a long time since I last met our German partners.
I haven‟t
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. This is my second visit to our subsidiary in New York.
This is the second time
……………………………………………………………………..
3. I paid this bill earlier, actually.
Actually I‟ve
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. We haven‟t been driving for ages.
It‟s ages
……………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Our PR manager started learning Spanish three years ago.
Our PR manager has
………………………………………………………………………..
6. I am on the second page of the letter I am writing.
So far I
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. After I arrived here, I started to feel better.
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Since arriving here,
…………………………………………………………………………
8. It‟s over ten years since I started working in this company.
I have
………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. The last time I saw the company chairman was before Christmas.
I haven‟t
…………………………………………………………………………………….
10. There is a definite improvement in your work.
Lately your work
……………………………………………………………………………
II. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so that
the meaning stays the same.
1. You have missed the beginning of the negotiations. HAS
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Our boss is different from what he used to be. HAS
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. This has been my home for twenty years. HAVE
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. I don‟t know where my documents are. HAVE
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My father bought his company in 1950 and he‟s still running it. BEEN
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
III. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase for each situation.
1. The price of petrol has risen/has been rising by 20% over the past year.
2. I‟ve read/I‟ve been reading the terms of our contract with the French firm for an
hour.
3. I‟ve worked extra hours quite often lately/from time to time.
4. Sorry, but I haven‟t got that project finished already/yet.
5. Don‟t disappoint me! I‟ve counted on you/I‟ve been counting on you.
6. Our boss has finished translating our contract with the Chinese partner at last/this
evening.
7. I‟ve been phoning/I‟ve phoned our branch in Sophia all morning, but there‟s no
reply.
8. Nothing much has been happening by now/so far.
9. They‟ve been working at that Swiss firm for years/for ever.
10. Ann has asked /has been asking for a pay-rise three times this year.
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UNIT IV
PAST PERFECT
Exercises
I. Identify the Past Perfect tenses in the following sentences and comment upon their
use:
1. As soon as the boss entered the office, he realised that the relations between his two
subordinates had improved.
2. By the time they got to the party, most guests had left.
3. He had established his company before the threat of recession loomed over some of the
democracies of Eastern Europe.
4. When he had established his company the threat of recession didn‟t loom over some of
the democracies of Eastern Europe.
5. When I reached Mr. Wood's place he had already heard the news.
6. He met her in 1990 and again ten years later. Her hair, which had been grey at their first
meeting, was now white.
7. He met her first in 1990 when her hair was grey. He met her again in 2000 (or didn‟t meet
her again till 2000). Her hair was now white.
8. At last the bus came. I‟d been waiting for 20 minutes.
9. He‟s out of breath. He has been running.
He was out of breath. He had been running.
10. I‟m very tired. I‟ve been working hard all day.
I was very tired when I arrived home. I‟d been working hard all day.
II. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable past tense (Past Tense or Past Perfect):
1. Police (say) they (arrest) Olivia because her statements (not/add up).
2. We (try) to find new services which (be) sophisticated and (have) added value.
3. When (you/meet) the company accountant?
4. It was hard work carrying the bags. They (be) very heavy.
5. The bank recently (open) a branch in Germany.
6. She (have) a stressful job as a sales representative.
7. He (not/accept) this reply as valid.
8. When (you/be) in this house last?
9. The company (not/disclose) how much it expects to gain from the two deals.
10.My friend (be) hungry, so we (drive) to a shopping mall to get some food.
11.How long ago (you/return) from your trip to Egypt?
12.I (look) everywhere for ideas.
13.They recently (fail) to negotiate a mutually acceptable new contract.
14.He (go) to the small stable where his horse (be), (harness) it, (mount), and (ride) out to the
beach.
15.They (not/want) to go against the wishes of their government.
16.He (feel) out of place in your suit and tie.
17.She (walk) back to the table and (sit) at the nearest of two empty places.
18.The discussion (take place) in a famous villa on the lake‟s shore.
19.„I (not to mean) to upset you‟, John said.
20.She (be) barefooted and stones (dig) into her feet. „Ouch, ouch,‟ she (cry).
21.John (react) with the same affronted horror Ann (feel).
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22.He (always / look) so young, but he (seem) to have aged in the last weeks.
23.A spokesman (say), however, that the two men (not / reach) agreement on the issues
discussed.
24.I (mention) that I (really/not/like) contemporary music.
25.The head of the state (say) his country (always/attach) great importance to good
neighbourliness.
26.He (claim) that his parents (abandon) him.
27.I (go up) to the policeman and (complain) that this man (accost) me in the street.
28.Mary (discover) an addiction to housework which she (never/feel) before.
29.The women who (work) in these mills (begin) to agitate for better conditions.
30.They (have) no money because they (spend) everything on duty free whisky.
31.When we (arrive) at the stadium, the match (already/start).
32.We (get) everything ready for them long before they (arrive).
33.That (be) something I (not/expect)
34.As soon as they (finish) breakfast, they (leave) for the University.
35.When Dimitri (come) to England in 1995, he (already/learn) to speak English well.
36.Consumer advocates (claim) that some oil companies (exploit) the Persian Gulf crisis.
37.Although the child (only/miss) for eight hours the parents (decide) to call the police.
38.No wonder the engine (break) down yesterday; it (run) for 24 hours.
39.I (realise) someone (use) my camera because there were finger marks on the lens.
40.She (fail) the exam though she (study) German for two years.
41.When Jane (come) to the college in 1990, Mr. Robinson (already / teach) there for five
years.
42.Catherine (say) that the President (try) hard to hang onto power.
43.The prisoner (saw) the bars for three nights before he finally (make) his escape.
44.She (say) she (take) a big liberty in developing Mike‟s photos without his knowledge.
45.When we (enter) the room they (negotiate) for three hours.
46.It (be) only last year that Mr. Blake (finish) the book he (write) since 1999.
47.They (say) heavy industry (pollute) our rivers with noxious chemicals for ages.
48.Many modern medicines (not/be) invented by western scientists but by tribal people
who (use) them for generations before the Europeans (arrive).
49.At last the bus (come). I (wait) for 20 minutes.
50.We (play) tennis for about half an hour when it (start) to rain very heavily.
III. Starting from the information given, complete each sentence with a suitable verb in
the past perfect simple or progressive.
1. Maggie worked in the garden all afternoon. Then she took a hot bath.
Maggie took a hot bath because ………….. in the garden all afternoon.
2. Mary came top in the final examination. Her father bought her a car as a reward.
Mary‟s father bought her a car because she …………. top in the final exam.
3. Henry came home from work early. He cooked lunch. His family were very impressed.
Henry‟s family were very impressed to discover that he ………. lunch when he came
home from work early.
4. I lost my watch. We had looked for it for hours. I was very pleased when my son found it.
I was very pleased when my son found my watch because we ……. for it for hours.
5. Ann worked very hard all morning. Her boss gave her an extra half hour for lunch. She
boasted about it.
Ann boasted that her boss …………. her an extra half hour for lunch because she …….
very hard all morning.
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6. Patrick went to the disco. He came home very late. His mother was worried and she told
him off when he got in.
Patrick‟s mother told him off when he came home late because she …………. about him
all evening.
7. Rebecca attended a marketing course. She made some new friends. She sent postcards to
them.
Rebecca sent postcards to the new friends she …………. while she was attending a
marketing course.
V. Read the situations and complete the sentences using by the time…:
1. Mrs. Woods was invited to a party but she got there much later than she intended.
………….., most of the other guests had gone.
2. I had to catch a train but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
………….., my train had already gone.
3. I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steel a car. I called the police but it
was some time before they arrived.
………….., the two men had disappeared.
4. A man escaped from prison last night. It was a long time before the guards discovered
what had happened.
………….., the escaped prisoner was miles away.
5. I intended to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished my work much later than
expected.
………….., it was too late to go shopping.
VI. Read the situations and write sentences ending with BEFORE. Use the verb given in
brackets.
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) He …………
2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see) I …………..…
3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn‟t very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He …………
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.
(be) We …………
5. They concluded a contract two weeks ago. It was their first contract.
(sign) They ............
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VII. Use the sentences given below to complete the paragraphs. Make all the necessary
changes in order to have meaningful structures:
1. Somebody broke into the office during the night.
We arrived at work in the morning.
We called the police.
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody …………. into the office
during the night. So we ………..
2. Mr. Richard went out.
I tried to phone him this morning
There was no answer.
I tried to phone Mr. Richards this morning but …. no answer. He …. out.
3. Jim came back from the holiday in Paris a few days ago.
I met him the same day.
He looked very well.
I met Jim a few days ago. He …. just ….. He …..
4. Kevin wrote to the local newspaper many times.
They never replied to his letters.
Yesterday he had a phone call from them.
He was very surprised.
Yesterday Kevin ……….. He ……. very surprised. He ……. many times but they
…..
5. I applied for the assistant marketing manager last month.
I arrived at the company for an interview at 12.30
I found my husband in there, too.
He was waiting for the interview for four hours.
I arrived at the company for an interview at 12.30 as I …….. the assistant marketing
manager the previous month. To my surprise I …….. my husband in there who ………..
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10.They (have) no money because they (spend) everything on duty free whisky.
11.When we (arrive) at the stadium, the match (already/start).
12.We (get) everything ready for them long before they (arrive).
13.That (be) something I (not/expect)
14.As soon as they (finish) breakfast, they (leave) for University.
15.When Paul (come) to England in 2001, he (already/learn) to speak English well.
REVISION
I. Put the verb in brackets at the tense required and make all the necessary changes:
a. The carpenter (feel) the cupboard to see how polished it (be).
b. Your friend from Canada (wait) for you in front of the airport.
c. I (see) what you (mean).
d. Keep quiet! What you (think) about that?
e. You don‟t have to stay with me if you (be busy).
f. The student did not know what temperature ice (melt) at.
g. The plane (take off) at seven.
h. I won‟t go out as it (snow) and I (not have) a thick fur coat.
i. Never he (speak) to me nicely in weekends.
j. This handbag (belong) to her.
k. I (bet) you (not know) the news!
l. Unless she (invite) us, we won‟t go there.
m. Come quickly! I (smell) something burning in the kitchen.
V.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. (Remember not to use a Future tense
in a 'time' or 'if' clause, or after 'in case'.
1.I'll go to the hairdresser's after it will cease raining.
2.Will you be going to the greengrocer's later? If you will go, could you get me some
potatoes and onions?
3.He said he wouldn't bother to fix a time to see me, because he'll call into the office anyway
several times the next week.
4.She had working as a secretary for a Manchester-based orchestra when Raphael has begun
making regular appearances with them as guest conductor.(Ch. Lamb)
5.That olive tree will still stand there five hundred years from now.
6.What will they do on top of the mountain in case it will be a downpour?
7.I will give the car a push if you will get in.
8.She promised she would stop crying after her parents will have listened to her.
9.He hopes they will repair this road by the time he will come back next summer.
10.He asked us to heat the oil till it will begin to bubble.
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UNIT V
Exercises
I. Recognise the Future tenses (or ways of expressing futurity) in the following
sentences and comment upon their use:
1. I shall be flying to Canada this time tomorrow.
2. He'll buy you a ring if you ask him.
3. He's going to buy a ring for you.
4. He won't buy it unless it's cheap.
5. He's not going to buy it unless it's cheap.
6. Will you leave without paying?
7. You'll always find a welcome here whenever you call.
8. She will go to the hairdresser's after she has washed her hair.
9. She said the house at the back of their garden would be pulled down the next week.
10. Will you be visiting aunt Cynthia tomorrow?
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the „going to‟ form and make a context for each
sentence:
1. When the gardener (water) the flowers?
2. Ann (miss) her bus.
3. This airplane (crash)
4. The petrol tank (explode).
5. What your teacher (do) with that big dictionary?
6. It (snow). Look at the sky.
7. I (plant) an oak tree here.
8. You (tell) me the whole story?
9. I (give) you one of these pills.
10. How much you (give) me for this book?
IV. Replace „be going to‟ by the future continuous and show the differences in
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meaning (mention whether they are interchangeable):
1. Are you going to sleep in the armchair?
2. Are you going to take it with you?
3. Are you going to spend your money in a hotel?
4. Are you going to tell him the truth?
5. Are you going to make all the arrangements?
6. Are you going to discuss the matter with your mates?
7. Are you going to sing at the concert tonight?
8. Are going to come by air?
9. Are you going to creep up the stairs?
10. Are you going to take your medicine?
VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present, present perfect, future):
1. You (forget) your head next, you absent-minded old thing! .
2. I‟ll wait for her in the restaurant till the clock (strike) four.
3. When you (get) the results we all expect you‟ll participate in the competition.
4. When he (admit) he was rude I‟ll forgive him.
5. If I quit I (let) you know first.
6. If you accept the bargain you (have) to pay for it.
7. When he (bring) what he owes to me I‟ll set him free.
8. When we (provide) all the facilities we‟ll speak about leaving the country.
9. When we (get) there we‟ll play hide-and-seek.
10. If this terrible heat (not come) to an end we‟ll suffer from hunger the next year.
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10.Look how pale he is! He will faint.
VIII. Rephrase each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals. Do not change
the word in any way:
1. What time is the train for Iaşi? leave
What time does the train for Iaşi leave?
2. What does your boy friend intend to do? going
3. If he isn‟t ill you‟ll find him playing tennis in the court. unless
4. The members of the crew have planned to leave the ship tomorrow. leave
5. The aircraft is on the point of landing. about
6. His wife is pregnant again. have
7. I‟m bound to work here till the end of my life. won‟t
8. You can be sure that at the end of the school the car will be in
front of the house. have
9. His fate is to become a great singer. be
10.The show will start in half an hour. start
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Don't worry, I… it cut on Wednesday.
a. will be getting; b. get.
8. She can't come to the beach with us because she … an exam on Sunday.
a. will be taking; b. will take; c. will have taken.
9. He … her at once when he … her.
a. will recognise - sees; b.will be recognising - will see.
10. According to the latest forecast, the tunnel … next year.
a. will be finished; b. will have been finished; c. is finishing.
XII. Give alternatives beginning as shown or containing the words on the margin:
1. The arrival of the coach has been delayed, I'm afraid.
The coach will ………
2. This play will take him two months to write.
In two months' time ….
3. Let's leave at the end of the next lecture.
As soon as ……
4. We'll have to leave immediately at the end of the film.
The moment …..
5. Paul will get over his illness. Then his work will improve.
Once ….
6. She'll find him waiting outside the station. BE
7. This will be the band's first concert in the US. TIME
8. You will eventually appreciate what I'm getting at. IN
9. They'll arrive soon. IT
10.I won't spend a penny more. HE
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8. I am going to keep my luggage in the spare room.
9. She said auntie would have cooked dinner by the time my brother came back home.
10. Have they repaired the roof yet?
Not yet, but they' ll have repaired it by next Wednesday.
XV. Use „will‟ or „shall‟ to fill the spaces in the following sentences:
1. By this time next month he ........be teaching mathematics at Howard University.
2. Who‟ll help me ? I.....
3. What ......we do now? Wait.
4. You‟ve behaved according to my expectations so, when we reach the final point of our
trip you.......have a reward.
5. I really don‟t know what to do this evening. .....we go for a ride? Yes, let‟s.
6. Now we‟re here studying English. Where .....we be in twenty years‟ time, what do you
think?
7. ..... have a cigarette?
8. Who.........do this dirty job for me? I.......
9. When.......I call on him?
10.When you come to pay your debts, I.......lie on the beach.
XVI. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense:
1. I (find) out the results by this time tomorrow.
2. By Monday he (work) it out.
3. In 2020 I (be) here for thirty years.
4. I‟ll still be here next year but John (leave).
5. The dean (make) a decision before we reach the end of the semester.
6. In two months‟ time we (solve) this misunderstanding.
7. By June my father (work) in this company for twenty years.
8. He (dig) the garden by nightfall.
9. They (sort out) all the Valentine cards by 7 p.m.
10.Within two weeks' time they (get married) and (leave) for their honeymoon in Venice.
XVII. Put the verbs in brackets into the most suitable future form (future simple,
future continuous, future perfect, or future perfect continuous):
1. I can‟t lend you the car now. It is out of order. Call me in the evening. I (fix) it by
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then.
2. Call me on Monday. By then I (finish) to check your test and you (know) the mark
you‟ve got.
3. By May I (work) in this office for ten years. I feel like making a change.
4. Shirley (take) some guitar lessons next term. I hope she (learn) some pieces before the
contest takes place.
5. My pupils have already gathered about 1,000 bottles. By the end of the month they
(collect) more than 2,000 if people keep on drinking at this rate.
6. The band (give) a lot of air-open concerts by the end of the autumn.
7. He has wasted his youth on the tennis court. Next week he (practice) it for five years
and hope he (do) his best in the ATP Tour in Hamburg.
8. According to the scientists‟ opinion cancer (continue) to make lots of victims. It (kill)
probably about 500,000 people by the year 2010.
9. It started raining three hours ago. I hope that it (stop) by five o‟clock when we go to
the party.
10. They both are very good players. They (play) together for two years in April.
UNIT VI
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3M was born early in the 20th century as Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing. The
mining soon ceased when the company‟s founders failed to dig up the corundum they had
hoped to discover. So they turned to trading in sandpaper, a product that uses the abrasive
corundum. From the beginning the company was forced to innovate or die.
Today 3M‟s headquarters and many of its laboratories are in St Paul, Minnesota. Most
of its customers are other industrial concerns. Its 60,000 products range from medical-
imaging equipment to Scotch tape to abrasives for the car industry. With that unpromising
background, how has the company been so successful?
Perpetual innovation
When asked to explain its own success, 3M begins with technological innovation.
3M is among the 25 companies with the most patents in the world – 11 of the 25 are
Japanese, 10 are American and only four are European. The company spends some 6.5% of
its total sales on research and development, almost twice the American average. And that has
increased from about 4.5% at the beginning of the 1980‟s. The increase – part of the response
to the less sparkling performance in the mid-1980‟s – adds a not-insignificant $200 million a
year to the research budget.
European action
3M sees its future as lying increasingly outside the United States. Europe accounts for
some 30% of the company‟s worldwide sales and one-quarter of its employees. That puts 3M
among the largest companies in Europe.
The company has had subsidiaries in the region for almost 40 years and now has 17
different companies on the continent and 14 major R&D centres. Since 1984 a number of
European Management Action Teams (EMATs) have been set up under the direction of Joe
Warren, 3M‟s Brussels-based vice-president in charge of Europe.
Briefly, 3M worldwide is divided into four sectors: industrial and electronics (36% of
sales); information and imaging technologies (28%); life sciences (22%); and commercial
and consumer (14%). These four sectors are divided into 15 „strategic business centres‟
(SBCs) – for audio-visual products, abrasives, etc. – and each centre is responsible for three
or four of the company‟s 50 operating divisions. The operating divisions are run like small
businesses and 3M staff say that each has its own culture.
Global strategy is determined by the business centres in St Paul. European input comes
via group directors (one for each business centre) based at 3M‟s European headquarters in
Brussels. In addition, the European organization has a number of product managers (most of
them in Brussels) plus managing directors in charge of each of the 17 European subsidiaries.
These subsidiaries are run nationally, with a few exception – for example, the MD of Spain is
also the MD of Portugal, and the MD of the UK is also the MD of Ireland.
Each of the 40-plus EMATs corresponds roughly to an operating division and has
between eight and ten members drawn from different functions and different countries.
Typically they meet every four to six weeks. In theory they have collective responsibility for
achieving the company‟s European goals; in practice they spend much of their time
discussing the launch of new products.
Although 3M has only 150 Americans working for the company outside the United
States (even in the UK there are only six American employees), the language of the EMATs
is English. Since these were the first formal means for more junior employees of different
nationalities to get together, the early discussions tended to be dominated by the fluent
English-speakers: the British, the Dutch and the Irish. Now the company insists that a certain
level of proficiency in English is a prerequisite for joining an EMAT, and team members are
being trained to learn how to accommodate different cultures.
20
The future depends on how well the company has learnt to adapt to change. One of
the greatest changes in its markets is occurring in Europe, and much hangs on the ability of
the EMATs to come up with products that will meet the fast-shifting demands of 3M‟s
European customers.
(Eurobusiness)
Vocabulary Exercises
I. Read the text and answer these questions in your own words:
1. Make a short profile of 3M.
2. Why the term „innovation‟ is so closely connected to the American company?
3. Where are 3M‟s European headquarters located?
4. What is the language of the EMATs? Can you give reasons for that?
II. Match the words listed with the dictionary definitions: subsidy, census, recovery,
stability, budget, Treasury, privatization, deficit, sterling, conciliation
1. To take a count of something, such as population, production or distribution. A
government device to monitor economic developments.
2. When nationalized industries are being returned to shareholders.
3. One of a government‟s principal aims both in terms of currency and employment.
4. A payment by the State to producers in order to reduce prices.
5. The attempt to bring the two sides together in an industrial dispute which is damaging
the national economy.
6. A time when businessmen are beginning to regain confidence. Order books are
beginning to fill up and more jobs are being created.
7. The currency for the UK.
8. The budgetary situation when the Chancellor of the Exchequer raises less in taxes
than he spends.
9. The government department concerned primarily with finance.
10.The national income and expenditure plans.
III. Some of the words in the following sentences are in bold. Look through the text
and identify the words that were actually used to express the same ideas.
1. 3M has had its own local companies in Europe for 40 years.
2. Joe Warren is responsible for European business. He has helped establish several
EMATs since 1984.
3. There are four main divisions in which 3M does business worldwide.
4. The operating divisions are managed like small businesses and, according to
employees, each division has its own culture.
5. The company‟s plan of action is determined in St Paul.
6. The central offices of 3M Europe are located in Brussels.
7. The EMATs often discuss the introduction of new products onto the market.
8. The EMATs are responsible for reaching the company‟s European objectives.
9. In the future, the EMATs will have to think of products that will meet the demands of
European customers.
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UNIT VII
THE MANAGER‟S ROLE
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In Peter Drucker‟s view, successful managers are not necessarily people who are
liked or who get on well with others. They are people who command the respect of workers,
and who set high standards. Good managers need not be geniuses but must bring character to
the job. They are people of integrity, who will look for that quality in others.
Vocabulary Exercises
1. The group of executives working below the top managers are generally called …… .
2. Valerie is an important person in our company. She is a member of the Board of …
3. Peter, a recent university graduate, has been with the firm for a year. He is at present
a …………… and is being trained for a managerial position.
4. Their ………………. is expending rapidly. They now have over 5,000 employees.
5. At least 50% of our ……………………. have been with the company for over ten
years.
6. … in an organization generally have more fringe benefits than lower-level
managers.
7. We are a small group in the Research and Development Department. Fortunately, I
get on well with all my ………………. .
8. Our telephone operators work under the direction of a …… . I work under Mr. Brown.
He‟s my …………………… .
9. Sheila and Tom work under my authority. I am their boss and they are my
………………… .
10. I am responsible for ………………. training and development.
11. A ……………………… is a person of high rank in an organization, usually next in
importance to the Chairman.
1. produce
a Our ………… of washing-machines increased by 5% last year.
b We have recently put on the market two new ………………… .
c …………… per worker will increase with the introduction of the new machines.
d Word processors have helped to make office workers more ………………… .
e The company is well known in the agricultural industry. It sells mainly farm …… -
eggs, butter, milk, etc.
2. compete
a Coca Cola‟s main ……………… is the Pepsi-Cola company.
2. analyse
a Managers need to have an ………………. mind.
b Our …………….. showed that we needed to put more emphasis on marketing.
c We must look at the problem ……………………… .
III. Complete the following sentences with the correct word or phrase (a,b,c or d).
1. Nowadays, I eat out at restaurants regularly and often go abroad for holidays. My
………… is much higher than it used to be.
a standard of living b cost of living c lifestyle d way of life
3. This machine uses much less fuel than the previous one. It is far more ………… .
a sparing b economic c effective d economical
4. The management has worked out a ……………. to improve our market share.
a strategy b policy c target d planning
6. One of the company‟s main …………… is to increase sales by 10% per year.
a designs b plans c purposes d objectives
IV. Complete the following sentences, using suitable forms of the verbs below.
4. I‟m willing to consider introducing flexitime, but would you first ……… the advantages
of the system, please?
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5. Givenchy have …………… an exciting new perfume.
6. Would you …………… the cheque to David Cotton, please?
7. In order to develop new products, pharmaceutical companies have to …………. a lot of
research.
8. Several leading banks such as Barclays have …………… of South Africa.
9. A group of senior managers want to take over the firm by …………… it ………… .
10. We‟re looking for a new chief executive. I understand one or two candidates have
already been ………… .
UNIT VIII
25
For this reason, firms hold regular sales form of if…then… Be patient and listen to
conferences where their entire sales force can the other side‟s proposals.
meet, receive information and ask questions 4. The bargaining phase: this is when you
about new products and receive training. indicate what it is you will actually trade,
offer or perhaps concede. In turn you
conditionally exchange individual points,
Negotiating along the lines of: ‟If you are prepare to
Diplomacy, friendliness and co- pay swiftly, then we are prepared to
change our delivery schedules.‟ Remember
operation are important in selling. to write down the agreement.
There‟s a widespread belief, which is
probably true, that buyers „buy from Not all business negotiations take place face-
those they like‟ and that sellers give a to-face. Sometimes you may have to exercise
better deal to „those they like‟. All negotiating skills on the telephone. Clearly,
salespeople have a certain „fear‟, or too , not all business bargaining ends in a deal.
Some negotiations may begin with an
reverence, for buyers because they have exploratory session during which the clients
the power to give or to withhold an specify their needs and expect you to come
order. „Negotiation” is the part of the back later with a proposal of how your
sales conversation where bargaining company will meet those needs.
about the conditions of an order takes
place. It comes at the end of the sales People often try to postpone a decision. They
might politely break off from the negotiation
talk at the point when the buyer id and say something like: „I’ll have to think
definitely interested. Because additional about it’ or „ I’ll have to consult my boss or my
persuasion may be required, it‟s department head’, etc. On the whole, however,
important not to give away concessions people expect that agreement will be reached
while making the sales presentation. or else you‟ll do business with another
company. Normally both parties are interested
In international business there are different in reaching an agreement in which both sides
types of business negotiations, negotiation take away something positive from the deal.
styles and negotiation situations. A simplified This is called a „win-win situation‟.
model of what goes and shows four main
phases of negotiation: However, conflict can occur in business
1. The preparation phase: this is where you negotiations and relationships. Naturally, we
work out what you want and what your all try to avoid this because this is where only
main priorities are. one side can wind and the other will lose.
2. The debating phase: this is where you try Situations which might lead to such
to find out what the other side or the negotiations could be late delivery, poor
customers wants. You say what you want performance of a product, component failure
but you don‟t say yet what the final or the need to make compensation payment. In
conditions are. You use open questions and a situation where one side is clearly wrong, the
listen to the customer to try t find out in outcome is clear: either the conflict continues
what areas they may be prepared to move. until the dispute is resolved or it goes to court.
3. The proposal phase: this is the point at
which you suggest some of the things you The final important point about negotiating in
could trade or which you might the business world is the law of contract. It is
theoretically be prepared to trade, offer or generally enforceable in the courts. The
concede. Formulate your proposals in the position is more complicated in international
26
business negotiations because of differences in law is therefore essential for negotiators
laws and assumed liabilities. But, nevertheless, drawing up an agreement at the end of a deal.
the courts are a source for remedies if contract However, this is the point at which the experts
are broken. Suing defaulting contractors is will usually have to be called in and so is not
quite common. A sound knowledge of contract dealt with further here.
B. Reading comprehension
Negotiations are complex because one is dealing with both facts and people. It is
clear that negotiators must above all have a good understanding of the subject. They
must also be aware of the general policy of the company or institution in relation to the
issues and they must be familiar with the organisational structure and the decision-
making process.
However, awareness of these facts may not necessarily suffice to reach a successful outcome.
Personal, human factors must be taken in account. The approach and strategy adopted in negotiations
are influenced by attitude as well by a cool, clear logical analysis of the facts and one‟s interests. The
personal needs of the actors in negotiating must therefore be considered, these can include a need for
friendship, goodwill, credibility, recognition of status and authority, a desire to be appreciated by
one‟s own side and to be promoted and, finally, an occasional need to get home reasonably early on
a Friday evening. It is a well-known fact that meetings scheduled on a Friday evening are shorter
than those held at other times. Timing can pressure people intro reaching a decision and personal
factors can become part of the bargaining process.
Researchers who have studied the negotiating process recommend separating the people from
the problem. An analysis of negotiating language shows that, foe example, indirect and impersonal
forms are used. This necessity to be hard on the facts and soft on the people can result in the
sometimes complex, almost ritualistic, style of negotiating language.
Language varies according to the negotiating style. In negotiating you can use either a co-
operative style or a competitive one. In the co-operative style the basic principle is that both parties
can gain something form the negotiation without harming the interests of the other. Or in other words
that both parties will benefit more in the long run in friendship and co-operation even if they make
some concessions. This type of negotiation is likely to take place in-house between colleagues and
departments, or between companies when there is a longstanding relationship and common goals are
being pursued.
Unfortunately co-operative style negotiations without a trace of competition are rare. In most
negotiating situations there is something to be gained or lost. There can be a danger in adopting a co-
operative mode, as unscrupulous people may take advantage of co-operative people.
The opposite mode to co-operative negotiating is competitive negotiating. Negotiators see
each other as opponents. Knowledge of the other party‟s needs is used to develop strategies to exploit
weaknesses rather than to seek a solution satisfactory to both sides. This type of negotiating may be
appropriate in the case of one-off contract where the aim is to get the best result possible without
considering future relationships or the risk of a breakdown in negotiations. Needless to say, the
language in this type of discussion may become hostile and threatening even it remains formal.
In reality, most negotiations are a complex blend of co-operative and competitive mode.
Negotiating successfully implies dealing appropriately with the four main components of any
negotiation: facts, people, competition, and co-operation.
27
Skilled negotiators are sensitive to the linguistic signals, as well as the non-verbal ones of
facial expressions, gesture and behaviour, which show the type of negotiating mode they are in.
Language reflects tactics and therefore a study of the language use in negotiating brings a
greater awareness of the negotiating process.
(Adapted from Negotiate in French and English by Pamela Shepard and Bénédicte Lapeyere)
C. Exercises
I. Read the above article and then fill each gap below with one word.
1. Good negotiators must know their ……… well and they must know their
company‟s ………. But they must also consider ……… factors because they are
dealing with ………
2. Negotiations are affected by the participant‟s ………, as well as logic.
3. Research has shown that it can help to separate the ……… from the ………. This can be done
by using special negotiating ………
4. In a ………style of negotiation, the participants try not to harm each other‟s ………. In order to
maintain a good long-term ……… they both make ………
5. In a ……… style of negotiation the parties are ………. This style may be suitable for a ………
contract. The language here become ……… and ……….
6. Most negotiations are a ………of the two styles. A good negotiator must be aware of the
……… and ……… signals which show the style being used.
7. The four main factors involved in a negotiation are ………, ………, ……… and ……….
II. Fill the gaps in these sentences with a suitable noun or prepositional phrase.
of inferior quality of minor importance of short duration out of date out of order out of
stock out of work to a certain extent under separate cover with reference to
28
III. Decide which of the expressions below can be used for these functions. Mark the
expressions a, b, c, etc.
29
IV. Write the missing words in these sentences in the spaces in the puzzle
UNIT IX
Marketing
Nowadays, marketing influences, and often We must FIND OUT WHAT THE
actually controls, almost every part of a CUSTOMER WANTS
company‟s activities. (We carry out market research)
Underlying all marketing strategy is “The
Marketing Concept”, explained here: We must SUPPLY exactly what the
customer wants
THE MARKETING CONCEPT We can do this by offering the right
(We must produce what customers want, not MARKETING MIX: „The Four Ps” = the
what we want to produce) right PRODUCT at the right PRICE
available through the right channels of
distribution PLACE presented in the right
This means that we PUT THE way: PROMOTION
CUSTOMERS FIRST
(We organize the company so that this The Four Ps
happens)
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PRODUCT =the goods or service that you 5. Producer multiple store groups /
are marketing department stores / mail order houses
end-users.
A „product‟ is not just a collection of 6. Producer market wholesalers
components. A „total product‟ includes the retailers end-users.
image of the product, its design, quality and
reliability – as well as its features and Each stage must add value to the product to
benefits. In marketing terms, political justify the costs: the person in the middle is
candidates and non-profit-making public not normally someone who just takes their
services are also „products‟ that people must „cut‟ but someone whose own sales force and
be persuaded to „buy‟ and which have to be delivery system can make the product
„presented and packaged‟ attractively. available to the largest number of customers
Products have a life cycle, and companies are more easily and cost-effectively. One
continually developing new products to principle behind this is „breaking down the
replace products whose sales are declining bulk‟: the producer may sell in minimum
and coming to the end of their lives. quantities of, say, 10,000 to the wholesaler,
who sells in minimum quantities of 100 to the
PRICE = making it easy for the customer to retailer, who sells in minimum quantities of 1
buy the product. to the end-user. A confectionery manufacturer
doesn‟t deliver individual bars of chocolate to
Pricing takes account of the value of a product consumers: distribution is done through
and its quality, the ability of the customer to wholesalers and the retailers who each „add
pay, the volume of sales required, and the value‟ to the product by providing a good
prices charged by the competition. Too low a service to their customers and stocking as
price can reduce the number of sales just as wide range of similar products.
significantly as too high a price. A low price PROMOTION = presenting the product to
may increase sales but not as profitably as the customer
fixing a high, yet still popular, price. Promotion involves the packaging and
As fixed costs stay fixed whatever the presentation of the product, its image, the
volume of sales, there is usually no such thing product‟s brand name, advertising and
as a „profit margin‟ on any single product. slogans, brochures, literature, price lists, after-
sales service and training, trade exhibitions or
PLACE = getting the product to the customer fairs, public relations, publicity and personal
selling.
Decisions have to be made about the channels Every product must posses a „unique selling
of distribution and delivery arrangements. proposition‟ (USP) – the features and
Retail products may go through various benefits that make unlikely any other product
channels of distribution: in its market.
1. Producer end-users (the product is sold
directly to the end-user by the company‟s Thinking marketing
sales force, direct response advertising or
direct mail (mail order)) Marketing affects every aspect of a
2. Producer retailers end-users. company‟s operations, as shown
3. Producer wholesalers/agents
here:
retailers end-users
4. Producer wholesalers directly to
end-users.
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Everyone who works for the company must What the product is to the customer: its
„think marketing‟ functional, technical; and economic aspects as
well as the aesthetic, emotional and
To think marketing we must have a clear idea psychological aspects
of:
„FEATURES‟ (what the product is) +
What the customers need „BENEFITS‟ (which means that …)
We must be aware of our firm‟s strengths and
What the customers want weaknesses as well as the opportunities and
What causes them to buy threats we face in the market. („S.W.O.T.‟)
B. Reading Comprehension
1. Consumers often prefer to buy ……… unbranded products rather than more
……… branded goods. The reason for this seems to be the worldwide ………
in major economies.
2. In Japan consumers are less likely to buy goods with a fashionable ………
3. In the present economic climate it seems ……… to spend money on expensive
designer products.
4. ……… brands are less popular, but ……… brands are still important
5. Maybe, when the recession is over, designer brands will regain their ………
6. In the 80s, famous-brand cigarettes cost ……… per cent more than cheap
brands. This difference is no longer so ………
7. In the USA proportionally ……… own-label brands are sold than in Britain.
8. The consumer won‟t buy branded goods unless they are ………
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18. I saw the product ……… in a magazine.
19. You can buy this product in any supermarket or ………
20. Consumers must be fully aware of the ……… ……… ……… of a product.
III. Fill the gaps in the sentences below with words from this list:
35
A product is not just an assembled set of components: it is something customers
buy to s ……… a need they feel they have. They i ……… and the d ……… of
the product are as important as its specification.
3. What is „price‟?
The product must be priced so that it c ………… effectively with r…………
products in the same market.
4. What is „promotion‟?
The product is presented to customers through advertising (e.g. TV c…………,
r…………, n…………, p…………), packaging (e.g. design, l…………,
m…………), publicity, P.R. (………..) and personal selling.
5. What is ‟place‟?
Your product must be available to customers through the most-effective
channels of d………… A consumer product must be offered to e……….. in
suitable retail o……….., or available on h……….. or by m…………
6. What is meant by „S.W.O.T‟?
A firma must be aware of its s……….. and w……….. and the o……….. and
t……….. it faces in the market.
IV. Match the words listed below with the dictionary definitions which follow.
36
12. A part of a larger market, for example the market for trucks seen as a part of the
overall market for vehicles.
13. The proportion of sales that a company or a product has in particular market.
14. The activity in the market where things are bought and sold freely and not
under government control.
15. A product or business generating a lot of profit.
37